FE Exam Review for

Structural Analysis
Prof. V. Saouma
Oct. 2013

Structural Analysis is part of the afternoon exam.

In the afternoon, you are to answer 60 questions, and Structural Analysis is about 10%
of the test content (or about 6 questions).
Each question is worth 2 points.
You are expected to know:
1. Structural analysis of statically determinate beams, trusses and frames.
2. Deflection analysis of statically determinate beams, trusses and frames.
3. Stability analysis of beams, trusses and frames.
4. Column analysis (e.g. buckling, boundary conditions).
5. Loads and load paths (e.g. dead, live, moving).
6. Elementary statically indeterminate structures.
The only page in the Supplied-Reference Handbook related to Structural Analysis
(shown in the next page).
Make sure that you know how to make best use of it, as it contains:
1. Reminder of what do we mean by Moving Loads.
2. Beam-Stiffness and moment carryover: to use for the analysis of statically
indeterminate beams (unlikely that you get a SI frame).
3. Equations for the calculations of the deflections of trusses and beams using the
virtual work method. Careful it is the virtual force/moment time the actual
displacement (FL/AE for trusses, and M/EI for beams).
4. Member fixed end actions for uniform and concentrated load.
I strongly recommend that you also memorize:

for the maximum deflection of

a uniformly loaded, simply supported beam.

Careful with the SI units, GPa is 109 Pa or 109 N/m2 Many problems use the SI system.
In most cases, you will be dealing with round numbers, which greatly simplify your
calculations.
Do not be tricked in believing that all triangles are 3-4-5.

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Solution Practice Exam I

5
6 C
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4
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6
2
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3
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41
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Practice Exam II

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A
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41
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4
2
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A
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B
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5
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6
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Practice Exam III

3
4

D
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5
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a
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Solutions may be for problems with slightly different

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4
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4
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4
3
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63

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s
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4

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= 0.75x18.94=0

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4
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4-10=0=
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)=
6

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5
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64

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Solutions

Pab2

65

2
1
2x3
.
5x1
.5

=_
.
_
.
_
_
_
.
- =3.78kNr
n

AB=
7
2
L~
2

Pa
1
2
x
3
.
5
x
1
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=
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12

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MA =+3.78 3
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=9.
4
08 dAy=2.592

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Determinacy and Stability

Determinacy and Stability I

TRUSSES
Trusses are statically determinate when all the bar forces can be determined
from the equations of statics alone. Otherwise the truss is statically
indeterminate.
A truss may be statically/externally determinate or indeterminate with respect to
the reactions (more than 3 or 6 reactions in 2D or 3D problems respectively).
A truss may be internally determinate or indeterminate.
If we refer to j as the number of joints, R the number of reactions and m the
number of members, then we would have a total of m + R unknowns and 2j (or
3j) equations of statics (2D or 3D at each joint). If we do not have enough
equations of statics then the problem is indeterminate, if we have too many
equations then the truss is unstable.
2D
3D
Static Indeterminacy
External
R>3
R>6
Internal
m + R > 2j m + R > 3j
Unstable m + R < 2j m + R < 3j

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Reactions

5/23

Method of Joints

Method of Joints II

This method should be used when all member forces must be determined.
In truss analysis, there is no sign convention. A member is assumed to be
under tension (or compression). If after analysis, the force is found to be
negative, then this would imply that the wrong assumption was made, and that
the member should have been under compression (or tension).
On a free body diagram, the internal forces are represented by arrow acting on
the joints and not as end forces on the element itself. That is for tension, the
arrow is pointing away from the joint, and for compression toward the joint.
C
C
c

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

-ve

-ve

B A
+ve

Reactions

9/23

Example; Method of Joints

Example; Method of Joints I

8
12
G
10'

32'
E
B
A

20 k
24'

R = 3, m = 13, 2j = 16, and m + R = 2j

We compute the reactions


+

 M E

z


+

= 0;

= 0;

D
40 k

24'

24'

40 k
24'

(20 + 12)(3)(24) + (40 + 8)(2)(24) + (40)(24) RAy (4)(24) = 0

RAy = 58

20 + 12 + 40 + 8 + 40 58 REy = 0

REy = 62

? Fy

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

k 6
k 6
Reactions

10/23

Example; Method of Joints

Example; Method of Joints II

Consider each joint separately:

Node A: Clearly AH is under compression, and AB under tension.

FAH

FAB
58 k


+

6 Fy

= 0;

FAHy + 58 = 0
FAH = l l (FAHy )
y
p
ly = 32; l = 322 + 242 = 40


+

40 (58) = 72.5
FAH = 32

FAHx + FAB = 0

k Compression


Fx = 0;

24 (58) = 43.5
FAB = LLx (FAHy ) = 32
y

k Tension

Node B:

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Reactions

11/23

Example; Method of Joints

Example; Method of Joints III

FBH
B

43.5 k

FBC
20 k


+-


+

Fx = 0;

FBC

43.5

= 0;

FBH

20

6 Fy

k Tension

k Tension

Node H:

12 k
FHG

FHGy

FAHx
FAHy

72 k

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

FHCy

FHGx
FHCx

20 k

FHC

Reactions

12/23

Example; Method of Joints

Example; Method of Joints IV


+

Fx = 0;

FAHx FHCx + FHGx = 0

43.5 q 24

242 +322

6 Fy

= 0;

(FHC ) + q 24

(FHG ) = 0

242 +102

FAHy + FHCy 12 + FHGy 20 = 0

58 + q 32

242 +322

(FHC ) 12 + q 10

242 +102

(FHG ) 20 = 0

This can be most conveniently written as



0.6
0.8

0.921
0.385



FHC
FHG


=

43.5
26.0

Solving we obtain FHC = 7.5 and FHG = 52, thus we made an erroneous assumption in the
free body diagram of node H, and the final answer is

FHC

FHG

k Tension
52 k Compression
7.5

Node E:

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Reactions

13/23

Example; Method of Joints

Example; Method of Joints V

FEF

FED

62 k
q

242 +322
32

Fy = 0;

FEFy = 62

FEF =

Fx = 0;

FED = FEFx

FED = 24
(F
) = 24
(62)
32 EFy
32

(62)

= 77.5
= 46.5

kC
kT

The results of this analysis are summarized below

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Reactions

14/23

Example; Method of Joints

Example; Method of Joints VI

8
12
52

32

2.5

4
0

20

58

43.5
20

46.5
62

46.5

46.5
40

.5
77

43.5

7. 5

72
.5

43.5
58

52

40

62

We could check our calculations by verifying equilibrium of forces at a node not previously used, such as D

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Reactions

15/23

Examples

Beams

Example Beam; 1

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

11 k

10 k
3

2 k/ft

B
A 4ft

C
6ft

D
4ft

4ft

Reactions are determined from the equilibrium equations

(+


) Fx = 0;

(+ )

MA = 0;
REy

Ax + 6 = 0 Ax = 6 k

(11)(4) + (8)(10) + (4)(2)(14 + 2) Ey (18) = 0

=

14 k

(+ 6
) Fy = 0; Ay 11 8 (4)(2) + 14 = 0 Ay = 13 k

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Internal Forces

11/31

Examples

Beams

Example Beam; 2
11 k

10 k
3

2 k/ft

B
A 4ft

C
6ft

D
4ft

4ft

Shear are determined next.

1
2
3
4

At A the shear is equal to the reaction and is positive.

At B the shear drops (negative load) by 11 k to 2 k.
At C it drops again by 8 k to 6 k.
It stays constant up to D and then it decreases (constant negative slope
since the load is uniform and negative) by 2 k per linear foot up to 14 k.
As a check, 14 k is also the reaction previously determined at F .

Moment is determined last:

1
2

The moment at A is zero (hinge support).

The change in moment between A and B is equal to the area under the
corresponding shear diagram, or MBA = (13)(4) = 52.
etc...

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Internal Forces

12/31

Examples

Beams

Example Beam; 3

10 k
A
11 k

13 k

2k

8k
E

2 k C -6 k

13 k
2k
A=(13)(4)=52

A=(6)(2)=12
A=(-6)(4)=-24

A=-4(6+14)/2=-40

-6 k

Slope= dV/dx=w=-2
-14 k

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

dM/d
x=-6

64-24=40

52+12=64

0+52=52

x=+2
dM/d

Internal Forces

13/31

arches

Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads

Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads I

ARCHES
20 k

30 k

30 k

20 k

HB HB

B
20'

20'

VB

33.75'

80 k

VB

HC

80 k
C

C
VC

30'
26.25'
A
80'

60'

HA

A
VA

Four unknowns, three equations of equilibrium, one equation of condition statically determinate.

+



MzC

Fx

Fy
6


+

MzB
+

0;

(RAy )(140) + (80)(3.75) (30)(80) (20)(40) + RAx (26.25)

140RAy + 26.25RAx

=
=

2.900

0;

80 RAx RCx

0;

RAy + RCy 30 20

0;

(Rax )(60) (80)(30) (30)(20) + (RAy )(80)

80RAy + 60RAx

3, 000

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Cables & Arches

(22)

19/24

arches

Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads

Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads II

Solving those four equations simultaneously we have:

140
0
1
80

26.25
1
0
60

0
0
1
0

0
1
0
0

RAy
RAx
RCy
RCx

2, 900

80
=
50

3, 000

RAy
RAx
RCy
RCx

15.1

29.8
=

34.9

50.2

k
k
k
k

(23)

We can check our results by considering the summation with respect to B from the right:


 B

Mz = 0; (20)(20) (50.2)(33.75) + (34.9)(60) = 0

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Cables & Arches

(24)

20/24

Examples

Beam

Example: Beam I

BEAM DEFLECTION, VIRTUAL FORCE

Determine the deflection at point C. E = 29, 000 ksi, I = 100 in4 .
2 k/ft

1k
A

A
B
45 k

15 k
20'
x

B
C

0.5 k

1.5 k

10'
x

15x-x2
Real Moment
-x

Element
AB
BC

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Virtual Moment

-x

-0.5x

x =0
A
C

M
15x x 2
x 2

M
0.5x
x

Virtual Work

10/23

Examples

Beam

Example: Beam II

Applying the principle of virtual work, we obtain

Z L
M(x)
M(x)
C P =
dx
| {z }
EIz
0
|
{z
}

Z
(1)C

(0.5x)
0

20

(15x x 2 )
dx +
EI

=
=

(x)
0

x 2
dx
EI

2, 500
EI
3

10

(2, 500) k ft (1, 728) in3 / ft

(29, 000) ksi(100) in

1.49 in

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Virtual Work

11/23

Examples

Truss; Simple

Truss; Simple I
Determine the deflection at node 2 for the truss. TRUSS-DEFLECTION;

12'

37.5

-0.56

0.25

52.5

-0.56 -1.124
0.25

0.45

-0.22
6

3
1

-117.3

0.226

12' -83.8

-0.54

0.56

-0.50
0.56

5
5

120
-45.0

16.8

60

-16
.8

4
3

A=5.0 in2 each;

E=10x103 ksi

120 k

60 k

Virtual

force
1.574

0.63

2
12'

75.0

105.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

You will not get something as complex as this truss

(e)

Member
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

P
kips
+0.25
+0.25
-0.56
+0.56
+0.56
-0.56
-0.50

P (e) ,
kips
+37.5
+52.5
-83.8
+16.8
-16.8
-117.3
-45.0

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

L,
ft
12
12
13.42
13.42
13.42
13.42
12

A,
in2
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0

E,
ksi
10 103
10 103
10 103
10 103
10 103
10 103
10 103

(e) P (e) L
AE

+22.5 104
+31.5 104
+125.9 104
+25.3 104
25.3 104
+176.6 104
+54.0 104
+410.5 104

Virtual Work

18/23

Examples

Truss; Simple

Truss; Simple II

The deflection is thus given by

P

7
X
1

(e)

PL
AE

(410.5 104 )(12 in/ ft) = 0.493 in

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Virtual Work

19/23

Examples

Truss with initial camber

Truss with initial camber I

It is desired to provide 3 in. of camber at the center of the truss shown below

You may
get
somethin
1
36'
g along
those
1k
lines, or
with
6 @ 27'
temperat
by fabricating the endposts and top chord members additionally long. How much should the
ure load
length of each endpost and each panel of the top chord be increased?
2

Assume that each endpost and each section of top chord is increased 0.1 in.
(e)

(e)

Member

P int

P int L

1
2
3

+0.625
+0.750
+1.125

+0.1
+0.1
+0.1

+0.0625
+0.0750
+0.1125
+0.2500

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Virtual Work

22/23

Examples

Truss with initial camber

Truss with initial camber II

Thus,
(2)(0.250) = 0.50 in
Since the structure is linear and elastic, the required increase of length for each section will
be


3.0
(0.1) = 0.60 in
0.50
If we use the practical value of 0.625 in., the theoretical camber will be
(6.25)(0.50)
= 3.125 in
0.1

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado

Virtual Work

23/23

Solve for the vertical displacement at C of the following structure.

REACTIONS AND DISPLACEMENTS
Aluminum rod, A =1 in 2 , E =107 psi

Aluminum Beam, A =10 in 2 , I = 171 in 4 , E =107 psi

3

60"

2k

4
A

80"

160"

Step 1. Draw free body diagram and calculate all forces due to real load and virtual load .
D

Dx

(CCW +ve)M A = 0
Dx (60) 2(240) = 0
Dx = 8k

Dy
2k

Fx = 0
A

Ax

Dx + Ax = 0
Ax = 8k

80"

160"

+ Fy = 0

Ay

Ay + Dy 2 = 0
V.Saouma;CVEN3525

(1)
1

Dy

3
T = Dy
(2)
5
4
T = Dx = 8k
5
T = 10 k

8k

From Eq.(2)
Dy = 6k
From Eq.(1)
A y = 4k

Likewise, we can get the reaction due to unit virtual load at point C by similar manner.

8k

4k
6k
A

P =1

3k

2k

4k

8k
80"

80"

160"

160

160"

2k

4k
Free Body Diagram due to real load

Free Body Diagram due to virtual load

V.Saouma;CVEN3525

Step2.Determineforcesincableandbeamforeachelementsdue torealloadandvirtual
load
(i) Cable.
You may not get something as complex
for deflection; however make sure that
Tensionisconstantalongthecablelength.
you understand this.
Element
DB

x=0
D

P
10

P
5

(ii)Beam.

6k
A 8k

P =1

3k

2k

4k

4k

8k
80"

80"

160"

160"

2k

4k
FreeBodyDiagramduetorealload
Element x=0

FreeBodyDiagramduetovirtualload

4x

2x

AB

BC

2x320 x160

V.Saouma;CVEN3525

From(i)and(ii)

C P = P



P
AE

dx + M

dx

EI

L
L



w*

u*

100

C (1) =

80

(5)(10)
Ac E

psi )

EI b
dx +
0
160

(10 psi )(171 in )

dx

(4)( 8)

80

( 2 x )( 4 x )
7

dx

( x 160)(2 x 320)

160

(5)(10)

(1in )(10

80

Ab E

EI b

100

dx +

( 2 x )( 4 x )

( 4)( 8)

80

(10 in )(10 psi )

dx

( x 160)(2 x 320)

(10 psi )(171 in )

dx

C = 0.0005 + 0.0000256 + 0.0007984 + 0.001597

= 0.0005256
.0023954
 + 0

Axial Contribution

Flexure Contribution

C = 0.0029 in ()
V.Saouma;CVEN3525

Forthetrussshownbelow:
a.DeterminethehorizontaldeflectionatC,AssumeAEconstant.

600 lb

TRUSS DEFLECTIONS

8'

1500 lb B

8'
A

E
8'

V.Saouma;CVEN3525

10

(a).DeterminethehorizontaldeflectionatC.AssumeAEconstant.
600 lb
8'

P =1

1500 lb B 3
8'

8'

8'

2
B

8'

8'

Realload
You will not get such a
complex truss, however
the procedure is very
important to understand

Virtualload

Member

P(lb)

P(lb)

L(in)

AE

P.(PL/AE)

1,200

96

AE

230,400/AE

1,200

96

AE

230,400/AE

1,500

48

AE

2.24

1,341.64

107.33

AE

322,560/AE

1,677.05

107.33

AE

2.24

3,018.69

107.33

AE

725,759.6/AE

1,509,119lb in
AE

V.Saouma;CVEN3525

1.51 106 lb in
Ch =
AE

()
11

(b).RemovetheloadsanddeterminethehorizontaldisplacementofCifmembersABandBC
experienceatemperatureincrease=200F,TakeA=2in2,E=29,000ksi,and=106/F
C

T = 200D F
B

1
A

D
6

Member

L(in)

(1/F)

T(F)

L=TL(in)

P.L

96

106

200

0.0192

0.0384

96

106

200

0.0192

0.0384

48

106

107.33

106

2.24

107.33

106

107.33

106

2.24

= 0.0768

You will not get such a

complex truss, however
the procedure is very
important to understand

Ch = 0.0768 in ()

V.Saouma;CVEN3525

12

c.Removetheloadsanddeterminethehorizontaldisplacementof CifmemberCDis
fabricated0.5intooshort.
C

1
A

Fabricated0.5in
tooshort.

Member

L(in)

L(in)

P.L

96

96

48

107.33

0.5

2.24

1.12

107.33

107.33

2.24

D
6

5
E

= 1.12
You will not get such a
complex truss, however
the procedure is very
important to understand

Ch = 1.12 in ()

V.Saouma;CVEN3525

13