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Unam

Facultad de Qumica
Ramos Castilla Berenice Josefina

The Ribosome: A molecular machine with brains


Dr. Ada Yonath
Ribosomes are the universal cellular organelles catalyzing the
sequential polymerization of amino acids. They are build of two subunits
that associate for performing this task. The larger subunit creates the
peptide bonds and provides the path along which the protein chain
emerges out the ribosome. The smaller subunit has key roles in the
initiation

of

the

process;

in

decoding

the

genetic

message;

in

discriminating against cognate, non- and near-cognate aminoacylated


tRNA molecules; in controlling the fidelity of codon-anti-codon interactions
and in mRNA/ tRNA translocation.

The ribosome: A molecular machine with brains


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In order to determine the three dimensional structure of the


ribosome, X-ray crystallography was the best answer. This technique let us
obtain

high

resolution

data

under

homogenous

preparations

and

conditions similar to the in-situ ribosome environment. The first crystals


that yielded preliminary crystallographic information were grown from of
the large subunit from Bacillus stearothermophilus. It took a few years
until additional source was defined using a large ribosomal subunit from

Haloarcula marismortui that later yielded high resolution diffraction. A few


additional years were needed for obtaining crystals of the small subunit
from Thermus thermophilus.

Small
subunit

Unam
Facultad de Qumica
Ramos Castilla Berenice Josefina
The ribosome: A molecular machine with brains
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Large
subunit

The Ribosome: A molecular


machine with brains
Dr. Ada Yonath

Los ribosomas son los organelos universales encargados de la


catalizar la polimerizacin

secuencial de los aminoacidos y estn

constituidos de dos subunidades asociadas para realizar esta tarea. La


ms grande de ellas es la creadora de los enlaces peptdicos, adems de
ser la encargada de generar el camino a tomar por la cadena de proteinas
que emerge del ribosoma. La subunidad ms pequea tiene importancia
clave en la inicializacin del proceso; en la codificacin del mensaje
gentico; en la evaluacin y discriminacin entre distintos tipos de
molculas de tRNA aminocicladas; en el control de interacciones y
translocacin de mRNA/ tRNA.
Para determinar la

estructura

tridimensional del ribosoma, la

cristalografa por rayos X fue la mejor alternativa. Esta tcnica nos


permite obtener, mediante cristales, datos de alta resolucin y fidelidad
bajo preparados homogeneos y condiciones ambientales similares a las
caractersticas in-situ del ribosoma. Los primeros cristales que produjeron
informacin cristalogrfica preliminar fueron tomados de la subunidad
grande de

Bacillus stearothermophilus. Despus de varios aos

transcurridos para la definicin de una segunda fuente, se tomo la


subunidad ribosomtica de Haloarcula marismortu, que posteriormente
produjo difracciones de alta resolucin. Unos cuantos aos ms fueron
necesarios
obtencin
la

para
de

subunidad

proveniente
thermophilus.

The ribosome: A molecular machine with brains


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la

los cristales de
pequea
de

Thermus

Subunidad
pequea

The ribosome: A molecular machine with brains


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Subunidad
grande

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