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Most societies believe it is in the interest of the populace to financial support the
education of its citizens an educated (intelligent?) populace leads to a better
country more innovation, stronger economy power
An ability to measure intelligence might be beneficial in a couple of ways
1.It allows you to assess whether certain educational approaches lead to higher
levels of success
2.It may allow one to tailor a childs education to their current abilities
The Binet-Simon Scale was revised in 1916 and was then called
the Stanford-Binet Scale. With that version of the scale, the IQ
of a person represented their mental age (as suggested by the test)
divided by their chronological age then multiplied by 100.
The test was revised again in 1985, and the way that IQ is
measured was also changed. The test was set up in a way such
that the average score is 100, and the standard deviation is 16.
So now, a persons IQ is simply their score on the test.
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Embyonic Stage when the heart begins to beat critical stage with
respect to the avoidance of so-called teratogens cocaine, tobacco,
alcohol, and environmental toxins. Also where sexual differentiation
occurs importance of androgens and testosterone.
The Fetal Stage when bones start to form, and the baby really starts
to grow. video
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John B. Watson
Little Albert
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Negative Feedback
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Over-justification
Hypothesis
Intermittent
Reinforcement
Learned Helplessness
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Eating
Sex
Aggression
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1856 1939
Trained as a physiologist and an expert in
observation which marked his work thereafter.
Fascinated by ailments that seemed to have no
physiological cause
Worked with Charcot on hypnotism
Came to believe that all human behavior is motivated by instinctual desires that
provide psychic energy
These drives could be unconscious as well as conscious
Instinct
(ID)
Reason
(EGO)
Conscience
(SUPEREGO)
The manner in which our internal energies are released determines our
personalities
Sexual and aggressive drives are obviously the least easy to satisfy given
societal desires to keep these controlled this explains why psychodynamic
theory emphasizes them so much
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Comorbidity
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Phobic Disorders
Persistent irrational
fears of specific
objects or situations
The fear must
interfere with
ones life to be
consider a true
phobia
Causes?
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Central Traits Some traits may be more important that others in terms of
organizing our impressions of others (e.g., warm/cold vs. polite blunt).
The Primacy Effect The order with which we encounter traits matters, with
earlier traits having the largest effect
Intelligent, Industrious, Impulsive, Critical, Stubborn, Envious
Importance of attributions in real life
Situation
Disposition
Depends
Neither!
Situation
Disposition
If you behave in a way that causes dissonance BUT you have a good
justification for doing so, the dissonance may be resolved (TV producer vs.
vacuum salesperson example)
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C = 0.70
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Cognitive causes:
Generally negative about themselves, which can result in a
string of self-fulfilling prophecies (remember Ekman?)
Overblow small negatives into very large ones
Blame their situation on stable personal inadequacies
(attribution style) and thus feel helpless and hopeless with
respect to things changing
Exacerbated by negative life events
Genetic causes:
All mood disorders are more prevalent when a family member has
the disorder, and more common in mono than in dizygotic twins
so partly genetically determined.
Psychiological causes:
Biochemical Factors lower levels of norepinephrine and serotonin
are associated with depression, and drugs that increase these
neurotransmitters have beneficial effects
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The 1964 case of Kitty Genovese, 38 people silent for 35 minutes in myth
and reality
Assistance Requires
> Noticing and correctly interpreting the situation
> Assuming responsibility for helping (diffusion of responsibility)
> Considering costs of intervention and concluding they are not
too high
> Then implementing the chosen course of action
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Delusions of Persecution
Delusions of Control
Delusions of Grandeur
Residual: Type the follows one of the others and is marked by only negative symptoms
Reactive: Type marked by rapid onset and brief duration, caused by stresses
Process: Type marked by gradual onset and poor prognosis
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The distinction between short and long term rewards, and its
relevance to self control eating, drinking, smoking, safe
sex, etc
http://healthland.time.com/2011/09/06/the-secrets-of-self-control-themarshmallow-test-40-years-later/
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6aCir5bu-c
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Biological Causes
Shock-Wrong-Cash
Experiment
Environmental Causes
Cognitive Causes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001935/
Cognitive Causes
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Mesmer
Charcot
Freud
Insight Therapies
Drug Therapies
GroupTherapy
CognitiveBehavioral
Therapy
Carl Rogers
Fritz Perls
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Conceptualization
1. Learning about stress & coping
2. Becoming better at appraising
situations
Skills Acquisition & Rehearsal
3. Stressor-specific problem solving
4. Emotion regulation and self control
5. Maladaptive responses as cues
Application and Follow Through
6. Imagery rehearsal over progressively
more difficult situations
7. Apply coping skills to unexpected
Musical Choice: Always Look on the Bright Side of Life (Monte Python)
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1. Relaxation
1. Learn to relax
2. Associate the feeling with a trigger
3. Practice using the trigger
2. Hierarchy of Fears
1. Create Hierarchy
2. Go through it slowly, using trigger
3. One cannot progress until they can
remain relaxed on the previous step
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Antipsychotic Drugs:
Chlorpromazine (Largactil/Thorazine)
dramatically reduces the positive
symptoms of Schizophrenia
Apparently works by blocking
dopamine receptors
Long term use leads to tardive
dyskinesia (lip smacking, drooling)