FORMAL LANGUAGES AND AUTOMATA THEORY

1.Consider a DFA over ={a,b}accepting all strings which have number of as divisible by 6
and number of bs divisible by 8. What is the minimum number of states that the DFA will
have?
(1) 8
(2) 14
(3) 15
(4) 48
Solution: 3

[Gate-2001]

2. Consider the following languages:

Li ={wwwE {a,b}*}
L2 = {wwR w {a, b}*, wR is the reverse of w}
L3 = {021 i is an integer)
L4= {o2 i is an integer)
Which of the languages are regular?
(1) Only Li and L2
(2) Only L2, L3 and L4
(3) Only L3 and L4
(4) Only L3

Solution:1

[Gate-2001]

3. Consider the following problem X.

Given a Turing machine M over the input alphabet , any state q of M
And a word w E*, does the computation of M on w visit the state q?
Which of the following statements about X is correct?
(1) X is decidable
(2) X is undecidable but partially decidable
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(3) X is undecidable and not even partially decidable

(4) X is not a decision problem

Solution:2

[Gate-2001]

4. The regular expression 0* (10*)* denotes the same set as

1) (1*0)*1*
2) 0 + (0 + 10)*
3) (0 + 1)* 10(0 + 1)*
4) none of these
Solution:4

[Gate-2003]

5. If the strings of a language L can be effectively enumerated in lexicographic

(i.e., alphabetic) order, which of the following statements is true ?
1) L is necessarily finite
2) L is regular but not necessarily finite
3) L is context free but not necessarily regular
4) L is recursive but not necessarily context free

Solution: 1

[Gate-2003]

6. Which of the following suffices to convert an arbitrary CFG to an LL(1) grammar ?

1) Removing left recursion alone

2) Factoring the grammar alone
3) Removing left recursion and factoring the grammar
4) None of these
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Solution: 3

[Gate-2003]

7. Consider the following deterministic finite state automaton M .

Let S denote the set of seven bit binary strings in which the first, the fourth,
and the last bits are 1. The number of strings in S that are accepted by M is
1) 1

2) 5

Solution:1

3) 7

4) 8

[Gate-2003]

8.Define languages L0 and L1 as follows : L0 = {< M, w, 0 > | M halts on w}

L1 = {< M, w, 1 > | M does not halts on w}
Here < M, w, i > is a triplet, whose first component. M is an encoding of a Turing
Machine, second component, w, is a string, and third component, i, is a bit.
Let L = L0 L1. Which of the following
is true ?

1) L is recursively enumerable, but is not

2)

is recursively enumerable, but L is not

3) Both L and
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are recursive
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4) Neither L nor is recrusively enumerable

Solution:1

[Gate-2003]

9. Consider the NFA M shown below.

Let the language accepted by M be L. Let L1 be the language accepted by the

NFA M1 , obtained by changing the accepting state of M to a non-accepting state
and by changing the non-accepting state of M to accepting states. Which of the
following statements is true?

1) L1 = {0, 1}* - L
2) L1 = {0, 1}*
3) L1

4) L1 = L
Solution:3
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[Gate-2003]
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10. The following finite state machine accepts all those binary strings in which the
number of l's and 0's are respectively

1) divisible by 3 and 2
2) odd and even
3) even and odd
4) divisible by 2 and 3
Solution:1

[Gate-2004]

11. The language {am bn Cm + n | m, n 1} is

1) regular
2) context-free but not regular
3) context sensitive but not context free
4) type-0 but not context sensitive
Solution:2

[Gate-2004]

12. Consider the following grammar

G: S bS | aA | b
A bA | aB
B bB | aS | a

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Let Na (w) and Nb (w) denote the number of a's and b's in a string w
respectively. The language L(G)

{a, b}+ generated by G is

1) { w | Na(w) > 3Nb(w)}

2) { w | Nb (w) > 3Nb (w)}
3) { w | Na(w) = 3k, k

{0, 1, 2, ...}}

4) { w | Nb (w) = 3k, k

{0, 1, 2, ...}}

Solution:3

[Gate-2004]

13. L1 is a recursively enumerable language over . An algorithm A effectively

enumerates its words as w1, w2, w3 , ... Define another language L2 over
Union {#} as {w i # wj : wi , wj L1, i < j}. Here # is a new symbol. Consider
the following assertions.
S1 : L1 is recursive implies L2 is recursive S2 : L2 is recursive implies L1 is
recursive Which of the following statements is true ?
1) Both S1 and S2 are true
2) S1 is true but S2 is not necessarily true
3) S2 is true but S1 is not necessarily true
4) Neither is necessarily true

Solution:2

[Gate-2004]

14. Consider the machine M:

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The language recognized by M is :

1) {w {a, b}* / every a in w is followed by exactly two b's}

2) {w {a, b}* every a in w is followed by at least two b}
3) {w {a, b}* w contains the substring 'abb'}
4) {w {a, b}* w does not contain 'aa' as a substring}
Solution:2

[Gate-2005]

15. Let Nf and Np denote the classes of languages accepted by nondeterministic

finite automata and non-deterministic push-down automata,

respectively. Let Df and Dp denote the classes of languages accepted by

deterministic finite automata and deterministic push- down automata,
respectively. Which one of the following is TRUE?
1) Df

Nf and Dp

Np

2) Df

Nf and Dp = Np

3) Df = Nf and Dp = Np
4) Df = Nf and Dp

Solution:4

Np

[Gate-2005]

16. Consider the languages

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L1 = {an bn cm | n, m > 0} and L2 = {an b mcm | n, m > 0} Which one of the following
statements is FALSE?
1) L1 L2 is a context-free language
2) L1

L2 is a context-free language

3) L1 and L2 are context-free language

4) L1 L2 is a context sensitive language

Solution: 1

[Gate-2005]

17. Consider the languages

L1 = {wwR |w
L2 = {w # wR | w
L3 = {ww | w

{0, 1}*}
{0, 1}*}, where # is a special symbol
(0, 1}*)

Which one of the following is TRUE?

1) L1 is a deterministic CFL
2) L2 is a deterministic CFL
3) L3 is a CFL, but not a deterministic CFL
4) L3 is a deterministic CFL

Solution: 2

[Gate-2005]

18. The following diagram represents a finite state machine which takes as input
a binary number from the least significant bit.

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Which one of the following is TRUE?

1) It computes 1's complement of the input number

2) It computes 2's complement of the input number
3) It increments the input number
4) It decrements the input number

Solution: 2

[Gate-2005]

19. If s is a string over (0 + 1)*, then let n0 (s) denote the number of 0's in s and n1(s)
the number of 1's in s. Which one of the following languages is not regular ?

1) L = {s

(0 + 1)* | n0 (s) is a 3-digit prime}

2) L = {s

(0 + 1)* | for every prefix s' of s, | n0 (s') - n1 (s') | 2}

3) L = {s

(0 + 1)* | n0 (s) - n1(s) 4}

4) L = {s

(0 + 1)* | n0 (s) mod 7 = n1 (s) mod 5 = 0}

Solution:2
20. For s
Let L = {s

[Gate-2006]
(0 + 1) * let d(s) denote the decimal value of s (e.g. d (101) = 5).
(0 + 1)* | d (s) mod 5 = 2 and d (s) mod 7 4) Which one of the following

statements is true ?

1) L is recursively enumerable, but not recursive

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2) L is recursive, but not context-free

3) L is context-free, but not regular
4) L is regular

Solution:2

[Gate-2006]

21. Consider the following statements about the contextfree grammar, G = (S SS, S ab, S ba, S )
I. G is ambiguous
II. G produces all strings with equal number of a's and b's
III. G can be accepted by a deterministic PDA
Which combination below expresses all the true statements about G?

1) I only
2) I and III only
3) II and III only
4) I, II, and III
Solution:4
22. Let L1

[Gate-2006]
be regular language,

L2

be a deterministic context-free

language and L3 a recursively enumerable, but not recursive, language.

Which one of the following statements is false ?
1) L1 L2 is a deterministic CFL
2) L3 L1 is recursive
3) L1 L2 is context free
4) L1 L2 L3 is recursively enumerable
Solution:4
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[Gate-2006]
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23. Consider the regular language L = (111 + 11111)*. The minimum number of states
in any
DFA accepting this languages is

1) 3

2) 5

3) 8

Solution:4

4) 9
[Gate-2006]

24. Which of the following problems is undecidable?

1) Membership problem for CFGs.

2) Ambiguity problem for CFGs.
3) Finiteness problem for FSAs.
4) Equivalence problem for FSAs.

Solution:2

[Gate-2007]

25. Which of the following is TRUE?

1) Every subset of a regular set is regular

2) Every finite subset of a non-regular set is regular
3) The union of two non-regular sets is not regular
4) Infinite union of finite sets is regular

Solution:2

[Gate-2007]

26. A minimum state deterministic finite automaton accepting the language

L = {w | w

{0, 1}*, number of 0s and 1s in w are divisible by 3 and 5, respectively}

has
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1) 15 states
2) 11 states
3) 10 states
4) 9 states
Solution: 1

[Gate-2007]

27. The language L = {0i 21i | i 0) over the alphabet {0, 1, 2} is

1) not recursive
2) is recursive and is a deterministic CFL
3) is a regular language
4) is not a deterministic CFL but a CFL

Solution: 2

[Gate-2007]

28. Which of the following languages is regular ?

1) {wwR | w {0, 1}+}

2) {wwR x | x, w {0, 1}+}
3) {wxwR | x, w {0, 1}+}
4) {xwwR | x, w {0, 1}+}

Solution:3

[Gate-2007]

29. Consider the grammar with non-terminals N = {S, C, S1), terminals T = {a, b, i, t, e},
with S as the start symbol, and the following set of rules
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S iCtSS1 | a
S1 eS|
Cb
The grammar is NOT LL(1) because:

1) It is left recursive
2) it is right recursive
3) it is ambiguous
4) it is not context-free
Solution:3

[Gate-2007]

30. Consider the following two statements : P : Every regular grammar is LL (1)
Q : Every regular set has a LR
(1) grammar
Which

of

the

following is TRUE ?

1) Both P and Q are true.

2) P is true and Q is false.
3) P is false and Q is true.
4) Both P and Q are false.

Solution:2

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[Gate-2007]

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Consider the following Finite State Automaton :

31. The language accepted by this automaton is given by the regular expression

1) b * ab * ab * ab *
2) (a + b) *
3) b * a (a + b) *
4) b * ab * ab *

Solution:3

[Gate-2007]

32. The minimum state automaton equivalent to the above FSA has the following number
of states
1) 1

2) 2

3) 3

Solution:2

4) 4

[Gate-2007]

33. Which of the following is true for the language {ap | p

is a prime} ?

1) It is not accepted by a Turing Machine

2) It is regular but not context-free
3) It is context-free but not regular
4) It is neither regular nor context-free, but accepted by a Turing machine
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Solution:4

[Gate-2008]

34. Which of the following are decidable?

I. Whether the intersection of two regular languages is infinite
II. Whether a given context-free language is regular
III. Whether two push-down automata accept the same language
IV. Whether a given grammar is context-free

1) I and II
2) I and IV
3) II and III
4) II and IV
Solution:2

[Gate-2008]

35. If L and

are recursively enumerable then L is

1) regular
2) context-free
3) context-sensitive
4) recursive
Solution:4

[Gate-2008]

36. Which of the following statements is false?

1) Every NFA can be converted to an equivalent DFA
2) Every non-deterministic Turing machine can be converted to an
equivalent deterministic Turing machine
3) Every regular language is also a context-free language
4) Every subset of a recursively enumerable set is recursive

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Solution:4
[Gate-2008]
37. Which of the following statements are true?
I.

Every left-recursive grammar can be converted to a right-recursive grammar and

vice- versa
All -productions

II.

can be removed from any context-free grammar by

suitable transformations
III. The language generated by a context-free grammar all of whose productions are of
the form X w or X wY (where, w is a string of terminals and Y is a non-terminal),
is always regular
IV. The derivation trees of strings generated by a context-free grammar in
Chomsky
Normal Form are always binary
trees
1) I, II, III and IV
2) II, III and IV only
3) I, III and IV only
4) I, II and IV only
Solution:4

[Gate-2008]

38. . Match the following

Checking that identifiers are
(E) declared before their use
Number of

formal

parameters in

(P) L = (an bmcn dm | n 1, m

1}

the declaration of a function agrees

(F) with the number of actual parameters (Q) X X b X | X c X | d X f | g
in a use of that function
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Arithmetic expression

with matched

(G) pairs of parentheses

(H) Palindromes

(R) L = {wcw | w (a | b) *}
(S) X b X b | c X c |

1) E P, F R, G Q, H S
2) E R, F P, G S, H Q
3) E R, F P, G Q, H S
4) E P, F R, G S, H Q
Solution:3

[Gate-2008]

39. Match the following NFAs with the regular expressions they correspond to.

1. + 0(01*1 + 00)*01*
2. + 0(10*1 + 00)*0
3. + 0(10*1 + 10)*1
4. + 0(10*1 + 10)*10*
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1) P 2, Q 1, R 3, S 4
2) P 1, Q 3, R 2, S 4
3) P 1, Q 2, R 3, S 4
4) P 3, Q 2, R 1, S 4

Solution:3

[Gate-2008]

40. Which of the following are regular sets?

I.

{an b2m | n 0, m 0}

II. {an bm | n = 2m}

III. {an bm | n m}
IV. {xcy | x, y

{a, b}*}

1) I and IV only
2) I and III only
3) I only
4) IV only
Solution:1

[Gate-2008]

41. S aSa | bSb | a | b; The language generated by the above grammar over the
alphabet
{a, b} is the set of

1) All palindromes.
2) All odd length palindromes.
3) Strings that begin and end with the same symbol.
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4) All even length palindromes.

Solution:2

[Gate-2009]

42. Which one of the following languages over the alphabet {0, 1} is described by
the regular expression:
(0 + 1)* 0(0 + 1)* 0(0 + 1)*?

1) The set of all strings containing the substring 00.

2) The set of all strings containing at most two 0s.
3) The set of all strings containing at least two 0s.
4) The set of all strings that begin and end with either 0 or 1.

Solution:3

[Gate-2009]

43. Which one of the following is FALSE?

1) There is unique minimal DFA for every regular language.

2) Every NFA can be converted to an equivalent PDA.
3) Complement of every context-free language is recursive.
4) Every nondeterministic PDA can be converted to an equivalent deterministic PDA.

Solution:4

[Gate-2009]

44. L = L1 L2 , where L1 and L2 are languages as defined below:

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L1 = {am bm c an bm | m,
n 0} L2 = {aibjck | i, j, k
0}
Then L is

1) Not recursive
2) Regular
3) Context free but not regular
4) Recursively enumerable but not context free
Solution:3

[Gate-2009]

45.
The above DFA accepts the set of all strings over {0, 1} that

1) begin either with 0 or 1

2) end with 0
3) end with 00
4) contain the substring 00

Solution:3
46. Let L = {

[Gate-2009]
(0 + 1) * | has even number of 1s}, i.e. L is the set of all

bit strings with even number of 1s. Which one of the regular expressions
below represents L ?
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1) (0 * 10 * 1) *
2) 0 * (10 * 10 * ) *
3) 0 * (10 * 1 *) * 0 *
4) 0 * 1(10 * 1) * 10 *

Solution:2

[Gate-2010]

47. Consider the languages

L1 = {0i1j | i j}. L2 = {0i1 j | i = j}. L3 = {0i1j | i = 2j + 1}. L4 = {0i1j | i 2j}.
Which one of the following statements is true ?

1) Only L2 is context free

2) Only L2 and L3 are context free
3) Only L1 and L2 are context free
4) All are context free

Solution:1

[Gate-2010]

48. Let be any string of length n in {0, 1}*. Let L be the set of all
substrings
of. What is the minimum number of states in a non-deterministic
finite automaton that accepts L ?

1) n - 1
2) n
3) n + 1
4) 2n - 1
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Solution:3

[Gate-2010]

49. What is the complement of the language accepted by the NFA show below?
Assume = {a} and is the empty string.

(1)

(2) {}

Solution:2

(3) a G

(4) {a, }

[Gate-2011]

50.

Solution:B

[Gate-2012]

51. The following grammar

G = (N, T, P, S)
N = {S, A, B}
T = {a, b, c}
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P : S aSa
S aAa
A bB
B bB
B c is
a.
b.
c.
d.

is type 3
is type 2 but not type 3
is type 1 but not type 2
is type 0 but not type 1

52. The following grammar

G = (N, T, P, S)
N = {S, A, B, C, D, E}
T = {a, b, c}
P : S aAB
AB

CD

CD

CE

aC

bE

bc is

a.
b.
c.
d.

is type 3
is type 2 but not type 3
is type 1 but not type 2
is type 0 but not type 1

53. The following grammar

G = (N, T, P, S)
N = {S, A, B, C}

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GATE MATERIAL

T = {a, b, c}
P : S aS
A bB
B cC
C a is
a.
b.
c.
d.

is type 3
is type 2 but not type 3
is type 1 but not type 2
is type 0 but not type 1

54. The following grammar

G = (N, T, P, S)
N = {S, A, B, C, D, E}
T = (a, b, c}
P : S ABCD
BCD

DE

aD

bE

c is

a.
b.
c.
d.

is type 3
is type 2 but not type 3
is type 1 but not type 2
is type 0 but not type 1

55. Consider the following CFG

S aB S bA
Bb

Aa

B bS

A aS

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S aB

S bA

B aBB A bAA

Consider the following derivation

S aB
aaBB
aaBb
aabSb
aabbAb
aabbab

This derivation is
a.
b.
c.
d.

a leftmost derivation
a rightmost derivation
both leftmost and rightmost derivation
neither leftmost nor rightmost derivation

56. Consider the following language

L = {anbncndn|n 1}
L is
a.
b.
c.
d.

CFL but not regular

CSL but not CFL
regular
type 0 language but not type 1

57. Consider the following language

L = {anbn|n 1}
L is
a. CFL but not regular
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GATE MATERIAL

b. CSL but not CFL

c. regular
d. type 0 language but not type 1
58. Consider the following language
L = {anbmcpdq|n, m, p, q 1}
L is
a.
b.
c.
d.

CFL but not regular

CSL but not CFL
regular
type 0 language but not type 1

59. The following CFG is in

S AB
B CD
B AD
Bb
D AD
Dd
Aa
Ca
a.
b.
c.
d.

Chomsky normal form but not strong Chomsky normal form

Weak Chomsky normal form but not Chomsky normal form
Strong Chomsky normal form
Greibach normal form

60. The following CFG is in

S aBB
B bAA
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GATE MATERIAL

Aa
Bb
a.
b.
c.
d.

Chomsky normal form but not strong Chomsky normal form

Weak Chomsky normal form but not Chomsky normal form
Strong Chomsky normal form
Greibach normal form

61. Which of the following CF language is inherently ambiguous?

a.
b.
c.
d.

{anbncmdm|n, m 1}
{anbmcpdq|n = p or m = q, n, m, p, q 1}
{anbmcpdq|n m p q}
{anbmcpdq|n m p q}

62. Which string is not accepted by the following FSA?

a.
b.
c.
d.

00111
01010
00110
11010

63. Which string is accepted by the following FSA?

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GATE MATERIAL

a.
b.
c.
d.

00111
11011
01101
0101

64. Can a DFSA simulate a NFSA

a.
b.
c.
d.

No
Yes
sometimes
depends on NFA

65. Which of the following is true for an arbitrary language L.

a.
b. L* = L+ {}
c. L* = L+
d. L* = L+ {}
66. The concept of FSA is much used in this part of the compiler
a.
b.
c.
d.

lexical analysis
parser
code generation
code optimization

67. The concept of grammar is much used in this part of the compiler
a.
b.
c.
d.

lexical analysis
parser
code generation
code optimization

68. (a + b)(cd)*(a + b) denotes the following set

a.
b.
c.
d.

{a(cd)nb|n 1}
{a(cd)na|n 1} {b(cd)nb/n 1}
{a(cd)na|n 0} {a(cd)nb/n 0} {b(cd)na/n 0} {b(cd)nb/n 0}
{acndnb|n 1}

69. baa*c denotes the set

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GATE MATERIAL

a. {bnamcp|n, m, p 1}
b. {banc|n 0}
c. {banc|n 1}
70. The set of all strings over the alphabet = {a, b} (including ) is denoted by
a.
b.
c.
d.

(a + b)*
(a + b)+
a+b+
a*b*

71. Palindromes cant be recognized by any FSA because

a. FSA cannot remember arbitrarily large amount of information
b. FSA cannot deterministically fix the midpoint
c. Even if the mid point is known an FSA cannot find whether the second half of the string
matches the first half
d. all of the above
72. Let = {a, b, c, d, e}. The number of strings in * of length 4 such that no symbol is used
more than once in a string is
a.
b.
c.
d.

360
120
35
36

73. Which of the following denotes Chomskian hiearchy?

a.
b.
c.
d.

REG CFL CSL type0

CFL REG type0 CSL
CSL type0 REG CFL
CSL CFL REG type0

74. A language L is accepted by a FSA iff it is

a.
b.
c.
d.

CFL
CSL
recursive
regular

75. Which of the following regular expressions denotes a language comprising of all possible
strings over = {a, b} of length n where n is a multiple of 3.
IT DEPARTMENT

GATE MATERIAL

a.
b.
c.
d.

(a + b + aa + bb + aba + bba)*
(aaa + bbb)*
((a + b)(a + b)(a + b))*
(aaa + ab + a) + (bbb + bb + a)

76. A language is represented by a regular expression (a)*(a + ba). Which of the following string
does not belong to the regular set represented by the above expression.
a.
b.
c.
d.

aaa
aba
ababa
aa

77. Which of the following is not primitive recursive but partially recursive?
a.
b.
c.
d.

McCarthys function
Riemann function
Ackermanns function
Bounded function

78. Consider the following right-linear grammar G = (N, T, P, S) N = {S}

P : S aS|aA T = {a, b}
A bA|b

Which of the following regular expression denotes L(G)?

a.
b.
c.
d.

(a + b)*
a(ab)*b
aa*bb*
a*b*

79. Which of the following strings is not generated by the following grammar? S SaSbS|
a.
b.
c.
d.

aabb
abab
aababb
aaabb

80. Consider the following NFSA

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The automaton accepts

a.
b.
c.
d.

all words of the form {(ab)na|n 1}

all words that end with a and
all words that end with a and not
all words containing substring ba

81. Consider a language L for which there exists a Turing machine (TM), T, that accepts every
word in L and either rejects or loops for every word that is not in L. The language L is
a.
b.
c.
d.

NP hard
NP complete
recursive
recursively enumerable

82.Consider the following statements

I.
II.
III.

Recursive languages are closed under complementation

Recursively enumerable languages are closed under union
Recursively enumerable languages are closed under complementation

Which of the above statement are TRUE?

a.
b.
c.
d.

I only
I and II
I and III
II and III

83.Which of the following statement is wrong?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Any regular language can be generated by a context-free grammar

Some non-regular languages cannot be generated by any CFG
the intersection of a CFL and regular set is a CFL
All non-regular languages can be generated by CFGs.

84.Recursively enumerable languages are not closed under

a. union
b. homomorphism
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c. complementation
d. concatenation
85.Which of the following problem is undecidable?
a.
b.
c.
d.

membership problem for CFL

membership problem for regular sets
membership problem for CSL
membership problem for type 0 languages

86. Recursive languages are

a.
b.
c.
d.

a proper superset of CFL

always recognized by PDA
are also called type 0 languages
always recognized by FSA

87. R1 and R2 are regular sets. Which of the following is not true?
a. R1 R2 neet not be regular
b. * R1 is regular
c. R1 R2 is regular
d.

is regular

88. Which of the following regular expression identity is true?

a.
b.
c.
d.

r(*) = r*
(r*s*)* = (r + s)*
(r + s)* = r* + s*
r*s* = r* + s*

89. Which one of the following statement is FALSE?

a.
b.
c.
d.

context-free languages are closed under union

context-free languages are closed under concatenation
context-free languages are closed under intersection
context-free languages are closed under Kleene closure

90. Which of the following conversion is not possible (algorithmically)?

a. regular grammar to context-free grammar
b. nondeterministic FSA to deterministic FSA
c. nondeterministic PDA to deterministic PDA
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d. nondeterministic TM to deterministic TM

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