LI GII CA I 1VNG 2

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Bi 1. Vi a, b, c l cc s thc khng m cho trc, tha mn iu kin a + b + c =
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc sau:




P = a2 b2 b2 c2 c2 a2 .

5, hy tm

Li gii. R rng ta ch cn xt trng hp P > 0. Khi ta c:





P = b2 a2 c2 b2 c2 a2 6 b2 c2 (c + b)(c b).
Do P khng m nn phi c (c b) > 0, hay l c > b. p dng bt ng thc AMGM, ta thu
c:
!2
!2

5
1
5
1
+
b2 .

c2 .(c b)
b2 c2 (c + b)(c b) = (c + b)
2
2
2
2
"
!
!
#5

5 1
5 1
6 (c + b) 2
+
b+2

c + (c b)
2
2
2
2
"
#5
5(c + b)
= (c + b)
5

6 5,

v c + b 6 c + b + a = 5.

Do , ta tm c gi tr ln nht ca P
l 5. Vi cch lm nh trn, ng thc t c khi v
!

5 1
5 1
ch khi ( a; b; c) = 0;
;
+
.

2
2 2
2

Bi 2. Vi mi s thc dng a, b, c, ta lun c:

r
ab + bc + ca + 1 3 3 ( a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
+
> 1.
( a + b + c + 1)2
8
abc
Li gii 1. S dng trc tip bt ng thc AMGM, ta c:
ab + bc + ca + 1 3
+
( a + b + c + 1)2
8

r
3

s
( a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
( ab + bc + ca + 1)( a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
>44
.
abc
8abc( a + b + c + 1)2

Do ta ch cn chng minh c:

( ab + bc + ca + 1)( a + b)(b + c)(c + a) > 2abc( a + b + c + 1)2 ,

hay l:
"

#"

c(a + b) + 2 ab(a + b) + 2abc

cyc

> 4abc( a + b + c + 1)2 .

cyc

S dng bt ng thc CauchySchwarz, ta c:

"
#"
#
h
i
c(a + b) + 2 ab(a + b) + 2abc > 2 abc(a + b + c) + 2 abc = 4abc(a + b + c + 1)2 .
cyc

cyc

Php chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.


Li gii 2. t a + b + c = p, ab + bc + ca = q, abc = r. S dng trc tip bt ng thc AMGM
nh trn th ta phi chng minh:

(q + 1)( pq r) > 2r( p + 1)2 ,

hay l:
2
1
1
2
p(q2 3pr) + ( pq 9r) + q( pq 9r) + p(q2 + 3q 18r) > 0.
3
3
9
9
Theo bt ng thc AMGM, ta c q2 > 3pr v pq > 9r. Do cng vic cn li ta ch cn
chng minh:
q2 + 3q > 18r.
Tuy nhin bt ng thc ny li hin nhin ng (cng theo bt ng thc AMGM):
q

q2 + 3q > 2 3q3 > 2 3.27r2 = 18r.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.

Bi 3. Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng v n l mt s t nhin khng nh hn 2 tha mn iu kin

an + bn + cn = 3, ta lun c:
an+1 b + bn+1 c + cn+1 a 6 3.
Li gii. t x2 = an , b2 = yn , z2 = cn . T y ta c x2 + y2 + z2 = 3, v bt ng thc cn chng
minh tng ng vi:
q
q

n
2 n 2 2
2 n 2 2
x
x y +y
y z + z2 z2 x2 6 3.
By gi ta s chng minh b sau:
Vi mi s thc x, y, z, ta lun c:


x2 + y2 + z2

2



> 3 x3 y + y3 z + z3 x .
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

Bt ng thc trn tng ng vi:


2


2 x2 + y2 + z2 > 6 x3 y + y3 z + z3 x ,
hay l:

x2 2xy + yz z2 + zx

2

> 0,

cyc

lun lun ng.


Quay tr li bi ton, s dng b trn kt hp vi gi thit, ta suy ra x3 y + y3 z + z3 x 6 3. p
dng bt ng thc Holder,
ta c:

 q
n 
q
n2 
2

n
x2 n x2 y2 + y2 n y2 z2 + z2 z2 x2
6 x2 + y2 + z2
x3 y + y3 z + z3 x 6 3n .

p
p
n
Do x2 n x2 y2 + y2 n y2 z2 + z2 z2 x2 6 3, hay l an+1 b + bn+1 c + cn+1 a 6 3. ng thc xy ra
khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.

Nhn xt. Chng ta cn c th chng minh kt qu mnh hn sau:
Vi mi s thc dng a, b, c v n l mt s t nhin khng nh hn 2 sao cho an + bn + cn = 3, ta
lun c:
an+1 bn + bn+1 cn + cn+1 an 6 3.
(Nguyn Huy Tng)

Bi 4. Vi mi s thc dng a, b, c, ta lun c:

ab
bc
ca
a3 + b3 + c3 ab + bc + ca

>
+
+
.
2
2
2
abc
( a + b + c)
ab + 2c
bc + 2a
ca + 2b2
Li gii. Bt ng thc cho c th vit li thnh:
a2
a3 + b3 + c3 ab + bc + ca

>
3

2
,

2
abc
( a + b + c)2
cyc bc + 2a
hay l:
a2
a3 + b3 + c3 ab + bc + ca

+
2
> 3.

2
abc
( a + b + c)2
cyc bc + 2a
S dng cc bt ng thc AMGM v CauchySchwarz, ta c:
a3 + b3 + c3 ab + bc + ca
a2
+
2

2
abc
( a + b + c)2
cyc bc + 2a
a3 + b3 + c3 ab + bc + ca
2( a + b + c)2
+

abc
( a + b + c)2
( ab + bc + ca) + 2( a2 + b2 + c2 )
s
( a3 + b3 + c3 )( ab + bc + ca)( a + b + c)2
.
>33
abc( ab + bc + ca + 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 )2

>

Do ta ch cn chng minh:




2
a3 + b3 + c3 ( ab + bc + ca)( a + b + c)2 > abc ab + bc + ca + 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 .

Tuy nhin bt ng thc trn li hin nhin ng v:

( ab + bc + ca)( a + b + c) > 9abc,

v:



2 
2
9( a + b + c) a3 + b3 + c3 > 9 a2 + b2 + c2 > ab + bc + ca + 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 ,
cng theo cc bt ng thc AMGM v CauchySchwarz. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a = b = c.


Bi 5. Vi cc s thc khng m a, b, c tha mn c( a b) 6= 0, ta lun c:

3 
3 
3

b
c
8( a + b)3 (b + c)3 (c + a)3
a
+
+
+
> 4.
b+c
c+a
a+b
( ac bc)2 ( a + b + c)5
Li gii. Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
b3 + (c + a)3
c3 + ( a + b)3
8( a + b)3 (b + c)3 (c + a)3
a3 + 2(b + c)3
+
+
+
> 8.
(b + c)3
(c + a)3
( a + b)3
(bc ca)2 ( a + b + c)5
S dng trc tip bt ng thc AMGM, ta c:
a3 + 2(b + c)3
b3 + (c + a)3
c3 + ( a + b)3
8( a + b)3 (b + c)3 (c + a)3
+
+
+
(b + c)3
(c + a)3
( a + b)3
(bc ca)2 ( a + b + c)5
s
8 [ a3 + 2(b + c)3 ] [b3 + (c + a)3 ] [c3 + ( a + b)3 ]
.
>44
(bc ca)2 ( a + b + c)5
Bi ton c quy v chng minh:
h
ih
ih
i
a3 + 2(b + c)3 b3 + (c + a)3 c3 + ( a + b)3 > 2(bc ca)2 ( a + b + c)5 .
S dng bt ng thc Holder,
ta c:

h
ih
i ( a + b + c)6
b3 + (c + a)3 c3 + ( a + b)3 >
.
16
Do ta ch cn chng minh c:
h
i
a3 + 2(b + c)3 ( a + b + c) > 32(bc ca)2 .
Tuy nhin iu ny hin nhin ng v:
h
i
a3 + 2(b + c)3 ( a + b + c) > 2(b + c)4 > 32b2 c2 > 32(bc ca)2 .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi trong hai s a v b c mt s bng 0, s cn li bng c.
Nhn xt. T li gii trn, chng ta c th rt ra c 1 s kt qu mnh hn:
Vi mi s thc khng m a, b, c tha mn c(b a) > 0, ta lun c:


a
b+c

a
b+c

3

3

b
c+a

b
c+a

3

3

c
a+b

c
a+b

3

3

16( a + b)3 (b + c)3 (c + a)3

> 4;
(bc ca)(b2 + c2 )( a + b + c)5
(Nguyn Huy Tng)

4( a + b)3 (b + c)5 (c + a)3

p
> 4.
bc(b2 + c2 )( a + b + c)5 2(bc ca)(b2 + c2 )
(Nguyn Huy Tng)

Copyright by Nguyn Huy Tng

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