Copy Notice Sif and sun he Unni a ihr ae emi tht copy sis in hi exact andthe work un which i astakn. This Dig Copy as ben made rie ems CLA ene wich alos Jo “cess and downlad 9 copy 2 pamoutacopy ‘hic igi Copy nd any igh or ine op supe or made you deh form of is Lice ae fr ws in aeton wth is Cus of Sina sonst Sects pieadty see tr bm ote cmon nant curse ete exe ws). You may ream uch copies ae the ed he aus, Pt ‘Shc fr pour own err Aspe (cling cen ops shal ind this Copyright ie and sal be deseo andor let ifand whe requ ly he Unveriy of Eh xcept ar proved for by copy law, other opin. sorageo trie (cig by ems permite witout the cnsent of he opie ole “tau which er ines ats ater valet) or ls in ewok and eter sat a suet may cause ri, he toon mation a ‘ihc mdifenon fie wer oan sda tetneat fr hich nl be pra he homo repution of he aa ‘Course of Ste: tsigenos Peoples of Lowland South Aweicn Name of Designate Pere ioe “ie: “Dike Socti: he Ge and arora of ex Datel Syrtema A General Mod” rai ed by Dan Mayhery-Lewis. Chapter Sp H7-TH™The Ge and Horr Sak Name of Author: ait Terence 8. Tarn Name of Pablaher: Harvard Unhensty Pres Cambridge Mas. and London5) | The Gé and Bororo Societies as Dialectical Systems A General Model ‘Terence S Turner Inerodston: EAhnagrapic Quttion ant Torts! Dilemmas THIS PAPER 1S OFFERED ax an experiment both in “thnograhie and in theoretical yee Iie io a atemp formate a general model which can be teed by applicant spec tempo ling pon Ray A thet implies, dhe paper represents an atemp wo identify and in some sree expain the common feature of the structure af the GE and Boror siceies At tha level, he paper rans an lepts to answer such queions ae! Why shi the triocal ‘extended family be the common form of residence ‘fall of the fociees ofthis group (a well 36a numberof ter similar ln Tat South American societies)? Why thouldwoctcer with this fomm of veidence pomess communal corporate inition form tng 3 aintint level of soil relations set aparefem the domes a personal Kin reaons centered inthe sxorleal house? Why should these corporate commonal iatitutons so regulaly lake the form of molten Why shoul ll ofthe wc of the {roupshare the same peculiar bial Kr of economy, based ot 2 elca aeration betseen sash ana barn agriculare, pre tice in ange base village, and the dispersion of thee village no Seminomadic hantngand gathering bande Why see the eilages ‘ofthis group, and other uxorioal seis of the rion, so much Tanger than those of most other societies of the Sune general abr Teatreof the Soil Divs of Labor “To begin with let me dein dhe tem “infrastructure,” which 1 shall be sing n'a specil seme somevhat diferent om he asaMacs meaning ofthe term, Isl employ the term o dente {he forces and reton of protction(anetstod once bth Insterisl ad sna proton) a+ generied, potential actos, {yer ncing te spel form the take on through negation in he socalructve of + panier sie. "Infestrcere™ i this sene represent the general contains tat the ores and = Tatonal fort at queen impose pon any socal sytem nto hich they ae incorporated, nell the postive potential of {howe forts and relations forthe construction and maintenance Sf tesla onder The te “bse” wil be employed to denote {he ape ruta of productive relations and fore formed by {he stegration of inrsractural actor into specie sete) ac COrding to the dictate of is aupertucare” oF of eallene {tutuion, norma and wales ich seve to regulate the Tcl tions of production and the reproduction of those relations and theociey armhole ta the spo this dition, hen shall ‘esin by giving a general acco f environmental condition, productive tocniges, and economie erganization broadly car ‘ponding tothe of the GE and Bororo ut not yet east the ‘ecco they sss in Gea Boror sock. “Theve i pace here for only the most camory overview of GE Rororg sbastence puternt and evirooment (Ghee have been Alcibed in detail chewhese: Baberger 196%, 107; Crocker 1967, md Lave 1967; Nimuendaj. 189, 142, 146: Masbury. Lewis 67, md: Mela 107, Seger 1974). ‘The county is tis of fren at savannah, which reaches a balance of alos ‘al pars ofeach in Kayap country inthe northwest of the GE STetamt thins outta predominantly ranma environment wih ier fore atog the banks of ters and creek to the south Eilean, Population enuity secs alway to bave een ery fw, wih village separated by rent deans of pen county fro ‘ne another (100-150 Ailometes being the average dance be {een Rayapo village) Villages ae pil stated on the ma. Gin terwcenforet and sata land, enabling convenient ox lovtaion of all tice of the ozone involved the forest (pr Frany sue for garden tnd, hunting and gaerng: the mv tah (hunting and gathering and he argial tne of anion fom forest evan th ict of the tre od plant a imal speciey and this pally productive for hunting taiheringparpoes. ve fom Apes of GEororosabastence activites must be taken it account in atempting to understand the specie socal The Gt and eroro Sve v DialeticalSsems # M9 forms they sume in the wocal division of labor in the various G& ‘Seiten I emphasize at the ote that Lam angen no ha hese Testes, and of themselves, "determine" the soil frm of te Alison of labor, but unly thatthe Later formulated wil te ‘rene to them ind cannot be under without them, They Ser (I) the elatve proportion o the conibution of the produc ive stv in question ro the overall productivity of the econ ‘ny the Lnttations sed demande poe oy te teks Sd material forcer of production spon the socal contol nd ‘onganization ofthe relations of prodtton; (8) the ssepibity (Ete productivity ofthe atity in quetion 1 tay control (thai the uniformity, cominaty, and predictability ofthe pro- Auction involved) (1 the soil character of the produce se tivity tn question, at i, whether ss more easly nd ently performed sadiadually o collectively: and () the aby ofthe Eessty im question to be combined with the carly pass of the Serialization proces hats, thecare of young cildren ‘With respect ta the St rterion, the mow portant GB Bororosubastence atv widen agrcaltare, which genera accounts for more than ove fall of tol loud production. Hunt ing sing, and gathering ae alo highly developed and account for ehe remaining oneal to one fourth of food consimed. C& horialtre hasan unvtaly varied repertoire of rope biter ‘manioc and mune are uh moat mnporiant staple, at ate, yy Squash, Sweet manioe, and fava ane are alo important. Other tees ofthe ame general aren relying upon the wal tropical forest subsistence patter swldden horticulture based more ex tively pon manite) strive quite cnaforably without anehing like the devetoenen of hunting and fing of Tongange gather fg expeditions charateriic of he Ge in genera Cameo as ‘aleated the population tha coud be indefinitely sustained in {he same place onthe bas of the tropical fore ype of manic: ‘asd widen agrcutore, without ay inpat fom oxhe outers Sich a6 hunting and gathering. at szound 2.000, These clea: ‘os were made forthe Kuiktru ofthe Xingu header and {hat pertain eo the sme general ecological aren (Carneir 180) “The more complex GE ceanomic patter should thar be capable ck supporting Wilage commit of populations approaching Soo especialy ting account of the wandatd Cl practice ‘novi the village ste every ten Yeats 0 and the vresly wn imied supply of fresh arden land. Kayap villager of between 1150 ae B00 ae sched for by eary explorer ike Coudrest (4897) and Kayapo ncount of tines af fecent ab 1996, The aes, ofthe existing Kayaps communities, however, vary from around10 « Teenie Turner 400 totes than 100, ‘These figures seem ypc for dhe Gé and Bororo ara whole th seer to he second criterion, dhe point to emphase i tharcommuntes of ore than 100 cold nox survive a obese ings om 4 huntingandgutering basis alone even in the com Jute ch Ge envionsnen, Nos cold gros ager than this [nme together for he extended pesos (to four months) ee ‘Guy tocelebate the communal rial which serve asthe major {ae and Boron sot ile GE socesy, wh Us character fy Inge illage ata collective cetemonialinsition, must ‘rene be tegarded ints present form, as ated on the p20. {Bucy and selbiliy of swadden agrcuiuse. 1 emphasize that fam noc sing that GE weietes necessarily rely forthe pre poder ste of thet fu sappy om agvicuture. My pine i ‘Rh lge communities bic are te distinctive expression of {G2 scbllty could nx have developed and eanmot stay together, ‘Samy such periods as they ave mot aided into trekking bands, ihe a ubvantat contribution from acer, Ata ore FRwdmene feel all Ge scietes cold sepporeshemsenes en {ey by agicniue given hee lage supplies of land aed heir ‘ried cop repetete Tey could noon the other hand, support Theamlve enerely by humng and gathering, More to dhe pont the hung shing and gathering thaean be done by ind ih mall groupe ithe neighborhood of de Date village wos tetsu to supply she minal protein requirements not fle fled by the ngicatra det. The eolectve trekking pattern of the Ge snl Bororo siete sd the face that some, ike the Sh ‘ante, obtain the majority of thet ond in his way mus eerefone De regu acuta coe rater than a a rel of eo} a neresity, Sige the lternation between dispened rekKing [groups ad lange ase villages 2 prominent Featire ofthe social ‘Stgunzation of al of these pnp ss explanation mist be a Che as one ofthe primary tanks of any adequate theoretic tint of GE ad Borro soci. Tens aso be tak no account tat she ability of ey large groupe to suppor testis by usting. fing and gathering Sd eeling inti especie pape eten 50 and 10), “ro he virtually limite ply of open and for both ntng nt gaberng and agieuttral se, eectvely forex che deve ‘Spm of any nsteion of property agrentral Land, oF ‘hore generally of any form of domination or contol of economic esounes cope of serving bai for organizing social rela ‘dons e commana evel or of restraining the toby of I The Gé and Beroro Soci Dialect Systems 6191 ‘rdinatin as acid to his ton father), but sil position sub ‘Seine to his father. and in 2 lewer and more oblique sense, other) Ina. ‘ithe patenisintaw age and the man's own children grow toward veodutive age, Ue ar next rafts hit to 8 Fatherataw, His own fatherin la, now dependent pon hin, ‘ccupies an honoced but no longer actively dominant place to the Structure ef the hawehol: The nan now stands atte pinnacle ff hr dominance and pretge in bath henseow ous Finally, het is urn yield is place of dominance ois soni law; in exchange forthe role of honored but dependent eer. The tharacter ofthe honor asonded tothe elderly of both sexes, bt ‘Spesally to ‘old men, determined by the nature of tht fal ‘Shthange: they are honore aw having yielded up and thos san ‘ended their particular interes (Wal ele dominance) in both household communal affair, and thus are considered ‘ule o serve spokesmen for communal value 3 hee ost personals, or anscendental level ‘Roms life ele fellowss similar ut somewhat sper a Jectory, since ent complicate bythe sit fn housed Mion Fequied of men bythe axoilcal ale of residence: A it's ‘hildioad and youth are spent aa dependent member of he ‘naa familys under the autbory of her father and mother, She ons in hr ator ashe ready for childbearing and ths {or marrige inthe fal seve ofthe rlationship, asf definedin Gt wcety. With marrage and motherhood, she pes under the dominance of hee husband a 4 member of bs amily of po ration, a dominance, however, severly retained tn is exer. {Sse daring de early years of marrige by her husband's sod ‘tonto er parents within the hoehol "With the marriage of her daughters and the removal fhe sons to other howehols, the woman eschanger her functional a oriy at mother over Ber children and adolecent daughters fo the presigious role of mother, with sonia to pay et Aettence, do her bidding. and submit i she pease, wo her sal Ing, beyond anything her on sons would be expected to tolerate Eom her. Her tations ‘with her Gnighter, however, real ‘open, relaxed ad ee: there ia dive contin to them ack ig ins tan’ cations to his sola or to fs sme, now Feridents of ther hovacolds. Thi contnaity maker the Bal {tansiion to old womanhood a more geale and continuous alt tha the pall male wanson, since there i lem overt domi tance and dacontinusty inthe cental relationship. inthis cae, ‘otherdaughter) to give up or “exchange,” and the deference of {he sonia continues wo be paid in recognition ofthe conta inser roles and the arutura continuity of totherdaugher cela Uonships within the Hounhold epee of the content snd ds ‘ectionalityof eal authority or dominance velations. a the foregoing eutory acount of the typieal patter of the male and female ie cycles in Gé and Rororo society T have 3 tempeed to show how the wracture ofthe wxontcal extent family household, together wit the potter of fal relaons tetwoen howholds tan be considered to conttate the organ: ing framework ofthe relations of sociation, consered tm a he mos stacarally complex and demanding. and there. fore the dominant, for of prodiction in GE society. The een "al pon I have made Is he central imporanceof the patterning ff dominance and specially the translation ofthe Intaay ‘Tominance of husbands ad fathers over their wives and daughters ino the iterfamily dominance of aera ever sonia, the tsi of the aracure ofthe extended ily howehold and tus theveatons of production and wxialintion Conan Cnmonase Grout RELATION Tom SERENE ‘or mie Uxonient Exton Pasar Hoseeaors Under the general social and economic conditions of towland “Amazonian soit, mses uxorloalie, as 1 have suggested, can ‘The GF and Boora Sais a Dinetial Stems © 165 be more potent and effective than patina aa medium For ating the members of ucceme, overlapping minimal fa iy units within » pattern of dominance elton, consi, {Heanor tue ofthe contol of the wifes parts over the ‘laughter’ husband. Tecan be maintained conversely. that the ‘Secivenee of matissoritcaity inthis rexpet, while mores ferme ashore genealogical tang, off more rap terms ck genealogical dsance than vocal, and becomes le ef: tive ast Binding principle for groupinge organized at grate, fenealogical depth “Tere fr this hat the efecivenes of wxricaiy res upon the conto exerted by pent one thelr daughes 7, © ‘Memer extent, of brothers over their ser) inthe lates Faciy 2s member ofthese minimal fay with Femi bas of the eecvene of uaontoclity i BUT to gem ‘lato extend beyond the are of ret overlap between i fal amie that beyond the range of parent intaw-son dna Tor ser husband-wies brother) relation R doe nt fo sce: provide an esve tans for conteling the relations be- {ween the erie nlted husband of pai f str, alter {he death of he laters parents and brother orl te the {elations etween the husband of matilatrl parle cosin Fsvon of the usorlcal howseholé therefore tend to occ be- ond thi pone lc, by coma, wheter ov i eine Dy incl) and exoguny, provides a more flexible and extens {eta forthe negation of local groaps under the same eco nim conditions. Te reson for ths the same a fo relative eahnes, compared wih wxonealiy, at shor genealogical ‘gest ni that eis noe based to the same extent upon suord Ton within the sina family tne Sons ae lew efletvely Stbordpated to thei fathers or clr to younger Brother (epe- Ey ater the younger men have Bese husbands an fathers {hei own righ) than are dates her oF ster o broth fn even ale the formers mmsagestnder sora circum “The mats-usoriloal residence pattern of the GE and Boror ss tend to generate unite thatiareselaively smaller, gene logally slower, but mote sably and fleesivey sntgraed tlm that hallow depth, dan the pti per of many Away Tp nd Tuhonpeang wad Aun “The relatively sll sige and low threhod of segment en ofthe sworlocal extended family household Test the com ‘itusln of commenies at agglomerations of maliple Rowse.106 » Teron. Tamer hols, This segmentay character of Gand Bororo communities ‘ay again be entre ith the single long house fro ce munity piel of the patric scien which the Tong Hrase iom the verge nrger ana single extended amily hose ha ofthe G&ororo pe "The relatively ght teteration and strong pattern of domi rane the core ofthe wear household, condered together tithe formation of the community aspera pray of {ck houtchold, call for correspondingly elects seca an fos coordinating the elation of some etchange Beween howe holds. "The soucture of interhowsthold relations in this respec {hh ral tir fhe nal hme ts been described in the preceding section, are of cou sip to sides of the same con! "The pattern of inerhousehod gone ‘xchange ean be regarded a the lations of repredaction ofthe Alominanc ierarchy base on Bal rations tat form te coe ‘ofthe itera retire of each iva houehol. Te ee then, i for a segulitory iestitton, or set of uch iniaton®, {@puble of operating a level abone tat of Rossel sete, Sahable of coordinating the sem of exchanges between allo {he segmentary household ui of fe commtyaetording to ‘ire pater “The sett equirement forthe fliient of his Fonction seca the eel eres ail eto fn houscold scare as denrbed up (0 ths point recom Seine Te degre wich al ote ad era Aces are separated fom their taal host ap the ae ot hang of ths proce must be mached wit he degree ad ate Steen of am tad a ar nt the Poblem of cnriating tn depee to nhich Gnd he ate a tic paren surrender thir isl sachets to thei Sos the iat alien wath the degre and ate) to whi they sue fender their ia! coneol over heir daughter to the lasers esbande Tal ofthe G8 and Boroo societies there exis sto com smal ttn, reritanent to which has the el of coord Ting precily tis se of ratone. "These suion. which 'ypialy ake the form of motets) can thereloe be aid to have the faneion of defining and reredacing the setae ofthe ex tended amily household. and speciealy the dominance of the Penta that es tie core rom the sctcentaie point of ‘iow, hometer, the primary func a thee collective ist {ion might equally Well Be defied ss the reproduction of Ue sets a callectv, corporate institutions (in a word, a the super. {tructare of the community 3 whole) through the repttve, “Mandardiaed reproduction ofthe hoasholdsconstiating the pro. ‘Sete base of the society. These two views represent the to moment or piss ofthe fuetonal relation between communal {ups and extend amily hovel, eich in aoa! ters espace of the same dialectal proce of sca reproduction From'the penpecive of this proce the grow contrast between the level a collective inatatone and the level af domestic and [pvonal Ain relations facsed inthe sxorloal howe ec [Ie probably the mon salient singe feature of GE soll store, ‘aden antral elation tothe conta within the seactuve ‘ofthe unortca howchold heaween the level represented by the ‘racate of the hosel at» whole (asoelted withthe parents inlaw) and that represented by the svat families within fe {asoclaed with the danghter and daughters husband) These vo interfaces between contrasting strata eves, apparently 10 disparate and overtly wnrelted, must nother wort be re [Bee complementary manifetations of the sume ndelyng The identsy of this common arvcture has alreay been re sealed: iti the pattern of dominance snd subordination that Forms the ongnittonal core of the extended family houscold finda the comma Teel, the principle ofthe relationship of the agegrade constated by senior men of the fatherinsaw/ tanh etegory ta younger amen and women a expresed Ih {Ge truetne of colecive groupings and poliseal fe. Now a ‘hough he eect bs for thi pater he principle of wear Toca residence and the relations beancen the wifes parents on the one hand and the daughter and daughters husband on the ‘ther, the eatende family Rowehold ir no the primary seg for the teloation and expresion of the hierarchy of dominance ‘nd subordination generated Erm i jst 8 not the primary Iecus for the socal speciation of the sructure of extended. family relation per se Hoth the over eaton of dominance and the staceare f Feations through which ith generated ate more ‘sec and fully exprened a the communal level of elatous. The duplacement ofthe form and sebstance of dominance rea iomsipt fiom the extended family howtehold tothe relations between ollecsve groups and categories defined according (0 > {al age, moet, ae ther erterin say be seen atthe ettrn ‘ung ta te er from thei fetion af reproducing the Base uctute of extended family hovseholdteatons according #3 ‘Mandated pater, which sth elective bass of thei atertion within unified commmunal society. The proce of. tion according to such a andardied pater, edited By calles tive sital sd recruitment to colletive ination, sever 10 fomcenate the efetive conto iheing inthe separate Sats household lations into a single tof relations beewcen collective groups, and dus wo amply them from st eflesve bai of ue fold iteration under he conta ofthe wifes parents tam eo tive basi of communal solidarity under the dominance ofthe ge rade ofvenior men (lathes) GE snd Bororo soil srature appears in this perspective a3 form of politcal economy based om socal rather than material prodction and reproduction (aldhoughsubmiming eater po: ‘iucon in she ways have indicated earier art sbordinate te igre co. a piel eno tad on {he exploitation of young women and mea actively engaged Drodcing the basic social nits of human production (at i ‘clear fais of procreation) by older men and to leer x {ent older women). who form a dominant “ca by virtue of {heir contol ofthe cuca means of production (in this eae he blignory seting ofthe productive aetity in question), the re Senta! howscola, Usertloality i the formal pincple though Shick hs contol exerci ‘The general proposition upon which this analyst is based is that form and neon, or startre and dynamics, ate dre Felted, thacacorect acount of te general djnamic properties, fof the collec istutions of G2 and Bororo society should alo Ueespable of generating» satutactory explanation ofthe gone Stratus! proper of the same insracons The mont parasve feneral sacral chracertic of GE and Boro elle i Stutions is tha dey take the form of moieties ‘The queion, ‘hen, can 3 dynamic anaes long the lines ofthat presented ove serve atthe Bai of? smsfactory explanation a miey Seructure—an explanation general enough to Beall the varied {orm of Gé an ororo mosey oganiation, bat ako capable of ecommodating he pec details each en? “Gband Bororo welety presente wide variety of forms of moiety sermeure: exogamous and aguas, matelineal and patines, Some based on nondescent eters sacha peronal name tc fowerage there on agesc criteria Ie ir clear, therefore that ay explanation capable of scounting for de gamut of G8 an Horo ‘moieties mast approximate oa general theory of movey scr, Tet me begin by defining motey stuctre-A mot srctare The GE and Borer Societies a Distal Stems © 169 is normative construct according co which al the member of a tected etegory (or example, amen ll adult and 0 for) newness ae are asied to one or the othe of eo ftoupingsstcording tothe same rcruiomene principle in Boch See The two groping ave therefore sractaralysfmmeriea ‘S‘TeSuatm has potted out however the Tetonsip be: {een the two motes tend to be expresed snail fn 28 ‘Symmecial may (Léve Straus 1952, 1950) The unform rinciple of reeruiment ofthe two moieties is sochaly embodied in eevuiment elaionahip. This eruitnent FRonanip (fr example, aie] decent adoption bya felt “substuce father 9 among the Kayo abd 30 on) i {elf cotrainely dened in telato to a complementary ce tomhip (or ceatmpe, striatal and, mone generally anal Fea nthe cso pineal exogstour mein, or the Tstonahip ofthe son hin tue ater, in the ase of moieties ecruel though am ntelaed fete father). Recruioment membership ht the elect of aligning the iniidval recruited Sin the reruinentrltionship tv eppenton to the comple {ery eats or purpose related fo the bane nate ‘kinolcly memberkip ad the relationship Beowen the motte ‘Those plrporesiclae in all Céand Borer soe, the piv alignment and trasfimaioneconsitng the weighted pales ‘festende any and household ratios Tages ha ote stuctuteembrdes o "odel” such a o- cally form pater of symmetic or “weighted” alignment ‘rh one of pur of complementary sturvaterelaons (he Complementarity of the pt of tlatons volved being define sr elerence to he stato and prose of reraemen). THe Pur of moire moi hepa of ato the symmettiel tue [ite of bh moieties (het recritment on the bn ofthe den tial elsionsip) septs te scaly symmecia (ht fora pater of aligamene wth ome of eto in conta the ther Fhe reaconshtpbeewcen she wo oles mol the ea flonbip between therecument reatonahip and the comple: ‘mentary ration. The ayamericl symbolic aida ofthe torch (for tose, people ofthe above” and “people of be Toe" people of the cence” and “people of he pet and {0"on) meant, mde the asfmmetry of te eileen ‘eigtcd relationship eeween the sme pa of sats All in al Totes moiety sruclre conan wotocetic mode f «un form soil patern of eiferenta weighting (exprened terns ff the algomen of ll members of the relevane seta etegory Stub one Sher than the other ofthe two forthe seca parpones10 + Teron. Tamer Jin question) ofa par of complementary relationships. Tough fe recruitment proces by which the moiety stem enews el {hugh the canctete character ofthe arteries and relations hich onsite moiety member, icding the relationship betwee {he evo motets, the moiety sruetore secs the pure elation ‘hipe that committe ke reference ain” fn sch» way a0 Feproduce the asymetalymeigted relationship Between them ‘ehh models” Form and fneton thas covnce: may ste {urecan be understood aa calestve mechani or tepracly 3 uniformly asymmetial or bissed pater of relative alignment between a pai f complementary satus, where the reproductive proces to hbich i eater srtarlly defied tn tere of the ‘omplemenarit ofthe twostatuses in question Moiety structure serves not only ara collective device fr tepro- ducing uniform pater of diferent alignment Between 4 Fe tf states role categorie andthe elatonalpincpes hey ema, thu ao to suabilze this ptten over ne by counteracting ten denciertowatd cumulative dit inthe contasve weighting of the two relations thatthe long endeney forthe unely ‘weighted contrast beeween the pa of telat to ater, either in the deci of intensifying or of equalizing the dxrepany in sreighting beeen them. Moiery state serves geno for enumerating tendencies ofthis nature by the simple device ‘of confronting eich ofthe two groups embodying the drain Felauonahip no with » group representing the complementary, ‘bdominane relationship, but witha itor image of sel whi {the same time formulaing the teationship between the two ‘oups in terms of the relationship beeween the dominant snd ‘bdominant relationship, The eect af histo cael changes In dhisrelaionship by puting them, aU were, agains themselves Variations inthe asmmetrilrlationship between the orginal pair complementary stuns, i oer words are eransformed {he moiery Teel into fymmercal and reiprcal maiatons in the relation of each mosey toward the oe whic each hae the ‘Ste structural eaoures tot to enloree and fo eit Tr Sacre or Sorat Tie PLURALITY CMON (One ofthe mor important notions of este thcory that & setfreglating tem of ransormations (such tay sien xs ‘ie of inaivationalisng yea or sepetive reproductive proc. ‘is. must be bse upon 3 principle a omerration or ian ‘ordination of the ansormations of hich i ous Ts iy The Gi and oro Societies Distt Sens ¢ 121 avian aipct may be thought of atthe common ground of the ‘avouspues or permitatins Of the sytem and fe component Pima tem focsed onthe reproduction ofthe same sucte cf ston hat arocove becomes the ban of definition ofthe rivipe of conservation governing the lations abo the Wan Termatonal pctions wis make up the reproduce proces ‘Thien bene this eaioalsrwtare the conan object Aint aandaed of coordination of he repradativ proces through tie ccenve phe. To pu thi te more fonmal term the Principle etermiing the courdination ofthe elations conse Tigine sacar of an eriy ia the pinepe determining he ‘ordination of the eo ranformations that connec the various toons that cov stent the diferent stages of fs production {ant dioiton) "Th st of coordinate ansormatons lead ing tom age to stage ofthe reproduction of the eng isthe ‘tice of ts proce of reproucon. The ivaian principle ‘ cordinatonseglating sl ofthe tages othe reprodcive oF ftevdopmenal cyte ofa enity mse Siouny be of a higher Crdero aura and generality than dhe sracare ofthe pe ‘eats pases considered separately can ole defined any ‘aly By ating suctes development iat i rode {ive ocrepoducte) procs rater tn atte Rah prod ‘tas The nplestons of ths pin for the present aati cn be Simpy ated in Marx dialectal terms The ivarant su {irl properties of hee ol rebtons ha consis the product tin productive proces wil be reprcocedsefeivly su the Srvaran stricture othe tladons of tepractio, tater Word the veto between the sietualcomponent of he Feproducive proces in sumo the nitutons and Meco forms of superar, “Phe Ge td Boru sci, considered ay sereproducing tem ne focused up the reproduction ofthe pattern of dom an/snbordinacn relator tat forms the coe of she strate tthe extended family household. Ke fellows that dhe inert formals or principe of conservation vepuating the relations be- teen he farous toy nt gest te, and ceremonial Srpiiation tht ake up the spersmucture of G# soley mus. {fecthe vara conditions of thin pattern of dominance ree {ions This pater ha been shown to onsen a form of manip {uo ofthe reproductive ele the eal fly, such tray ato prc certain patter of relations beeween fies, ith overlapping members ‘The invariant conditions a sue {ire ave tno te pipes of variance governing the Ye118 + Terence. Tomer production ofthe family (ha the system of intrfamily ex: kang immediatly salve ts proves) an ins the Slstinctive feature o the uxoiloal puters it ithe retenon ‘of rede contol over a daughter by a fet the penal me bers of her natal family after her marriage and formation 3 fio penton "The intance ations governing he proces ofthe reproduc sion ofthe amity maybe spy ste “The slay or pine integration of tations within minal aml Unk, whatever {orm ic takes, must be balanced bythe negation or ipeon Of the complementary telalons of the spouteparent members to {hei previous, naa fair Second, thew neat reatonhipe imo themseler be wansfonmed nt postive atone of cal ‘alu linking the aio sali caines ofthe peas co the ther member ofthe ater ew family of procreation that “ei spouses sd earn) The send ofthe seston isthe comity ofthe fist since, without, heft would simpy fen diner confit beewcen natal and conjugal tml een ‘hich each would tend to cancel the at tis eaing tothe Paras ofthe stem. The expresion a the second contain i theenience of the ara of secondary reson grandparent, two, aunt and 0 on) wich mt inthe set plage pon {hem balance the sre upon tfsily eats abel 9 mode or moder ha emphasis the dixie and. comple entaty™ ‘Within the broad constraints imposed by consereaton in tbe reproduction of the family andthe wxoritcl parem of dm ‘ame, thet sl comiderable latte for variation inthe pat fering of tran seatios st thus nthe proce form eth ‘ofthe pattern of dominance relations win the omc and ot {he communal iattios of superstar. Tis ate dees thei of variation of the Ge ane Boro sea each of whieh tna Be aaleed an expresiono eon pater of form Inting and weighting the iter relations of reproduction ‘minimal amily us within the confines ofthe noise “Tie “weighting” of inceramiy retains cn be ayy de fed ss. proc of several actos the rele dee of dco tity natal fil relation, Balanced gate he sel de sce of integration into the afin faiy an Household the ate AX which he procs of separation an incorporation ha en ener this balances made ocr that slaty abrope {Sr gradual character) andthe way fv which these two set of ‘oideration ate combined and balanced agin eich eer fot The Gt and Boroo Societe at Dine Stems © 178 ie nd feasted ef cain rn oman Teg posible within the bro comersints of comservaion) “The pacar form sod sternal seractoe ofthe minimal fa iy dot noc ae the relevance of thse broad codons What. ‘er for ihe minimal family ssume in 3 parela sce, in ‘sponte to that sotety’s pte of weighting of the intertmly Tellons through wiih fs reproduced ft teprofcion wil eceiy involve the wansorsaons ofall the dimensions of ‘imily sructneafected bythe proces, for example, generation, Cnsatguinty/ a, sl he varios forms of eontran Between pray" 0 italy, and accor.” or neta, rea lon ecgacl nthe iets ofthe Ge Boro group. “Tecoma of eonservation applying othe stem of ity relations ava whole mean that hee tarsormatons ae ne ee {o rary sn tlationroome aother ha is why their coordination tebe Sacnal atom tough nhich the sytem dts fle (hat it imamate iow conservation There are however, init Suinber of grees of redo” inthe sytem: the speciation of one sramfonmation doer not mechanically determine all he Siners, There ate, neveriele, fener degree of freedom Un {het umber of trastormationy reckoned for brs mals and femaien ‘The miner and form of thee "depreer of freedom” ‘ore tomewha foreach stem, for al of them i fie 1 {peu the forms of suber of theta set of transformations ‘Baking up de reproductive proceso the family andthe da ‘ant puter of inertaily feation i order determine the "The “specification” of the form of the transformation ofa dk mension O amy suet ie acted by designating tht orm [aeration athe contest and criterion fr recrutent {Oa communal institution: Recrsement hatte ec of tealign Ing the individual in the appropinely weighted relationships tr the other categories of tatn/role actor 0 whom he I te [ited upon the dimenvon fn quction, The coordination among the tranormnstons i specied through the inettwtionalized pat tem of relatone among the oust of insiitions whic embeay than, Sometimes more than one iension ant craaformation {an be coodied and coordinated hese ination lor ex Spt, spur of cxogamous motets bused on wine! decent ‘Rhgimy ld decent being transformations of diferent dimen: Sou of family and itrtatly sere) Often, ower, ech ‘Reson and cranaormaton ill be embodied in = din fn "The maperaractre of the GE and Boror sceis const ofsal 1 of such insiations, ach embodying the transformation ‘ot some dimension of interfamiy relations, with the weighing Stace to it inthe prt of reproducing ihe pattern of tani ud inetamiy velo. Taken tether tes to sions respond to the subnet of relations ih slice to determine the form ofthe ether tranorations tha go to make up thir “The anal presented in hi etion i ceutly develo iment ofthe poate mae at the end ofthe a section, that he co {rst between the domes or househol evel an the comma Snitational eel of wage sstcte mis Be seen 3 date ‘efracton ofthe contrat between the two level of he racine ‘tthe extended family household, tevpetvely represent y the ‘nina amy unit od the extended my ae whole The a ter conan i epitomized by the relation of pens tw to Soni: it iin other word, identi with the sree Of dominance relations that bas been sented on eer grounds 38 the fous of articulation tween the bu and supercar Teves af Gi soit. What Ihave attempted odo i this sction {sto specify the formal aso hs elatonship in ssem-teort Cal terms, While this dheusion he of neces Been conned to fm sbumct and general level the following are ow: Kap ‘oc tute tended a once atom of the eal ‘pproadh devcoped het ‘The difeentiation of 2 set of communal institutions, con stung evel of social stucte dain from that of the oe fenedamily households tat conte the sogmenary unit of the society, provides GE and Horora society i» mechanism Capabie of iterating nrge mien of suth segmentay unis Since the communal evel sa whole aise ot ofthe roglaion of relations among segments within the community, ae since {se telations are feted on the marrage exchange of spams mong howsehols, the community taker om the chiacer of 8 ‘elteontained endogamous society. Tt has ho ee fo formal xogamou relations wih ther communities, lscommnal oper Struette i therefore not defined in tera tt equiv op links wih oder villages. ‘The individeat village commnty, 2 ‘elfregulaing seltproducing, autonomous sell entity ths ‘Mletively dees the highest level. of Ge Borore saci srt, This may gun Be contrasted with cers Amazonian gry of the iris, patina, exogamouy, ingle long use coi) Inpe (lor example, the Tabano ofthe Vaupes region: Golda 1963; #ugh-Jones na) The village of there group nck the i {cen ht and ole ot rete ‘he minima pslieage, a te minal seen of social struc tare forme te sructnal core ofthe exec family with tong, Thousand thus dhe the rncure ofthe local commanty a8 whole. They acordingly seem to lack the stvctural cacy to Keren lange polyepmentry villages en the G&Roroo pattern, However thee totes achieve far broer structure finer Communal relations than the Ge_or Boro. ‘This crested ‘rough the extension of the prinipin deg the aractre of ‘he individual segment (he exogumospatieage. to fren System of internally ranked, exogamous pica sanding Io lation of mareageallance wath ther stb cans. This stem Ireapubie of integating oes communities ver wide ates, abet ft Tower level ot eric slidaiey than that achieved among the extended fail household segnents o a Ge village. The em trast between these two forme of Amazonian intacommual and Intecommutal organisation clearly repeats ata higher srutaral level the contrast noted ealer between the stra potenti ofuxorilcity and virility forme af domestic grouping Ter Resa of re GLoxono Bena Foon 10 oct succrons ar Hurrattne or Horns soa Garsenne Among de general question pat at dhe Binning ofthis paper seat thi of why GE and Boro wet sucture should be 50 ‘ovelyconelatl with the bimodal economic pater peculiar © thee groupe and others of sla suerure). Thi pattern i ‘haracterzed by an alternation between the practice of siden fricntre, supplemented by hunting and gathering dome on 3 ‘redominanly individual bas na Targe fase village, andthe Alpers of this lage io huntngandathering” WeAKing Than Tor pare of every year The rational explanations of ts pattern have been ether dat the Ge are eweneally Ranting tering people sil she sage of tanston to agteulture, freee the emma of loner pif gee ‘speed by more aggresive group fom the richer gruel {ind song the larger ves ofthe Amazonian basin, apd foreed 0 tar to hinting snd gaihering so applement the mote meager foodproucing nf expecially poten producing capacity of their new babsat on the Tore periphery. Proponent of both views have tended to share the asumptions that the G&Bororo “coogi niche on the margins ofthe frst hat covets the ow Tat Rizo basin is porer than that of a least the more favoredagricultural areas ofthe forest (pecially the sited feodplans long the bats ofthe major vives: Latha 1968 = hat hung tnd gathering. at leas when conducted oa seminoma bas {or pre of he year bythe sce a 3 whole, i more primitive sconomi adaptation than agrculite,andtheefore an indication ‘toca and eatral backwards i contrast fo more fully gr fultural peoples: and tht the complex and therfore culturally Sfaance” socal organisations ofthe Gé consitute an anomaly in elton to their relatively “primitive” economics and "im Dovershed” eclogeal niche (Caper 1942; Haeckel 1952; Le Seaus 1944, 1058 Seward and Faron 1050) Lath. 168 ch Tove 1952) "Al thee of thse assumptions ar in my opinion unfounded tnd ertonous. The st hasbeen explode by Bamberger, ho pointed oat not only tac the atin beeween the forest and the fBvannah, the pelerred ste of Ge villager i ditinct eoeone "cher in orl and faunal resource han ether the savanna oF {he topical forest in themslves, but that de GE mixed economy. fnimaking ve fall hrc snes, actly far ore comple ad tophisicsed inthe range of resources exploit and ths ihe i trms of productive potential, han the more nartowy based ‘conomies of eter the forest o the ivan bes Bamberger Toni). As I have aleeady argued, following Bamberger and Ca. ret dhe GE sd orto, with an overapandance 9 lA lta land, a relately veh and diversified ageculture, and Simple supplies of ish and une in the insmedate vicinity of their base villages have no presing economic need to go on thei col lective teking expeditions Tshotld now like to challenge the remaining two asumptions ofthe ston the basin of the ams ofthe racial reltone of Ge [Production and reprostion preented in this paper. To begin Inthe last (hat the complex socal organization ofthe GE ad ororo sands in an anoniow relatowhip to their emphasis ‘spon hunting and gathering) iis odd tha the proponents of ‘is view hav issted upon the primitive or eataaly regresive arate af G2and Boro hunting and gathering withone hing count of elke the re ichnes ofthe G2 ecologies the ‘more complex and preduetiveYsoure base shat the development ‘ot hunting nd guering within that niehe gives the Ge Te co {rato the more narrowly agriculesal tcc of the ame eh, fr the face that che huntingand gathering tebking proupe re Invariably organized on the base Sf comma enporse it tons, suchas moter or agears that form the higher level of ‘ructaral eomplenty of the soil stems In question, Far from standing ina contradictory or anomalous relationship to the com: Plenty C&ororo socal exgunaton in other words ant dn guiheing (or beter the oganiational requirements of it iCgeting te wobkng spon wth the aera ase Vi Inge adaption) appess abe erty comstative af the orga ‘tonal complexity rs held to contravene "The seco ofthe swe sumptions (he the anomie avis ot hunng and gathering came incl interpreted a sigu of ‘he eau and cal regresivenem of the sostty practicing i) fess upon the mone fundamental stamption tat the sector of ati potion irra he dominant cr of pd iow and ths ipo facto the pray terion of acon the sulla eur tes of which forms the "bate™ AS the model developed inthis paper has shown, this asumpeion 1 Unownded for most prsvesoeietien and cra thxe with stich we ae din concerned here. leads to the equally inet and mening upton dha fre of enon tors ae aay primarily to be accounted Tor By reference 10 thei nteaitescmomic motives As have argued hi asm {on tends dee to bad economic analyst the ease ofthe GE Sd ayro, (or cxampe the atempe to explain their ekking, Mpration inter of the need to atthe nonexinen eae ‘of reequices in thee chowen coogi ice) ‘Tai hole se of supine fils to take account of the need tw anaee the relations of eave dominance of ifleent eae ovis of production, and where material predution tors ot Er tubordinste to another mode (va, sialon). consider that dhe primary raion re of the forms of material pruction Shit sgn en fcc ned fhe tment of mpporting the swactere ofthe relations of prod om rte Goma seer ave ever show that the se fre of productive rato in the sector of widen agree So be acemuned for in ist sich terms. 1 sal now make the ‘ime ease for the sector of fnting ad pacering, and specially Torte station of the collective ue, “the dominance ofthe fatherly ovr the sont, which 1 have sued ors the bus of Ge and Bororo social sractne In genera depends upon the ality of he faherdnlaw to exe Gotsmcaninga contol over bis daughter. This mes si yo preven hen fon leaving bs bowel, since Fesiden oiguty the esental edn of control, Uider normal ‘reumstance_ hover tis conte arly pt othe tes fn the oul of the bas village. The etablishnen ofthe weir ‘eldence le ine conasity threatens to undeine the ri118 6 Terence. Turner ciple of male contol aver the owehold Beaute the group of ‘women dha for ts coe remain tgeter by simple ner, while ‘men come and go aound them. ‘There ino context in which the ‘ale head of te howehold ean seer hs contol over female ‘embers and thar give soral meaning to his "dominance." On Bis abit to dos, however hangs not only his private postion Invi own household, bt the consitency and integration of 0: ey at age “The context forthe asertion of male contol over household structures provided by the anual hunting aod gathering tls The teks ae always organized on the bats of collecive male sroupe (for inane moeies and ageset) from among them Derstuctre of comaunal insitucons. In normal communities Tere salvage ove than one tething group, and oes thee re fever fatherinaw takes his wife, his Sauphters and their sands wih him (ati, with his eolleetve men’ group) on tek teyates of the ealetve group afiation of the sonst lave normal households where there more than one ater Ila, for example, where two oF more snes oF matrlaters uns Rave maried daughters, these men divide the household, ihe happen to belong to separate group. each thing bis own Wile dnd ughter (and sensstla) ith town group Thu A senior men amert their dominance ovr the female core of the ‘extended fay household and thei abit to extend hisconzok ‘over their sonal, through the collie ascrtion of the ‘Sominance of the male productive made of hunting and long ‘ange gathering over the female mode of agriculture, auccatal ‘with etc households in the bse wile. "The GE we of hanting and gathering to reinforce the srartane ‘of dominance in the Yeations of production in the dominant Sector of production, socalation, ell exemplifes the way i tehich subdominant productive moder are retracted to conform {o the rejutement ofthe dominant mode. The seminomadic Funtingand gathering adaptation of the GE and Bororo plage ‘ial role he maintenance and reproduction ofthe structure of ‘lminance inthe elations of prodction inthe dominant sector fsoileatin, and thas the strate of ace asa whe, edocs ‘not do this, Bomever in the expaciey of intanrctare, oF of ro. Aetve base, but inthe capacity of spersructre