Prepared By: Angelo R.

Patimo

When a metal is stressed, they

deform
either
temporarily
or
permanently.
This
deformation
disappears when the stress is
removed.

A metal when stressed beyond its

elastic limit becomes unable to regain
its original shape.

The
importance
deformation is in
design.

of
plastic
the structural

Plastic behavior is important because

it is involved in shaping of metals by
various forming processes such as
rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing
etc.

 Plastic

deformation in metals
takes place by two mechanisms:
Slip
Twinning

During plastic deformation, the atoms on a

certain crystallographic planes glide over
the other. This causes a permanent
displacement of one part of the crystal
related to the other.

Slip markings appear on the surface of the

metal crystal as a result of the movement
of crystal blocks after plastic deformation.

 These

slip markings are called slip

bands which indicates the direction
of planes where the slip occurs.

The

crystallographic planes in which

are in favorable position related to
shear stress to cause slip are known
as slip planes.

Formation
of a step
on
the
surface of
a crystal
by
the
motion of
(a) edge
dislocatio
n and (b)
screw
dislocatio
n

Theoretical strengths of perfect crystal

were much higher than those actually
measured.

This discrepancy in mechanical strength

could be explained by dislocations.

On
a
macroscopic
scale,
plastic
deformation corresponds to the net
movement of large numbers of atoms in
response to an applied stress.

 Slip

occurs by the movement of

dislocations within the crystal. When
a shear stress is applied parallel to
the slip plane in a crystal, the
dislocations on it move.

The

displacement is similar to the

displacement by a moving dislocation
which is equal to its burger vector.

The extra -plane moves along the slip

plane.
Dislocation movement is similar to the
way a caterpillar moves. The caterpillar
hump is representative of the extra plane of atoms.

 Dislocation

movement occurs at
high atomic density. Hence, slip
occurs in high density planes and
high density directions. This
combination
of
plane
and
direction
corresponding
to
dislocation movement is called
slip system.

Slip Plane <111>

most dense atomic packing

Slip Direction <110>

highest linear density

Slip systems are characteristics of each

crystal system. That is, if all metals of
similar crystal structure slip on the same
crystallographic planes and in the same
crystallographic directions.

Crystal
Structure

Slip Plane

Slip
Direction

No. of
Slip
Systems

Examples

BCC

{1 1 0}
{2 1 1}
{3 2 1}

<1 1 1>
<1 1 1>
<1 1 1>

12
12
24

W, Mo
W
K

FCC

{1 1 1}

<1 1 0>

12

Cu, Al, Ni, Ag, Au

HCP

{0 0 0 1}
{1 0 1 0}
{1 0 1 1}

<1 1 2 0>
<1 1 2 0>
<1 1 2 0>

3
3
6

Cu, Zn, Mg, Ti, Be

Ti, Mg, Zr
Ti, Mg

Dislocations are formed during the

solidification process. The number of
dislocations present in a unit area is called
dislocation density.

Dislocations multiply during the plastic

deformation process indicating sources
within the crystal which generate new
dislocations. One as such is the FrankRead Source.

Diagram of a Frank-Read dislocation source

 In

the previous figure, segment AB of

a dislocation line lies on a slip plane.
This segment is bent under the
influence of shear stress and
successively assumes a loop from (a)
to (g) until the dislocation loop is
separated and forming the a new
dislocation line, performing the
whole process indefinitely.

 Twinning

is a major deformation
most common in HCP metals like
Zinc and Tin. Twinning occurs in
definite crystallographic planes
and direction that depend on the
crystal structure.

A shear force can produce atomic displacements so that on

one side of the plane (the twin boundary), atoms are located
in mirror image positions to atoms on the other side.

Twinning may favorably reorient slip systems to promote

dislocation movement.

Slip

Twinning

Crystallographic orientation above There

is
a
crystallographic
and below the slip plane is the same reorientation across the twin plane.
before and after deformation
All atoms on one side of the slip plane The
atoms
move
distances
move an equal distance.
proportional to their distances from
the twinning plane.
Slip leaves a series of steps on the Twinning leaves a small but well
surface.
defines region of the deformed
crystal.
The microscopic appearance of slip is The
microscopic
appearance
of
like thin lines.
twinning is like broad lines or bands.
Stress required to produce slip is less.

Stress required to produce twinning is

high.

Stress necessary to propagate slip is Stress

necessary
to
usually higher than the stress twinning is less than
necessary to start slip.
required to initiate it.

propagate
the stress

The mechanism of polycrystalline metals is

the same as that of single crystals. However
the process becomes complicated due to
the presence of large number of randomly
oriented grains and grain boundaries.

Dislocations moving on a particular slip plane

cannot go directly from one grain to another
in a straight line thus making plastic
deformation difficult.

Grain boundaries act as barriers to the movement

of dislocation and it increases the stress required
to move dislocations.