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V

) (TOFD
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.

.
V
TOFD

.

. TOFD
V

.
:




.

.
.

-
. (phased array
)transducers
.

Corresponding Author E-mail: mardani.kharat@yahoo.com



.
1959 )(Kelvin and Hughes


] .[1 1960
] .[2
1968 )(Jan Samer
] .[3 1976

].[4 1980
.
1980

. 1990



] .[5
TOFD

.

. TOFD
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)(Radiography
.
.

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64 32 16 8
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/ ) (Pulser/Receiver

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)(depth focusing
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.



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)(1
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V (longitudinal root
)crack .
1.5 cm .
) (1 .
) (2
.

.
-
.
64 5 MHz .
0.5 mm 10
mm .
-
. ) (3 B Scan A Scan S Scan
.
.


.
TOFD
.
45 4 MHz .
) (4 B Scan TOFD

)(Porosity
. 1.5 cm
. ) (5
.
) (6 .

.

.
64 5 MHz
. 0.5
mm 10mm .

. ) (7 A
B Scan Scan S Scan
.
.
.
.
TOFD .
45 4MHz
. ) (8 B Scan
TOFD .

-
TOFD
.


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.

TOFD TOFD

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TOFD
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-
)(Porosity TOFD



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TOFD

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V TOFD


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. TOFD

[1] E. Ginzel, Phased Arrays and Mechanised Ultrasonic Testing: A Handbook , 2nd
edition, Prometheus Press, 2003.
[2] R/D Tech, Introduction to Phased Arrays Ultrasonic Technology Application , Inc
Olympus NDT.,2004.
[3] J. C. Somer, Electronic Sector Scanning for Ultrasonic Diagnosis, Ultrasonics, vol. 6,
153, 1968.
[4] W.Poon, B. W. Drinkwater, and P. D. Wilcox, Modeling ultrasonic array performance in
simple structures, Insight, vol. 46, No. 2, 80-84, 2004.
[5] M. Amirkhosro, Ultrasonic Time-Of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) technique using phased
arrays transducer, M.Sc. dissertation, Petroleum University of Technology, 2010.
[6] R/D TechAdvances in Phased Array Ultrasonic Technology Applications, Olympus
NDT, 2007.
[7] M. Moles and S. Labbe, A Complete Solution for Weld Inspections- Phased Arrays and
Diffraction Sizing, 17 th World Conference on NDT, Shanghai, Oct 25-28, 2008.

):(2

):(1

) :(3 A-Scan, B-Scan, S-Scan


) :(4 TOFD V

) :(5 V

) :(7 A-Scan, B-Scan, S-Scan


) :(8 TOFD V

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