Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bai Giang CNC
Bai Giang CNC
Cc ngn ng
NC: Numerical Control
DNC: Direct Numerical Control
CNC: Computered Numerical Control
CME: Center Machine Engineering
FMS: Flexible Machine System (+ Robotics)
CIM: Computer Intergrated Manufacturing (robotics)
Mechanic + Electronic + Infomatic + Control
CAD: Computer aided Design
CAM: Computer aided Manufacturing
Nm 1949 Vin cng ngh Masachusetts ra i tng iu khin s NC cho my cng
c trn c s:
Ch to nhng chi tit c kch thc ln, bin dng phc tp (VD: khng lc ca Hoa
K)
K thut thng thng i hi nhiu thi gian v tin ca
Bin dng ca chi tit c th c thay th bng cc hm chc nng ton hc
Cn phi ch to b iu khin my phay
o C nhim v bin dch i lng u vo c m t di dng s:
+ Hnh trnh chuyn ng
+ Chc nng vn hnh
o Hiu v x l cc i lng u vo
o Pht lnh iu khin cc c cu chp hnh thc hin gia cng
Nm 1950 ra i my phay ng iu khin s u tin trn th gii (Milling machine)
trn c s s pht trin ca ngnh x l tn hiu in t, iu khin v cp
Cc trc dch chuyn bn my x, y, z c truyn ng bi cc ng c c lp
Thng tin v hnh trnh v cc chc nng my cn thit c ghi trn bng c l vi
dng m ha 0,1 n chng trnh NC
c im c bn ca cc th h my NC u tin:
o Chng trnh gia cng c ghi trn bng giy c l vi m ha chng trnh l cc
ch s ch ci v cc k t c bit
o K hiu s:
+ : du hiu chuyn cng
- : du hiu chuyn tr
NUL: khong trng
0: s 0
1: s 1
1
2:
.
.
.
9: s 9
o My tnh trung tm (iu khin) x l cc thng tin v hnh trnh & chc nng my
o Cc trc chuyn ng chy dao x, y, z (my phay) & x, z (my tin) cng vi trc
chnh c dn ng bi cc ng c ring bit
o H thng o & kim tra lun phn hi v tr ca dng c v trng thi lm vic ca
my v b iu khin
u nm 1970 ra i my CNC: do s ra i, pht trin ca b vi x l & my tnh (PC),
mi my CNC c b vi x l c lp nn c nhiu chc nng mi:
C kh nng lp trnh ti ch cc chi tit c bin dng phc tp
C kh nng m phng ha qu trnh gia cng ngay trn my
Khng cn s h tr ca cc cng c ton hc bn ngoi
Chng trnh gia cng c m ha v ghi di dng cc file d liu
Hin nay vi s pht trin ca ngnh sn xut linh kin vi in t, iu khin s, my cng
c, dng c ct v.v ch to cc trung tm gia cng (CME), h thng sn xut linh hot
(FMS), h thng sn xut vi s tch hp ca my tnh (CIM)
2.
Cc chng trnh c tnh cng tuy nhin vn c th thay i trong mt phm vi nht
nh
Khng iu khin phi tuyn
p dng trong my cng c c h thng thy lc & kh nn
Hnh 4
S dng trong h thng thay dao
iu khin theo i lng dn: c tnh lin tc
Ta thay i lin tc ca bin dng trong di chp hnh u d hay cam
p sut, lut, cng sng.
Lp trnh tn km: th, to cam, b tr ng c. i hi cng sut cao => chng
trnh cng kh thay i.
Ta c a ra lin tc bi b iu khin s NC.
3
3.
Cc c trng c bn ca my CNC:
Tnh kinh t cao:
Tc gia cng cao, tng ng vi lp cv, cha nhiu dao, t chc sn xut tt
nn thi gian cng tc, thi gian ph gim, do thi gian chu k gia cng nh.
Hnh 5
chnh xc gia cng cao, cht lng n nh
Tp trung nguyn cng cao: thc hin nhiu nguyn cng m khng cn thay i v
tr g t.
Thi gian chun b v kt thc sn xut ngn: c lp v khng gian v thi gian hoc
lp trnh trc tip trn my.
Lu tr cc chng trnh gia cng ,cc chng trnh con, chng trnh macro.
Tnh nng k thut ca my hon ton m rng v cp tc , thu thp v x l hin trng
ca cc c cu chp hnh ( tc trc chnh, tc chy dao, dung dch trn ngui, hot
ng lm mt my v bi trn.
2.
c im cu trc CNC
Hnh 7: H trc ta
2.1.2. Truyn ng chnh
Cc c cu truyn ng hin i bao gm:
ng c, ly hp c kh chng qu ti, hp tc , phanh kh nn, phanh in t c
iu khin t ng bng in t.
H thng vt me ai c v ng dn hng ma st ln bi lm cho qu trnh lc v
chuyn ng khng c khe h.
Mi trc chuyn ng c cm bin o.
Khuch i cng sut vi thit b gin tip bng s o hoc tng t iu khin
CNC.
Truyn ng chnh:
5
Nguyn tc
o Sai s v bc ca ai c, trc vt c th c t cn i iu chnh trong qu trnh
vn hnh my, nh b iu khin CNC lu tr cc gi tr o kim tra ca trc vt
& ai c khi ci t my ban u
2.4. H thng o
Vai tr: Tp hp tt c cc trng thi hot ng v cht lng trong trng thi ca c
cu chp hnh
Ngun truyn ng o gm:
H thng o kiu tnh tin
H thng o kiu quay
a) o trc tip (o tnh tin)
Thc o c gn trc tip ln bn dao hay bn my chnh xc truyn ng ca
trc vt me ai c bi, khp ni, b truyn ng dy ai rng s khng nh hng n gi
tr o.
Cc gi tr o c nhn bit trc tip bi cc cm bin quang hc trn vch chia thang
o, bin thnh tn hiu in truyn cho b iu khin
Hnh 18
Nhc im: chu nh hng ca mi trng lm vic
b) o gin tip
Chuyn ng o c thc hin trn trc vt me bi quay
a o c gn trc tip u trc vt me l a pht xung
Cc xung o c cm nhn bi u o, bin thnh tn hiu in chuyn cho b iu
khin
B iu khin tnh chnh xc v tr bn my, bn dao trn xung quay
Hnh 19
Nhc im: chu nh hng ca sai s truyn ng t trc vt me n bn my
H ta trn my CNC
Gm 2 h ta : - H ta cc
- H ta cc
1.1. H ta cc
10
O
X
1.2. H ta cc
Thng p dng lp trnh NC cho cc chi tit c bin
im gc ca h ta my c gi l im 0 ca my (M)
H ta chi tit
H ta chi tit gia cng c xc nh bi ngi lp trnh v c th thay i trong
qu trnh gia cng
im gc ca h ta chi tit l im 0 ca chi tit v c th dch chuyn trong qu
trnh gia cng
lp trnh NC cn phi gi nh
Trn my CNC khi gia cng chi tit ch c dng c chuyn ng cn chi tit lun ng
im
H ta s dng khi lp trnh NC lun da vo h ta ca chi tit gia cng
1.4. Ghi kch thc theo nguyn tc NC
Ghi kch thc tuyt i: mi kch thc lun lin quan n im 0 ca chi tit (chun
thng nht) (hnh a)
Ghi kch thc tng i: lun s dng chui kch thc ni tip (hnh b)
b)
a)
Hnh 21: Cch ghi kch thc trn my CNC
u im ca ghi kch thc tuyt i so vi tng i
Dung sai kich thc khng b tch ly
Thay i ca tng kch thc khng lm nh hng kch thc khc
Mt kich thc sai khng dn ti li cc kch thc khc
Cc ta tuyt i (G90) ch ra khong hnh trnh dch chuyn ca dng c ct do
d dng xc nh c cc bc lp trnh ring l cn cc kch thc tng i chnh l
hnh trnh chy dao ca cc bc gia cng. Do d dng xc nh c cc bc lp
trnh ring l gia bn v gia cng v chng trnh NC
Trng hp cn phi ghi kch thc tng i (G91) l gia cng cc chi tit c bin
dng lp i lp li, VD: khi tin rnh cnh nhau ca chi tit van thy lc
12
2.
R (Reference point)
im chun ca dng c:
im g dng c:
im thay dng c:
2.2. im khng ca my M
Mi my cng c CNC lm vic trong h ta nht nh v gi h ta l h ta
my
im gc ca h ta my c gi l im khng ca my, k hiu l M im M l
do nh sn xut quy nh nn khng thay i trong qu trnh gia cng
2.3. im tham chiu R
H thng o ng dch chuyn kiu tng i cn c mt im vt l hiu chnh phc
v cho qu trnh iu khin dng c v dch chuyn chi tit
im hiu chnh h thng o l R
R c xc nh mt cch chnh xc bi gii hn chuyn dch ca mi trc vt me
Ta ca im R so vi M l lun khng thay i v c nh sn xut ci t trong b
nh ca my
Sau khi khi ng my phi c s tip cn R t mi trc chuyn ng h thng iu
khin dch chuyn chun li h thng o
2.4. Khng gian lm vic ca my
L vng khng gian m dng c c th tip cn i tng gia cng, thng thng n s l
1 hnh hp ch nht c 2 nh i din l im M & im c ta xmax, ymax, zmax
Ph thuc vo kch thc ca my v chiu di cng tc trc vt me
Trn mt my c th c nhiu im chun R
Cc v tr khc nhau ca im tham chiu trong khng gian lm vic ca my.
13
2.8. im g dao A
L im chun xc nh v tr g dao, n nm trn u revonve ca my tin hay trn
u trc chnh ca my phay
Nu h thng dng c ct (gm cn g dao & dao) c g t vo c cu mang dao th
im hiu chnh dng c ct B & im g dao A trng nhau to ra im chun dng c ct
E
2.9. im thay dao A
L im thuc khng gian lm vic ca my cng c CNC
Ti im ny c cu thay dao s thc hin chuyn ng thay dao m khng xy ra va chm
vi cc b phn khc ca my cng c CNC
2.10. o & hiu chnh dng c trc tip trn my
o dng c trc tip trn my CNC
Chi tit (phi) v dng c c g trn my
R chm dng c vo cc im c trng ca bin dng chi tit nhm xc nh mi
tng quan vi im 0 ca my, gi tr o c ghi vo b nh hiu chnh dng c
Lm tng t vi cc dao khc, ti v tr thc mi ca cc dao, b iu khin s tnh
ton gi tr hiu chnh cho cc dao & dng c tip theo
o song song dng c vi dng c tiu chun trn my phay CNC
Vi dng c chun (dng c s 0), gi tr z o c khi r vo b mt chi tit g trn
my c ci t bng 0
Dao tip theo c lp v r vo chi tit, gi tr tc thi ca z s c nhp vo b hiu
chnh dng c tng ng vi tng con dao.
Sai lch chiu di ca cc dng c vi chiu di dao tiu chun chnh l gi tr hiu
chnh chiu di dng c
2.11. H ta chi tit gia cng trong h ta my
H ta chi tit gia cng trong h ta my
H iu khin s nhn bit v hin th nhng ch tng ng ln mn hnh
C 2 h ta m h iu khin CNC tip nhn
Gin tip: S dng cc lnh di chuyn gc ta G54 G59 km theo l cc ta X,
Y, Z l khong dch chuyn gc ta t gc ta my n gc ta chi tit
15
Y
W2
W1
W3
1 Tn hiu vo
2 Tn hiu ra
3 Tn hiu nhiu
4 Qu trnh bin i
1 Tn hiu vo
2 Tn hiu ra
3 Tn hiu nhiu
4 Qu trnh bin i
5 Thit b o
4
Z
1 iu khin CNC
2 X l cng ngh
3 X l hnh hc
4 iu khin thch nghi
5 iu khin v tr cc trc
6 Gi tr thc ca v tr
Hnh 27
3.3. iu khin DNC
L bin dng iu khin trong c nhiu thit b nh my NC, CNC, thit b o c ni
mng vi nhau cho php loi b vt mang tin, cc thit b c ghi:
Thit b o, hiu chnh & chun b dng c ct
Cc vt tr lp trnh
H thng qun l dng c, vt liu
c im
My tnh ch thng qua thit b giao tip qun l v sp xp thng tin ng lc & chnh
xc
Xc nh thng s ca my & d liu gia cng cng vi d liu lu tr
iu khin t xa
Chc nng c bn ca iu khin DNC
Lu tr & qun l chng trnh NC, h thng
Phn phi chng trnh NC n my gia cng
Tip nhn cc chng trnh NC sa v ti u ha cc my cng c
Chc nng m rng
Qun l cc thng tin v dng c v hiu chnh dng c
iu hnh chi tit gia cng & cc tm g
Phn chia thi gian cc bc gia cng
iu hnh dng vt liu (kho lu tr vt liu)
An ton d liu
M phng
Kim tra d liu ca my v ton x nghip
Lu tr chng trnh NC vi bin dch Post processor
u im ca h thng DNC so vi CNC
T chc sn xut tt hn
Truy nhp nhanh chng trnh v cc thng tin h tr
Gim thi gian chun b kt thc
Gim li nhp d liu
Qun l tt lu tr sn xut (Tcng tc, Tphc v, Tdng my)
bo tr h thng & bo li
1.
2.1. ng c thy lc
S dng ch yu trong giai on pht trin ban u ca my NC
iu khin v cp cc c cu chp hnh: trong my NC iu khin bng cc loi van servo
Cng sut ng c c th t ti 100kw
Hn ch do h thng thy lc cng knh, kh iu khin, t tin
2.2. ng c 1 chiu
20
Nguyn l cu to chung ca ng c bc
Hnh 33
Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c bc
Mi xung in s lm r to quay 1 bc gc tng ng
Cc rng cc i din vi t trng chu tc ng ca M quay ty thuc vo v tr ca
n vi t trng (rng cc ca Stato)
Rng cc r to s c v tr n nh khi n nm i din vi rng cc stato c kch t
4.
Cc ng c bc in
hay
zr /S = v
Hnh 35
4.3. ng c bc kiu hn hp
Trn cc stato c cc cp cun dy pha lp khng i xng, ng thi lin kt gia cc
stato vi nhau hnh thnh cc cp cc t tng ng zs
Trn r to (thng l 2RT) l thp non hay vt liu c kh nng dn t cao c b tr 2
u ca trc nam chm (RT c t ha) c cc rng cc i nhau zr > zs
Cp in U vo tng pha ca cc stato, t trng trong cc cp cun dy s lm r to quay
theo tng ng theo chiu ngc li
Hnh 36
5.
5.1. ng c bc thy lc
ng c bc truyn chuyn ng quay cho c cu iu phi servo thy lc, iu khin
ng c thy lc chuyn ng quay tng ng vi ng c bc
ng c thy lc c th thc hin chuyn ng quay hay chuyn ng tnh tin vi c cu
o phn hi
Hnh 37
5.2. ng c bc thng
Khai trin rng cc stato v r to trn mt phng stato l thn my, r to l bn my
22
Cc bc lp trnh my
Thit lp hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit v phi (CAD)
Xc nh cc bc gia cng, phn mm h tr la chn dng c & cc thng s cng
ngh tng ng vi vt liu c la chn lm phi ca chi tit gia cng
M phng qu trnh gia cng, la chn my cng c CNC, la chn h iu khin sau
xut ra file NC v a ra my CNC gia cng
2.
2.1.
Cu trc cu lnh
VD: N0035 G01 X10.01 F100 S2000 M08 LF
u tin l s th t ca cu lnh N0035, ch c cp 1 ln trong 1 cu lnh. N khng
lm nh hng n tc ng ca tng cu lnh
iu khin hnh trnh dch chuyn ca dng c ct G01 cng vi 2 ch s qui nh qu
o chuyn ng ca dng c ct
Ta im ch X10.01, Y, Z cng vi cc con s l ta ca im ch m dng c di
chuyn n.
Cc thng s ni suy: I, J, K cng vi cc con s l ta ca tm cung trn theo gi tr
tng i vi im xut pht
Lng chy dao F100 cng vi cc con s n dng iu khin tc dch chuyn ca
dng c ct, mc nh l mm/ph hoc mm/vng
Tc quay ca trc chnh S2000 c s dng iu khin s vng quay ca trc chnh
theo v/ph
Chc nng ph tr M08 l chc nng ca my dng iu khin cc thng s cng ngh,
c nhp vo sau cc t lnh F, S, T trong 1 dng lnh c khng qu 3 chc nng my
Chc nng dng c ct T06 dng ch nh dng c ct c s dng, ngha ca a
ch ny khng ging nhau trong cc h iu khin v thng c 2 nhim v c bn:
Gi dng c c ch nh trong cha dao
Truy cp kch thc hiu chnh dng c ct trong b nh my
Cn lu cc con s ty thuc vo cc ch ci iu chnh s c ngha l mt m lnh
hay la mt ga tr khi n c th c gi tr m, dng ca con s ty thuc vo quy nh
ca tng h iu khin khc nhau
24
Thng thng c 3 nhm t lnh trong 1 cu lnh: iu khin hnh trnh, cc ta ch,
cc chc nng cng ngh v ph tr
Cu trc t lnh
T lnh c hnh thnh t mt ch ci v cc con s
ngha v trnh t ca cc t lnh c qui nh trong tng h iu khin (do nh sn xut
qui nh)
c im
Tiu chun quc t ISO 6983 quy nh mt b m (ISO code) cho cc my NC, CNC
iu khin qu trnh gia cng c kh
Chng trnh NC lp theo ISO l mt tp k t c c php ring
c lu gi trn a mm hay a cng
c lp bng tay vi s h tr ca mt h son tho vn bn no
hoc lp t ng (bng phn mm lp trnh t ng trn my tnh ni vi h iu khin
ca my CNC)
2.
25
26
3.
Chc nng
Chc nng
G00
G75
Chy n n im mc ca trc th 3 v th 4
G01
G79
G02
G80
G03
G81
G04
G83
G14
Cu lnh nhy v lp li
G84
G17
G85
G18
G86
G20
i n v o ra mm
G87
G21
i n v o ra inch
G88
G22
G89
G23
Lp li on chng trnh
G90
G26
n dao 100%
G91
G27
G92
t b nh
G28
G94
G29
G95
G40
G96
Tc ct theo m/pht
G41
G99
G42
27
G43
B dao m theo qu o ct
G44
S_
G45
F_
G46
T_
Ch nh dng c
G47
M06
Thay dng c
G53
M03
M04
nh v v tr nhanh
G63
I_, J_, K_
M07, M08
M09
G64
M30
G70
G73
G74
Chy n n im mc ca trc th 1 v th 2
28
c im cu trc
Dng chu k hoc dng chng trnh; 20-Khi ng chu k hoc khi ng chng trnh;
21-Ch th i dao; 22-i mch cho c cu kp dao (ng vi trc phay nm ngang/thng
ng)
Bng nt bm (t nt 7 n 18) trng thi vn hnh Graphic u lm vic vi 2 chc
nng
b) Cng tc la chn dng vn hnh
2-t b im gi tr thc ; 3-i ti
im chun; 4-Vn hnh phng chng
(bc nhch 0,01mm); 5-Chy dao
theo dng vn hnh phng chn; 6Chy dao theo dng vn hnh n nh;
7-Cp lnh bng tay trong tng cu
lnh; 8-Chy chng trnh theo tng
cu lnh ring l; 9-Chy chng
trnh theo cu lnh k tip; 10-Hiu
chnh thng s cho dao; 11-Np
chng trnh thng qua cc phm bm; 12-Danh mc thng s (la chn); 13-Qun l
chng trnh; 14-Vo-ra chng trnh; 15-Vn hnh DNC (la chn); 16- ha v cc d
liu v my
c) Bn phm
H ta my phay CNC
l im gc 0 ca h ta my
32
1.1
Lp trnh theo v tr im ch
Lnh dch chuyn: G90
im ch c cc gi tr ta lun c gn vi im 0 ca chi tit (W) l gc kch
thc xc nh v tr ca cc im ch
V d:
Lp trnh tuyt i ch D
Lp gi tr im ch
P
P0
P1
10
10
P1
P2
10
70
P2
P3
20
70
P3
P4
20
10
P4
P1
10
10
P1
P0
33
Lp gi tr ta im ch
P
P0
P1
10
70
P1
P3
50
70
P3
P2
40
70
P2
P3
40
25
P3
P4
10
20
P4
P0
P0
P1
50
50
P1
P2
10
50
P2
P3
10
30
P3
P4
50
30
P4
P5
34
Lp gi tr im ch
P
P0
P1
10
10
P1
P2
10
60
P2
P3
10
P3
P4
-60
P4
P1
-10
P1
P0
-10
-10
Tc chy dao F
Nh b cng tc hiu chnh lng chy dao (override-contactor) m nhng lng chy dao
lp trnh c th chn li c m khng cn thot ra khi chng trnh ang chy (hiu
chnh gim ti O% hoc tng ti 25%
3.
4.
4.1.
Cu lnh
Cc cu lnh c s l k tip nhau (VD: s vng quay trc chnh hay ng bin dng
dch chuyn)
Mt cu lnh thng c bt u bng ch ci N v s th t cu lnh (c th la chn t
N0 N9999)
35
Bt u 1 chng trinh
Cc k t khng in ra
K t
ngha
LF
Ht cu
Bt u mt ch
DELL
Xa
Kt thuc mt ch
NUL
Du cch
Cng
Tr
VD: N01
G00 X15 Z2
S+1000
Mi t ca cu lnh l mt lnh iu khin my
M08
Lnh ch c tc dng trong bn thn cu lnh cha phng thc tc dng Theo cu lnh
5.
37
G47 Tin ti tip cn theo mt phn t cung trn (bn knh ca cung trn ti thiu l
0.02mm
40
Hnh 59 Cch thot ra khi bin dng ct: a) thot theo ng song song b) thot theo
ng cung trn c) thot theo ng cung trn
VD: Dao phay tr mt u 40
41
%1
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
N9
N10
N11
N12
N13
G17 T1;
G00 X5. Y-22. Z2
F500 S+1600;
G00 Z-7;
G41 G45 X16. Y16.
G01 G60 M62;
G01 Y35. ;
G01 X53. Y65 ;
G01 X90. Y35. ;
G01 Y16. ;
G01 X16. ;
G40 G45
G00 Z2. ;
G00 Y120. Z120. S0
M30
Hnh 65
G17 T1;
G00 X10. Y25. Z2. S+3150;
G01 Z-5. F120;
G02 F250 I20. J0.;
G00 Z2.;
G00 Y100. Z100.;
M30;
Hnh 66
G17 T1;
G00 X40. Y60. Z2. S+3150;
G01 Z-10. F120;
G02 F250 X15. Y35. I0. J0.;
G00 Z2.;
G00 Y100. Z100.;
M30;
- Hai ng thng
- Mt ng thng
v mt cung trn
- Hai cung trn
(Hnh 68)
V d: Dao phay
16 mm (Hnh 69)
N01 G17 T1;
N02 G00 X-40. Y-50.
Z2. S+2000 M08;
N03 G00 Z-10. F200;
N04 G42 G45 A2 X-40.
Y-37. G01 G60
M62;
N05 G01 X40. ;
N06 G08 R10. ;
N07 G01 Y31. ;
N08 G07 R7.5. ;
N09 G01 X-4. Y37.;
N10 G01 X-30. ;
N11 G01 Y12.5. ;
N12 G07 R5;
N13 G01 X15. ;
N14 G02 X15. Y-12.5. I0. J-12.5. ;
N15 G01 X-40. ;
N16 G07 R5. ;
N17 G01 Y-37. ;
N18 G40 G45 A2;
N19 G00 Z2. M09;
N20 G00 Y100. Z100. ;
N21 M30;
2.
u im c bn
chnh xc lm vic cao
Thng cc my CNC c chnh xc my l 0,001 mm, do c th t c chnh
xc gia cng cao hn
Cht lng gia cng n nh, chnh xc lp li cao
Tc ct cao
Nh cu trc c kh bn chc ca my, nhng vt liu ct hin i nh kim loi cng hay
gm oxit c th s dng tt hn
2.
3.
Nhc im
Gi thnh ch to my cao hn
Gi mua my t hn
Gi thnh bo dng, sa cha my cng cao hn
Vn hnh my phc tp hn
Thay i ngi ng my kh khn hn
4.
Cc yu cu t ra
Cn c s phi hp cht ch gia cc khu thit k,
chun b sn xut v thc hin gia cng ch to
Cn o to nng cao cho th chuyn mn. Mt kha
o to v k thut CNC l phi c, v my mc ch
hot ng tt nu ngi s dng c kin thc thun thc
46