BO MON TOAN NG DUNG - HBK

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TOAN 4 HK2 0607

CHUOI VA PHNG TRNH VI PHAN
BAI 4: PHNG TRNH VI PHAN CAP 1
(SINH VIEN)

TS. NGUYEN QUOC LAN (05/2007)

NOI DUNG

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1 KHAI NIEM C BAN

2 PHNG TRNH VI PHAN PHAN LY BIEN SO
3 PHNG TRNH VI PHAN TOAN PHAN
4 PHNG TRNH VI PHAN CAP 1 TUYEN TNH
5 PT BERNULLI
T OC: PT VI PHAN KHONG GIAI C VI AO
HAM & PT RICATTI (SGK, TRANG 135 139)

1. KHAI NIEM C BAN

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Phng trnh vi phan (thng): ham an y = y(x), bien x

& cac ao ham (hoac vi phan) y(k), k = 0, 1 n
VD: y '+3 x = 0

Cap 1

y ' '+4 y '+3 y ( x ) = e x

Cap 2

( x + y )dx ( x y )dy = 0

Cap 1

Phng trnh vi phan cap n: cha ao ham cao nhat cap n

Dang tong quat PT vi phan cap 1: F ( x, y ( x ), y ' ( x )) = 0
Dang tong quat cap n: F (x, y ( x ), y ' ( x ), y ' ' ( x ), K , y ( n ) ( x )) = 0

NGHIEM PHNG TRNH VI PHAN

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Nghiem

PTVP:

Ham so y = y(x),
x khoang I R

VD:

dy
y = e2 x
dx

(a) Dang hien: y = f(x)

(b) Dang an: H(x, y) = 0
x = x(t )
(c) Dang tham so
y = y (t )

Nghiem rieng: y = e 2 x
Nghiem: y = Ce x + e 2 x

nghiem tong quat

Nghiem PTVP cap n THONG THNG cha n hang so:

y = ( x, C1 , K , Cn ). o th nghiem: ng cong tch phan

VD: ydx + xdy = 0: 2 dang nghiem hien, an VD: y ' = 1 y 2

2. PHNG TRNH PHAN LY BIEN SO

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Nhan dang: Bien x va y phan ly (separable)

Co the tach ri moi ve 1 bien! VD: xdy y 2 dx = 0

VD: Kiem tra dang phan ly cua cac ptrnh a / y ' = xy
b / x 2 ( y + 1)dx + y 2 ( x 1)dy = 0

c / xdy + (4 y + x )dx = 0

3 dang (hay gap) y ' = f ( x), y ' = g ( y ), y ' = f ( x )g ( y )

phng trnh vi f ( x )dx + g ( y )dy = 0

phan phan ly bien so f1 ( x )g1 ( y )dx + f 2 ( x )g 2 ( y )dy = 0
Phng phap: Phan ly x & dx mot ve, y & dy mot ve.
Tch phan 2 ve Nghiem (noi chung dang an)

2. GIAI PT VI PHAN PHAN LY BIEN SO

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VD: a / y ' = sin 3 x

b / y' = e y

c / y' =

2y
x

VD: a / (2 x + cos x )dx + 5 y 4 dy = 0

b / ( y 2 + xy 2 )dx + (x 2 yx 2 )dy = 0

c / y ' xy 2 = 2 xy

VD (SGK, 23/tr190): Van toc nguoi i cua vat ty le

thuan vi hieu nhiet o cua vat va nhiet o khong kh.
Biet nhiet o khong kh la 20C va vat giam nhiet o
t 100C xuong 60C sau 20 phut. Hoi sau bao lau ke
t thi iem au, nhiet o cua vat se la 30C?

2. OI BIEN A VE PHAN LY

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Cha tong: y = f(ax + by + c) oi bien: u = ax + by + c

VD: y = (2x + 3y + 1)2 2(2x + 3y + 1)

y
y

u
=
y = ux y ' = u ' x + u
Ty so: y' = f oi bien:
x
x
ac biet: P(x, y), Q(x, y) tong xy, + = n
Phng trnh ang cap Pdx + Qdy = 0: Dang y = f(y/x)!

y
VD: a / y ' = 1 +
x

y 2 + 2 xy
b / y' =
xy

VD: (x2 + y2)dx xydy = 0: Chu y P(x, y) = (x2 + y2), Q = xy!

3. PHNG TRNH VI PHAN TOAN PHAN

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P Q
PT vi phan Pdx + Qdy = 0: toan phan
=
x, y
y x
Th t: ao ham cheo: P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy

Q
x

P
y

(*)

Ph/trnh vi phan cap 1:

Thoa K (*) u(x,y): du =

P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy = 0

Pdx + Qdy Nghiem u = C

Tm u:

u ' x = P( x, y )

u ' y = Q( x, y )

(1) 1/ T/phan (1) theo x u = Pdx + C ( y ) (3)

(2 )
2/ /ham (3) theo y, phoi hp (2) C(y)

3. THA SO TCH PHAN

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VD: Giai (3e3xy 2x)dx + (e3x + siny) dy = 0

Pdx + Qdy = 0: khong thoa /kien vi phan toan phan Tm

(x, y) e (Pdx+Qdy) vi phan tphan (P)/y = (P)/y

P Q

y x = f ( x) ( x ) = e f ( x ) dx
Q

VD: Tm tha so tch

P Q

y x = g ( y ) ( y ) = e g ( y ) dy
P

VD: Giai ptrnh vi phan

phan & Giai ptrnh vphan

(x2 + y2 +x)dx + xydy = 0

y(1 + xy)dx xdy = 0

SGK, trang 194: Ch/minh (tm) = (x2 + y2): dang cho trc!

4. PT VI PHAN CAP 1 TUYEN TNH

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y = f(x, y) = a(x)y + b(x): tuyen tnh (bac 1) theo y

2
VD: Xac nh phng trnh tuyen tnh: a / y ' y = x 3
x
c / y '3 + xy = e x d / 2 ydx + ( y 2 2 x )dy = 0
b / y '+ e x y 2 = x 3
Khong tuyen tnh: Cha y2, (y)3 Tuyen tnh theo x = x(y)!
Nhan dang: y = f(x, y): Ve phai ch cha y bac 1 ( t so)
y = a(x)y + b(x) (E): khong thuan nhat (co ve phai)
PT thuan nhat (khong ve phai) tng ng: y = a(x)y (E0)

4. NGHIEM TONG QUAT THUAN NHAT

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y
VD: Giai cac PTVP thuan nhat: a / y ' =
x

b / y ' = y tgx

PT cap 1 tuyen tnh thuan nhat: y + a(x)y = 0 (E0)

co nghiem tong quat dang: y = Cy0 ( x ) , C : hang so
VD: T nghiem tong quat cac PT thuan nhat tren, tm 1
nghiem rieng (nghiem ac biet) cua PT khong thuan nhat
x
y
e
a / y' = + 3x 3
b / y ' = y tgx +
x
cos x
N0 rieng yr = C(x)y0(x): bien thien hang so ytq.tn = Cy0(x)
Thay yr = C(x)y0(x) vao (*) C ' ( x ) y0 ( x ) = b( x )

4. TONG KET

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PTVP cap 1 t/tnh (E): y ' = a( x ) y + b( x ) hoac y '+ p( x ) y = q( x )

1/ PT thuan nhat: y ' = a( x ) y hoac y '+ p( x ) y = 0 y = Cy0 ( x )
2/ Bien thien hang so C = C(x) C ' y0 = b( x ) C ( x ) = K
3/ Nghiem sau cung: y = C ( x ) y0 ( x ) (cha hang so C: t/phan)
a ( x ) dx
b( x )

Cong thc: y ' = a( x ) y + b( x) y = Ce

+ y0 ( x )
dx
y0 ( x )
y0 ( x )
Ng/ham khong C

Nghiem tong quat PT tuyen tnh = Nghiem tong quat PT

thuan nhat (de)+ Nghiem rieng PT khong thuan nhat (kho)

4. V DU

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VD: Giai ( x + 1) y '2 y = ( x + 1)

2
3
y '
y = ( x + 1)
x +1

2
1/ Phng trnh thuan nhat: y '
y = 0 y = Cy0 ( x )
x +1
3
2/ Bien thien hang so: C = C ( x ) C ' ( x ) y0 = ( x + 1) C ( x )
1
2
4
3/ Nghiem sau cung: y = C ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)
2
1
sin x
VD: Giai cac phng trnh a / y '+ y =
x
x
b / y ' (x + y 2 ) = y

y
VD: Tnh y(2) vi ham y thoa: y '+ = 3 x , y (1) = 1
x

5. PHNG TRNH BERNOULLI (PHI TUYEN)

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y = p(x)y + q(x)y , 0, 1: ve phai cha tha so y

Chia cho y:

y ' p( x ) y

1
=
+
q
(
x
)

y
'

y
=
p
(
x
)
y
+ q( x )

y
y

P/trnh Bernoulli
y ' = p( x ) y + q( x ) y

oi bien: u(x) = y1 . ao ham

u'

u ' ( x ) = (1 ) y y ' y y ' =

1
Thay vao phng trnh au:
u'
= p( x )u + q( x ) : tuyen tnh theo u
1

Giai PT TTnh u ' = (1 ) p( x )u + (1 )q( x ) u ( x ) y ( x )

5. V DU

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4
Giai phng trnh vi phan y ' y = x y
x
y' 4
1/ = . Chia 2 ve cho y
y=x
y x
2/ oi bien a ve PT vi phan cap 1 ttnh: u = y
y'
4u
u' =
2u ' = x : Pt cap 1 tuyen tnh theo u
2 y
x
2u x
3/ Giai phng trnh: u ' =
x 2
2u
du 2dx
Ptrnh thuan nhat: u ' = 0
=
u = Cx 2
u
x
x
x
Ngh. k0 thuan nhat: C = C(x) C ' ( x ) x 2 = C ( x )
2
Nghiem tong quat: u = C(x).x2 y(x) = u2(x)

TONG KET PHNG TRNH VI PHAN CAP 1

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Phan ly: f1(x)g1(y)dx + f2(x)g2(y)dy = 0 1 ve: x, 1 ve: y

y
y

y ' = f u = ; y ' = f (ax + by + x ) u = ax + by + c

x
x

PTVPC1:
y = f(x, y)

Cap 1 tuyen tnh: y = a(x)y + b(x)

1/ Thuan nhat 2/ Bien thien C = C(x)
Bernulli: y = a(x)y + b(x)y Chia y

P Q
=
Vi phan toan phan P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = 0. K:
y x
u ' x = P
Tha so tphan = (x)
Nghiem u(x, y) = C vi u:
u ' y = Q