PROBLEM 1.

62
KNOWN: Duct wall of prescribed thickness and thermal conductivity experiences prescribed heat flux
qo at outer surface and convection at inner surface with known heat transfer coefficient.
FIND: (a) Heat flux at outer surface required to maintain inner surface of duct at Ti = 85C, (b)
Temperature of outer surface, To , (c) Effect of h on To and qo .
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction in wall, (3) Constant
properties, (4) Backside of heater perfectly insulated, (5) Negligible radiation.
ANALYSIS: (a) By performing an energy balance on the wall, recognize that qo = qcond . From an energy
balance on the top surface, it follows that qcond = qconv = qo . Hence, using the convection rate equation,

qo = qconv = h ( Ti T ) = 100 W / m 2 K ( 85 30 ) C = 5500W /m 2 .

(b) Considering the duct wall and applying Fouriers Law,

qo = k

<

T T
T
=k o i
L
X

q L
5500 W/m 2 0.010 m
D
= ( 85 + 2.8 ) C = 87.8D C .
To = Ti + o = 85D C +
k
20 W/m K

<

12000

91

10000

90

Surface temperature, To(C)

Heat flux, q''o(W/m^2)

(c) For Ti = 85C, the desired results may be obtained by simultaneously solving the energy balance equations
T Ti
T Ti
and
qo = k o
k o
= h ( Ti T )
L
L
Using the IHT First Law Model for a Nonisothermal Plane Wall, the following results are obtained.

8000
6000
4000
2000
0

89
88
87
86
85

40

80

120

160

Convection coefficient, h(W/m^2.K)

200

40

80

120

160

200

Convection coefficient, h(W/m^2.K)

Since qconv increases linearly with increasing h, the applied heat flux qo and qcond must also increase.
An increase in qcond , which, with fixed k, Ti and L, necessitates an increase in To .
COMMENTS: The temperature difference across the wall is small, amounting to a maximum value of
( To Ti ) = 5.5C for h = 200 W/m2K. If the wall were thinner (L < 10 mm) or made from a material

with higher conductivity (k > 20 W/mK), this difference would be reduced.

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