1.1 Introduction to Power Processing!

Power
input

Switching
converter

Power
output

Control
input

Dc-dc conversion:
Ac-dc rectification:
Dc-ac inversion:

!Change and control voltage magnitude!

!Possibly control dc voltage, ac current!
!Produce sinusoid of controllable
magnitude and frequency!
Ac-ac cycloconversion: !Change and control voltage magnitude
and frequency!
The switching converter is the brain of the power system, allowing
conversion of voltage and current levels with high efficiency, plus control!
2!

Control is invariably required!

Power
input

Switching
converter

Power
output

Control
input
Feedforward

Feedback
Controller
Reference
3!

Traditional analog
feedback!
Sophisticated control
using inexpensive digital
microcontrollers!

High Efficiency is Essential!

=

Pout
Pin

Ploss = Pin Pout = Pout 1 1

High efficiency leads to low

power loss within converter
Small size and reliable operation
is then feasible
A good measure of converter
performance is the ratio of
output power to loss:
Pout
=
Ploss 1

Converters generally are losslimited, and technologies that

can produce large output power
while incurring small loss result
in small size and low cost

Pin

Converter

Large input power

10!

Small
converter

Pout

Large output power

Devices available to the circuit designer!

DT

Resistors

Capacitors

Magnetics

11!

s
s
Linearmode
Switched-mode
Semiconductor devices

Devices available to the circuit designer!

DT

Resistors

Capacitors

Magnetics

Signal processing: avoid magnetics!

12!

s
s
Linearmode
Switched-mode
Semiconductor devices

Devices available to the circuit designer!

DT

Resistors

Capacitors

Magnetics

Power processing: avoid lossy elements!

13!

s
s
Linearmode
Switched-mode
Semiconductor devices

Power loss in an ideal switch!

Switch closed: !v(t) = 0

Switch open:

!i(t) = 0

In either event: !p(t) = v(t) i(t) = 0!

Ideal switch consumes zero power!

14!

A simple dc-dc converter example!

I
10 A
+
Vg
100 V

Dc-dc
converter

R
5

V
50 V

Input source: 100V!

Output load: 50V, 10A, 500W!
How can this converter be realized?!

15!

Dissipative realization!

Resistive voltage divider!

I
10 A
+
Vg
100 V

50 V

Ploss = 500 W

R
5

V
50 V

Pin = 1000 W

Pout = 500 W

16!

Dissipative realization!
Series pass regulator: transistor operates in
active region!
I
10 A

+ 50 V

+
Vg
100 V

Linear amplifier
and base driver
Ploss 500 W

+ Vref

R
5

V
50 V

Pin 1000 W

Pout = 500 W

17!

Use of a SPDT switch!

I
10 A

+
Vg
100 V

vs(t)

vs(t)

Vg
Vs = DVg

switch
position:

DTs

0
(1 D) Ts

18!

v(t)
50 V

The switch changes the dc voltage level!

vs(t)

Vg
Vs = DVg

switch
position:

DTs

0
(1 D) Ts

DC component of vs(t) = average value:!

19!

D = switch duty cycle!

!0 D 1



Ts = switching period!
!
fs = switching frequency!
= 1 / Ts

Addition of low pass filter!

Addition of (ideally lossless) L-C low-pass filter, for
removal of switching harmonics:!
i(t)

+
Vg
100 V

vs(t)

Pin

500 W

Ploss small

v(t)

Pout = 500 W

Choose filter cutoff frequency f0 much smaller than switching

frequency fs

This circuit is known as the buck converter!

20!

Addition of control system"

for regulation of output voltage!
Power
input

Switching converter

Load
+

v
H(s)

Transistor
gate driver

Error
signal
ve

Pulse-width vc G (s)
c
modulator
Compensator

(t)

dTs Ts

vg

Reference
vref
input

21!

Hv

Sensor
gain

The boost converter!

2

L
Vg

5Vg
4Vg

3Vg
2Vg
Vg
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

D
22!

0.8

A single-phase inverter!

Vg

vs(t)
+

v(t)

Load
vs(t)

H-bridge!

23!

Modulate switch
duty cycles to
obtain sinusoidal
low-frequency
component!