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1GUG

( G, GSS : 2, S.

107,

}wG, gH }G, . 1, S.

553)

S }SH U }G S HzGG } S} U U U
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38

SH} }G

42

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GU} }SGGU
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x }H }H , S GG U U|
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H G U U }G U J (H GLGU, . 1, S. 373, 374 )

2GUG }GG U vG S }G U G S
US GS U vG G U S xGM G
x US zG UH U G U
U G U vG Gy} G x U | U US GUG
}GG U vG x J GUG }G U vG }G U
G Gv} S S } x }G U GG
G G G , x S S U
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}G U vG S G x J ( G, GSS : 2,
S. 108 , }wG, gH }G, . 1 , S. 555 )

GG S x U }GG U U vG }
39

SH} }G

43

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GU} }SGGU
: } U M GU G H
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U | G }G x J }-SH US
U GwG} S S vG wG }H }H
U G U U GUG U H }G x J S GU
} }GUG }H U G U U }GG G H }x U
{ zGG GwG} S wG | }G J x
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4}G U G x S G S S U S }G
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(G, S. 108)

5}G US GS ( G G H G}H) U
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S U GwG} S U G G S G U
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40

SH} }G

44

G U GG U

GU} }SGGU
: S U } } M U H
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G x J x G U } x J

( G, GSS : 2 , S. 109 , }wG, gH }G, . 1 , S. 557 )

6} U U S wG G U S

S G , U GwG} S
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G x J
(G, G, S. 558 )

7
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J S S G x }SH | H | S U
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( G, GSS : 2, S. 109)

8x UG xG U ( SG } M H U)
U wG U SU U G U U GUG G H GG S
x J ( }G v U GG U GU )

(G, S. 107 )

9x US U S GG S } U}

S U U U GUG , }-SH G U G S wG
U G x U G GUG J (
G, GSS : 2, S. 109 , }wG, gH }G, . 1 , S. 558 )

41

SH} }G
GU} }SGGU
S S G} | J

45

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: S } U M U G H

(}G U G U zGSH }SH GU -G }G


4 SGUG 367 375, GG GSS 2 SGUG 107 109 S
}H} U H)

SH} ! }}U H
U
G U H U H ,
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(H }GSSxG HSSG, S. 557 , GS : 9326)

G U x | GUvG G-GU U }GGU


G x }x S }Hx J G}} G U U
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J } }UG G U }-S S }G | U SU :

vG G S U S GMGU
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1 UMx
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U vG U : S U H G UMx 3
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42

SH} }G

46

GU} }SGGU
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: wGS } M U G |H x

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UMx 10 GG { vG M GU 11

Gx (G } GG { U
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(HGU)
()
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18 (}vM vG ) GH G UMx
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20G G | UMx ( S GG S G G
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{ U x S U G UMx)

H }SGGU
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43

SH} }G

47

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GU} }SGGU
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(G-GU)

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G-}H }-SH, G}HH G-H}, GUGH


}G, SH xG, SSSHU, }G H
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M U G J (UGH G}}H, . 1, S. 250, GS : 2174)

GUG xGSH } GG U U

SHH
GU} : wGS
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44

SH} }G

48

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SH} ! ! S xGSH
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45

49

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47, 48)

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G U U }G U vG UH J S GS
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46

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50

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xG } } U GU} : S } GU S
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. 1, S. 109, GS : 227 ) S GS S } U
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xGSH U GGU (G-GU)

xG G H H } S GG U U }
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U {, U S U x { wG S
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47

SH} }G

51

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GU} }SGGU
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H J G GSS 2 SGUG 42 : S~ H
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48

SH} }G

52

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M GU G S GU U J

: S U S } GRU S }

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S. 38, GU -GG, . 1, S.

439, 440)

2U } G
U U U Hx H S U}
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{H HG} J SUx U U S U
J GH U H | x {H S
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U G GUG J G U U H U { | GUG J
(G, G, S. 442 , 443)

3}} G
S U H S H U U U S} U G
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x J
( G, GSS : 2, S. 39)

U S GMGU U S
S SH} U H xGSH U 23 GG

1x SH} U S U H x{ SGU

49

SH} }G

xG S H U G G U

53

GU} }SGGU
: } G }G M GU Gx }
GU} U S U GUG UMx J

G U H GM H GM J x
SwG x{ U H G x H GM J

2x U } H U } U (SG)
S } GUG J G } SGU U U
U } xGSH } x U U 2 } 2
} 3|, U U H U { GM
4U U G S U SG U } { 5U
U U H U 6G xH U G U
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8G U H { 9 U G {
10
U U { 11 GU } | H x
} U GU } xH H U { 12 S} U
x G S U U { 13 G (GU S U
GSS) U G { 14 U H
U G | 15 2 S U }H
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U xH 17H U U

18 U S U U
19S
U G U HU { 20GU G ( G
U }x U U GSS) U x UG wG
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50

SH} }G

54

GU} }SGGU
} H G J

: } M U U US U U

xG S H U G G U

GSS) } xH H U { GUG }SG 22x GG

GUS S GUxG U xGSH U US UGG S GU


GH U S wG U S SGU U H }SG (
GG, GSS : 2, S. 39,40) 23x H H G Hx
S U | G GUG G xGSH x,
} U x } G J

GwG} U ^

GwG} ^ xG { S H } vGS
G ^ }SG U H UGU G US x }G
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G U xH } { S U S G U GSS
| ^ U , x H }}U H
U S GSS U { GUG J x }}U H
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( G, GSS : 2, S.

51

40)

SH} }G

55

GU} }SGGU
M } U J

: } | } M G U }

xG S H U G G U

xGSH GUG U 5 S

1}

U x S U S U
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3GGU S GU (S) U G U x
} U GH wG , GH
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x U HxG HxG GUG HxG
x xGSH GUG }x xGSH U Gv} x 4GG
S GUxG 5GUS ( wG
S) S GUxG J ( G, GSS : 2, S. 43,45,46, }H--GUG)

S } xGSH GUG

} U S x S U
H S x GUGH G U U H G
Hx U S } G xGSH GUG J G GH
x J (2) x } H G x U vG S H
S U GUG UH xGSH GUG G x J
(3) x GH} }x S U U S UGG xG
xGSH GUG J
( G, GSS : 2, S. 43)
(1)

} xGSH U U GGU

x }-SH } G
52

SH} }G

56

xG S H U G G U

GU} }SGGU
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H
S S G} GH GU} J

S } LU S 3 {, G S S
x J S U | GM U G U 3
G--U J x H xG } G U
G--U x H S SHS 3
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) G } G U Gv} } J }
G U G S } GG U
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GSS : 2 , S. 42, }wG gH }G, . 1 , S. 320, 321) G
xGS H U }} S } UH U U } G
x J xGSH } UH U U } G GUG U
G } S }vU J

GU U Gv} }

GU H S (xG }yGG) } , GU ( H)
U xGSH U } xGSH U U Gv} } HG
S U xGSH U G xGSH U vG U }g (
G ) U SHS ( {) U S
x }wG } : x , G GG
} G xGSH U U vG U }g U S
S U J ( }wG }G gH }G, . 1, S. 320)
53

SH} }G

57

xG S H U G G U

GU} }SGGU
: S U S } GRU } M
GU G Hx } S US wGS J

xGS H G } UH U U } | G J

GU U GG

x U G}}} } GU (SHOWER) S U
LG H U S U GGU } U U x } }
GUH GU U GGU J S G } S U G
GG GU} J GUH U GGU } U }
U 45 - U G U J HG S
U U 45 x U G U J

} U 5 GMGU U S S
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1}G
2GH GU~G
3GU G
4G-GU

U
( 9 GH GH G}) 5G} {
vG S J
( GG, GSS : 2, S. 46 , }wG, . 1 , S. 339, 341 )

} S G G } H U G S S U
S GMGU U S S xGSH U 24 }SG }GUG

1GUGU G-GU
2GUGU }GHGU
3GG

G} 4GG SU G}
5GGU

6wGH }
7} (G) UU } U H
54

SH} }G

58

xG S H U G G U

GU} }SGGU
: S wGS U U GU H S U S
} GRU } M U G J

3 8 9 GU 10G-GU U
( 9 GH G H G} U xG M zG 10 U G)

11 }HS }H GU
12x }HS G U H

13 }

H U 14} (xH) U
U 15 xG S GUGU ( Gy} ) U

16

U 17x S U 18
UGG U H 19SGU S H U H 20SGG1
U wG U 21}GG USGU (S x) GSGU
( x) 22SSGU (-H ) 23GGU
U SwG { U H 24 S Hx
}H} U US x Hx J
( GG, GSS : 2 , S. 46 , 47, LH S, }wG, . 1, S.

341, 342)

U xGSH } }wGHGU

S xGSH }-SH GH} | , G |


}G U |, 3 U U U U xGSH U
H, S x S U S }Hx J
( GG, GSS : 2 , S. 47)
1. G U }G U S H wG J

SH} }G

xG S H U G G U

59

GU} }SGGU
: S } G }G S M U
G S U S SH U x }GGU x J

xGSH S GH G ?

GU} } xG x} SGG
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UH U, U } G x S J
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( GG, GSS : 2 , S. 40)

S vG GG

x U GG xGSH U GG S
(STOOL) xG H U } J G
xGSH } S}H U U }x | GU J

H U x

H } x G xGSH } S H U
GM J
( GG, GSS : 2 , S. 40)

G U

G S xGSH GUG U GUvG, zGS


GS U U U }vM J x U US
UGG S x S U G }G-GU J
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( GG, GSS : 2, S. 49)
56

SH} }G
GU} }SGGU
G} |x J

60

xG S H U G G U

: } M GU G H

U U GH } M GU G

xGSH GUG U M GU G G
} G J }x U G UH U U G J (
GG, GSS. 2, S. 49) G U U GG J
(GU GH}x, . 1, S.

xH } INK U } ?

38)

U H U G } , H H U G
xG S (INK) U }, G} SH} U H
}v, } U Hx x xGSH
x J }H} U U S x U
{ GM H }GG G x J
( GG, GSS : 2 , S. 41, }HwGGS)

U HxG ?

HGU 9 S HGU 12 SH S U} G} U
xG HxG HxG x HGU HGU 2 (
S U S) 15 S U U}H G} } GM G
HxG HxG , x S HxG ( HxG U
GH}) G J G} U x S ,
wG HGU wG HGU U S wG x } GH
( } UH).. ..HGU U GG ...}G S HGU
(US HGU U) G}H U ... ... (}G U S)
57

SH} }G

xG S H U G G U

61

GU} }SGGU
: } US S M U G U }
} M U G } x U H }xGGU J

HGU U G}H GU HxG HxG J


x S , }x G U U } HxG HxG
G GH U GUH U vG U ( H )
| HxG HxG S} x }} GU}, HxG
U GUG x (HGU U) G } UH HGU U
S () } | U } J
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SS U U S

630 )

xGSH G } U S SS J GG
S GH }xGzGGUH
S U
SH U}, GUG}
GU} : U
wGS xGSH G } U, S } U G U
v U vS SS S S J (S- , . 1, S.
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266,

}HwGGS)

G S U --U S }xGGU U }H

S S G} } U }
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G} G}H
GU} U U } } Hx
U S J S } G L-GUGU xGSH U H UG
58

SH} }G

62

xG S H U G G U

GU} }SGGU
: } U M GU G H
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U } x HU } SU GH}, }SS},
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{ U U GG

G G GG GH} }zG GUH GGU }


GU} : } G }x
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59

SH} }G

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63

GU} }SGGU
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xG) U S } S J S U xG S}

U US GSS S S H { H
x ( xGSH x) }x
U S v x UH U S x | Hx x J S
S G} G}, GS U xGGUH J (GH GU, . 1, S.
761 ) U x S UH }x
H G GG {H x U U U -G GUG
x U x J
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G U S

U}
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60

SH} }G

64

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189,

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( GG, GSS : 2 , S. 75, 77)

61

SH} }G

65

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78)

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66

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77

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SH} }G

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SH} }G
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SH} }G

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SH} }G

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192

G U H U

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U zG H vG S G | G SU
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( G, GSS : 4, S. 136)

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193

G U H U

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. 23, S. 281, GS : 611) 2 GS S H 4 vG
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SH} }G
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194

S U G G U

: S } U M U G H

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(H }}H SG HG-, . 2, S. 77, GS : 2580)

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G U 4 vG G }SG U GS
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SH} }G
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195

S U G G U

: S U S } GRU S }

(G-GU)

S U GGU
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SU }, } U , G x,
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GG } wGGUGU x

GG S GS
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SH} }G

196

S U G G U

GU} }SGGU
: S } U M U G
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G }x S { { U U GU
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S. 13, GS : 31, SGGH , . 1, S. 95, GS : 216)

S U GGU

S G } G x
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268) 2 S G } GH S H S}H G
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H U } S MG,

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SH} }G
GU} }SGGU
U S |H x J

197

S U G G U

: wGS } M U G |H x

U H GU} S G } U GH
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U S UH 18 wGG } wGG U
3
4

SH} }G

198

S U G G U

GU} }SGGU
: S U S } GRU S }
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S G } U S U 19-25
} U, U SGU U, H GM U,
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29 S G S UH H S{ GU}

UH UH U (H G M GU
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(S- }, . 1, S. 193, GS : 301)

SH} }G

199

S U G G U

GU} }SGGU
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U S } G | }H H S GG
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SH} }G
GU} }SGGU
M GU G S GU U J

200

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SH} }G

201

S U G G U

GU} }SGGU
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UH U U U J Hx S SG S
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SH} }G
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} H G J

202

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U, x S SGU U H, U GGU

SH} }G
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M } U J

203

S U G G U

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SH} }G

204

S U G G U

GU} }SGGU
: S } S } M U G
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S S G} GH GU} J

LG } S Hx , }SG J ( G, GSS : 2
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G U SG } } S GGU J
UzGGU | SH} G U wG wG vG U H

SH} }G

205

S U G G U

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SH} ! GU | x U
U} GGU U S S ! GG S SGU
}HU
GU} : } SH, }G
H GGG, S G} GU
Gv}
U } zGG G U vG () G
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SH} }G

206

S U G G U

GU} }SGGU
: S wGS U U GU H S U
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G H U Gv}

zGG G U vG vG U (S{) G
SH GH (NORMAL) U
G S G U GGU
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GUxG GG SGU
SGU x S } S GzGGU GSH x J

US } U}

zGSS ! UH S U H U} (COMMODE)
G} S US U GG U S x
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G S H GUxG U U UG GH }
GU S S } U }-Gg }G
U J U} U S}H S S
, G U U GUG x U | GG J

U x U US

US } U} } S S U

SH} }G

207

S U G G U

GU} }SGGU
: S } G }G S M
U G S U S SH U x }GGU x J

UG U U U } J G S
U H H G U S}H J U GS GUH
} U GSS U }HU }G H GSS U
x U US G S UH U G wG } G ,
GGUGU S U U
}G U 2 S S} (1) H U
S}H U (2) U S}H U J

H S H }G

H } G S U}UH S}H
(}G) U H vGS J S U S}H
S }G S U xG} }G U x
H J v U S U U : H G
U S}H U H }G U SvGH U U
(1) U x U US (2) |x (U UG }vGG U
S S U x vHGU
) (3) GUv (SKIN INFECTION) (4) UU U }G
(VIRAL DISEASES)

H xZ U }G

G U U U H S SGU
HG S} UH S U U
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SH} }G
GU} }SGGU
G} |x J

208

S U G G U

: } M GU G H

x U GG xZ } GH S U S S GU
xZ S MG J H U S}H
U x S S U H S U vGS
U J

SwG G} GUG G U vGS

US } U} w.c. U S}H G G
J SH U HGG S U} U }GUH } w.c.
U U U S S U }GGU SU J HU
UH w.c. Hx } U U
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U S } G} zGG G U | J S U GS
SH } : } } S U U U H
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GU U SH} U HH H (louval poul) U
: S U GU }^ GU | }^ S Hx }
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( w.c., U} xG) U S}H MG U S vG
S }Z } S (}) U}G U }G }
GGU x ! SwG G} G U U -S }S
U xG (PROSTATE GLANDS) | G , GUGH

SH} }G

209

S U G G U

GU} }SGGU
: } US S M U G U }
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} G} x S U S} G
GU G U SwG G} U G U
S H G S} -S S S} G}H
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GU

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} U SG, G} G-H}
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GU H U U J (S- ,
. 1, S. 35, GS : 2) wG U
x H } GU H
US U x G SU J (}, . 1, S. 262) GU
U GUH } U
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S} U
U H U
zGG } U} x, G U U | U {
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U H }}H J

GUG G S GUH H U GU

UH H GSS } U} U
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UH H }G U GG J U U}S U } U

SH} }G

210

S U G G U

GU} }SGGU
: } U M GU G H
S U H U GUG H GUG G G J

U : S } SG, U US
U GUH Hx S }G U wG G Hx
J GUG G U H S H U U U GUG,
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G--U } G J S U S G SH wG
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U S S GU GUxG | G S !

H GH U 47

GU} }SGGU
S U G}H S J

: }S} U

(H }}H U HG-, . 6, S. 185, GS : 5942)

1 S U 2 } S 3

UH } S{ S H U U S UMx
4-5 2 GH S GUH UH U }S
G Gx 6 SGU { U S } U : G
} GSH U U H Hx 7 GUxG U GU
SGU S U S x 8 GS U

(SGG }SH}, S. 140, GS : 223) } : U


SGU } , G}H U U xx S U
H H x 9 S{ GU} S 10

SH} }G

211

S U G G U

GU} }SGGU
: S U } } M U H
U } } S } x GU S U H SxGGU U x J

S H U U S UMx 11-12 S~ H
U S } SvGH GUH ( GUH U GGU } U)
S GUH ( GUH U GGU U) S x J
13-14 G} S GU U GUGU GS GM S~ Hx J
S GG GUxG U 15 S GUH S~ Hx
16 U G x S U GGU x 17 U
S x 18 G S S U x 19 GM
U Hx 20-21 H GM }x U
S x 22-26 S H UG U S
GU U U U GGU ( S H GSS
G} U GGU) x, U S{ GGU x , }SG } }SH , , S H S}H UMx 27 S G U
vG | SGU }x U Hxx 28 -G }SH xG
UMx (U GS }GM} ) 29 S~ H U S }
UMx 30-31 xG } Ux
S } U SUx 32-33 x GU G}}} } G U
G H GS G}H U 2 {x
G 34 U UH S U x ( U U
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SH} }G

212

G G G U S U

GU} }SGGU
: S } U M U G
H
S S G} | J

S} U zGG } U} x, G S U U |
U { H UGU zGH U S
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GUxG U UHx 37 x S U
H H GH U G UMx 38 }S} U
S U H GUxG G UMx J
36

G} S G } | U

39-41 x H H} S U S

U G UMx, US U GGU -HGU UMx,


G U S U G x 42 x }
US G S UMx 43 x US
U } S G G U SwG } }GG GU
U S UMx 44 GH }U |G U
vG S G U |G } }G GGU U U }S}
x 45 U Hx 46
GUG S U 47 G SG G G U
U GG GU} GHGU x x J

SH} }G

213

G G G U S U

GU SGGGU
GG
L U G GU U GUG H J

GGG GUS U (G-GU)


M GU U GUGH

U US |U UzGGU S SH U,
}GGU GG }H GH
U S |
U S} GU GU} J S GG U S SH G
U J
S10 M GU G U
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S U GH UU } S v !) }x SH
U S} U }n H S U S
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U , G S Hx
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SH} }G
GU} }SGGU
U S |H x J

214

G G G U S U

: wGS } M U G |H x

SLH GUGH GG GH} }H S }G}}


G}g }
S U G zGS
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zGG ( G ) U G U H (}
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(zGS GGH GGU, S. 56)

GG US U ?

HxG G U x U }GU} S wG G U G
UH } U S S
S GG U J ( GG ,GSS : 2, S. 93) GG U H
}, }, } S , }, } , } S ,
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GUG | H J

SH} }G

215

G G G U S U

GU} }SGGU
: S } U M U G
H
S S G} | J

SGG US U ?

wG } U S , S U SGG U
J (G) }}H }} GG S- }} S-H}
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}
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xH }GU} S wG J S U H }}H }}
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(}G }} }HU, . 1, S. 77, 78, GS : 140)

GG U x

GG U 6 x : 1 S 2 SG 3 SG
4 G 5 xH 6 }H J SGU x U LyG GG
J ( G, GSS : 2, S. 95) U G U xH
}GU} S GHS LyG }G wG UH S S G
x UG } Hx UG U J (G, S. 26)
: G}H H G U wG SGG J
( }wG, . 1, S. 524)

SH} }G

216

G G G U S U

GU} }SGGU
: S U S } GRU S }
M U G GGUGU wG x J

GG U Gv}

HxG G U } GUG- GM S U G
wG U G}H U GH } wG U xGG }
U} U { U G} } wG {
x S G}H { H U G} } S U
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{ H) } wG S G} } G}H
{ H wG x S UH GUS} US}
U } J
( GG, GSS : 2, S. 93)

GG U }g

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243

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S } U S xGHG x xGG }-SH G,
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SH} }G
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M GU G S GU U J

244

S U

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U x GHH , (S x, H, |S,
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S GGUGU U Gv} U UG U S GSS


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SH} }G

246

GU} }SGGU
} H G J

: } M U U US U U

S U

xH } UH H x xG S xGHG J

U Gv}

U U Gv} S U U,
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U GU

U GU S U U Gv} S
U U S G U S U GU | U S
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x) S GG x G S (U) x
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U G GU xH } U S Hx S
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SH} }G
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M } U J

247

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: } | } M G U }

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( v U
S S } GHH U (}vS ) S U
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S U } S }H U J S U S
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x GU} S vG U UGG }
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( G, GSS 2, S. 112,113)

, G}, wG xG US U ?

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SH} }G

248

S U

GU} }SGGU
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SH} }G

245

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GU} }SGGU
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x S H G}

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( G, GSS 2, S. 126)

U U

}xG1 U 2 U

( }wG, gH }G, . 1, S. 574, G, GSS 2, S.

113)

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(G .S.113)
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SH} }G

249

S U

GU} }SGGU
: S wGS U U GU H S U S
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U U

1 U U S U U U

UG G , UG U x J (GH}x,
. 1, S. 46, G, GSS 2, S. 114) 2 S UG
U S U G x, x UG } G
x | U x J ( G, GSS 2, S. 114)

x } wG

x, H, UH } wG GU x U
x G wG } S ( H )
U , xG { U x J
(G)

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G} U {

G} U { S , H G U {
U }x G J
(G, S. 115)

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SH} }G

250

S U

GU} }SGGU
: S } G }G S M
U G S U S SH U x }GGU x J

H } G x H U , x }G } GUGU
S (U) x U }H S U
S S S G S Hx U , GU } U G J
(GH}x, . 1, S. 46,48, G, GSS 2, S. 115)

xGHG H }v

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( G, GSS : 2, S. 116)
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SH} }G
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G} |x J

251

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: } M GU G H

( G, GSS : 2, S. 52) 2 H S S U

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SH} }G

252

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GU} }SGGU
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SGU GU H U

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( G, GSS : 2, S. 116)

H S U H U H S

G U H S S U H, U
S x S S UH U UG } Hx
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U S

U UG S x S U S}
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( G, GSS : 2, S. 117)

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x UU J ( G, GSS : 2, S. 117)

SH} }G

253

S U

GU} }SGGU
: } U M GU G H
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U } } H

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U x S U J } H (
U xGU) } G S U
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(G, S. 64)
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U x J
(G)

H } } H ?

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(G, S. 65)
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SH} }G

254

S U

GU} }SGGU
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S } UH x U } x {
G U S S H} J U x
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U) | U S U U S U S
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( G, GSS : 2, S. 66)
S | }vM J

x{ U S U

x{, G U S x UG } Hx UG
(G)
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wG H } S

US U } S wG UH U U } SG x
S GU () U SG
U S HG} U UH U U } U U
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( U GSS) wG xH } U } U
U S U S G x S U x
x U x x S S } U xH SwG U
( G, GSS : 2, S. 63)
x J

SH} }G

255

GU} }SGGU
S S G} | J

: S } U M U G H

S U

G U U x U LyG

G U U }GU} S LyG UH U ,
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(G, S. 117)

SG x

x SG x H S U G}
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( G, GSS : 2, S. 117)

wG U

x }G G xG } S }
wG }G x }
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} U } U

} U } U U J

(GU -G }G,

. 1, S. 268, }wG, . 1, S. 290)

1 |x U G} S (U) S

} x S (U) x SH
( S } U U SU, U) J

( G, GSS : 2, S. 115)

SH} }G
GU} }SGGU
U S |H x J

256

S U

: wGS } M U G |H x

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S S x S S U x |x
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2

xH L}H

(G, S. 116)

}1 UH UG S x J

S H U UG

(G, S. 116)

} U H x G G (
S U}) } G U x G
x U J
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H (S x)

( x |S U S x) H U
U G J ( G, GSS : 2, S. 124) 2 H (
x |S U S x) U { } Hx U
J (G, S. 116) 3 H U U x
S GUH x U J
(G, S. 118)

U GU ?

U U H S
1.

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SH} }G

257

S U

GU} }SGGU
: S U S } GRU S }
M U G GGUGU wG x J

S U Hx x U J (G, S. 124)

G} U x }G US U

S U S GHH G} U GG
U GUH , S}H U U GG U x S U
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( G, GSS : 2, S. 124)

U U H S GG

U H x U ( S) H x S
}G G U }G } SwG
U , U (U) } U H
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U H x U ( S) H x GG U H
x S}H } H U }} U wGHGU
G} U zG S }S J
(G, S. 124,125)
S S U }
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(G, S. 54)

xGG S H UG US GG {

S x H xG S S }

SH} }G

258

S U

GU} }SGGU
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S S G} | J

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( G, GSS : 2, S. 119)
}SG J

x S U x UG GU ?

x S x }x S U U , x
GU S | GH U HG} x S U S
vGGU ( S) S U U GM
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US GUS} U U}UH xG) S { U G J (G)

H S H UG U U U
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1 x S GUGU ( H S xG)

} { } GU ( GGU S) G
S U x GU U S G U } U
wGS GGU | S GG G U x U G S
S U GUG U, x UG U GH U U GG
G U x J ( G, GSS : 2, S. 120) 2 x

SH} }G
GU} }SGGU
U S |H x J

259

S U

: wGS } M U G |H x

{ H GG G H }x | S U x
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U SU S (H G H) U GGU } U S
U GGU } U J S S U GGU U (H U GGU })
, x { S GU G (S
GU H H G ) U J (G) 3 H
S } G U U U H
S G S UG | U x |,
UG } x U G S U {
Ux UG 2 U J (G) 4 H
S U U, S U S UG U U
GSS |x x | U x U x H U
G U |x S 2 } { S2
} G U U S |x U } {
J x S UG S U } { U G H
x , U U UG |x {
x S } G U S S UG |x U
{ S U x J ( G, GSS : 2, S. 120) 5 UG
U } { U } wG G H U
G S Ux U S U HU S S
U U x wG G
U J (G, S. 121) 6 GM U U }

SH} }G

260

S U

GU} }SGGU
: S U S } GRU S }
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{ U x }wGHGU vG U }wGHGU }
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(G, 122)

H U { } G G

GU } 1 SGUG 35 } U (
} { G U) Gv} S vG G }
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GU-GU U}
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( G, GSS : 2, S. 121)

U U UG S { U }SH

x UG { U } } U UG U
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UG U x H GM G S U G
J } GU H GG, }} H S,

SH} }G

261

S U

GU} }SGGU
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} } M U G S GU} U } GUG }Hx J

}H }} G} G G
GU -G
(}G) H SGUG 792 GU} : H GM
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SGUG 585 GU} : S} HS H GM G
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x S { U UG U S H GSS
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U UG U U U S GGU

UG U U U U S GGU | U
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G}H U GG GM U U U G
xGH S GUH U U U | U

SH} }G

262

S U

GU} }SGGU
: } G }G M GU Gx }
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US G G J U U
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x } } UG U U U GGU

x } } UG H U H | H
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} { H J

H U UG U U U GGU

}GU GGU U U U H
GM , H U } UG U | U U SU J
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SH} }G

263

GU} }SGGU
} H G J

: } M U U US U U

S U

U U G xGH U
S U U H x x U x J G UG
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U U U U GGU

U (CARPET) U U GSS U { U
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{ U HU G U U U S
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x J U U S x U
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SH} }G

264

GU} }SGGU
M } U J

: } | } M G U }

S U

U } S x US U ?

UG } S x Hx, U } Hx
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UG x GU J ( G, GSS : 2, S. 119)

U H H UG { U }SH

UG } U H Hx } { H
S U x x H U v } , S UHGU U
GM U S x} S { HU x } U
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(G, S. 120)

x UG U G S GSS U

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UH }H} U US GSS } U Hx x
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H | U x, H S U UG
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{ }G U G U ( G) S U

SH} }G

265

S U

GU} }SGGU
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(G, S. 121,122)

{ S UG { US ?

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( G, GSS : 2, S. 119)

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SH} }G

266

S U

GU} }SGGU
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(xG S U U ) { S U x (S S
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S U U UG U U

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xGH x} U S U G Ux U U Hx G
U J (S S } G x xx x) J
( G, GSS : 2, S. 127)

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M U x GSS S (U) S GU
{ S G U x} SGG { S (M) U
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( G, GSS : 2, S. 125)

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x S G U S } S G , S
U }^ U S}H U H,
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UGU , S U | GM U S U G U

SH} }G

267

S U

GU} }SGGU
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(G, 121)

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H U G S , GU, H xG S } Gx
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( G, GSS : 2, S. 122)

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}G (}G U) } H S Hx, S

SH} }G

268

S U

GU} }SGGU
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( G, GSS : 2, S. 123)

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UzGUG U }}HU S } U (IMPORTED)


S}H S (SWEATER) , GUH (CARPET)
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U J

SH} }G

269

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SH} }G

270

GU} }SGGU
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