Professional Documents
Culture Documents
統計学の基礎 PDF
統計学の基礎 PDF
(=1=2)
(=1=2
()(
)
()
=3)
()
()
X
i =1
1 2 3 4 5 5 1.2
X
i =1
3X
i =1
40
n
i =1
i i
40
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.6
2005
a
b
th
th
ph
kh,ch
ps
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
95
2005
test
testing statistical hypothesis
-
A B A
B
()()()
()()()
3
2005
(
)
null hypothesis
pp=0.01p=1
2005
No
178.2
170.1
180.3
163.5
179.2
180.2
169.0
160.3
177.5
177.2
190.3
170.3
169.6
162.2
(1) 1 4 6
(2)
185.2
159.3
174.2
178.6
10
177.7
172.3
11
193.6
168.2
12
184.2
180.2
179.9
170.2
51.2
54.5
7.15
7.38
55.8
59.4
7.47
7.71
(X
i =1
X )2
N
Xi
N
N -1
2005
1 68.3
2 95.5
2 99.7
3-1
t0 =
() - ()
{( - 1)() + (B - 1)()}
1
1
{() + () - 2}
A
df =
2005
3-2
t0 =
() - ()
()
()
() ()
2
df
()
()
+
2
2
() ( - 1) () (- 1)
p<0.05
F0 =
()
()
df df B
F0 B
F0 1.0
2.5
5 2.5
df 1 1df 2 2
0.025 2.5
00.025
00.025
2
2
df
00.05
2
7
2005
2 5
0.0100.05
0.00100.01
00.0010.1
2 0.
12
=179.9SD=7.155=170.2SD=7.382
9.7cm =3.129=22 0.0048
1
2005
2005
10
2005
SPSSSPSS http://www.spss.co.jp/index.html
179.9167
170.2000
12
12
7.4709
7.7089
2.1567
2.2254
Levene
F
.115
SSRI
.738
2
t
3.135
3.135
22
21.978
()
.005
.005
http://software.ssri.co.jp/
12
12
59.4272727
55.81424242
3.61303
7.70890866
7.470893014
0.238016
11
11
:f
f(0.05)
1.06473312
0.4595
2.81792722
12
12
170.2
179.9167
-9.71667
7.708909
7.470893
0.238016
22
:t
-3.1355
0.0048
t(0.05/2)
2.0739
11
9.7167
9.7167
3.0989
3.0989
95%
3.2898
16.1435
3.2895
16.1439
2005
FreeJSTAT
FreeJSTAT
http://www.vector.co.jp/soft/win95/business/se235119.html
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<<< >>>
X 1
Y 2
[]
T-Value
---------------------------------------------------------------------11
11
0.939202
p=0.9190
[]
T-Value
---------------------------------------------------------------------11
11
0.939202
p=0.4595
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<<< >>>
1
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------1
12
179.916667
7.470893 2.156661
2
12
170.200000
7.708909 2.225370
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
3.288115 16.145219
Student's t-test
[]
---------------------------------------------------t-value
---------------------------------------------------3.135476
22
p=0.0048
---------------------------------------------------
power>0.8
[]
---------------------------------------------------t-value
---------------------------------------------------3.135476
22
p=0.0024
---------------------------------------------------
power>0.8
12
2005
[mode]Mo
[median]
Mdn Me
N()
Me
N +1
N()
Me
N
N
+ 1
2
2
[arithmetic mean]M
[geometric mean]G
GM
1
N
G = ( X 1 , X 2 , X 3 X n
[dispersion]
[range]
()qR
[semi-interquartile range]
Q
Q=
Q1 Q3
2
Q1
Q3
MD =
1 N
Xi X
N i =1
[standard deviation] SD
s u
13
2005
(X
N
SD =
i =1
[coefficient of variation]SD
CV =
SD
100
X
14
100 V CV
2005
(Z F )
- -
1-1
t0 =
() - ()
{( - 1)() + (B - 1)()}
1
1
{() + () - 2}
A
df =
1-2
t0 =
() - ()
()
()
() ()
2
df
()
()
+
2
2
() ( - 1) () (- 1)
15
2005
t0 =
df = 1
one-way ANOVA
()
F0 =
()
df = ( 1 )( 2 )
- U
2 A B
()
A
A + 1
U A = (A)
B+
A
2
B
B + 1
U B = (A)
B+
B
2
UA UB U
U
Z0
B 1
(A)
2
2
A + B1
2
Z0 5% 1.961% 2.580.1
3.29.
20
U -
16
2005
a+ b
c+ d
a+ c
b+ d
()
2 2
2 =
n( a d - b c - n/2) 2
(a + b)
c + d
(a + c)(b + d)
Zi
| Zi | 0
Zi
R
R n(n + 1) / 4] 1 / 2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) / 24
z 5% 1.961% 2.580.1
3.29.
A B A
17
2005
-
k
i ()Ri ()
=N
N
( N + 1)
2
H k12
k
12
Ri2
H =
3( N + 1)
N ( N + 1) i =1 ni
ni ()
C H H/C
12
C = 1
T
T
N ( N 2 1)
= (t 2 t )
[]
10
k
k
1
k-1
2 2 (k1)
2 = 4( f ij2 / Ti ) N
f ij Ti
18
2005
11
k
2 2 (k1)
r2 =
k
12
( R j ) 2 3n(k + 1)
nk (k + 1) j 1
R j j
N k 2
12
k
19
2005
multiple comparison
H 0
: 1 = 2
: 1 2 1 2
3 H 0 : 1 = 2 = 3
H 1
H 1
: 1 2 H 1 : 1 3 H 1 : 2 2
123
3 .
(Ryan)
(Tukey)
(Duncan)
(Scheffe)
(LSD)
20
2005
2
y = 3 x + 5 y = 5 x + 3 x 8 xy
xy
x y x y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
168
179
159
171
173
175
180
167
184
173
174
175
178
164
180
184
165
172
155
165
168
170
174
168
180
168
169
170
170
160
169
179
17
170
159
18
19
20
179
166
175
170
160
168
185
180
175
170
165
160
155
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
x y (x, y) (x2,
()
()
()()
21
2005
(x)(y)
(x)(y)
x y
()
()
()
()
(XY)
XY
(X)
Y
A B
XY
N XY X Y
{N X 2 ( X ) 2 }{N Y 2 ( Y ) 2 }
22
2005
r = 0.91326
No
X2
Y2
X*Y
168
165
28224
27225
27720
179
172
32041
29584
30788
159
155
25281
24025
24645
171
165
29241
27225
28215
173
168
29929
28224
29064
175
170
30625
28900
29750
180
174
32400
30276
31320
167
168
27889
28224
28056
184
180
33856
32400
33120
10
173
168
29929
28224
29064
11
174
169
30276
28561
29406
12
175
170
30625
28900
29750
13
178
170
31684
28900
30260
14
164
160
26896
25600
26240
15
180
169
32400
28561
30420
16
184
179
33856
32041
32936
17
170
159
28900
25281
27030
18
179
170
32041
28900
30430
19
166
160
27556
25600
26560
20
175
168
30625
28224
29400
3474
3359
604274
564875
584174
(r)
()=0
t0 =
r N 2
1 r 2
df = N-2
0 df r
t0 = 9.511df180.1%
23
2005
0C
(C)
-1+1
-1s+1
-1+1
tet
-1tet+1
pb
-1pb+1
bis
-1bis+1
-1+1
0+1
2 2
1 X1 X 2 Y
Y
2 1
1 X1 X Y
Y
0W+1
XYZ
0XYZ+1
0XYZ+1
XYZ
24
2005
=or
8.1%
13.8%
11.4%
20.1%
46.6%
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
25
2005
2
2
2 A B 3
2 A B
A B
()
215
541
756
300
1,065
1,365
1,230
521
1,751
530
266
796
365
121
486
2,640
2,514
5,154
3 AB
A(
B()
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
26
2005
2 2 2
[ 2 ]
2
3 A B
756
1,365
1,751
796
486
2,640
2,514
5,154
i j (Expectation)
Eij =
N i . N. j
N..
Eij = i j
Ni. = i
Nj. = j
.
N.. =
=
2
i =1 j =1
(Oij Eij ) 2
Eij
df = ( M 1)( K 1)
Oij = i j Observation
Eij = i j Expectation
M =
K =
2 2
3 5121=2 5%
29.4881213.2770.1218.4672
27
2005
MK 2
MK 52
1.
2 Fisher 2
2.
3.
5
4 C D
A B
(
21
10
31
57
29
86
18
54
72
18
23
10
13
104
121
225
()
28
2005
2 2 2
2
a+b
c+d
a+c
b+d
a+b+c+d
n(ad bc) 2
=
(a + b)(a + c)(b + d )(c + d )
2
df = ( - 1)( - 1) = 1
2 (Yates)
5 2
n
n( ad bc ) 2
2
2 =
(a + b)(a + c)(b + d )(c + d )
df = ( - 1)( - 1) = 1
18
12
4
8
22
20
29
30
12
42
2005
22
2 2
12
17
10
14
13
27
13
17
10
14
13
27
14
17
10
10
14
13
27
(a)
1 14
C12 13 C5
(17!) (10!) (14!) (13!)
=
(27!) (12!) (5!) (2!) (8!)
27 C17
(b)
2 14
C13 13 C 4
(17!) (10!) (14!) (13!)
=
(27!) (13!) ( 4!) (1!) (9!)
27 C17
(c) 0
3 14
C14 13 C 3
(17!) (10!) (14!) (13!)
=
(27!) (14!) (3!) (0!) (10!)
27 C17
2 2
30
2005
2
McNemar
82
25
107
1
15
54
69
97
79
176
(B C)2
=
B+C
2
df = ( - 1)( - 1) = 1
31