X l nh s

Cc php bin i nh
Chng trnh dnh cho k s CNTT
Nguyn Linh Giang

Cc php bin i nh

Bin i n nguyn ( unitary )

Bin i Fourier
Bin i sin, cosin
Bin i Hadamar
Bin i Haar
Bin i K-L

Bin i n nguyn ( unitary )

Ma trn Unitar v ma trn trc giao
Ma trn A l trc giao nu
A-1 = AT hay AAT = I
V d:

1 1 1
A=
2 1 1

Ma trn A l ma trn n nguyn ( unitary ) nu

A-1 = A*T hay AA*T = I
1 1 j
V d:
1 1 1
A=
A=
2 j 1
2 1 1
Ma trn A l thc th A = A*, tnh trc giao v tnh n
nguyn trng nhau.
Ma trn A*T cn gi l AH ma trn Hermitian

Bin i n nguyn ( unitary )

Bin i unitar mt chiu ( 1D-unitary )

A ma trn n nguyn, AA*T=I

s(n) = { s(0), s(1), ..., s(n-1)}
S = (s0, s1, ..., sn-1)T
V = AS
Bin i n nguyn mt chiu: S = A*T V

S = A-1 V = A*T V = iai*T vi trong

ai*T = (a*i,0, , a*i,N-1)T l ci th i ca ma trn A*T
v l hng th i ca ma trn A*

ai*T gi l vector c s ca php bin i n nguyn A

Php bin i n nguyn A phn tch vector S thnh t hp
tuyn tnh ca cc vector c s vi vector h s phn tch l V

Bin i n nguyn ( unitary )

V d:
vi A = I = ( ..., Ei, ... ),
ta c s = iaivi = iEivi , trong Ei
l vector n v c s v bng:
Ei = ( 0, ..., 0, 1, 0, ..., 0 )

Bin i n nguyn ( unitary )

Tnh cht ca php bin i n nguyn:
L php bin i tuyn tnh:
S 1 V1
S 2 V2
a, b: const
S = aS1 + bS2 V = aV1+bV2
nh thc v cc gi tr ring ca A bng 1;
Php quay: php bin i n nguyn l php quay
vector trong khng gian N chiu hay ni cch khc
l php quay h trc ta quanh gc ta trong
khng gian;

Bin i n nguyn ( unitary )

Bo ton nng lng ( ng thc Parseval ):
||s||2 = ||v||2
Nng lng tp trung:
i vi nh thng thng, nng lng phn b khng u;
Cc thnh phn bin thin nhanh chim nng lng nh trong tn
hiu;
Nhiu php bin i n nguyn tp trung nng lng nh vo mt
vi thnh phn h s bin i;

Gii tng quan ( decorrelation )

u vo l vector c cc thnh phn tng quan mnh, qua php
bin i nhn c cc thnh phn tng quan yu;

Ma trn hip bin: E[ ( x E(x))( x E(x))*T ]

Cc thnh phn nh cch xa ng cho c tng quan yu.

Bin i n nguyn ( unitary )

Bin i n nguyn hai chiu(2D unitary transform )

A - ma trn n nguyn: AA*T = I

s(m, n ): ma trn nh S;
T

V = ASA
v(k, l): ma trn h s bin i V;

*T
*
S
A
VA
=
Bin i n nguyn hai chiu:

N 1 N 1
iu kin trc chun: ak ,l (m, n)ak* ,l (m, n) = (k k ' , l l ' )
m =0 n =0
iu kin y ca N 1 N 1
ak ,l (m, n)ak*,l (m' , n' ) = (m m' , n n' )

k =0 l =0
h c s:
N 1 N 1

Khai trin bin i hai chiu: v(k , l ) = s(m, n)ak ,l (m, n)

'

'

m =0 n =0

N 1 N 1
s (k , l ) = v(k , l )ak*,l (m, n)

k =0 l =0

Bin i n nguyn ( unitary )

phc tp:
Cn N2 php ton nhn s phc;
Cn N2 php cng s phc;
phc tp O(N4) i vi nh NxN

Khi ma trn A c cc phn t phn tch c:

ak,l(m,n) = ak(m) bl(n) , hay l ak,l(m,n) = a(k,m) b(l,n)
{ak(m)}k v {bl(n)}l l tp hp y cc vector c s trc chun 1-D
S dng cc vector ny lm cc hng ca cc ma trn n nguyn
A=|a(k,m)| v B=|b(l,n)|

p dng vo cc hng v ct ca V , ta c: V = A X BT
Trong nhiu trng hp, A v B c chn trng nhau.
i vi nh vung NxN: V = AXAT; S = AHYA*
i vi nh ch nht MxN: V = AMXANT; S = AMHYAN*
phc tp tnh ton: ~ O(N3)

Bin i n nguyn ( unitary )

Cc hnh nh c s
S = AHVA*, sau khi khai trin, ta s c:
s(m, n) =k la*(k,m)a*(l,n)v(k,l)
Di dng ma trn:

a*k ct th k ca ma trn AH
a*l ct th l ca ma trn AH
Ak,l = a*k(a*l)T: ma trn hnh nh c s
S = k l Ak,lv(k, l): khai trin hnh nh S thnh t hp
tuyn tnh cc hnh nh c s vi cc h s khai trin bng
phn t tng ng ca ma trn V.

Php bin i Fourier n nguyn

Php bin i Fourier n nguyn mt chiu:
S = (s0, s1, ..., sN-1)T: vector tn hiu
Ma trn Fourier n nguyn
trong WN=e-j2kn/N: vector c s
Bin i Fourier n nguyn 1D:

1
F=
WNkn
N
V = FS

*T
S = F V

Khai trin php bin i Fourier n nguyn 1D:

1 N 1
nk
=
v
(
k
)
s
(
n
)
W

N n =0

N 1
1
nk
s(n ) =
v
(
k
)
W

N k =0

N N

Php bin i Fourier n nguyn

V d: s(n) = 1 vi 0 n 64 cc h s Fourier N=128 im:

Php bin i Fourier n nguyn

Php bin i Fourier n nguyn hai chiu

Ma trn n nguyn: F = FT; F* = F*T; F* = F-1

V = FSF
S = F*VF*
Khai trin php bin i
2D Fourier n nguyn

1
v(k, l ) = N
n=0

N 1
1
s(m, n) =

N k =0

N 1 N 1

km ln
s
(
m
,
n
)
W

N WN

m=0
N 1

km ln
v
(
k
,
l
)
W

N WN
l =0

Php bin i Fourier

n nguyn
Tnh cht ca php bin
i Fourier n nguyn
Tnh tuyn tnh;
Bin i Fourier ca tn
hiu b dch
Php quay: khi tn hiu b
quay mt gc , ph ca tn
hiu cng b quay i cng
mt gc;
Khai trin:

g (m ' , n' ) =
0 ,

m n
f ,
, m, nM p
p p
otherwise

G(k , l ) = F (k mod N , l mod N ), (u, v) [(0,0), (nN , nN )]

Php bin i Fourier n nguyn

2D UDFT ca mt
s nh n gin

Hm hnh sin
Tn hiu ch nht
Hm Gauss
Lc thng thp

Php bin i Fourier n nguyn