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Saturday, October 11, 2008

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Introduction to Fire Protection Systems

Fire Protection Systems

Fire Protection Systems

Reference

Content (
)
CAD & Design Tools
Singapore: M&E and AutoCAD
Revit MEP 2010

I. Introduction
II. Classification

MEP Systems
M&E Systems vs Buildings

III. Passive Fire Protection

IV. Active Fire Protection Systems

M&E Systems

V. References

Scope of M&E Systems

M&E:
M&E Architectural

M&E

I. Introduction

M&E Design: High-Rise Buildings

A. Fire Protection Systems

Testing & Commissioning Process

1. Fire Protection System

A system that includes devices, wiring, piping, equipment and controls to detect a fire or
smoke, to actuate signal, and to suppress the fire or smoke.
Fire/Smoke Detection (

) Fire Suppression (

HVAC
HVAC: Introduction to Design
HVAC: Building in Hot & Humid Climate

Smoke Extraction (

M&E Basics: Pipe & Duct Sizing

Fire

HVAC: Duct Sizing with VBA

Protection Systems (

HVAC: Duct Sizing

2.

Automatic Control Systems

Primary Objectives (
)

HVAC Control (01) : FCU

Secondary Objectives (

Plumbing
Sanitary Plumbing: Introduction

Domestic Water Supply: Introduction

3. Fire Produces
Thermal Element: Flame and Heat (

)

Water Tanks ( )

Non-Thermal Element: Smoke and Toxics(

)
Smoke is primary cause of fire related death. (

Swimming Pools
Swimming Pools (
)

B. Life Safety is Ultimate Building Design

Fire Protection
Fire Protection : Introduction
Smoke Control: Pressurization Systems

Fire Sprinkler (Wet) System, S'pore

1. Mean of Escape for the Occupants (

2. To prevent spread of fire within the building and from one building to another
(

3. Means of detection and extinguishment of fire (

Electrical
Electrical Power Distribution

Sustainable, Green and Environment

Structural Fire

Green Buildings: USGBC's LEED/

S'pore GreenMark
Understanding LEED

Precaution

Green Energy

High-rise Building

Means of Escape

Clean Air:

Clean Water:

High-rise Building

Architects Engineers Building designers Life Safety

Fire Regulations

Engineering Exams
USA: EIT and FE Exam
-----------------------------------Recently Updated
HVAC: Duct Sizing with VBA

Sign In

Swimming Pools (
)

C. Building Considered as a Whole

1. Passive Fire Protection (

2. Active Fire Protection (

Passive Fire Protection

Planning

Building Design Planning

-----------------------------------mail me: ko_chaw@yahoo.com

Labels

Stage Fire Hazard, Fire Risk

AutoCAD (1)

Toxic Fumes

CAD (2)

(
)

Fire-tight cells or
compartments (

) Vertically Horizontally

Passive Fire Protection

Good Planning, Good Design and Sound Construction

Active Fire Protection

Manual Fire Protection

Systems

Automatic Fire Protection Systems

Automatic Sprinklers (

)
Stand pipe (Wet/Dry Risers) (

Fire Hydrants (

Fire Hosereels (

Fire and Smoke Detection (

),
Gas Fire Suppression Systems (

Pyrogen, CO2, Inergen, Halon
XXX, FM-200, NN100, etc. )
Portable Fire Extinguishers (

)
Smoke Spill / Smoke Control Systems (

Please consider the environment before printing.

Control (2)
Electrical (1)
Environment (8)
Fire Protection (5)
General (1)
HVAC (10)
MEP Design (7)
MEP Systems (12)
Myanmar (2)
Sanitary (1)
Singapore (3)
Swimming Pools (1)
Testing and Commissioning (1)
USA-EIT/PE (1)
VBA (1)
Water Supply (4)

About Me

)

Fire Alarm (
) Communication Systems

Fire Brigade communication Systems

Evacuate

Public

Address Systems

Standby Power (Usually by Diesel Generator)

Electric Fire Pumps
Emergency Command Center / Fire Command Center Equipment & Lighting
Fire Lifts (serving all floors)
Mechanical Equipment for Smoke Proof Enclosure
Power for Detection, Alarm, and Communication Systems
Emergency Lightings

D. Fire Science
1. Fire Triangle (

)

i. Fuel (), i.e. Something to Burn

ii. Air (
), i.e. Oxygen to Sustain the Combustion
iii. Heat (
)

Chemical Reaction

fire
tetrahedron (

)

principle (
)

View my complete profile

2. Ignition, Growth and Development of Fire

Ignition : Fuel Oxygen

Process
Growth :

Combustible Material

Gas Constriction

Critical Stage

Flashover

Flashover: Enclosed Area

Combustible Material

Development :

Decay :
(
)

Combustible Material

()

Fuel Load

3. Principle of Smoke Propagation

i. CONVECTION :

products %

Toxic Gases
Rising convection currents of hot gases at 800 1000C (

Rising
convection currents

( Underside of floor or ceiling)

Mushroom Effect escape route

ii. RADIATION : RADIATION : Radiant Heat

(
)

Heat Energy

Electromagnetic Wave

Radiant Heat Glass Windows

Glass Widows

iii. CONDUCTION :

excitation of molecules

Metal (
) Conduction

Conducted Heat

metal joints Conduction Heat

ignition

temperature

4. Fire Protection in Buildings

Total Fire Safety System Structural Integrity

Workmanship Quality ( )

Durability (

) sustainability (

Fire Resistance (

)

Fire Resistance Criteria

i. INSULATOIN:

ii. INTEGRITY:

iii. STABILITY: Structural Element

5. Structural Fire Protection

Detection (

Extinguishment (

Good Housekeeping

E. Fire Hazard Assessment

(i.e. their calorific value)

Surface Area :
near surface

The potential heat source

Airflow condition and unrestricted air supply that sustain combustion.

Architects or Engineer

mobility (

Design
and Construction

Fire Tests

highly poisonous vapors very dense smoke

Building Consultant

- skylight etc.

Repair Issue

maintenance and replacement issues

F. Good Building Design with Fire Safety Measures

fire appliances access

fire hydrants
facilities

detection

fixed installation
Building services

designing and installing

Services

toxic fumes

( Fire Damper in air ducts, fire

seal for pipes when penetrating fire rated walls..)

Construction

materials

fire resisting walls and floors,

compartments
() Floor

(
) Fire compartment

openings fire stops

exterior of a building

Designing and constructing

G. Fire Safety Regulations / Acts

Fire Safety Regulations

permit
Fire Department Approval

International Fire legislations and Standards

effects
(
)

- Back to Top -

II. Classification
Fire Protection Systems

Classification

1. Classification of Fire

2. Classification of Hazards
3. Classification of Occupancy
4. Classification of Commodity Stored

1. Classification of Fire (NFPA/B.S)

Class
NFPA B.S
A

Risk Involved

Method of

Extinguishing

Extinguishment

Agent

Ordinary Combustible Material

Water

Cooling

(such as Woods, cloth, paper, plastics, etc.)

Foam

Inflammable Liquid
B

Dry Powder,

(Oils, Greases, Tars, Oil-based paints,

Smothering

CO2 Gas,

Lacquers, flammable gases, etc.)

-

Foam

Fire Involving Gases, e.g oxygen, LPG, LNG,

Smothering

etc.

Dry Chemical
Powder

Combustible Materials
(Magnesium, Titanium, zirconium, sodium,

Special

Special Methods

Methods

lithium and potassium)

C

Energized Electrical Equipment

Fire Involving fats and cooking oils

Smothering with

Dry Powder,

non-conductive agent

CO2 Gas,

Smothering

Dry Powder,
CO2 Gas,

Classifications

Classifications

Graphics Wikipedia

2. Classification of Hazards (NFPA)

Class
Light
(Low)

Locations
Non-Industrial Type Premises
(Offices, Classroom, churches,

(Moderate)

(mercantile shops and allied storage,

light manufacturing, research
operation, auto showroom, garages,

Commercial and Industrial Premises

(high)

With abnormal Fire Load

XLH

Materials.
Handling and Processing of

OH1

class A & B materials; Unlikely

OH2

to burn intensely in the early

OH3

stage of fire.

OH3(S)

etc.)
Extra

Abbr.

Minor Amount of Class A

assembly halls, etc.)

Commercial and Industrial Premises

Ordinary

Combustible Materials

High Storage / Production of

Cat I

class A & B materials.

Cat II

Likely to develop rapid and

Cat III

intensely burning fires

Cat IV

3. Classification of Occupancy (BOCA, UBC, SBC)

Group

Description

Abbr.

A-1: Occupied by more than 1000 People

A

Assembly

A-2: Less Than 1000 People

A-1 to A-5

A-3,A-4 & A-5 : Others

B

Business

Educational

Factory

Hazard

Institutional

Mercantile

Used for offices, professions, or service-type transitions

E-1, E-2: Elementary Schools,
E-3: Daycare
F-1: Moderate Hazard,
F-2: Low Hazard
H-1 to 7: Depends on the hazardous material
handled/stored.
I-1: Nurseries, hospitals, nursing home.
I-2,I-3: Others
Used for display, storage, and sale of merchandise

B
E-1 to E-3
F1, F2
H-1 to H-7
I-1 to I-3
M

R-1: Hotels or Motels, or boarding Houses

R

Residential

R-2: Multi-family dwellings

R-3: One or Two Family dwelling.

R-1 to R-4

R-4: Child Care

S-1: Moderate Hazard
S-2: Low Hazard
S

Storage

S-3: Repair Garage

S-1 to S-5

S-4: Open Parking Garage

S-5: Air Craft
U

Utility

Building that does not covered by the above groups.

4. Classification of Commodity Stored

NFPA

Group A, Group B (
)

Group C

(type) (amount)

Commodity
Class I to IV

Class

British Standard Standards Class / Categories

- Back to Top -

III. PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Passive Fire Protection
1. Purpose Groups
2. Means of Escape
3. Structural Fire Precautions
4. Site Planning & External Fire Fighting Provision

Online References

Singapore Civil Defence Force

) Publication Website
Fire Safety Code

Fire Safety Design

Free
Download

Chapter 1: General
Chapter 2: Means of Escape
Chapter 3: Structural Fire Precautions
Chapter 4: Site Planning & External Fire Fighting Provision
Chapter 5: Electrical Power Supplies
Chapter 6: Fire Fighting Systems
Chapter 7: Mechanical Ventilation and Smoke Control Systems
Chapter 8: Other Systems
Chapter 9: Fire Safety Report

Free Download

Fire Code 2007 Master Version
Fire Code 2002 Handbooks


Fire Code 2002 Handbooks

Graphics

Mechanical Engineers

Chapter 6: Fire Fighting Systems
Chapter 7: Mechanical Ventilation and Smoke Control Systems
Chapter 8: Other Systems

Fire Code

Fire Safety

Fire Safety System Design Manual

- Back to Top -

IV. ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Active Fire Protection Systems

1. Portable Fire Extinguishers (

)
2. Fire Hydrants (

)
3. Fire Hosereels (

4. Stand pipe / Rising Mains (Wet/Dry Risers) (

5. Automatic Sprinkler System (

)
6. Gas Fire Suppression / extinguishing Systems (

Pyrogen, CO2, Inergen, Halon
XXX, FM-200, NN100, etc. )
7. Fire (Heat) / Smoke detection and alarm systems (

),
8. Pressurization system (
)
9. Smoke Control System Using Natural (Displacement) or Powered (Extracted) Ventilation(

)
10. Fire Lift (

)
11. Emergency Power Systems (
)
12. The Fire Engineering - Performance Based Approach ( Simulate


)

Systems

1. Portable Fire Extinguishers

Portable Fire Extinguishers

initial
outbreak of fire incident (

Fire Extinguisher

large scale fire

Portable

20kg (44lb)

Extinguishers

room exit stairways lobby

landings

the potential fire hazards (

classification, hazard class fire size

Rating
Fire Size

Fire extinguishing agent

Rating

CP55:1991 Class A Fire Extinguisher

A

40m2 for Low

Hazard Occupancy, 20for Medium, 15 for high hazard.
Low, Med, High Light, Ordinary,
High
200m2

Low hazard 200 / 40 = 5A

Class A Fire

extinguisher

Maximum
travel distance 15m
British Standard

ABC Fire
Extinguisher
Dry Chemical Type

Class A, B, C Fire (in B.S.)

Class E (Electrical Fire)

ABC Fire
Extinguisher

carbon disulphite Class D: flammable metal Fire

 magnesium and sodium

6-kg Dry Chemical Fire Extinguisher

27A
144B

Class A Rating 27

Class B Rating 144

Portable fire extinguishers minimum gross

weight but with higher fire rating (
)
Portable fire extinguishers effectiveness

service

Potable fire extinguisher

Weblinks

1. Classification of Portable Fire Extinguishers, OSHA, U.S.A

2. Information on Fire Extinguishers, The Fire Safety Advice Centre,, U.K
3. All You Ever Wanted to Know about Fire Extinguishers, The Hanford Fire Department ,
U.S.A

2. Fire hydrant

Fire hydrants

Pressure

Fire Hydrant
Firemen

Valve Chamber

(
) fire engine

Fire Hydrant

Fire Hydrant
Pressure
hydrant pumps Pressure

Pressurized

Fire Hydrant

Link

YouTube - Car vs. Fire Hydrant

YouTube - Fire Hydrant Burst

Fire Hydrant

YouTube - Fire Hydrant Training

Fire Hydrant

Public Fire Hydrant

Private Fire Hydrant

[ NFPA: (22.2m)
6m ( )]

Private Hydrant

100m

90m

Authority

System
Fire Hydrant Hydraulic Pressure Flowrate

Piping Network
Pump sets & control systems

Fire Hydrant

Wiki

Fire Engine

Fire Department

L.A (Los Angeles) County

Public Fire Hydrant

Fire Hydrants

Website

http://www.firehydrant.org/

3. Fire Hose reel system

Hose reel

(Pressure + Flowrate)

hose reel pumps, fire water storage tank,

hose reels, pipe work and valves

Cabinet (
) Compartment ()

expose

Coverage

Standard hose





Coverage

Singapore Civil Defense Fire Codes Chapter 6

Hose reels

along escape routes (
) Fire

exit

Lift or Stair Lobby
Fire exits

Lobby Smoke Stop Doors

Lobby

Hose 30m Hose

Hose nozzle 6-m

Coverage

30m

Architect

Regulation

NFPA

Standpipe Class II
Standpipe (or) Fire Sprinkler

configuration

4. Standpipe / Rising Mains

Rising Mains
Firemen

Internal Hydrants

Standpipe NFPA Standpipe

Types

Dry(Dry Rising Mains / Dry Risers)

Wet (Wet Rising Mains / Wet Risers)
Dry Riser

Fire Engine

Wet Riser Pressurized Water

Landing Valves Hose connection size 65mm (2-) NFPA 1- 2-

Wet riser system

Riser

duty fire pump with standby pump

150mm diameter riser pipe

Canvas Hose

Connect

Landing

Valves

Canvas Hoses with nozzles

Canvas Hose

Hose cradle

System pressure

maintain

jockey pump

Pump

Wet Riser stage

120m

60m

70.15m

Breeching Inlet

Fire Department Connection

Inlet

Fire Appliances Access

Dry Rising Mains

Automatic
Sprinkler Systems Wet Rising Main System Dry rising
mains
Fire department connection

fire appliance access level

Base

18.3 meters 30.5 meters

: Dry Riser
Above 30.5 meters: Wet Riser
Wet Riser: 60 to 70.15m/ Stage

above 24m (general) /10m (Purpose group II - Other residential) 60m

: Dry
Riser
Above 60m : Wet Riser
Wet Riser: 120m/ Stage
NFPA (US)
NFPA

Fire department vehicle access

( Sprinkler
Protected (or) less than 10,000 sqft (or) BOCA: Group A-4, A-5, F-2, R-3, S-2and U.
)
Malls
Stages of a theater, auditorium, etc. where props are prepared and used.
Standpipe
Wet
System

Automatic Sprinkler Protected Building
Open Parking Structure
Standpipe

Classes

Class I : 2- Hose Station for use by the fire department

Class II : 1- Hose Station for use by the occupants of the building or the fire
department
Class III: Both Class I & Class II hoses


Class II

British Standard Hosereel System

Systems

Wet, Dry Manual

Classified

Dry Systems

Compressed Air

Automatically
Semi-automatically Manual
Fire

Department

(wet/dry)

5. Automatic Sprinkler System

Automatic sprinkler system
Water Supply, a network of pipes, sprinkler heads, and

other components

Temperature (or) Smoke Level

Detect

wanring

Integrated Fire Suppression System

Fire Sprinkler Systems

fire pumps, water storage tanks, control

valve sets, sprinkler heads, flow switches, pressure switches, pipework and valves
System

automatically operates

Sprinkler Head

liquid filled glass bulb

Pressurized (
)

Sprinkler Operate

(
)

Bulb shatters when Operating

Water is discharged onto the

temperature is reached

seat of the fire

Sprinkler Systems

1. Wet pipe installation : sprinkler bulb

Pipework

Installation
2. Dry pipe installation :
Compressed Air

sprinkler bulb

Sprinkler Head

Installation
3. Pre-action installation :

Compressed Air
smoke or heat
detectors

Detect

sprinkler bulb Sprinkler Head
4. Deluge installation : Sprinkler bulb
fire

detected the deluge

valve

Sprinkler heads

Wet pipe installation


Wet pipe installation Typical Arrangement

Architectural

Sprinkler Heads

Sprinkler Heads

Victaulic Company Automatic

Sprinkler Product Reference (pdf)

Sprinkler Types
Deflector Types
Response Category (Standard, Quick, Open, ESFR)
K-Factors ( S.I / I.P unit dependent)
Temperature Rating [e.g. 68C(Most commonly used) and 79C (Kitchen) etc.]

Hazard Class Application

Sprinkler Head

Architectural

Sprinkler

Hazard Class

Hazard Class

AMAO

(Assumed Area of Operation)

Pump Capacity Water Storage Capacity

Hazard Class
Sprinkler Head

Area

Sprinkler

K-Factor sprinkler Orifice K factor

Orifice

application hazard class

Sprinkler Head

application

Temperature Rating

30C (54F)
Sprinkler Bulb

temperature rating

color code

Victaulic Company Automatic Sprinkler Product Reference

Sprinkler rating

Available Temperature Ratings

Part ID

Nominal
Temperature Rating

Maximum
Ambient Temp.

Glass Bulb Color

Allowed

135F/57C

100F/38C

Orange

155F/68C

100F/38C

Red

175F/79C

150F/65C

Yellow

200F/93C

150F/65C

Green

286F/141C

225F/107C

Blue

360F/182C

300F/149C

Purple

Open

No Bulb

All glass bulbs are rated for temperatures from -67F/-55C up to those shown in adjacent table.

Manufacturer

product code

Viking
Product Code

Temperature Suffix (F/C): 135/68 = A, 155/68 = B, 175/79 = D, 200/93 = E, 212/100 =

M, 286/141 = G, 360/182 = H, 500/260 = L, OPEN = Z (Teflon only)

NFPA 13

Maximum Ceiling

Temperature

Temperature

Color Code (with

Temperature

Rating

Classification

Fusible Link)

Ordinary

Uncolored or Black

Intermediate

White

High

Blue

Blue

Extra High

Red

Purple

Green

Black

100F / 38C

135-170F /
57-77C

150F /

175-225F /

66C

79-107C

225F /

250-300F /

107C

121-149C

300F /

325-375F /

149C

163-191C

375F /

400-475F /

Very Extra

191C

204-246C

High

Glass Bulb Color

Orange (135F) or
Red (155F)
Yellow (175F) or
Green (200F)

475F /

500-575F /

246C

260-302C

625F / 329C

650F /
343C

Ultra High

Orange

Black

Ultra High

Orange

Black

BS 5306 Color Code NFPA

standard temperature rating 155F/68/C

sprinklers heads

early response sprinkler heads, large droplet sprinkler heads (
) deluge systems

Code Regulation

Sprinkler head Spray Pattern

web link

pattern

Viking Sprinkler Spray Patterns

Toronto Fire Dept-FIRE DEMO-Working Residential Sprinkler
Fire Sprinkler Demonstration

Drenchers
Other Systems

(References

Australia U.K

1. Classification of Fire Hazard [ LH, OH (1, 2, 3, 3S), HH (Cat 1, 2, 3, 4) ]

2. System Types [ Wet, Pre-Action, Deluge, Others, ... ]
3. Design Data [ Design Density of Discharge and Assumed Area of Operation (AMAO) ]
4. Water Source [ Pump Suction Tank, Gravity Tank, etc. ]
5. Water Tank Storage Capacity [ Normal Capacity, Reduced Capacity /w Conditions ]
6. Sprinkler Pumps (Duty, Standby, Jockey) Capacities
7. Coverage and Spacing of Sprinklers
8. Special Provisions (Under Beam, Under Duct, Above Concealed Ceiling, Above Open
Grid Ceiling, etc.)
9. Size and Type of Sprinklers
10. Piping Arrangements (End-Center, End-Side) and Pipe Sizes (Pre-calculated, Partly precalculated, Fully hydraulically calculated systems)
11. Total Number of Alarm (Control) Valves
12. Maximum area of Zone Protected by Each Alarm Valve [New Requirements in
Singapore](or) Maximum Sprinklers per Alarm Valve [Obsolete in Singapore]

6. Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems

Gaseous fire suppression systems (

)
inert gases

chemical agents (

Electrical Equipments (NFPA Class C / BS Class E Fire)

Agent (Gas)

(Liquid State under high pressure)

High Pressure Compressed Gas



the agent
agent storage containers (cylinders)
agent release valves
fire detectors
fire detection system (wiring control panel, actuation signaling),
agent delivery piping, and
agent dispersion nozzles.

Fire Detection System Detect

warning sign /

signal

Delay
agent dispersion nozzle

agent

Agent

i. The Carbon dioxide system: CO2

Pressurized Tanks (Cylinders)

Nozzles CO2

Oxygen

Evaporate
Heat Absorption: 120 BTU / lb.of gas

Fire Detection Ventilation

Automatic Curtain CO2

CO2
10%

Discharge

Evacuate
Visual and
Audio Alarm

Time delay

electrical transformer
rooms, switchrooms and standby generator rooms

CO2 Fire Extinguishing System for Electrical Rooms

ii. Halogenated gas
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, or Iodine halogen

Halons 1211 Halon
1301
Ozone depletion property ODP (Ozone Depletion
Potential)

Alternatives

FE-13 (Trifluoromethane), FE-25 (Pentafluoroethane), FM-100 FM-200

FM-200
ODP

atmospheric life Global warming potential (GWP) FM-200

Halogenated gas

Green
Building Halon CFC Agent

i. FE-13 (also known as Trifluoromethane, HFC-23, CHF3)

ii. FE-25 (also known as Pentafluoroethane, HFC-125, C2HF5),
iii. FE-232 (also known as Dichlorotrifluoroethane HCFC-123 , C2HCl2F3 )

FM200 Fire Extinguishing Systemfor Computer Rooms

iii. Atmospheric Gas Blend

Argon, Nitrogen

Carbon dioxide
blend

Agent

NN100, Inergen & Argonite

Halogenated
Gas / volume of space

NN100 FM-100 Storage

Cylinders

(GWP=0, ODP=0)
Ozone Depletion Potential

Global warming potential

Theory:Fire Tetrahedron

Reduction of heat (

) : Representative agents: Novec 1230.

Reduction or isolation of oxygen (

) : Representative
agents: Argonite / IG-55, carbon dioxide, Inergen, and NN100.
the chain reaction

: Representative agents: FE-13, FE-227, FE-241, FE-25,

FE-36, FM-200, Halons, Halon 1301, Freon 13T1, NAF P-IV, NAF S-III, and Triodide
(Trifluoroiodomethane).

7. Fire detection and Alarm systems

Fire detection and alarm systems

Designer

Automatic Devices

management

Activating Building Fire Alarm System, Total or

partial evacuation

actions

Automatic

Sensing (Detecting) Devices

Automatic Alarm Signaling Systems
Fire

Code

Detection & Signaling devices addressable nonaddressable

Addressable
type

address
initiating devices location

Manual Alarm Station (Manual Call Point)

Thermal Detectors
Smoke Detectors
Magnetic Door Release
Signal Devices
Flow Detectors
Visual Annunciation Devices

8. Pressurization system


Protected Escape Routes

Fresh Air

positive pressure

Protected routes

staircases, lobbies and

in some cases, the corridor

bylaws

Standard

Natural Ventilation

Pressurization system

Pressure Level,

Air
Flowrate,

Air Flowrate,

losses

9. Smoke Control System Using Natural (Displacement) or Powered (Extracted) Ventilation

Natural (displacement of exhaust) ventilation:

Powered (extract or exhaust and depressurization) ventilation: Fan

A combination of both:

Sprnikler Protection

Sprinkler

Smoke extraction systems

Air Extraction rate

10. Fire Lift

Fire Lift/Elevator

Fire Department
(

Firemen

Fireman Switches

Fireman

Fireman Intercom

Lift Shafts Fire Lift

Lobby

Protected Area

11. Emergency Power Systems

In the event of failure of the normal supply (

) Life Safety

emergency power system

On failure of the normal service (

)
Generator

prime mover
Prime mover

Motorized

Starter

electricity supply

Battery

Emergency power system fire protection system

emergency loads

i. Pressurization system
ii. Smoke control and management system
iii. Fire alarm and monitoring system
iv. Pump sets for Firefighting
v. Emergency public address system
vi. Fire lifts
vii. Emergency lighting
viii. other emergency fire systems
Essential Systems

Plumbing Pumps
Submersible Drainage / Sewerage Pumps
Elevators
Mechanical Ventilation Fans

Client/Owner

Blackout
Normal Power Failure Emergency

Blackout (

) Emergency Fire Situation

Essential System

Generator

12. The Fire Engineering - Performance Based Approach

The Fire Engineering - Performance Based Approach (FE-PBA) is a methodology for design,
evaluation and assessment office safety in buildings. it identifies an engineering approach to
building fire safety, and gives guidance on the application of scientific and engineering
principles, to the protection of people and property from unwanted fire. Additionally, it outlines
a structured approach, to assessment of total building fire safety system effectiveness, and to
the achievement of pre-identified design objectives
The methodology facilitates performance-based design that meets the fire safety objectives of
Building Codes. Many factors, including a building's form of construction, means of escape,
occupancy factors, smoke management, detection, alarm and fire suppression facilities,
contribute to the achievement of fire-safety objectives. The guidelines of Fire Engineeringperformance Based Approach, are based on the premise that all these measures, form part of
an integrated fire safety system for the building, which must respond to any fire developing
within that building,.
Consequently, it is required that designers recognize the interactions between elements of a
fire safety system and that they develop complete and integrated design solutions.
The basic principles of Fire Engineering - Performance Based Approach may be applied to
specific types of buildings and their uses. However, the principle and the guidelines developed
do NOT cover buildings which are used for bulk storage or processing of flammable liquids,

industrial chemicals or explosive materials. The intrinsic risks associated with such buildings
will necessitate special consideration and is beyond the scope of this chapter.
The Fire Engineering - Performance Based Approach concept is intended for application during
the conceptual phase of building fire safety system design, prior to the detail design,
specification and documentation phase of selected fire-safety sub-systems (or elements). Fire
Engineering procedures require early consultation and co-operation between the project
manager, Architect and other members of the design team, together& with the Fire and Rescue
Department.
The detailed design and specification of fire-safety sub-systems (which will follow agreement
of the conceptual design) may not be specific during this stage. But it is imperative that when
executed, these strictly adhere to the decisions and agreements reached during the conceptual
phase.

13. Others
A. Fire Pumps & Water Tanks

Fire System

Pumps

Projects
Pumps Aurora UL Listed Pumps

Pumps

Link

1. Aurora Fire Pumps Website
2. Fire Pumps Brochure Download

Pump one set one duty pumps + one standby pump + one jockey pumps

Pump

Standby pump

Duty pump

Highly Pressurized

Pipe Fitting

System Pressure

Pressure

Jockey pumps
Jockey
pump main pumps (duty+standby) flowrate

Pressure

oversize

(CP 52:2004 Jockey Pump (Pressure Maintenance

Pump) Capacity

To make up the allowable leakage within 10 min at a rate of flow not

exceeding 4 L/min
)

B. Fire Protection System Equipments Manufacturer Reference

Sprinkler Heads, Fire Water Tank Panels & Fire Pumps
Fire Protection

Products

Australia

Manufacturer

web link

Steel Recon Industries (SRI) Malaysia Product Page

C. Fire Protection Article Online

Web Fire Protection

Fire Protection Engineering by Morgan Hurley, P.E., SFPE

D. Fire Safety Educations

Fire Safety

Fire Safety Manager Courses

SCDF
Polytechnics

1. Fire Safety Manager

Fire Protection Engineering Association/ Society

Learning
Program

Certification Tests / Exams

1. Society of Fire Protection Engineers

2. Institution of Fire Engineers

In the United States, the University of Maryland (UMd) offers an ABET-accredited

bachelor of science degree program in fire protection engineering, as well as graduate
degrees. Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) offers a masters and a Ph.D. in fire
protection engineering. Other institutions, such as Oklahoma State University, the
University of Kansas, Illinois Institute of Technology, University of California, Berkeley,
and University of Houston Downtown have offered courses in fire protection
engineering or technology.
In Europe, the University of Edinburgh has been among the first universities to offer a
degree in Fire Engineering and had its first research group in fire in the 1970's (these
activities are now conducted at the new BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering). Other
European Universities active in the fire engineering are Lund University,
Stord/Haugesund University College, University of Manchester, University of Ulster,
University of Leeds, University of Greenwich and London South Bank University

- Back to Top -

V. References:
1. British Standard -BS 5306 : Part 2: "Design of Automatic Sprinkler Systems", 1990
2. Singapore Standard : Code of Practices
i. CP 10 : "Code of practice for the installation and servicing of electrical fire alarm systems",
2005
ii. CP 13 : "Code of practice for mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning in buildings", 1999
iii. CP 29 : "Code of practice for fire hydrant systems and hose reels", 1998
iv. CP 31 : "Code of practice for installation, operation, maintenance", performance and
constructional requirements of mains failure standby generating systems", 1996 (Revised as
SS 535 : 2007)
v. CP 52 : "Code of practice for automatic fire sprinkler system", 2004
vi. CP 55 : "Code of practice for use and maintenance of portable fire extinguishers", 1991
3. NFPA (U.S.A) Codes
i. NFPA 10: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers
ii. NFPA 12: Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
iii. NFPA 13: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
iv. NFPA 14: Standard for the Installation of Standpipe, Private Hydrant, and Hose Systems
v. NFPA 17: Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
vi. NFPA 17A: Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems
vii. NFPA 70: National Electrical Code
viii. NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm Code
ix. NFPA 92A: Recommended Practice for Smoke-Control Systems
x. NFPA 101: Life Safety Code
xi. NFPA 110: Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems
xii. NFPA 170: Standard for Fire Safety Symbols
xiii. NFPA 318: Standard for the Protection of Cleanrooms
4. Malaysia Regulations
i. Uniform Building Bylaw
ii. Guide on Fire Protection Systems in Buildings (Red Book )

Web-Links
1. Wikipedia
i. Fire Triangle (

)[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_triangle ]
ii. Fire Classes [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_classes ]
iii. FE-13 (also known as Trifluoromethane, HFC-23, CHF3)
[ http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2008/10/ http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroform ]
iv. FE-25 (also known as Pentafluoroethane, HFC-125, C2HF5),
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentafluoroethane ]
v. FE-232 (also known as Dichlorotrifluoroethane HCFC-123 , C2HCl2F3 )
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorotrifluoroethane ]
vi. Fire Extinguishers [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_extinguisher ]
vii. Glossary of firefighting equipment
2. Singapore Standards eShop
[ http://www.singaporestandardseshop.sg/Product/Home.aspx ]
3. Singapore Civil Defence Force (

)
i. Publication Website : Singapore Civil Defence Force
[ http://www.scdf.gov.sg/scdf_internet/en/building-professionals/publications.html ]
ii. SCDF (Singapore Civil Defence Force): Fire Code 2007 Master Version

[ http://www.scdf.gov.sg/content/scdf_internet/en/buildingprofessionals/publications/fire_code_2007master_version.html ]
iii. SCDF: Fire Code 2002 Handbooks
[ http://www.scdf.gov.sg/content/scdf_internet/en/buildingprofessionals/publications/fire_code_2002handbooks.html ]

4. Fire Extinguishers
i. Classification of Portable Fire Extinguishers, OSHA, U.S.A
[ http://www.scdf.gov.sg/content/scdf_internet/en/buildingprofessionals/publications/fire_code_2002handbooks.html ]
ii. Information on Fire Extinguishers, The Fire Safety Advice Centre,, U.K
[ http://www.firesafe.org.uk/html/fsequip/exting.htm ]
iii. The Hanford Fire Department : All You Ever Wanted to Know about Fire Extinguishers
[ http://www.hanford.gov/fire/safety/extingrs.htm ]

5. Youtube Videos
i. YouTube - Car vs. Fire Hydrant[ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_g6I65rLdWA ]
ii. YouTube - Fire Hydrant Burst
[ http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2008/10/ http:/www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qpff-nxeZQI ]
iii. YouTube - Fire Hydrant Training[ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nsD864K6pk&NR=1 ]
iv. Toronto Fire Dept-FIRE DEMO-Working Residential Sprinkler
[ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nlyx8zR7q7M ]
v. Fire Sprinkler Demonstration[ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NUKYQMxWl4 ]
6. Fire Hydrant Organization[ http://www.firehydrant.org/ ]
7. Manufacturers
i. Pyrogen Technologies Sdn Bhd[ http://www.pyrogen.com ]
ii. Aurora Fire Pumps Website[ http://www.aurorapump.com/html/market_fire.htm ]
iii. Victaulic Company
[ http://www.victaulic.com/content/firelockautosprinklersfpliterature.htm ]
iv. Victaulic Company : Automatic Sprinkler Product Reference (pdf)
[ http://www.victaulic.com/docs/lit/40.01.PDF ]
v. Viking Sprinkler Spray Patterns
[ http://www.vikingcorp.com/databook/sprinklers/spraypatterns/ ]
vi. Fire Equipment Supplier: Canada [ http://canadafire.com/products.html ]
vii. Steel Recon Industries (SRI) Malaysia Products [ http://www.sri.com.my/products.html ]
8. Fire Protection Engineering by Morgan Hurley, P.E., SFPE
[ http://www.wbdg.org/design/dd_fireprotecteng.php ]

Posted by Ko Chaw -
at 5:32 PM

Labels: Fire Protection, MEP Systems

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