TpchKhoahcHQGHN,CcKhoahcTritvMitrng,Tp29,S3(2013)113

ng dng m hnh SWAT v cng ngh GIS

nh gi lu lng dng chy trn lu vc sng k Bla
Nguyn Th Tnh u1, Nguyn Duy Lim2, Nguyn Kim Li*,2*
1

Trng i hc S phm K thut thnh ph H Ch Minh, Vit Nam

2
Trng i hc Nng Lm, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Vit Nam

Nhn ngy 20 thng 6 nm 2013

Chnh sa ngy 19 thng 7 nm 2013; chp nhn ng ngy 12 thng 9 nm 2013
Tm tt: Nghin cu ti nguyn nc quy m lu vc c chp nhn rng ri nh phng
php tip cn ph hp qun l, nh gi v m phng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Cng
vi s pht trin ca khoa hc - k thut, cng ngh GIS h tr cc m hnh thy vn da trn c
s vt l v phn b khng gian m phng chnh xc cc qu trnh thy vn din ra trn lu vc v
phn nh st thc t cc chc nng ca h thng lu vc sng. Trong bi cnh , nghin cu ny
c thc hin nhm m phng dng chy trn lu vc sng k Bla thuc pha bc khu vc Ty
Nguyn s dng Cng c nh gi t v Nc (Soil and Water Assessment Tool - SWAT) tch
hp vi cng ngh GIS, qua tm hiu bn cht, quy lut ca cc qu trnh thy vn din ra trn
lu vc. t c mc tiu trn, nghin cu tin hnh thu thp, bin tp c s d liu bao gm
a hnh, s dng t, th nhng v s liu thi tit theo nh dng chun ca SWAT trn nn
phn mm ArcGIS. Tip theo , thng qua phn m rng ArcSWAT chy trn nn ArcGIS, m
hnh SWAT thc hin qu trnh phn chia lu vc thnh cc tiu lu vc, cc n v thy vn, tch
hp cc lp d liu khng gian v thit lp c s d liu cho m hnh. Sau , cc thng s ca
m hnh c phn tch, sp hng nhy v hiu chnh thng qua phn mm SWAT - CUP vi
thut ton SUFI - 2 nhm m phng ti u dng chy trn lu vc. Thi gian hiu chnh c
thit lp t nm 2001 n 2005, thi gian kim nh t nm 2006 n 2011. Da trn cc ch s
thng k, cho thy kt qu m phng dng chy tt trong c hai qu trnh hiu chnh v kim nh
m hnh vi h s xc nh R2 v ch s Nash - Sutcliffe u trn 0,7 ti trm Kon Tum. Kt qu
ny cho thy nu m hnh SWAT c hiu chnh tt s tr thnh cng c h tr hu ch cho qu
trnh qun l ti nguyn nc trn lu vc.
T kha: Lu lng dng chy, Lu vc sng k Bla, GIS, M hnh SWAT.

1. Gii thiu *

i mt vi tng trng dn s cao, tnh trng

thiu nc, thay i bt thng ca lng ma,
bin ng s dng t qu nhanh v s gia tng
cc tai bin nh hn hn, l lt v nhim mi
trng [1]. Vi v tr a l nm u ngun
ca cc h thng sng ln, nn ngun nc mt
trn a bn tnh Kon Tum rt di do, to iu
kin thun li cho pht trin nng lm nghip,

Nc l thnh phn thit yu ca s sng v

mi trng, l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin
ng vai tr quan trng cho s pht trin kinh t
- x hi, c bit nhng khu vc ang phi

______
*

Tc gi lin h. T: 84-989617328
Email: ngkloi@hcmuaf.edu.vn

N.T.T.uvnnk/TpchKhoahcHQGHN,CcKhoahcTritvMitrng,Tp29,S3(2013)113

thy in ni ring v kinh t - x hi ton tnh

ni chung. Tuy nhin, do s phn b khng u
v lng ma, cng vi l yu t a hnh
phc tp, b chia ct nn ti nguyn nc mt
phn b khng ng u (dng chy gia cc
thng trong nm v gia cc nm vi nhau) dn
n tnh trng thiu nc vo ma kh v tha
nc vo ma kh. S phn b khng u ny
gy thit hi khng nh cho sn xut v i
sng nhn dn trong tnh khi thng xuyn phi
i mt vi thin tai l lt, hn hn, v.v... [2].
Chnh v vy, cng tc qun l, khai thc v s
dng hiu qu, bn vng ti nguyn nc tr
thnh vn cp bch, mang tnh ct li trong
chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi ca ton
tnh.
Qun l ti nguyn nc ch yu tip cn
theo quy m lu vc [3] bi l lu vc c
xem l n v thy vn c bn c th tin hnh
nghin cu tnh cht khng ng nht v phc
tp ca qu trnh vt l v mi tng tc gia
t ai, kh hu v cc hot ng ca con
ngi. Cch tip cn ny c p dng nh
gi tim nng v cht lng nc thng qua cc
m hnh thy vn v cc cng c h tr nhm
m phng v d on nhy ca lu vc
cc quy m khng gian v thi gian khc nhau.
Hin nay, c rt nhiu m hnh thy vn cp
lu vc c pht trin [4] nhng s sn
c ca d liu khng gian v thi gian ang l
kh khn chnh cn tr vic ng dng cc m
hnh ny, nht cc nc ang pht trin. Tuy
nhin, s pht trin ca cng ngh GIS to
nn ng lc gp phn ci thin, thc y vic
ng dng cc m hnh ny trn phm vi ton
th gii. Cng ngh GIS h tr cc m hnh
thy vn da trn c s vt l v phn b khng
gian m phng chnh xc cc qu trnh thy vn
din ra trn lu vc v phn nh st thc t cc
chc nng ca h thng lu vc sng [1].

Nghin cu ny c thc hin nhm mc

tiu thit lp, hiu chnh mt m hnh ph hp
cho php m phng dng chy trn lu vc
sng k Bla, chy qua a bn hai tnh Kon
Tum v Gia Lai, thuc khu vc Ty Nguyn
vi tin cy cao, qua tm hiu bn cht,
quy lut ca cc qu trnh thy vn din ra trn
lu vc cng nh nh gi nhy ca lu vc
vi cc hin tng, ri ro mi trng c nguy
c phi i mt nh xi mn, ngp lt, hn hn,
nhim, v.v... t c mc tiu trn, Cng
c nh gi t v Nc (Soil and Water
Assessment Tool - SWAT) c la chn
bi v y l m hnh thy vn bao gm nhiu
thnh phn v chc nng hu ch cho php m
phng cn bng nc v cc qu trnh thy vn
khc nh cht lng nc, bin i kh hu,
sinh trng trng cy trng v thc tin qun
l t ai [1] vi giao din s dng thn thin
[5]. Thm vo , tnh hiu qu v tin cy
ca m hnh SWAT c khng nh trong
rt nhiu nghin cu khc nhau trn ton th
gii nn y chnh l c hi kim tra mc
ph hp ca m hnh i vi lu vc sng k
Bla.
Ti Vit Nam, SWAT bt u du nhp t
nm 1998. T nhng nghin cu nh l, ri rc
mt s khu vc ban u, n nay m hnh
SWAT c ng dng rng ri trong cc
lnh vc qun l lu vc sng trn c 3 min:
Bc, Trung, Nam vi nhng quy m, mc
khc nhau. Theo c tnh s b, tnh n thng
11/2012 c khong 34 nghin cu ng dng
SWAT c cng b chnh thc trn cc tp
ch, k yu hi ngh, trong cc lun vn i hccao hc-tin s. Bn cnh , cn rt nhiu
nhng nghin cu khc cha c cng b
chnh thc nn cha th thng k y .
Nhng ch c quan tm trong cc nghin
cu ng dng SWAT c th c chia thnh

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cc danh mc nh sau: m phng dng chy;

nh gi tc ng ca thay i s dng t,
bin i kh hu; xi mn v bi lng; cht
lng nc. Ring ti lu vc sng k Bla,
mi ch c nghin cu ca M. T. Vu et al.
(2012) [6] ng dng m hnh SWAT m phng
dng chy trn lu vc s dng mt s ngun
d liu ma ton cu di dng li vi
phn gii cao nhm phn tch nhy ca m
hnh vi cc b d liu u vo khc nhau v
nh gi nh lng mc khng chc chn
trong cc b d liu ny. Khc vi nghin cu
trn, mc ch nghin cu ny nhm nh gi
tnh hu dng v kh nng ca SWAT trong m
phng cc qu trnh thy vn trn lu vc k
Bla s dng ngun d liu a phng.

2. c im khu vc nghin cu
Lu vc sng k Bla nm khu vc Ty
Nguyn ca Vit Nam. Sng k Bla l nhnh
tri ca sng S San c dng hnh nan qut vi
din tch lu vc rng 3.507km2 (din tch tnh
n trm Kon Tum khong 2.971,52km2), chiu
di sng chnh khong 152km. Pha Bc gip
vi h thng sng Thu Bn, pha ng gip vi
h thng sng Ba, pha Nam l h lu sng S
San. Sng k Bla bt ngun t dy ni Ngc
C Rinh cao 2.025m, chy theo hng ng
Bc - Ty Nam qua a bn hai tnh Kon Tum
v Gia Lai (Hnh 1) v hp vi sng S San
cch Ya Ly 16 km v pha h lu. Lu vc
sng k Bla c h thng sng sui kh pht
trin vi mt li sng l 0,49 km/km2 vi
h s un khc 2,03, dc trung bnh lng
sng chnh l 4% [2].
c im a hnh trn lu vc sng k
Bla bin i kh phc tp: cao a hnh thp

dn t bc xung nam v nghing dn t ng

sang ty vi cc i ni, cao nguyn v thung
lng xen k nhau. Chnh iu ny khin cho
vic xy dng mng li trm quan trc kh
tng, thy vn trn khu vc gp rt nhiu tr
ngi do chi ph xy dng v duy tr hot ng
ca cc trm ti y thng rt ln, c bit ti
khu vc min ni. Hin ti, h thng quan trc
kh tng, thy vn trn lu vc cha c u
t, pht trin tng xng (s lng cc trm
cn t, phn b ri rc theo khng gian, thit b
cha c nng cp). Theo thng k, c 2 im
o ma nhn dn (k oa, Mng Cnh), 2
trm kh tng cp 1 (Kon Tum, Pleiku), 2 trm
thy vn (Kon Tum, Kon Plong) nm trn lu
vc (Hnh 1).
V kh hu, lu vc sng k Bla thuc
vng nhit i gi ma ca Ty Nguyn, trong
mt nm c hai ma r rt: ma ma t thng
V n thng X, ma kh t thng XI n thng
IV nm sau [2]. Nn nhit cao, trung bnh
nm khong 20 - 25oC, tng lng ma nm
vo loi trung bnh, t 1.500 - 3.000mm vi
lng bc hi trung bnh nm cao khong 1.000
- 1.500m [6].
Phn ln din tch lu vc c che ph
bi rng rm nhit i vi cc kiu rng chnh
nh: rng nhit i thng xanh, rng non,
rng hn giao, rng trng v cy bi [6].
Nn kinh t trn a bn nghin cu ph
thuc ln vo hot ng trng trt vi cc cy
trng chnh l cao su v c ph trng trn t
bazan in hnh. Bn cnh , sn xut nng
nghip cng ng vai tr quan trng cho nn
kinh t a phng. Chnh v vy, vic m
phng, d bo dng chy trn lu vc c
ngha rt quan trng [6].

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4
L

Hnh 1. V tr lu vc sng k Bla v mng li quan trc kh tng, thy vn.

3. Phng php nghin cu

3.1. Tng quan v m hnh SWAT

di [7]. Mt trong nhng m-un chnh ca m

hnh ny l m phng dng chy t ma v cc
c trng vt l trn lu vc.

SWAT l m hnh thy vn phn phi c

xy dng bi Trung tm phc v nghin cu
nng nghip (Agricultural Research Service)
thuc B Nng nghip Hoa K (United States
Department of Agriculture) v Trung tm
nghin cu nng nghip (Texas A&M AgriLife
Research) thuc i hc Texas A&M, Hoa K
vo u nhng nm 1990 vi mc ch d bo
nhng nh hng ca thc hnh qun l s
dng t n nc, s bi lng v lng ha cht
sinh ra t hot ng nng nghip trn nhng lu
vc rng ln v phc tp trong khong thi gian

M hnh SWAT c nhiu u im so vi

cc m hnh tin thn nh cho php m hnh
ha cc lu vc khng c mng li quan trc,
m phng tc ng ca thay i d liu u vo
nh s dng t, thc hnh qun l t ai v
kh hu [7]. Giao din tch hp trong GIS to
thun tin cho vic nh ngha lu vc, cng
nh thao tc, x l cc d liu khng gian v
d liu dng bng lin quan [8]. Trong trng
hp d liu u vo hn ch, SWAT vn c th
m phng c. Ngoi ra, vi kh nng tnh
ton hiu qu, SWAT c th m phng cc lu

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vc rng ln vi nhiu dng thc hnh qun l

t ai m khng tn nhiu thi gian v ti
nguyn my tnh. Cui cng, SWAT l m hnh
theo thi gian lin tc nn c th m phng tc
ng lu di ca s dng t, thc hnh qun l
t ai v s tch t ca cc cht nhim [7].
SWAT cho php m hnh ha nhiu qu
trnh vt l trn cng mt lu vc. Mt lu vc
c phn chia thnh cc tiu lu vc lin kt
vi nhau bi mt mng li sng sui. Mi tiu
lu vc sau c chia thnh cc n v thy
vn (Hydrologic Response Unit- HRU) da trn
nhng c trng ng nht v s dng t, th
nhng, dc v thc hnh qun l t ai.
Cc HRUs chim gi t l din tch khc nhau
trong tiu lu vc v khng c v tr khng gian
trong qu trnh m phng SWAT. M hnh
SWAT tng hp dng chy, bi lng v ti
lng dng cht t mi tiu lu vc, HRU v
sau dn kt qu ny vo cc knh dn, ao, h
cha n ca x lu vc [9].
SWAT m hnh ha chu trnh thy vn da
trn phng trnh cn bng nc sau [10]:
(1)
Trong ,
SWt: lng nc trong t ti thi im t
(mm H2O)
SWo: lng nc trong t ti thi im
ban u trong ngy th i (mm H2O)
t: thi gian (ngy)
Rday: lng nc ma trong ngy th i
(mm H2O)
Qsurf: lng dng chy b mt trong ngy
th i (mm H2O)
Ea: lng nc bc hi trong ngy th i
(mm H2O)
wseep: lng nc thm vo vng cha
bo ha trong ngy th i (mm H2O)

Qgw: lng nc ngm chy ra sng trong

ngy th i (mm H2O)
SWAT yu cu nhiu lp d liu u vo
theo khng gian v thi gian. h tr qu
trnh x l, phn tch nhng d liu ny, SWAT
s dng nhng cng c ca GIS. V vy, to
thun li cho vic s dng cc m hnh, hin
nay SWAT c tch hp vo hai phn mm
GIS di dng phn m rng min ph l
ArcSWAT cho ArcGIS v MWSWAT cho
MapWindow.
3.2. Bin tp c s d liu u vo
Trong nghin cu ny, phn m rng
ArcSWAT c s dng thao tc tin trnh
m phng SWAT trn nn ArcGIS. Theo ,
bc u tin SWAT tin hnh phn chia lu
vc thnh nhng tiu lu vc da trn M hnh
s cao (DEM) v ca x c to ra t cc
giao im ca cc nhnh sng hoc do ngi
dng thit lp. Tip theo, mi tiu lu vc c
chia thnh cc HRU da trn c s chng lp
d liu s dng t, th nhng v dc.
Hnh 2 minh ha cc thnh phn ca m hnh
SWAT. Cc d liu khng gian c bn cn thit
cho ArcSWAT bao gm DEM, s dng t v
th nhng. Cc d liu theo chui thi gian
theo yu cu ca m hnh bao gm s liu kh
tng tnh ton cn bng nc (Phng trnh
1) v s liu lu lng dng chy. hiu
chnh, kim nh kt qu m phng t SWAT.
Kh khn thng gp khi ng dng m
hnh SWAT cc nc ang pht trin l s
khan him hoc khng c cc d liu cn thit.
vt qua ro cn ny, chng ti s dng kt
hp ngun d liu thu thp t cc c quan a
phng vi ngun d liu ton cu c cung
cp min ph.
h

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D liu u vo

X l trong GIS

DEM

Phn nh
lu vc

Thit lp tp tin
u vo
Ghi chp
d liu u vo

S dng t

Phn chia
tiu lu vc

Bin tp
c s d liu

Phn tch
nhy

Th nhng

M phng mng
li sng sui

Thit lp cc
bng d liu

Hiu chnh
m hnh
Kim nh
m hnh

Ta a l
trm kh tng
Chui s liu kh
tng

Chy m hnh

nh ngha HRU

Chy SWAT

c d liu
u ra
c bo co
kt qu
Gi tr
thng s ti
u

Hnh 2. Cc thnh phn, d liu u vo/u ra ca SWAT (chnh sa t [1]).

D liu cn thit c thu thp trong

nghin cu c m t vn tt nh sau:

M hnh cao s (DEM)

DEM (Hnh 3a) c trch xut t d liu
ASTER GDEM (ASTER Global Digital
Elevation Model) phn gii khng gian
30m. Da trn nn DEM, m hnh SWAT tin
hnh phn chia lu vc, cc tiu lu vc cng
nh m phng mng li sng sui, cc b mt
thot nc. Nhng thng s a hnh nh
dc a hnh, dc knh dn hoc chiu di
sng sui cng c tnh ton t DEM.
Trc khi a vo m hnh SWAT, d liu
DEM c hiu chnh v h ta UTM
WGS84.

S dng t
Bn hin trng s dng t nm 2010
(Hnh 3b) t l 1:25.000 c thu thp t S
Ti nguyn & Mi trng tnh Kon Tum, S
Ti nguyn & Mi trng tnh Gia Lai. Ton
lu vc c tt c 12 loi hnh s dng t, trong
phn ln l rng t nhin, rng trng, tip
n l t nng nghip v t th.
Trc khi a vo m hnh SWAT, bn
ny c hiu chnh v h ta UTM
WGS84, vi cc loi hnh s dng t c
phn loi li theo bng m s dng t trong
SWAT. Bng m ny quy nh m s ca cc
loi cy trng, cc loi hnh che ph chung, t

th cng vi thuc tnh ca chng, lm c s

cho qu trnh m phng s pht trin cy trng,
m phng khu vc th.

Th nhng
Bn th nhng (Hnh 3c) c thu thp
t Vin nghin cu Nng ha v Th nhng.
Trn khu vc nghin cu, thng k c 7 loi
t, bao gm t ph sa c tng m g (cambic
fluvisols), t ph sa khng c bi, chua
(dystric fluvisols), t xm feralit (ferralic
acrisols), t xm mn trn ni (humic
acrisols), t mn vng trn ni (humic
ferrasols), t nu (rhodic ferralsols), t ly
tht (umbric gleysols).
Trc khi a vo m hnh SWAT, bn
ny c hiu chnh v h ta UTM
WGS84 v c phn loi li theo m loi t ca
FAO74 tng ng trong c s d liu th nhng
ca SWAT. S chuyn i ny cn c vo tn
loi t, tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca t.

Thi tit
S liu thi tit cn thit cho SWAT c thu
thp trong nghin cu bao gm lng ma, nhit
khng kh ln nht, nh nht, bc x Mt Tri,
tc gi v m tng i theo ngy.
i vi s liu ma v nhit , da trn v
tr phn b, thi gian o c v cht lng d
liu, nghin cu la chn v s dng s liu
ti cc trm o nm trong lu vc sng k Bla

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bao gm 2 im o ma nhn dn (k oa,

Mng Cnh), 2 trm kh tng (Kon Tum,
Pleiku), kt hp vi cc trm o ln cn bao
gm im o ma nhn dn KBang v trm kh
tng k T nhm phn nh r nt c im
kh tng vn phn b rt phc tp theo khng
gian trn lu vc (Hnh 3d). Ngun cung cp s
liu ly t i Kh tng Thy vn khu vc
Ty Nguyn trong khong thi gian t nm
2000 n 2011.

vn hnh thi tit WXEN [11] trong SWAT

tin hnh m phng thi tit trong trng hp
khim khuyt s liu quan trc) v cc tp tin
thi tit thnh phn (lu tr gi tr quan trc cc
yu t kh tng).

i vi cc s liu thi tit cn li, nghin

cu s dng chui s liu trong khong thi gian
t nm 2000 n 2010 ti 3 im d liu kh hu
dng li (0,3o x 0,3o) ly t H thng Phn
tch, D bo Kh hu (Climate Forecast System
Reanalysis- CFSR) thuc Trung tm Quc gia D
bo Mi trng Hoa K (The National Centers
for Environmental Prediction).

Trong trm Kon Tum l trm thy vn

cp 1, c u t nn thi gian quan trc di
hn v cht lng d liu m bo tin cy
cao hn trm Kon Plong. Ngoi ra, vi v tr
nm ti vng h lu sng k Bla nn chui s
liu quan trc thy vn ti trm Kon Tum c
tnh cht bao qut, i din cho ton lu vc.

Trc khi a vo m hnh SWAT, s liu

thi tit c bin tp thnh cc tp tin thi tit
tng qut (cha ng cc thng s thng k
thi tit theo thng, lm u vo cho m hnh

Thy vn
Trn lu vc sng k Bla, hin ti c 2
trm quan trc lu lng dng chy ang hot
ng, t ti Kon Plong v Kon Tum (Hnh 3d).

Chnh v nhng l do trn, nghin cu

tin hnh thu thp s liu quan trc lu lng
dng chy thi k 2000 - 2011 ti trm Kon
Tum nhm h tr qu trnh hiu chnh v kim
nh m hnh SWAT.

JK

(a)

(b)

N.T.T.uvnnk/TpchKhoahcHQGHN,CcKhoahcTritvMitrng,Tp29,S3(2013)113

(c)

(d)

Hnh 3. Ngun d liu u vo (a) DEM, (b) Th nhng, (c) S dng t, (d) Trm kh tng - thy vn.

3.3. Thit lp m hnh SWAT

Tin trnh m phng dng chy trn lu vc
k Bla c thc hin thng qua phn m
rng ArcSWAT cho phin bn SWAT2012.
Trc tin, m hnh SWAT phn chia lu vc
thnh 11 tiu lu vc. Sau , vi vic thit lp
ngng din tch s dng t, th nhng v
dc tng ng l 30%, 30% v 30%, to ra
33 HRUs.
Cc thnh phn cn bng nc c tnh
ton theo phng php ng cong s (curve
number) [12] cho dng chy mt v phng
php Hargreaves [13] cho bc hi tim nng.
Qu trnh m phng thy vn trong SWAT
c lin quan ti hn 26 thng s. Do vy, qu
trnh hiu chnh m hnh s tr nn kh phc
tp v i hi kh nng tnh ton mnh m [14].
Trong trng hp ny, phn tch nhy c

s dng nhm xc nh v xp hng cc thng

s c nh hng ln nht n kt qu u ra
ca m hnh ( y ny l lu lng dng chy)
[15]. Phng php phn tch nhy c thao
tc ngay trong giao din ArcSWAT kt hp m
phng Hypercube Latinh v ly mu Onefactor-At-a-Time [16].
Hiu chnh m hnh nhm xc nh gi tr
ti u cho b thng s thit lp bi ngi s
dng. Qu trnh ny c th c thc hin th
cng hoc t ng da trn thut ton ti u
ha. So snh hai phng php hiu chnh cho
thy hiu chnh t ng gip tit kim cng
sc, thi gian x l hn, v c th gim thiu
tnh khng chc chn vn c trng ca hiu
chnh th cng [17]. V vy, nghin cu tin
hnh hiu chnh m hnh thng qua chng
trnh hiu chnh t ng SWAT - CUP bng

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phng php Sequential Uncertainty Fitting

(SUFI-2) [18].
Sau khi kt thc hiu chnh, qu trnh kim
nh c thc hin nhm nh gi hiu qu
ca m hnh s dng b thng s hiu chnh
trong vic m phng cc chc nng thy vn
trn lu vc vi khong thi gian c lp vi
giai on hiu chnh.
Qu trnh hiu chnh, kim nh m hnh
c thc hin bng cch s dng h s xc
nh R2 [19] v ch s hiu qu Nash- Sutcliffe
(NSE) [20]. Cng thc tnh ton cc h s ny
c th hin trong cc phng trnh sau y.

(2)
(3)
Trong , Oi l gi tr thc o, l gi tr
thc o trung bnh, Pi l gi tr m phng, l
gi tr m phng trung bnh, n l s lng gi
tr tnh ton.
Nhn chung, m hnh c chp nhn khi
h s R2 v ch s NSE ln hn 0,5 [21, 22].
S liu quan trc lu lng dng chy trung
bnh thng giai on 2000- 2005, 2006- 2011 ti
trm Kon Tum c s dng ln lt cho qu
trnh hiu chnh, kim nh m hnh SWAT.

4. Kt qu v tho lun
4.1. Hiu chnh v kim nh m hnh
Phn tch nhy da trn dng chy mt
cho thy cc thng s nhy nht trong qu trnh
m phng thy vn trn lu vc k Bla l
CN2, ALPHA_BF, GW_DELAY v GWQMN.
Bn thng s ny sau c la chn
hiu chnh thng qua phng php SUFI-2.
Vic nh ngha t ng gi tr ti u ca
cc bin m hnh tuy mt nhiu thi gian nhng
n c chng minh l hiu qu v ng tin
cy hn so vi lm th cng [1]. Phm vi v gi
tr ti u ca cc thng s hiu chnh c th
hin trong Bng 1.
Tin hnh chy m hnh SWAT vi cc gi
tr ti u cho php nh gi hiu sut ca m
hnh. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cch
so snh cc gi tr lu lng dng chy quan
trc v m phng ti trm Kon Tum cho c hai
thi k hiu chnh v kim nh. Kt qu hiu
chnh v kim nh c th hin trong Bng 2
v Hnh 4, 5.
Da trn cc thng s thng k cho thy c
mi tng quan tt gia gi tr lu lng dng
chy quan trc v m phng hng thng vi R
t 0,78, NSE t 0,75 trong giai on hiu chnh.
Trong giai on kim nh, kt qu m phng
km hn vi R v NSE ln lt l 0,75 v 0,72.
Nh vy, nh gi chung, m hnh t kt qu tt
trong c hai thi k hiu chnh v kim nh.

Bng 1. Phm vi v gi tr ti u ca cc thng s hiu chnh m hnh SWAT

Thng s

M t

r_CN2

Ch s CN ng vi iu kin m II

v_ALPHA_BF

Gi tr hiu chnh
Gi tr
Gi tr
Gi tr
ti u
nh nht
ln nht
-0,16

-0,2

0,2

H s trit gim

0,1

v_GW_DELAY

S chm tr nc ngm

324

30

450

v_GWQMN

Ngng sinh dng chy ngm (mm)

0,2

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Bng 2. nh gi kt qu m phng dng chy giai on hiu chnh, kim nh

Giai on

Gi tr
R2

NSE

Hiu chnh (2001- 2005)

0,78

0,75

Kim nh (2006- 2011)

0,75

0,72

Hnh 4. Din bin lu lng dng chy quan trc v m phng giai on hiu chnh (2001- 2005).

Hnh 5. Din bin lu lng dng chy quan trc v m phng giai on kim nh (2006 - 2011).

4.2. Cc thnh phn cn bng nc

M hnh SWAT tnh ton cn bng nc
cho mi HRU, sau tng hp tt c cc gi tr
tnh ton ti HRU theo trung bnh din tch
thng k cho cc tiu lu vc v cho ton b

lu vc sng. Gi tr m phng ca cc thnh

phn cn bng nc trung bnh nm giai on
2000- 2011 c trnh by trong Bng 3.
T l dng chy so vi lng ma trung
bnh t 0,72 cho thy kh nng sn sinh ngun

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nc trn lu vc sng k Bla kh phong ph.

T l bc thot hi thc t so vi lng ma
thp (0,26) phn nh kh nng gi nc tt ca
lp thc ph trn b mt lu vc. Mt khc, nu
xem xt n tng thnh phn trong lu lng
dng chy, nhn thy dng chy mt chim t l

11

thp hn dng chy ngm (0,43 so vi 0,57),

iu ny chng minh tim nng nc ngm trn
lu vc rt phong ph cng nh vai tr quan
trng ca rng trong vic hn ch dng chy
mt, tng lng dng chy ngm.

Bng 3. Gi tr m phng cn bng nc trung bnh nm

Thnh phn cn bng nc

Gi tr

Lng ma (mm)

1.903,8

Bc thot hi tim nng (mm)

992,5

Bc thot hi thc t (mm)

497,4

Dng chy mt (mm)

584,72

Dng chy tr (mm)

185,78

Dng chy hi quy (mm)

593,42

5. Kt lun
Qua nghin cu ny, m hnh SWAT
c hiu chnh thnh cng cho lu vc k
Bla. M hnh cho kt qu m phng tt i vi
lu lng dng chy trung bnh thng. Thut
ton ti u ha SUFI-2 tch hp trong giao din
SWAT-CUP c s dng hiu chnh m
hnh. Cc gi tr ti u ca tng thng s m
hnh c m t mt cch r rng. Qu trnh
nh gi hiu qu ca m hnh c thc
hin thnh cng vi hai ch s thng k l R2 v
NSE. C th, so snh gi tr dng chy quan
trc v m phng ti trm Kon Tum cho thy
ch s NSE v h s R u cao hn 0,7 trong
c hai thi k hiu chnh v kim nh.
Nghin cu ny chng minh kh nng
ng dng GIS xy dng c s d liu u vo
cn thit cho qu trnh thit lp, chy cc m
hnh thy vn, c bit l i vi nhng m
hnh phn phi lin tc. ng thi, cng cho
thy kh nng ng dng m hnh SWAT trong
m phng lu lng dng chy ti cc lu vc
i ni nh lu vc k Bla.

Hng nghin cu tip theo ca nghin cu

ny l ng dng m hnh SWAT c
hiu chnh phn tch cc thnh phn cn
bng nc, nh gi tc ng ca thay i s
dng t v bin i kh hu n ngun ti
nguyn nc cng nh cht lng nc v ti
lng bn ct.

Ti liu tham kho

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Kaoukaya, Youness Kharchaf and Omar Alami
Bachir, 2011. Hydrologic Modeling of the
Bouregreg Watershed (Morocco) Using GIS and
SWAT Model. Journal of Geographic Information
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2011,
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279-289.
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Hillslope Scale, Process Simplicity at the Watershed
Scale: Is There a Connection? Hydrological
Processes, Vol. 17, No. 5, 2003, pp. 1037-1041.
doi:10.1002/hyp.5109.

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[4] Singh V. P. and Woolhiser D. A., 2003.

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[5] Arnold J. G., Srinivasan R., Muttiah R. S., and
Williams J. R., 1998. Large area hydrologic
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American
Water
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Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model. In:
Arnold, J et al., eds. 2009. Soil and Water
Assessment Tool (SWAT): Global Applications.
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Soil and Water Conservation, Bangkok: Funny
Publishing, pp.3-23.
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Hydrology in Water Quality Modeling: Uses,
Abuses, and Future Directions. Journal of the
American Water Resources Association, Vol. 41,

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No. 2, 2005, pp. 377-388.doi:10.1111/j.17521688.2005.tb03742.x.

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13

Applying GIS Technique and SWAT Model to Assessing

Water Discharge in the k Bla Watershed
Nguyn Th Tnh u1, Nguyn Duy Lim2, Nguyn Kim Li2
1

University of Technical Education H Ch Minh City, Vietnam

2
Nng Lm University, H Ch Minh City, Vietnam

Abstract: The study of water resources at watershed scale is widely adopted as an appropriate
approach to manage, assess and simulate these important natural resources. The development of GIS
techniques has allowed the use of spatially and physically based hydrologic models to simulate as
simply and realistically as possible the functioning of watershed systems. In this context, the objective
of this study is to model the hydrology in the k Bla river basin, located at the Central Highland of
Vietnam, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in order to understand and determine the
different watershed hydrological processes. The ArcSWAT interface implemented in the ArcGIS
software was used to delineate the basin and its sub-components, combine the data layers and edit the
model database. The model parameters were analyzed, ranked and adjusted for hydrologic modeling
purposes using monthly temporal data series. They were calibrated using Sequential Uncertainty
Fitting (SUFI-2) method in SWAT - CUP software from 2000 to 2005 and validated from 2006 to
2011. Based on statistical indicators, the evaluation indicates that SWAT model had a good
performance for both calibration and validation periods in Dak Bla watershed. In fact, the model
showed a good correlation between the observed and simulated monthly average river discharge at
Kon Tum stream gauge with R and Nash - Sutcliffe coefficient of about 0.7. These results revealed
that if properly calibrated, SWAT model can be used efficiently to support water management
policies.
Keywords: Water discharge, Dak Bla watershed, GIS, SWAT model.