ET 2060

Bin i Laplace
TS. ng Quang Hiu
http://ss.edabk.org
Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
Vin in t - Vin thng

2011-2012

Gii thiu v bin i Laplace

Xt h thng LTI vi p ng xung h(t) v u vo x(t) = e st , ta
c:
y (t) = H(s)e st
trong
H(s) =

h(t)e st dt

C th coi bin i Fourier l trng hp ring ca bin i

Laplace (vi s = j).

Phn tch h thng LTI, c bit l tnh n nh.

ng dng trong l thuyt mch, l thuyt iu khin, v.v.

nh ngha
L
s

t
L1

Bin i Laplace

x(t)
X (s)
trong s l bin s phc: s = + j.
Z
x(t)e st dt
X (s) ,

V d: Tm bin i Laplace ca x(t) = e at u(t)

Lin h vi bin i Fourier

Bin i Fourier l bin i Laplace xt trn trc o s = j.

X (j) = X (s)|s=j

Bin i Laplace l bin i Fourier ca x(t)e t

Z
X (s) =
x(t)e (+j)t dt = FT{x(t)e t }

Min hi t (ROC) l nhng gi tr ca s trn mt phng

phc sao cho X (s) < (tc l tn ti bin i Fourier ca
x(t)e t ). iu kin hi t:
Z
|x(t)e t |dt <

V d

Tm bin i Laplace v v min hi t cho cc trng hp sau:

(a) x(t) = (t)
(b) x(t) = e at u(t)

(c) x(t) = e 2t u(t) + e 3t u(t)

(d) x(t) = cos(0 t)u(t)

im cc v im khng

im cc: s = spk nu X (spk ) = .

im khng: s = s0k nu X (s0r ) = 0.

Nu X (s) biu din bi mt hm hu t:
X (s) =

N(s)
D(s)

th spk l nghim ca a thc D(s) v s0r l nghim ca a

thc N(s).
V d: Tm bin i Laplace v v cc im cc, im khng
x(t) = (t) 3e 2t u(t) + 2e t u(t)

Cc tnh cht ca ROC

(i) ROC cha cc di song song vi trc o trn mt phng s.

(ii) ROC khng cha cc im cc
(iii) Nu x(t) c chiu di hu hn v
s l c mt phng phc.

|x(t)|dt

< th ROC

(iv) Nu x(t) l dy mt pha (tri hoc phi) th ROC?

(v) Nu x(t) l dy hai pha th ROC?

Bin i Laplace ngc

p dng bin i Fourier ngc:
Z
1
t
x(t)e
=
X ( + j)e jt d
2
Ta c:

1
x(t) =
2j

+j

X (s)e st ds

Nu X (s) l hm hu t th bin i ngc bng cch khai

trin thnh cc phn thc ti gin.

Lu v ROC.

V d: Tm bin i ngc ca
X (s) =

5s 7
,
(s + 1)(s 1)(s + 2)

ROC : 1 < Re{s} < 1

Cc tnh cht

Tuyn tnh

Dch thi gian: x(t t0 )

e st0 X (s)

Dch trn min s: e s0 t x(t)

X (s s0 )
L

Co dn: x(at)

1
|a| X (s/a)
L

Lin hp phc: x (t)

X (s )
L

Chp: x1 (t) x2 (t)

X1 (s)X2 (s)
o hm trn min t:

dx(t)
dt

sX (s)
L

o hm trn min s: tx(t)

dXds(s)
Rt
Tch phn trn min t: x( )d = 1s X (s)

nh l gi tr u v cui: Nu tn hiu nhn qu (x(t) = 0,

t < 0) th
x(0+ ) = lim sX (s), lim x(t) = lim sX (s)
s

s0

Hm truyn t H(s) ca h thng LTI

x(t)

h(t)

y (t)

y (t) = x(t) h(t)

Bin i Laplace c hai v, p dng tnh cht chp, ta c:
H(s) =

Y (s)
X (s)
1
H(s)

H thng nghch o: Hinv (s) =

H thng pha ti thiu: H(s) v Hinv (s) u nhn qu, n

nh.

H thng LTI nhn qu v n nh

Nhn qu: ROC ca H(s) l na bn phi ca mt phng

phc

Nhn qu, vi H(s) l hm hu t: ROC l phn mt phng

bn phi ca im cc ngoi cng.

n nh: ROC cha trc o (s = j).

Nhn qu, n nh, H(s) hu t: Tt c cc im cc ca

H(s) nm bn tri trc o ca mt phng phc.

H thng pha ti thiu: Tt c cc im cc v im khng

ca H(s) u nm bn tri trc o.

Tm p ng xung ca h thng LTI

Cho h thng LTI c biu din bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn
tnh h s hng:
d3
d2
d2
d
x(t) + 8x(t)
y
(t)
+
3
y
(t)

4y
(t)
=
4
x(t)
+
15
dt 3
dt 2
dt 2
dt
Hy tm p ng xung h(t) trong trng hp h thng nhn qu,
n nh.

Bin i Laplace mt pha

X (s) ,

x(t)e st dt

K hiu:
L

x(t)
u X (s)
Cc tnh cht tng t nh bin i Laplace hai pha, ngoi tr:
dx(t) Lu

sX (s) x(0 )
dt

Gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng

Cho h thng LTI c biu din bi phng trnh vi phn tuyn

tnh h s hng
d2
d
d
y
(t)
+
6y
(t)
=
x(t) + 6x(t)
y
(t)
+
5
dt 2
dt
dt
Hy tm u ra y (t) ca h thng khi c u vo x(t) = u(t) ,vi
cc iu kin u: y (0 ) = 1 v y (0 ) = 2.

Bi tp

1. S dng hm roots tm im cc v im khng ca hm

truyn t H(s).
2. S dng hm residue phn tch H(s) hu t thnh cc
phn thc ti gin.
3. Tm hiu v cch s dng cc hm tf, zpk, ss, pzmap,
tzero, pole, bode v freqresp biu din v phn tch h
thng.