2005

(=1=2)

(=1=2

()(
)

()

=3)

()

()

X
i =1

1 2 3 4 5 5 1.2

X
i =1

1.2 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 8.3

3X
i =1

31.2 31.8 31.8 31.9 31.6 49.8

40
n

i =1

i i

40

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.6

 2005

a
b

th

th

ph

kh,ch

ps

descriptive statistics

inferential statistics

95

 2005

test
testing statistical hypothesis

-
A B A
B

()()()
()()()
3

 2005

(
)
null hypothesis

pp=0.01p=1

 2005

No

178.2

170.1

180.3

163.5

179.2

180.2

169.0

160.3

177.5

177.2

190.3

170.3

169.6

162.2

(1) 1 4 6

(2)

185.2

159.3

174.2

178.6

10

177.7

172.3

11

193.6

168.2

12

184.2

180.2

179.9

170.2

51.2

54.5

7.15

7.38

55.8

59.4

7.47

7.71

(X

i =1

X )2
N

Xi

N
N -1

 2005

1 68.3
2 95.5
2 99.7

3-1

t0 =

() - ()
{( - 1)() + (B - 1)()}
1
1

{() + () - 2}
A

df =

 2005

3-2

t0 =

() - ()
()
()

() ()
2

df

()
()
+

2
2
() ( - 1) () (- 1)

p<0.05

F0 =

()
()

df df B

F0 B
F0 1.0

2.5
5 2.5
df 1 1df 2 2
0.025 2.5

00.025

00.025

2
2

df

00.05

2
7

 2005

2 5

0.0100.05
0.00100.01

00.0010.1

2 0.

12

=179.9SD=7.155=170.2SD=7.382
9.7cm =3.129=22 0.0048
1

 2005

 2005

10

 2005

SPSSSPSS http://www.spss.co.jp/index.html

179.9167
170.2000

12
12

7.4709
7.7089

2.1567
2.2254

Levene

F
.115

SSRI

.738

2
t
3.135
3.135

22
21.978

()
.005
.005

http://software.ssri.co.jp/

12

12

59.4272727

55.81424242

3.61303

7.70890866

7.470893014

0.238016

11

11

:f

f(0.05)

1.06473312
0.4595
2.81792722

12

12

170.2

179.9167

-9.71667

7.708909

7.470893

0.238016

22

:t

-3.1355

0.0048

t(0.05/2)

2.0739

11

9.7167
9.7167

3.0989
3.0989

95%

3.2898
16.1435
3.2895
16.1439

 2005

FreeJSTAT

FreeJSTAT

http://www.vector.co.jp/soft/win95/business/se235119.html

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<<< >>>
X 1
Y 2
[]

T-Value

---------------------------------------------------------------------11
11
0.939202
p=0.9190

[]

T-Value

---------------------------------------------------------------------11
11
0.939202
p=0.4595

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<<< >>>
1
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------1
12
179.916667
7.470893 2.156661
2
12
170.200000
7.708909 2.225370
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
3.288115 16.145219
Student's t-test
[]
---------------------------------------------------t-value

---------------------------------------------------3.135476
22
p=0.0048
---------------------------------------------------
power>0.8
[]
---------------------------------------------------t-value

---------------------------------------------------3.135476
22
p=0.0024
---------------------------------------------------
power>0.8

12

 2005

[mode]Mo

[median]
Mdn Me

N()

Me

N +1

N()

Me

N
N
+ 1
2
2

[arithmetic mean]M

[geometric mean]G

GM
1
N

G = ( X 1 , X 2 , X 3 X n

[dispersion]

[range]
()qR

[semi-interquartile range]
Q

Q=

Q1 Q3
2

Q1
Q3

[mean deviationmean variation]( xi )

MD, MV

MD =

1 N
Xi X
N i =1

[standard deviation] SD
s u
13

 2005

(X
N

SD =

i =1

[coefficient of variation]SD

CV =

SD
100
X

14

100 V CV

 2005

(Z F )

- -

(Mann-Whitney) (Wilcoxon) (Kruskal-Wallis) (Friedman)

1-1

t0 =

() - ()
{( - 1)() + (B - 1)()}
1
1

{() + () - 2}
A

df =

1-2

t0 =

() - ()
()
()

() ()
2

df

()
()
+

2
2
() ( - 1) () (- 1)

15

 2005

t0 =

df = 1

one-way ANOVA

()

F0 =
()

df = ( 1 )( 2 )

- U
2 A B
()

A
A + 1
U A = (A)
B+

A
2

B
B + 1
U B = (A)
B+

B
2
UA UB U

U
Z0

B 1
(A)
2
2

A + B1
2

Z0 5% 1.961% 2.580.1
3.29.
20
U -

16

 2005

a+ b

c+ d

a+ c

b+ d

()

2 2

2 =

n( a d - b c - n/2) 2
(a + b)
c + d
(a + c)(b + d)

Zi
| Zi | 0
Zi
R

R n(n + 1) / 4] 1 / 2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) / 24

z 5% 1.961% 2.580.1
3.29.

A B A

17

 2005

-
k

i ()Ri ()

=N

N
( N + 1)
2

H k12
k
12
Ri2
H =
3( N + 1)
N ( N + 1) i =1 ni

ni ()
C H H/C
12

C = 1
T

T
N ( N 2 1)

= (t 2 t )

[]

10
k
k
1

k-1

2 2 (k1)

2 = 4( f ij2 / Ti ) N

f ij Ti

18

 2005

11
k

2 2 (k1)

r2 =

k
12
( R j ) 2 3n(k + 1)
nk (k + 1) j 1

R j j
N k 2

12
k

19

 2005

multiple comparison
H 0

: 1 = 2

: 1 2 1 2
3 H 0 : 1 = 2 = 3

H 1

H 1

: 1 2 H 1 : 1 3 H 1 : 2 2

123
3 .

(Ryan)
(Tukey)
(Duncan)
(Scheffe)
(LSD)

20

 2005

2
y = 3 x + 5 y = 5 x + 3 x 8 xy

xy
x y x y

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

168
179
159
171
173
175
180
167
184
173
174
175
178
164
180
184

165
172
155
165
168
170
174
168
180
168
169
170
170
160
169
179

17

170

159

18
19
20

179
166
175

170
160
168

185
180
175

170

165

160
155
150
155

160

165

170
175

180

185

190

x y (x, y) (x2,

y2) (x3, y3)(x,y) x y

()

()

()()
21

 2005

(x)(y)

(x)(y)

x y

()

()

()

()

(XY)

XY

(X)
Y

A B

XY

N XY X Y

{N X 2 ( X ) 2 }{N Y 2 ( Y ) 2 }
22

 2005

r = 0.91326
No

X2

Y2

X*Y

168

165

28224

27225

27720

179

172

32041

29584

30788

159

155

25281

24025

24645

171

165

29241

27225

28215

173

168

29929

28224

29064

175

170

30625

28900

29750

180

174

32400

30276

31320

167

168

27889

28224

28056

184

180

33856

32400

33120

10

173

168

29929

28224

29064

11

174

169

30276

28561

29406

12

175

170

30625

28900

29750

13

178

170

31684

28900

30260

14

164

160

26896

25600

26240

15

180

169

32400

28561

30420

16

184

179

33856

32041

32936

17

170

159

28900

25281

27030

18

179

170

32041

28900

30430

19

166

160

27556

25600

26560

20

175

168

30625

28224

29400

3474

3359

604274

564875

584174

(r)
()=0

t0 =

r N 2
1 r 2

df = N-2

0 df r
t0 = 9.511df180.1%

23

 2005

0C
(C)

-1+1

-1s+1

-1+1

tet

-1tet+1

pb

-1pb+1

bis

-1bis+1

-1+1

0+1

2 2

1 X1 X 2 Y
Y

2 1

1 X1 X Y
Y

0W+1

XYZ

0XYZ+1

0XYZ+1

XYZ

24

 2005

=or

8.1%
13.8%

11.4%

20.1%

46.6%

1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0

25

 2005

2
2

2 A B 3

2 A B
A B

()

215

541

756

300

1,065

1,365

1,230

521

1,751

530

266

796

365

121

486

2,640

2,514

5,154

3 AB
A(
B()

1,400

1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0

26

 2005

2 2 2
[ 2 ]

2
3 A B

756

1,365

1,751

796

486

2,640

2,514

5,154

i j (Expectation)

Eij =

N i . N. j
N..

Eij = i j
Ni. = i
Nj. = j
.

N.. =

=
2

i =1 j =1

(Oij Eij ) 2
Eij

df = ( M 1)( K 1)
Oij = i j Observation
Eij = i j Expectation
M =
K =

2 2
3 5121=2 5%
29.4881213.2770.1218.4672

27

 2005

MK 2

MK 52

1.

2 Fisher 2

2.

3.

5
4 C D

A B
(

21

10

31

57

29

86

18

54

72

18

23

10

13

104

121

225

()

28

 2005

2 2 2
2

a+b

c+d

a+c

b+d

a+b+c+d

n(ad bc) 2
=
(a + b)(a + c)(b + d )(c + d )
2

df = ( - 1)( - 1) = 1
2 (Yates)

5 2

n
n( ad bc ) 2
2
2 =
(a + b)(a + c)(b + d )(c + d )

df = ( - 1)( - 1) = 1

18
12
4
8
22
20

29

30
12
42

 2005

Fishers exact test

22
2 2

12

17

10

14

13

27

13

17

10

14

13

27

14

17

10

10

14

13

27

(a)

1 14

C12 13 C5
(17!) (10!) (14!) (13!)
=
(27!) (12!) (5!) (2!) (8!)
27 C17

(b)

2 14

C13 13 C 4
(17!) (10!) (14!) (13!)
=
(27!) (13!) ( 4!) (1!) (9!)
27 C17

(c) 0

3 14

C14 13 C 3
(17!) (10!) (14!) (13!)
=
(27!) (14!) (3!) (0!) (10!)
27 C17

2 2

30

 2005
2

McNemar

82
25
107
1
15
54
69

97
79
176

(B C)2
=
B+C
2

df = ( - 1)( - 1) = 1

31