Viê N Công Nghê Sinh Ho C Va TH C Phâ M

VIN CNG NGH SINH HOC VA THC PHM
BO CO N TT NGHIP
KHO ST TO MANG
CHITOSAN TRA XANH
GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh
Thanh ph H Chi Minh, thang 7/2014
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TPHCM

VIN CNG NGH SINH HC VA THC PHM
BO CO N TT NGHIP
KHO ST TO MANG
CHITOSAN TRA XANH
GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Lp: HTP6A
SVTH:
ng Th Cm T
MSSV: 10036791
L Kim Yn
MSSV: 10036521
Thanh ph H Chi Minh, thang 7/2014
Trng i hc Cng nghip Tp. HCM CNG HOA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
VIN CNG NGH
c lp T do Hnh phc
SINH HOC VA THC PHM
NHIM V N CHUYN NGANH

VIN CNG NGH SINH HC VA THC PHM
B MN: CNG NGH THC PHM
H VA TN: L Kim Yn
ng Th Cm T
MSSV: 10036521
MSSV: 10036791
NGANH: CNG NGH THC PHM
LP: DHTP6A
1. tai an: Nghin cu to mang chitosan tra xanh.

2. Nhim v:
-
Tng quan v chitosan, tra xanh va cac cht b sung
To ra mang bao chitosan- tra xanh b sung cht khac
Xac nh cac tinh cht ca mang to ra
Kim tra tinh khang khun ca mang to ra
3. Ngay giao nhim v an: 10/03/2014

4. Ngay hoan thanh nhim v: 27/06/2014
5. H tn ngi hng dn: Th.S Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh
Ni dung va yu cu DATN c thng qua b mn
Ngy .. thng 7 nm 2014
CH NHIM B MN
NGI HNG DN CHNH
Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

PHN DANH CHO VIN
Ngi duyt (chm h s):............................................................
n v:..........................................................................................
Ngay bo v:.................................................................................
im tng kt:...............................................................................
Ni lu tr lun an:.......................................................................
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

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Tp. H Chi Minh, ngay. thang 7 nm 2014

Giao vin hng dn
Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

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LI CM N
Sau 4 nm c ao to ti trng, chng ti tich gp c khng it kin thc b
ich v chuyn nganh cng nh kin thc i sng. iu c c la do qu thy c ca
trng tn tnh ch dy trong nhng tit l thuyt ln thc hanh. Chng ti xin gi li
cam n chn thanh n tt c qu thy/c trong trng.
Chng ti cng xin cam n ban lnh o trng i hc Cng nghip Thanh ph H
Chi Minh, ban ch nhim Vin Cng ngh sinh hc va thc phm to iu kin cho
chng ti c th phat huy kh nng sang to, hc hi c th hoan thanh an tt
nghip, c bit chng ti xin chn thanh cam n c Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh tn tnh
hng dn chng ti c th hoan thanh bai bao cao nay.
Cui li chng ti xin chc qu thy/c trng i hc Cng nghip Thanh ph H
Chi Minh di dao sc khe, thanh cng trong cng tac va cuc sng.
Xin chn thanh cam n!
T VN
Nhu cu n ung la khng th thiu trong cuc sng chng ta, hin nay nganh cng
ngh thc phm ang ngay cang phat trin ap ng cac yu cu ca ngi tiu dng.
Cng vi s phat trin ca nganh thc phm th s nhim mi trng cang tng cao.
c bit la vn thi gian phn hu qua lu ca vt liu bao gi thc phm ma hin nay
ang c s dng ph bin la PE, v th gim thiu ti a s nhim mi trng th
vic to ra ti bao gi thc phm c kh nng t phn hu la vn ang c quan tm
hin nay. c nhiu nghin cu v vn nay, mt trong nhng vt liu c chn la
chitosan dn xut ca chitin. Mang chitosan c kh nng khang khun, khang nm,
khng sinh c t, gi nc tt cho sn phm trong qua trnh bo qun nhng mang
chitosan kha t nn dng n bao gi thc phm cha em li hiu qu kinh t cao. Vic
nghin cu phi trn chitosan vi cac cht khac nhm to ra mang chitosan c bn cao,
gia thanh ph hp dng lam bao gi thc phm la rt cn thit. c nhiu nghin cu
kt hp vi cac polyme t nhin sn xut mang bo qun thc phm c thc hin
nhiu nh mang chitosan vi cenlulose (Lima et al., 2005), chitosan vi alginate (da Silva
et al., 2011), chitosan vi polyvinyl ancol (Nguyn Th Thu Tho, 2013), v.v... Chitosan
c phi trn vi cac cht khacc th to ra mang mt s tinh cht mi nn c th lam
thay i mt s tinh nng ca mang chitosan nh tinh khang khun, khang nm... V vy,
to ra mang chitosan bo qun thc phm va bo m c tinh khang khun, chng
oxi hoa va c gia thanh hp l nn nhm chng ti chn tai Nghin cu to mang
chitosan tra xanh. Mang chitosan tra xanh c tich hp yu t khang khun ca
chitosan ln tra xanh nn hiu qu c ch vi sinh vt c nng cao. iu nay c
Dan C Vorna(2012) nghin cu, ng kt lun rng khi dng chitosan t nhin th vi
sinh vt vn khng c c ch, mang bao chitosan kt hp thm 4% dch trich tra xanh
th mang li hiu qu khang khun cao, lam gim tng vi sinh vt ban u t 3.2 xung
2.65 log cfu/cm2 khi bo qun nhit phng va gim t 3.2 xung 1-1.5 cfu/cm 2 khi
bo qun lnh. i tng nghin cu s xut hin ca vi sinh vt la cac ng vt thu sn,
v th kho sat s gia tng ca vi sinh vt trong qua trnh bo qun khi dng mang
chitosan tra xanh trong nghin cu, chng ti chn ca tra. Ca tra la loi ca c nui
rng ri ng bng sng Cu Long, hin nay chim lnh th trng trong va ngoai nc.
Ca tra c gia tr dinh dng cao, giau protein, v th nhng sn phm lam t ca tra nu
khng c phng phap bo qun tt th chng rt d b h hng, n thi, i hi chng ta
cn c nhng bin phap x l, bo qun tt hn trong vic lam ti sn phm va ko dai
thi gian ti ngon ca chng.
Mc tiu t ra ca tai nghin cu nay la:
-
To c mang chitosan tra xanh phi trn cht khac c tinh cht c l tt va c kh nng
khang khun ap dng bo qun ca tra fillet p lnh.
t c cac mc tiu trn th cn thc hin nhng ni dung sau:
Kho sat to mang chitosan tra xanh phi trn cht khac thich hp v nng va t l
chn ra mang tt nht thng qua xac nh cac tinh cht ca mang nh: tinh cht c l (
cng t, ko gin), tinh thm nc va sang ca mang.

Kho sat tinh khang khun ca mang to c trn i tng la ca tra fillet p lnh.
Do kin thc chng em cn hn hp nn trong qua trnh lam thc nghim khng
tranh khi nhng sai st, rt mong s ch dn ca thy c, chng em xin chn thanh cam
n.
MC L
CHNG 1.TNG QUAN NGUYN LIU.....................................................................1

1.1. Chitosan.....................................................................................................................1
1.1.1. Tinh cht ha hc................................................................................................1
1.1.2. Tinh cht v t li....................................................................................................2
1.1.3. C ch khang khun ca chitosan.......................................................................2
1.1.4. Gii thi u v mang chitosan va ng dng...........................................................4
1.1.5. Cac nghin cu lin quan n to mang bao gi thc phm lin quan n
chitosan.............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2. Gii thiu v cy ch.................................................................................................6
1.2.1. c tinh..............................................................................................................6
1.2.2. Thanh phn hoa hc ca la ch...........................................................................7
1.2.2.1. Nc...............................................................................................................8
1.2.2.2. Carbonhydrate................................................................................................8
1.2.2.3. Cac hp cht cha nitrogen............................................................................9
1.2.2.4. Tinh du........................................................................................................10
1.2.2.5. Sc t............................................................................................................10
1.2.2.6. Enzyme.........................................................................................................10
1.2.2.7. Polyphenol....................................................................................................11
1.2.2.8. Catechin........................................................................................................12
1.2.3. C ch khang khun ca ch.............................................................................12
1.2.4. Cac nghin cu v to mang chitosan kt hp tra xanh....................................13
1.3. Cac cht b sung......................................................................................................14

1.3.1. Alginate.............................................................................................................14
1.3.1.1. Ngun gc....................................................................................................14
1.3.1.2. Cu to cu trc.........................................................................................14
1.3.1.3. Tinh cht.......................................................................................................15
1.3.2. Pectin................................................................................................................16
1.3.2.1. Ngun gc....................................................................................................16
1.3.2.2. Cu to cu trc.........................................................................................17
1.3.2.3. Tinh cht.......................................................................................................17
1.3.3. Gelatin..............................................................................................................18
1.3.3.1. Ngun gc....................................................................................................18
1.3.3.2. Cu to cu trc.........................................................................................18
1.3.3.3. Tinh cht.......................................................................................................20
1.3.4. Glixerol.............................................................................................................21
1.3.4.1. Ngun gc....................................................................................................21
1.3.4.2. Cu to cu trc.........................................................................................21
1.3.4.3. Tinh cht.......................................................................................................21
1.3.5. Etylene glycol (EG)..........................................................................................21
1.4. Ca tra.......................................................................................................................22
1.4.1. c im...........................................................................................................22
1.4.2. Cac bin i ca ca sau khi cht.......................................................................23
1.4.2.1. Cac bin i cm quan..................................................................................23
1.4.2.2. Cac bin i t phn gii..............................................................................24
8
1.4.2.3. S phn gii protein......................................................................................24

1.4.2.4. Bin i do vi sinh vt..................................................................................25
1.4.2.5. S oxy ha cht bo......................................................................................25
1.4.3. Bo qun lnh ca tra..........................................................................................26
1.5. Mang bao thc phm...............................................................................................27
1.5.1. Mang bao trai cy, rau qu................................................................................27
1.5.2. Mang protein.....................................................................................................27
1.5.3. Mang polysaccharide........................................................................................28
1.5.4. Mang lipid.........................................................................................................28
CHNG 2: I TNG VA PHNG PHP NGHIN CU..................................29
2.1. i tng nghin cu..............................................................................................29
2.1.1. Thi gian va a im nghin cu.....................................................................29
2.1.2. Nguyn liu.......................................................................................................29
2.1.3. Hoa cht, dng c va thit b.............................................................................31
2.1.3.1. Hoa cht........................................................................................................31
2.1.3.2. Dng c........................................................................................................31
2.1.3.3. Thit b.........................................................................................................31
2.2. Phng phap nghin cu.........................................................................................32
2.2.1. Phng phap trich ly tra xanh...........................................................................32
2.2.2. Phng phap to mang chitosan tra xanh.......................................................34
2.2.3. Phng phap b tri thi nghim..........................................................................34
2.2.3.1. Phng phap b tri thi ngim kho sat chn cht b sung thich hp............34
2.2.3.2. Phng phap b tri thi ngim kho sat chn nng cht thich hp...........35
9
2.2.3.3. Phng phap b tri thi ngim kho sat chn t l cht thich hp..................36
2.2.3.4. Phng phap kim tra vi sinh vt trn ca tra khi bo qun bng mang tt nht
........................................................................................................................................... 37
2.2.4. Phng phap xac nh cac ch tiu ca mang...................................................37
2.2.2.1. Xac nh day mang (I. Leceta va c n g s, 2013).....................................37
2.2.2.2. Xac nh tinh cht c l ca mang (Miguel A. Cerqueira va c ng s, 2012)38
2.2.2.3. Xac nh thm t ca mang (Cup va c ng s, 1996).............................38
2.2.2.4. Xac nh mau sc ca mang (Maria A. Garcia va c ng s, 2004)................39
2.2.5. Phng phap xac nh s vi sinh vt trn ca khi bo qun bng mang ti u...40
2.2.6. Phng phap x li s li u.................................................................................41
CHNG 3: KT QU NGHIN CU VA THO LUN...........................................43
3.1. Xac nh cht b sung ti u....................................................................................43
3.1.1. Xac nh tinh cht c li ca mang.....................................................................43
3.1.1.1. cng t..................................................................................................43
3.1.1.2. ko gin..................................................................................................44
3.1.2. Xac nh thm t ca mang.......................................................................45
3.1.3. Xac nh mau sc ca mang..............................................................................46
3.2. Xac nh nng ti u ca cht c chn...........................................................47
3.2.1.1. cng t..................................................................................................48
3.2.1.2. ko gin..................................................................................................49
10
3.3. Xac nh t l cht ti u..........................................................................................52

3.3.1. cng t.....................................................................................................52
3.3.1.2. ko gin..................................................................................................53
3.4. Xac nh vi sinh vt trn ca......................................................................................56
3.4.1. Tng vi sinh hiu khi........................................................................................56
3.4.2. Coliform...........................................................................................................58
3.5. Tinh cht cm quan ca ca sau mt thi gian bo qun...........................................61
CHNG 4: KT LUN VA KIN NGH.....................................................................62
DANH MC BN
11
Bng 1.1. Ham lng cac cht trong la ch ti..................................................................8

Bng 1.2. Thanh phn catechin ca bp ch (tinh theo mg/g tannin trong bp ch)..........11
Bng 1.3.Thanh phn dinh dng ca ca Tra (%)..............................................................22
Bng 2.1. Ch tiu cht lng ca mt s cht..................................................................30
Bng 3.1. Gia tr trung bnh cng t ca mang...........................................................43
Bng 3.2. Gia tr trung bnh gin ca mang..................................................................44
Bng 3.3. thm t ca cac mang................................................................................45
Bng 3.4. Gia tr biu th mau ca mang da trn cac ch s L *, a*, b*..............................46
Bng 3.6. Gia tr trung bnh gin ca mang..................................................................49
Bng 3.7. thm t ca cac mang................................................................................50
Bng 3.8. Gia tr biu th mau ca mang da trn cac ch s L *, a*, b*..............................51
Bng 3.10. Gia tr trung bnh gin ca mang................................................................53
Bng 3.11. thm t ca cac mang..............................................................................54
Bng 3.12. Gia tr biu th mau ca mang da trn cac ch s L *, a*, b*............................55
Bng 3.13. Tng vi sinh v t hiu theo thi gian bo qun.................................................56
Bng 3.14. S lng Coliformtheo thi gian bo qun......................................................58
Bng 3.15. Tinh cht cm quan ca ca sau 6 ngay bo qun.............................................61
12
DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1.1.Cng thc cu to ca chitosan.............................................................................1
Hnh 1.2. Cu trc phn t alginate...................................................................................15
Hnh 1.3. Cu to pectin....................................................................................................17
Hnh 1.4. Cu trc phn t gelatin.....................................................................................19
Hnh 1.5. Cng thc phn t glixerol................................................................................21
Hnh 1.6. M hnh phn t EG..........................................................................................21
Hnh 2.1. S trich ly tra xanh........................................................................................33
Hnh 2.2. S b tri thi nghi m chn cht b sung thich hp.........................................34
Hnh 2.3. S b tri thi nghi m chn nng cht thich hp........................................35
Hnh 2.4. S b tri thi nghi m chn t l cht thich hp...............................................36
Hnh 2.5. S b tri thi nghi m kim tra vi sinh v t trn ca tra......................................37
Hnh 2.6. o cng t ca mang..................................................................................38
Hnh 2.7. Xac nh thm t ca mang........................................................................39
Hnh 3.1. Mang ti u......................................................................................................56
Hnh 3.2. Biu biu din tng s vi sinh v t hiu theo thi gian bo qun..................58
Hnh 3.3. Biu biu din s lng Colifromtheo thi gian bo qun............................59
13
DANH MC VIT TT
Ch vit tt
Ch y
E. Coli
Escherichia Coli
EC
Epicatechin
ECG
Epicatechin 3 gallate
EGCG
Epigallocatechin3 gallate
EGC
Epigallocatechin
EG
Ethylene glycol
GC
Gallocatechin
PE
Poly etylene
TNHH
Trach nhim hu hn
VSV
Vi sinh vt
14
Bao cao an tt nghip
GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Thanh
Bnh
CHNG 1.TNG QUAN NGUYN LIU

1.1. Mang bao sinh hc
1.1.1. Mang bao trai cy, rau qua
Yu cu v mang:
Bt k loi vt liu c s dng cho enrobing (tc la trang hoc baob) khac
nhau thc phm gia tng thi hn s dng.
Vt liu cu to nn mang phi c chp thun ca cc Qun l dcva thc
phm(FDA).
Mang phi ph hp vi thc tin sn xut.
Thi gian an toan c th chp nhn c hng v kt cu sau khig b mi
trng t nhin ca n(thi hn s dng ca mang).
1.1.2. Mang protein
Mang c to ra t cac ngun protein khac nhau nh ng, sa, u nanh, la
m.Mang nay tiu hu nhit ca ming. Khila chn protein lam mang nn xem
xt m rng khng ch la chnprotein chc nng va tnh trng an toan ma iu quan
trng la mt s ng ngi b d ng vi protein. Vi d: collagen c th p n cho
hnh dng mong mun nh mtv bc cho cac lin kt xc xich,va collagen thay th
cho vt liu truyn thng(c ngun gc t rut ng vt) do n d sn xut.Nhn
chung, gia tr ca cac protein nh la cac rao cn m thp va cng khng kim soat
y vic vn chuyn oxy, COva cacloi khi quan trng i vi s n nh cac loi
thc phm khac nhau, li th ln nht ca n la s n nh cu trc nh v xc xich.
Vic to mangprotein ph thuc vao pH.
1.1.3. Mang polysaccharide
Gm alginate, carrageenan, cellulose va cac dn xut, dextrin,pectin va tinh bt,
v.v... Hu ht cac polysaccharide c bn cht anc, mt s polysaccharide nh cac
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
dn xut cellulose dn ncthp hn t l trung bnh polysaccharide va km hiu qu
hn sovi sap.Thun li chinh ca mang nay la n nh cu trc ca n, kh nng lam
chm s trao i oxy, n khng c tac dng trao inc. Vi d:mang alginate c th
bo vthc phm t qua trnh oxy hoa lipid va mi hi ban u.
1.1.4. Mang lipid
Cac loi sap va cht bo la nhng mang c nht c bit n.Trong hu ht
cac loi sap c ngun gc t nhin, monoglycerideacetyl hoa tng hp c c tinh
tng t va c s dng vi s cho php ca FDA trong cac mang c s dng
trong tht, ca vagia cm. Ban u, lp ph lipid c ap dng bng cach ngin
paraffin nng chy hoc sap trn trai cy h cam qut. Quatrnh nay dn dn nhng
ch cho lp cht liu day ph trn mtbng cach ap dng s lng nh sap khac nhau
thng qua nhnghoc phun.Lp b mt k nc b mt trai cy n bo v chngli s
h hng trong qua trnh vn chuyn.
1.1.5. Tnh cht va cac yu cu i vi mang bao (theo tiu chun nao)
1.1.5.1. Lc bn ko cng
La lc b gy vt liu trn mt n v din tich. Mang PE c lc bn ko t
100-200 kp/cm2.
1.1.5.2. Lc bn x rch
Rt quan trng va c nh hng n mc tiu s dng cui cng ca mt s
mu vt liu lam bao b. Gia tr nay la mt hng dn cho bit kh nng chu cac ng
dng ca mang mng khi vn hanh mt vai thit b. Mang PE c lc bn x cao.
1.1.5.3. Tnh chu c m
La yu t rt quan trng khi cn xac nh tinh thich hp ca mang nha khi
ng gi nhiu loi sn phm. Mt vai sn phm cn c bo v t khng khi m bn
ngoai, mt vai sn phm khac th i hi phia bn trong khng c php bc hi
xuyn qua bao b. C mt vai phng phap xac nh gia tr nay, phng phap n gin
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
nht la ko cng mt mu mang trn mt vt c cha nc, ri t trong phng kho c
cha cht ht m cht nay hp thu hi nc truyn qua mang. Lng nc c trong
vt cha c trc va sau thi gian kim nghim va gia tr tc truyn hi nc
hoc tc truyn hi m c din t bng lng nc tinh bng gam khuch tan
qua 1m2 mang trong 24 gi.
1.2. Chitosan
1.2.1. Tnh cht hoa hoc
Hnh 1.1.Cng thc cu tao cua chitosan

Tn gi khoa hc: Poly(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy--D-glucose; poly(1-4)-2amino-2-deoxy--D-glucopyranose.
Cng thc phn t: [C6H11O4N]n
Phn t lng: Mchitosan = (161.07)n
Trong phn t chitosan c cha nhm chc -OH, -NH 2 trong cac mt xich Dglucozamin c ngha chitosan va la ancol, va la amin, va la amit. Phn ng ha hc
c th xy ra v tri nhm chc to ra dn xut th O-, dn xut th N-.
M t khac chitosan la nhng polime ma cac monome c ni vi nhau bi cac
lin kt -(1-4)-glicozit, cac lin kt nay rt d b ct t bi cac cht ha hc nh:
axit, bazo, tac nhn oxy ha va cac enzym thy phn.
Chitosan thu c bng phn ng deacetyl ha chitin, bin i nhm N-acetyl
thanh nhm amin v tri C2.
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
Do qua trnh kh deacetyl xy ra khng hoan toan nn ngi ta qui c nu
deacetyl ha (degree of deaceylation) DD > 50% th gi la chitosan, nu DD < 50% th
gi la chitin.
1.2.2. Tnh cht vt l
Chitosan c mau trng nga ho c mau vang nht, tn ti dng b t ho c dng
vy, khng mi, khng v, nhi t nng chy 309 3110C.
Chitosan c tinh kim nh, khng tan trong nc, trong kim nhng ha tan
c trong dung dch axit hu c long nh axit acetic, axit formic, axit lactic,... to
thanh dung dch keo nht trong sut. Chitosan ha tan trong dung dch axit acetic 1
1.5%. nht ca chitosan trong dung dch axit long lin quan n kich thc va
khi lng phn t trung bnh ca chitosan. Chitosan kt hp vi aldehit trong iu
ki n thich hp to thanh gel, y la c s by t bao, enzym. Chitosan phn ng vi
axit m c, to mui kh tan. Chitosan tac dng vi iod trong mi trng H2SO4 cho
phn ng ln mau tim.
1.2.3. C ch khang khun ca chitosan
C ch chinh xac ca hot ng khang VSV ca chitosan, chitin va cac dn xut
ca chng vn cha c bit n y . Tuy nhin hin nay c 2 c ch c quan
tm:
C ch th nht:
Chitosan la i phn t tich in dng, trong khi mang t bao vi sinh vt a s
tich in m, do xy ra tng tac tnh in lam cho mang t bao vi sinh vt b h
hng, ngn cn qua trnh trao i cht qua mang t bao, ng thi lam xut hin nhng
l hng trn thanh t bao, to iu kin protein va cac thanh phn cu to t bao ca
t bao b thoat ra ngoai dn n tiu dit vi sinh vt (Shahidi, Arachchi, va Jeon, 1999).
Trong mt nghin cu kha rng v tinh khang khun ca chitosan t tm chng
li E.coli, Su-il Park thy rng nhit cao va pH acid ca thc n lam tng nh hng
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
ca chitosan n vi khun. N cng ch ra c ch c ch vi khun ca chitosan la do
lin kt gia chui polymer ca chitosan vi cac ion kim loi trn b mt vi khun lam
thay i tinh thm ca mang t bao. Khi b sungchitosan vao mi trng, t bao vi
khun s chuyn t tich in m sang tich indng. Quan sat trn kinh hin vi hunh
quang cho thy rng chitosan khng trc tip hot ng c ch vi khun E.coli ma la
do s kt li ca cac t bao va s tich in dng mang ca vi khun. Chitosan Ncarboxybutyl, mt polycationt nhin, c th tng tac va hnh thanh polyelectrolyte
vi polymer acid tinh c trn b mt vi khun, do lam dinh kt mt lng vi khun
vi nhau. Cng t thi nghim nay, Su-il Park nhn rt nhiu ion kim loi c th nh
hng n c tinh khang khun ca chitosan nh K +, Na+,Mg2+ va Ca2+. Nng ln
cac ion kim loi c th khin mt tinh cht nay, ngoi tr nh hng ca Na + i vi
hot ng khang Staphylococcus aureus. Su-il Park cng thy rng chitosan c th lam
yu i chc nng bo v ca thanh t bao nhiu vi khun. Khi s dng chitosan, th
mt lng ln cac ion K+ vi ATP b r r vi khun Staphylococcus aureus va nm
candida albicans. C chitosan phn t lng 50kDa va 5kDa u khang tt hai loi trn
nhng chitosan phn t lng 50kDa lam mt nhiu gp 2-4 ln ion K + vi ATP
chitosan 5kDa. iu nay th hin c ch khang khun khac nhau chitosan khi lng
phn t thp va cao. Hot ng khang khun ca chitosan phn t lng khac nhau
c nghin cu trn 6 loai vi khun. Va c ch khang khun nay c chng minh
da trn vic o tinh thm ca mang t bao vi khun va quan sat s nguyn vn ca t
bao. Kt qu ch ra rng kh nng nay gim khi khi lng nguyn t tng. Va n tng
cao nng pH thp, gim r rt khi c mt ion Ca 2+, Mg2+. Nng c ch thp nht
khong 0.03-0.25%, thay i ty tng loai vi khun va khi lng phn t ca
chitosan. Chitosan cng la nguyn nhn lam thoat cac cht trong t bao va pha hy
thanh t bao.Tinh khang khun nay ph thuc vao khi lng phn t va loi vi khun.
i vi vi khun Gram dng, chitosan 470 KDalton c nh hng n hu ht cac
loai tr lactobacillus sp., trong khi vi vi khun Gram m chitosan c khi lng 1106
KDalton mi c nh hng. Hot tinh khang khun tng khi gia tng nng chitosan.
Bao cao an tt nghip
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Tm li kh nng khang khun ca chitosan i vi vi khun Gram m mnh
hn so vi vi khun Gram dng. Trong khi vi khun Gram dng li nhy cm
hn, c th la do vi khun Gram m c lp mang chn bn ngoai.
C ch th hai:
Cac phn t chitosan khi phn tan xung quanh t bao vi sinh v t s to ra cac
tng tac lam bin i AND, nh hng n qua trnh tng hp ARN thng tin va tng
hp protein, ngn cn s hnh thanh bao t, ngn cn trao i cht, hp thu cac thanh
phn dinh dng ca vi sinh v t
1.2.4. Gii thiu v mang chitosan va ng dung
Chitosan c kh nng to mang dng bo qun thc phm.
Tc dung cua mng chitosan:
* Phn hu sinh hc d hn chitin.
* Chitosan va cac dn xut ca chng u c tinh khang khun, nh c ch hot
ng ca mt s loi vi khun nh E.Coli, dit c mt s loi nm hi du ty, ca
rt, u va c tac dng tt trong bo qun cac loi rau qu c v cng bn ngoai.
* Khi dng mang chitosan, d dang iu chnh m, thoang khng khi cho
thc phm (nu dng bao gi bng PE th mc cung cp oxy b hn ch, nc s b
ngng ng to mi trng cho nm mc phat trin).
* Mang chitosan cng kha dai, kh x rach, c bn tng ng vi mt s
cht do vn c dng lam bao gi.
* Mang chitosan lam chm li qua trnh b thm ca rau qu. Rau qu sau khi
thu hoch s dn dn b thm, lam gim cht lng va gia tr. Rau qu b thm la do
qua trnh ln men to ra cac sn phm polyme ha ca oquinon. Nh bao gi bng
mang chitosan ma c ch c hot tinh oxy ha ca cac polyphenol, lam thanh phn
ca anthocyamin, flavonoid va tng lng cac hp cht phenol it bin i, gi cho rau
qu ti lu hn.
6
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Bnh
1.2.5. Cac nghin cu lin quan n to mang bao goi thc phm lin quan n
chitosan
Tac gi ng Th Anh ao va Chu Trn Dim i (Khoa Cng Ngh Hoa Hc
Va Du Khi - Trng i Hc Bach Khoa TpHCM) nghin cu ch to mt s
mang ban thm polysaccaride nh CMC, Chitosan dng bao gi bo qun nhn trong
mi trng c nng CO2 cao hn mi trng khi quyn. Kt qu la nhn c bao
gi bng mang ban thm vn gi c gia tr thng phm sau 45 ngay bo qun (ko
dai thi gian bo qun nhn ln gp 3-9 ln so vi cng iu kin bo qun khng c
bao b).
Tac gi Bi Vn Min va Nguyn Anh Trinh (Khoa cng ngh thc phm
trng i Hc Nng Lm) nghin cu dng chitosan to mang bao gi thc
phm. Mang chitosan c tinh khang khun, tinh gi nc dng bao gi cac loi thc
phm ti sng giau m nh ca, tht... ng thi, b sung ph gia la cac cht hoa do
(Ethylen Glycol - EG, Polyethylen Glycol - PEG) tng tinh do dai va an hi cho
mang. Cac tac gi ng dng mang nay bao gi xc xich th thy rng ngoai vic
gip cho sn phm xc xich c hnh dang p lp mang chitosan nay cn c tac dng
khng lam mt mau va mi c trng ca xc xich.
Tac gi Chu Vn Minh, Phm Hu in, ng Lan Hng, Trnh c Hng,
Hoang Thanh Hng nghin cu dng mang chitosan bo qun hoa qu ti th
thy dng mang chitosan bo qun th thi gian bo qun hoa qu ko dai hn so vi
hoa qu ch c bo qun lnh. Kim tra s lng vi sinh vt th thy hoa qu c
bo qun bng mang Chitosan c kh nng khang khun rt tt.
Krasavtsev va cac cng tac vin nghin cu ng dng mang chitosan lam
bao gi bo qun ca va cac sn phm t ca. Ngi ta dng chitosan c chit rt
t cac ngun ph liu thy sn khac nhau nh tm, cua, gh ln lt lam mang mng
bao gi ca th thy mang chitosan chit rt t v tm c day, bn ko, an hi
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
cao nht. Mang chitosan gip cho sn phm gi nc rt tt va gi c cac c tinh
t nhin ca sn phm.
Attaya Kungsuwan va cac cng tac vin nghin cu s dng dung dch
chitosan (hoa tan 5g chitosan trong 500 ml axit acetic 1%) lam bao gi bo qun ca th
thy ca c bo qun bng mang chitosan ko dai thi gian bo qun ti 2 thang trong
khi ca khng c bo qun bng mang chitosan th thi gian bo qun ch ko dai ti
a 1 thang trong cng mt iu kin bo qun.
Blaise Ouattara va cac cng s nghin cu dng mang chitosan bao gi tht
th c th c ch c s phat trin ca cac vi sinh vt gy thi ra nhm ko dai thi
gian bo qun tht va cac sn phm t tht.
Lopez - Caballero va cac cng s nghin cu dng hn hp chitosan- gelatin
bao gi bo qun ch ca th thy sau 20 ngay bo qun mi v ca ch ca hu nh
khng bin i nhiu va cac tinh cht khac nh cng, c kt, mm do ... hu
nh khng i.
1.3.Gii thiu v cy ch
Cy ch c tn khoa hc la Camellia sinensis (hay Thea sinensis L.) (1935 - Hi
ngh Quc t v thc vt). Cy ch c xp trong phn loi thc vt nh sau:
Nganh Ht kin
Angiospermae
Lp
Song t ip
Dycotylednae
Ch
Theales
Ch
Theaceae
Chi
Ch
Camellia (Thea)
Loai
Ch
C.sinensis
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1.3.1. c tnh
Thn va canh: cy ch c thn thng va trn, phn nhanh lin tc thanh mt h
thng canh va chi. Tu theo chiu cao, kich thc ca thn va canh ma cy ch c
chia thanh 3 loi: cy bi, cy g nh va cy g va. Thn canh va la to thanh tan cy
ch; tan ch mc t nhin c dng vm u.
Hoa ch: hoa ch bt u n khi cy ch t 2-3 tui. Hoa mc t chi sinh thc
nach la. Cy ch la mt loi thc vt c hoa lng tinh, trang hoa c 5 9 canh mau
trng hay pht hng. B nh c ca hoa c 100 400 cai, trung bnh c 200 300 cai.
Qu ch: qu ch la loi qu c 1 - 4 ht, c hnh trn, tam giac hoc hnh
vung. Qu ch thng mc thanh tng chm ba, ban u c mau xanh ca chi. Khi
tng trng, qu ch cng dn va chuyn sang mau nu va nt ra. Ht bn trong qu c
th c dng gieo trng.
La ch: la ch mc cach nhau trn canh, mi t c mt la. Hnh dng va kich
thc ca la ch thay i ty theo tng ging.
1.3.2. Thanh phn hoa hoc ca la ch
Thanh phn ha hc ca cy ch va la ch:
Bng 1.1. Hm lng cc cht trong l ch ti
Ham lng (%
Thanh phn
khi lng cht
Ham lng (%
Thanh phn
kh)
Protein
20-30
khi lng cht

kh)
Cht bo
4-7
Amino acid
1-5
Acid hu c
<3
Alkaloide
3-5
Khoang
4-7
<1
Polyphenol
20-35
Cht mau
Carbonhydrate
35-40
Vitamin A, E, C,
9
0.6-1.0
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B1, B2, P
1.2.2.1. Nc
Nc c vai tr quan trng trong s sinh trng va phat trin ca sinh vt.
Nc la mi trng gip ha tan cac cht ha tan, tham gia cac phn ng thy phn va
oxi ha kh bn trong cac t bao la. i vi cy ch, nc tham gia hu ht cac phn
ng trong qua trnh sinh trng va phat trin ca cy ch, s vn chuyn in t, c
cht qua mang t bao cht va cac phn ng sinh tng hp cac cht trong ch.
1.2.2.2. Carbonhydrate
Cac carbonhydrate trong la ch bao gm cac loi ng n gin va cac loi
polysacchraride, trong ch yu la cac polysacchraride.
Cac loi ng n gin c tm thy trong la ch yu la glucose, fructose,
sucrose, raffinose va stachyose. Trong la ch, ham lng ca cac loi ng ha tan la
rt it va ch chim khong 1 - 2% (so vi khi lng cht kh). Trong khi , ham
lng ca cac polysacchrarie trong la ch c th ln n 10 - 15% (so vi khi lng
cht kh).
Lng ng ha tan trong la ch lun thay i va ph thuc vao nhiu yu t.
Nu xt theo mc non gia ca la va v tri ca la trn bp ch th la cang gia, lng
ng kh va sucrose cng nh tng lng ng ha tan cang cao.
1.2.2.3. Cc hp cht cha nitrogen
a. Protein va amino acid
Cac hp cht protein chim khong 25 - 30% khi lng cht kh ca la ch
ti. Trong cng ngh sn xut ch xanh, protein c vai tr quan trng trong vic iu
ha v ca ch. Bn cnh , nhng bp ch cha nhiu proteine s h tr kha nhiu
cho qua trnh v ch. Protein gip qua trnh v ch c thc hin d dang, la ch
xon hn va c ngoi hnh p, nh , lam tng gia tr cm quan ca ch xanh thanh
phn sau nay.
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V thanh phn acid amin c trong la ch, nhng phng phap sc k trn giy
tm thy 17 loi nh sau: alanine, serine, threonine, arginine, histidine, lysine,
tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, aspartic... Acid amin c tac dng tt i vi cht
lng ch xanh, gp phn to hng v va mau sc nc pha ch. Trong s cac acid
amin trn c 3 loi acid amin quan trng la: theanine (50%), acid glutamic (12%). Cac
acid amin nay c tac dng sinh li tt vi con ngi va tham gia vao s hnh thanh
hng thm ca ch.
b. Alkaloide
Alkaloide la nhm hp cht vng hu c c cha nitrogen trong phn t. Phn
ln cac alkaloide la nhng cht khng mau, c v ng va it ha tan trong nc. Trong
la ch, ngi ta tm thy cac alkaloide ch yu la caffeine, theobromine va
theophyline. Trong , caffeine chim khong 2 - 5% lng cht kh; theobromine va
theophylline vi ham lng nh hn rt nhiu so vi ham lng ca caffeine, chim
khong 0.33% khi lng cht kh. Tuy vy, vai tr ca theobromine va theophylline
trong dc tinh ca cy ch quan trng hn so vi caffeine. Nguyn nhn la do so vi
caffeine th theobromine kich thich h thn kinh trung ng c yu hn nhng lam li
tiu tt hn.
1.2.2.4. Tinh du
Tinh du la mt hn hp cac cht bay hi tn ti trong cac c quan ca cy ch.
Ham lng tinh du trong la ch ti va trong ch thanh phm rt thp, chng ch
chim khong 0.02% cht kh. Mc d vy, tinh du c ngha ht sc quan trng cho
sn phm ch xanh v chng nh hng n hng v ca ch thanh phm. Tinh du
ca cy ch c hnh thanh trong qua trnh sinh trng, phat dc ca cy ch va trong
qua trnh ch bin ch. Hng thm la mt ch tiu quan trng nht anh gia cht
lng ch thanh phm.
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1.2.2.5. Sc t
Cng vi hng va v ca ch th mau sc ca nc pha ch la mt ch tiu cht
lng c cac nha ch bin ch quan tm. Trong cng ngh ch bin ch xanh, mau
sc ca nc pha ch yu do cac sc t c trong nguyn liu va cac sc t to ra trong
qua trnh ch bin. Trong la ch ch yu cha nhiu sc t thuc h chlorophyll va
carotenoids. Trong cng ngh sn xut ch xanh, chlorophyll la sc t quyt nh n
mau ca nc ch pha. Bn cnh , trong la ch cn c sc t anthocyanidins.Trong
la ch, sc t nay tn ti di hai thanh phn chinh la elphenidin va cyanidin, y la
hai thanh phn hoan toan khng c li cho sn phm ch xanh v chng lam nh hng
xu n mau ca nc ch.
1.2.2.6. Enzyme
Trong la ch c hai nhm enzyme quan trng la nhm enzyme oxi ha kh va
nhm enzyme thy phn. Trong , nhm enzyme oxi ha kh vi i din la enzyme
polyphenoloxydase hin din trong cac t bao biu b ca la ch. i vi cng ngh
sn xut ch xanh, enzyme nay hoan toan khng c li va c tiu dit hoan toan
trong giai on dit men.
Bn cnh enzyme polyphenoloxydase, trong la ch cn tn ti mt h gm
nhiu enzyme khac. Trong , cac enzyme ch yu la:
-
Proteinase: xc tac cho qua trnh thy phn proteine trong qua trnh lam ho. Sn phm
to ra ca phn ng thy phn la cac peptide va cac acid amin t do. Nhng sn phm
nay s tham gia vao cac phn ng Maillard trong qua trnh sao va to ra hng v cho
ch xanh.
Chlorophyllases: tham gia qua trnh thy phn chlorophyl.
1.2.2.7. Polyphenol
Polyphenol la cac hp cht to v chat cho sn phm. Trong la ch, thanh phn
polyphenol quan trng nht la flavanoid. Trong , thanh phn chinh ca flavanoids
c tm thy trong la ch ti la catechin va flavonol. Ham lng ca catechin tng
12
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
dao ng trong khong 20 - 30% khi lng cht kh ca la ch. Khi tin hanh kho
sat s phn b ca cac catechin trong cac b phn ca bp ch, ngi ta phat hin
rng, cac catechin c nhiu nht trong cac phn non ca cy ch nh: tm, la th nht,
la th hai. Cac bp ch b su bnh va cac la gia th cha rt it catechin.
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Bnh
Bng 1.2. Thnh phn catechin cua bp ch (tnh theo mg/g tannin trong bp ch)
La
Catechin
Canh
(-) EGC
122.10
152.27
206.42
323.36
222.08
(+) GC
48.96
68.70
(-) EC
45.53
47.84
45.16
55.79
65.62
(-) EGCG
580.54
577.93
431.14
284.13
292.03
(-) ECG
138.53
132.27
103.09
80.58
87.98
Tng s
886.69
910.31
786.11
701.82
737.40
1.2.2.8. Catechin
Catechin trong ch la mt hn hp gm nhiu loi khac nhau nh: catechin,
epicatechin, epigallo catechin (EC), gallocatechin (GC), epicatechin gallate (EG),
epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallocatechin gallate (GCG). th rn, cac catechin
la cht kt tinh hoc v nh hnh, tan trong nc, khng mau, va c v chat ng
mc khac nhau. Chng d dang b oxi ha va to hp cht phc tp vi nhiu cht
khac nhau nh methylxanthine. EGCG la thanh phn polyphenol ch yu trong ch,
chim khong 12% khi lngcht kh ca la ch.
1.3.3. C ch khang khun ca ch
Thang 8/1996, giao s T. Shimaura cng tac ti trng i hc y khoa Showa
(Nht Bn) c cng trnh din thuyt v tac ng dit khun E-Coli-157 ti hi
tho chuyn dit khun ca tra xanh. ng khng nh rng catechin trong tra
xanh c kh nng tiu dit cac loi vi khun lam h hng thc phm va loi b cac c
t do chng gy ra. Cac thi nghim ca ng cho thy tra xanh c th dit 100000 khun
E.Coli trong vng 5h. C ch hot ng ca cac catechin la pha hu mang t bao bn
ngoai ca vi khun.
14
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
EGCG va ECG la hai catechin c kh nng khanh khun mnh nht. Catechin la
polyphenol c th gy ra hin tng ngng kt bng cach to lin kt trc tip vi
protein. y la tinh cht c trng ca catechin chu trach nhim cho hot tinh khang
khun.
Nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng thanh phn ca thanh t bao la yu t quyt
nh n kh nng khang EGCG ca vi khun. Peptidoglycan trong thanh t bao vi
khun c kh nng ngn chn cac hot ng dit khun ca EGCG. Peptidoglycan la
mt phc lin kt ngang ca polysaccharide va peptide. Thanh t bao ca vi khun
gm 30-50 lp peptidoglycan bo v vi khun trc ap sut thm thu. EGCG c th
trc tip lin kt vi peptidoglycan va lam t bao b ng t ngn cn hot ng sinh
tng hp ca vi khun. Catechin ca tra c kh nng c ch cac enzyme c ngun gc
t vi khun. c ch hot ng ca emzyme, EGCG lin kt trc tip vi cac phn
t sinh hc va gy ra hin tng ngng kt lam mt hot tinh ca enzyme.
1.3.4. Cac nghin cu v to mang chitosan kt hp tra xanh
Liyan Wang va cng s nghin cu v cac c tinh ca mang d trn vic kt
hp gia chitosan va polyphennol tra xanh. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng s kt
hp ca polyphenol tra xanh va chitosan c s c thin ang k v tinh cht c l ca
mang chitosan. S kt hp ca polyphenol tra xanh la nguyn nhn ca cac tng tac
gia chitosan va polyphenol va lam mang ti hn. thm t mang gim va tinh
khang khun ca mang tng, mang chitosan-polyphenol tra xanh khng ch c kh
nng chng thm tt hn ma cn tng cng kh nng chng oxi hoa.
Ngoai ra, Ubonrat Siripatrawan va cng s Bruce R.Harte thuc i hc
Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, Thailand cng nghin cu v tinh cht c l va kh nng
khang khun ca mang chitosan kt hp dch chit tra xanh. Kt qu nghin cu cho
thy khi thm dch chit tra xanh trong vic to mang chitosan th ci thin c tinh
cht c l, kh nng thm nc va tinh khang khun. S thay i nay c km
15
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
chng bng cac phn tich FITR, c th la do s tng tac gia cac thuc tinh ca cac
nhm chc nng ca chitosan va nhm polyphenol trong dch chit tra xanh.
Ubonrat Siripatrawan thuc i hc Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, Thailand
nghin cu mang chitosan kt hp tra xanh ko dai thi gian bo qun ca xc xich.
Cac tinh cht vt l, hoa hc, vi sinh va cht lng cm quan ca vic bao gi xc xich
bng mang chitosan tra xanh c so sanh vi vic bao gi xc xich bng mang
chitosan va mang khng c chitosan. Kt qu cho thy rng mu c bao gi bng
mang chitosan tra xanh thay i it hn v mau sc, cu trc, s phat trin ca vi sinh
vt va cac c tinh cm quan so vi mu bao gi bng mang chitosan va mang khng
c chitosan. Mang chitosan kt hp vi dch chit tra xanh c th nng cao tinh khang
khun, chng oxi hoa ma vn duy tr c cht lng, ko dai thi gian bo qun ca
xc xich.
1.4. Cac cht b sung
1.4.1. Alginate
1.3.1.1. Ngun gc
Alginate la loi polymer sinh hc bin phong ph nht th gii va la loi
polymer sinh hc nhiu th hai trn th gii sau cellulose. Alginate c phat hin u
tin bi Standford (1881), la mt acid hu c c trong to nu, trng lng phn t t
3200 20000.
Ngun alginate ch yu c tm thy thanh t bao va gian bao ca to nu
bin (thuc h Phaephycae), to b Macrocystis pyrifera, nodosum Ascophymllum va
cac loi Lamminaria nhng nhiu nht la to nu. dng mui alginate.
Alginate tn ti di hai dng khng tan la acid alginic va alginate canxi va
magie rt bn vng thanh t bao cy rong. To nn cu trc li gel bn trn thanh t
bao cy rong nu.
16
Bao cao an tt nghip
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1.3.1.2. Cu tao cu trc
Alginate la mui ca acid alginic. Cu to hoa hc ca alginate gm 2 phn t
-D-Mannuroic acid (M) va -L-Guluronic (G) lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt 1-4glucozid. C 3 loi lin kt c th gp trong mt phn t alginate: (M-M-M), (G-G-G),
(M-M-G).
Hai gc phn t -D-Mannuroic acid (M) va -L-Guluronic (G) lin kt vi
nhau bng lin kt 1-4-glucozid phn b trong mch alginate theo 3 loi khi (Block):
poly-G (G-G-G-G), poly-M (M-M-M-M) va poly-GM (G-M-G-M) lin kt ngu nhin
trong chui mch.
Hnh 1.2. Cu trc phn t alginate
a) Phn t -D-Mannuroic acid (M) va -L-Guluronic (G)

b) Lin kt gia G va M
c) 3 loi Block
1.3.1.3. Tnh cht
La polymer c tinh acid yu, khng mau, khng mi, khng tan trong cac dung
mi hu c va nc.
La cht c tinh ht nc, trng n khi ngm trong nc.
17
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
Thng alginate c G cao cho cu trc gel chc, mau sang va bn nhit, trong
khi alginate c M cao cho cu trc yu hn, do hn va it bn nhit, nhng li bn
khi ng lnh/r ng.
Khi hoa tan cac alginate vao nc chng s ngm nc va to dung dch nht.
nht ph thuc vao chiu dai ca phn t alginate. nht ca dung dch alginate
gim khi nhit tng, va b nh hng nh bi thay i pH trong c t 4-10. Dung
dch alginate trong mc pH t 5-10 c th n nh lu ti nhit phng.
Tinh cht ca mang alginate: cac alginate c kh nng to mang rt tt. Cac
mang rt an hi, bn, chu du va khng dinh bt. Mang thuc nhm polysaccharide
c kh nng cn oxy va lipid thm qua. Bn cnh mang cn c kh nng lam gim
tht thoat m v lng m trong mang s bc hi trc m trong thc phm, t
mang bao s hi kh va co li lam cho lng m bn trong khng thoat ra c. Mang
alginate c ng dng rng ri trong nganh cng ngh thc phm nhm tng thi
gian s dng va bo qun cht lng thc phm c lu hn. Mang bao n c c
th c s dng lam gim tac hi do qua trnh ch bin gy ra. Mang bao va c
tac dng ko dai thi gian s dng va ngn cn s mt m va s di chuyn ca cht
tan, phn ng oxy hoa.
Alginate c th kt hp vi cac thanh phn khac to thanh mang hp phn,
nh s kt hp nay ma ci thin c cac c tinh ca mang. Mang hp phn alginate
va tinh bt c anh gia la c bn c hc cao (Allen va cng s, 1963, 1983).
Lipid, sap, cac loi acid bo, cac loi du, cht bo c th c kt hp vi alginate
trong mang hp phn alginate-lipid. Da trn tinh k nc s kt hp mang lam tng
cng rao cn bc hi nc. Tuy nhin s dng lipid cn c nhiu bt li do to ra mi
i kht, mi kh chp nhn (Cruibeert va cng s, 1996) s nh hng cht lng sn
phm c bao mang.
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1.4.2. Pectin
1.4.2.1. Ngun gc
C nhiu trong c, qu, thn cy, ng vai tr vn chuyn nc va lu cht cho
cac trai ang trng thanh, duy tr hnh dang va s vng chc ca trai cy. Tin thn
ca pectin la protopectin khng tan trong nc va c nhiu trong m trai cy cn xanh,
qua trnh chin s km theo s thu phn protopectin thanh pectin.
Trong cng nghip, pectin c thu nhn t dch chit ca cac nguyn liu thc
vt, thng la tao hay qu c mi. Ham lng pectin t cac ngun khac nhau c gia tr
thay i:
-
B tao: 10-15%
V cam, qut: 25-35%
C ci ng: 10-20%
Hoa hng dng: 15-25%

Pectin la hp cht gluxit cao phn t.
Cac cht pectin ng vai tr quan trng trong qua trnh trao i cht khi chuyn
hoa cac cht va trong qua trnh chin ca rau qu.
Pectin trong rau qu tn ti hai dng: pectin hoa tan va pectin khng hoa tan.
Cu ro ca phn t pectin la polysaccharide mch thng, la dn xut methyl
ca acid pectic.
Acid pectic la mt polymer ca acid D-Galacturonic, lin kt vi nhau bng lin
kt 1-4 glucozit.
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Hnh 1.3. Cu tao pectin

Mi chui pectin bao gm t vai trm n khong 1000 n v saccarit, khi
lng phn t ph thuc vao ngun thu, trung bnh t 50000-150000 Da.
1.4.2.3. Tnh cht
Dng bt mau trng hoc hi vang, hi xam, hi nu.
Khi hoa tan trong nc to dung dch keo, keo pectin c nht va bn rt
ln nn gy kh khn cho qua trnh lam trong khi c c nc qu.
La cht khng mi v, c kh nng to keo khi c mt acid va ng. Keo
pectin d b kt ta vi kim loi to thanh mui pectat.
C kh nng to gel bn.
Trong cn va dung dch mui th pectin d b kt t.
B pha hu khi un nng nhit cao trong thi gian dai lam gim tinh ng
ca sn phm khi c c.
Pectin c kh nng to mang, Paula Judith Prez Espitia va cng s cng
nghin cu Mang n c t pectin, ch yu ni v cac tinh cht cng ngh quyt nh
n c tinh l hoa ca mang pectin n c va ng dng ca mang pectin n c
trong vic bao gi thc phm. Galus S. va cng s cng nghin cu v m va
tinh thm t ca mang pectin n c.
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1.4.3. Gelatin
1.4.3.1. Ngun gc
Gelatin c sn xut t nhiu ngun nguyn liu khac nhau vi nhiu phng
phap sn xut khac nhau.
Gelatin c ngun gc t ng vt c v (b, heo): y la ngun nguyn liu u
tin sn xut gelatin va la ngun nguyn liu c s dng nhiu nht sn xut
gelatin. Gelatin sn xut t collagen ca xng va da ng vt c v c anh gia la
c cht lng tt nht so vi gelatin c ngun gc khac.
Gelatin c ngun gc t ca: gelatin c ngun gc t ca c cht lng khng n
nh. Cht lng gelatin ph thuc rt nhiu vao ngun nguyn liu ma cac loi ca
khac nhau th c s khac nhau rt ln v thanh phn acid amin. So vi gelatin t ng
vt c v th gelatin t ca c cht lng thp hn do cu to da ca c cha it amino
acid c bit la hydroxylproline va proline hn xng va da ca ng vt c v. Ngoai
ra, gelatin t ca c mau m hn va c mi tanh kh chu.
Thanh phn hoa hc c bn ca gelatin bao gm: 85 90% protein, 0.5 2%
mui khoang, 8 13% nc.
Gelatin c cha gn y cac acid amin, ngoi tr tryptophan va cystine,
cystine i khi ch tm thy dng vt.
Trong gelatin khng cha cholesterol va purines. Gelatin cha nhiu glycine va
proline, ham lng ca 2 acid amin nay trong gelatin cao gp 10 20 ln so vi cac
protein khac.
Gelatin la mt protein to bi axit amin sp xp trn mt chui ng thng va
c lin kt bi s kt hp ca hai hay nhiu axit amin, la hn hp d th cac si
polypeptid si n va si a, mi si c cu hnh proline xon c bn trai, cha t 300
400 amino acid.
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Cu trc phn t gelatin gm c 18 amino acid khac nhau lin kt vi nhau theo
mt trt t xac nh, tun hoan, to nn chui polypeptide c khong 1000 acid amin,
hnh thanh nn cu trc bc 1. Cac chui peptide c chiu dai khac nhau ph thuc
ngun nguyn liu ca phng phap sn xut. Mi chui c mt u la nhm amino,
cn mt u la nhm carboxyl.
Gelatin c cu trc thng gp la Gly X Y (vi X ch yu la nhm proline
cn Y ch yu la nhm hydroxyproline).
Gelatin cha nhiu nhm glycine, proline va 4 hydroxylproline. Cu trc c
bn ca chui gelatin la: - Ala Gly Pro Arg Gly Glu Hyp Gly Pro.
Hnh 1.4. Cu trc phn t gelatin

C 3 chui polypeptide xon li theo hnh xon c to nn cu trc bc 2. cu
trc bc 3, chui xon t xon quanh n to nn cu trc phn t dng dy thng,
gi la proto fibril.
1.4.3.3. Tnh cht
Gelatin la cht rn dng ming, vy, bt hoc ht, khng mi, khng v, trong
sut, c mau t trng n vang nht, cha 9 12% m va c t trng ring t 1.3 1.4.
Trong nc nng (<500C), gelatin s ht nc, trng n va tan to dung dch
nht, lng nc gelatin hp th c th cao gp 5 10 ln khi lng gelatin ban u.
Gelatin c kh nng tan trong cac polyol nh glycerin, propylene glycol,
sorbitol. Manitol nhng khng tan trong cn, aceton, CCl 4, benzene, ether va cac dung
mi hu c khac.
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Gelatin s b kt ta nng cao khi trong dung dch c s hin din ca cac
mui phosphate, citrate, sulfat nng thp.
Kh nng to gel la mt trong nhng tinh cht chc nng quan trng nht ca
gelatin, la mt trong nhng yu t quan trng anh gia cht lng gelatin va quyt
nh kh nng ng dng ca gelatin. bn ca khi gel c c trng bi
Bloom. Gelatin trn th trng c Bloom trong khong 150300 Bloom.
Ngoai kh nng to gel, kh nng to mang cng la tinh cht gip gelatin c
ng dng rng ri. Gelatin thng c dng chung vi cac cht to mang khac h
tr cac c tinh ca nhau va h gia thanh sn phm.
Sandra Acosta va cng s nghin cu c tinh c l, tinh chng thm va cu
trc ca mang to ra bng hn hp gelatin tinh bt sn: nh hng ca s chin va
thm vao cht bo. ng kt lun rng: khi thm gelatin va lipid vao mang tinh bt
sn th c nh hng ang k n tinh cht vt l va cu trc ca mang. Mang gelatintinh bt sn to ra cu trc cht ci thin c tinh cht c l. Kt qu thm lipid vao
la hn ch kh nng thm nc va oxy thm qua.
Sobral va cac cng s nghin cu cac tinh cht c l ca mang gelatin nh
hng bi ngun gc gelatin va cht to do sorbitol. C th la khi tng ham lng
sorbitol th tinh ngn cn thoat hi nc ca mang gim. nh hng ca nng
gelatin s dng to mang va cac cht to do khac nhau nh glycerol, PEG va EG
c nghin cu vi nhiu nng khac nhau t 10 n 30 g/100 g gelatin. Vic
nghin cu tinh cht ca mang to t hn hp gelatin va mt s polyme khac cng
c thc hin nh kt hp gelatin vi carrageenan, tinh bt, alginate cho php chng
ta thay i tinh cht c hc, l hc ca mang, lam mang c bn thich hp, kh nng
chu c hi m tt hn, ph hp hn cho vic ng dng trong thc phm, thng c
m cao.
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1.4.4. Glixerol
1.4.4.1. Ngun gc
Glixerol la mt ancol a chc, c iu ch bng cach un nng du thc vt
hoc m ng vt vi dung dch kim.
Glixerol c cng thc phn t C3H8O3, phn t glixerol c 3 nhm OH
Hnh 1.5. Cng thc phn t glixerol

1.4.4.3. Tnh cht
Glixerol la cht lng sanh, khng mau, c v ngt
Tan nhiu trong nc va mt s ancohol.
Glixerol c kh nng gi nc, lam m.
Glixerol c thm vao lam cho sn phm thc phm khng b kh qua nhanh
va to nh trong thc phm., lam cho mang mm do, d s dng.
1.4.5. Etylene glycol (EG)
Cng thc hoa hc: (C2H4O)n+1H2O
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Hnh 1.6. M hnh phn t EG
Ethylene glycol la cht lng hi ging siro, trong sut, khng mau nhit
phng, khng mi nhng c v ngt, nht thp, c th hoa tan trong nc va nhiu
dung mi phn cc nh ru, aceton... Tuy nhin i vi cac dung mi khng phn
cc nh benzene, toluene, dicloetan, chloroform th kh nng hoa tan ca EG rt hn
ch.
EG kh kt tinh, khi ngui i to thanh cht lng c nht cao. Khi lam qua
lnh th n ng rn c trng thai ging thu tinh.
EG c s dng rng ri nh la mt cht chng ng da trn kh nng h
im ng bng khi trn vi nc.
1.5. Ca tra
1.5.1. c im
Ca tra la mt trong s 11 loai thuc h ca tra (Pangasiidae) c xac nh
sng Cu long. Tai liu phn loi gn y nht ca tac gi W.Rainboth xp ca tra nm
trong ging ca tra du. Ca tra du rt it gp nc ta va cn sng st rt it Thai Lan
va Campuchia, c xp vao danh sach ca cn c bo v nghim ngt (sach ).
Phn loi ca tra:
H ca tra Pangasiidae
Ging ca tra du Pangasianodon
Loai ca tra Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage 1878)
Bng 1.3. Thnh phn dinh dng cua c Tra (%)
Thanh phn
Gia tr dinh dng/100g n c
Nng lng
124.52 cal
Nng lng t cht bo
30.84cal
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Tng lng cht bo
3.42g
Cht bo bo ha
1.64g
Cholesteron
25.2mg
Natri
70.6mg
Protein
23.42g
Tng lng Cacbohyrat
0g
Cht x
0g
c im cu trc c tht ca:

V c bn cu trc c tht ca gm c cac m c bn nh: m c, m lin kt,
m m va m xng.
ng v mt thc phm th m c la thanh phn quan trng nht, thng thng
trong ch bin, ngi ta ch ly cac bp c chy dc theo hai bn thn ca, chng chim
khong 30 40% trng lng c th hoc 65 70% ty theo loi ca.
Cn c vao chc nng cu to va v tri ca cac loi c ta phn ra ba nhm la: C
vn ngang cn gi la c xng m bo mi c ng ty , c trn la nhng c ca
cac c quan bn trong va c tim cu to nn t chc ca tim. Trong c vn ngang
c gia tr thc phm cao nht va n gm c 3 phn: si c, mang si c, mang ngn.
1.5.2. Cac bin i ca ca sau khi cht
1.5.2.1. Cc bin i cm quan
Bin i v cm quan la nhng bin i c nhn bit nh cac giac quan nh
biu hin bn ngoai, mi, kt cu va v. Trong qua trnh bo qun, nhng bin i u
tin ca ca v cm quan lin quan n biu hin bn ngoai va kt cu. Ngay sau khi
cht, c tht ca dui hoan toan va kt cu mm mi, an hi thng ch ko dai trong
vai gi, sau c s co li. Khi c tr nn cng, toan b c th ca kh un cong th lc
nay ca ang trng thai t cng. Trng thai nay thng ko dai trong mt ngay hoc
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ko dai hn, sau hin tng t cng kt thc. Khi kt thc hin tng t cng, c
dui ra va tr nn mm mi nhng khng cn an hi nh tnh trng trc khi t cng.
Thi gian ca qua trnh t cng va qua trnh mm hoa sau t cng thng khac nhau
tu theo loai ca va chu nh hng ca cac yu t nh nhit , phng phap x l ca,
kich c va iu kin vt l ca ca. S nh hng ca nht i vi hin tng t
cng cng khng ging nhau.
1.5.2.2. Cc bin i t phn gii
Nhng bin i t phn gii do hot ng ca enzym gp phn lam gim cht
lng ca ca, cng vi qua trnh n hng do vi sinh vt gy nn. Glycogen b phn
gii di tac dng ca men glycolysis trong iu kin khng c oxy bng con ng
Embden Meyerhof, dn n s tich ly acid lactic lam gim pH ca c tht ca. Lng
axit lactic c sn sinh ra c lin quan n lng cacbohydrat d tr (glycogen) trong
m c khi ng vt cn sng.
Sau khi cht, ATP b phn hy nhanh to thanh inosine monophosphate (IMP)
bi enzym ni bao (s t phn). Tip theo s phn gii ca IMP to thanh inosine va
hypoxanthine la chm hn nhiu va c xc tac chinh bi enzym ni bao IMP
phosphohydrolase va inosine ribohydrolase, cng vi s tham gia ca enzym c trong
vi khun khi thi gian bo qun tng. S phn gii ATP c tm thy song song vi
s mt ti ca ca, c xac nh bng phn tich cm quan.
1.5.2.3. S phn gii protein
Cac enzyme cathepsin la enzym thy phn nm trong lysosome. Enzym quan
trng nht la cathepsin D tham gia vao qua trnh thy phn protein ni ti ca t bao
to thanh peptide pH = 2-7. Sau peptide tip tc b phn hy di tac ca men
cathepsin A, B va C. Tuy nhin, qua trnh phn gii protein di tac dng enzym thy
phn trong tht ca rt it. Enzym cathepsin c vai tr chinh trong qua trnh t chin ca
ca pH thp va nng mui thp. Enzym cathepsin b c ch hot ng nng
mui 5%.
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Cac enzym calpain, gn y, ngi ta tm thy mi lin h gia mt nhm
enzym proteaza ni bao th hai - c gi la "calpain" hay "yu t c hot ha bi
canxi" (CAF) - i vi qua trnh t phn gii c tht ca c tm thy trong tht, cac
loai ca c vy va giap xac. Cac enzym calpain tham gia vao qua trnh lam gy va tiu
hy protein trong si c.
Cac enzym collagenase gip lam mm t bao m lin kt. Cac enzym nay gy ra
cac vt nt hoc b gy cac myotome khi bo qun ca bng a trong mt thi gian
dai hoc khi bo qun ch trong thi gian ngn nhng nhit cao.
1.5.2.4. Bin i do vi sinh vt
Vi khun ca mi va anh bt ch yu gm vi khun hiu khi, k khi khng bt
buc, vi khun G- nh Pseudomonas, Alteromonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxella,
Flavolacberium, Cytophaga va Vibrio. Ca sng trong vng nc m d b nhim bi vi
khun G+ nh Micrococcus, Bacillus va Coryneform. Cac loai Aeromonas c trng
cho ca nc ngt.
Hai loi vi khun gy bnh thng lam bin i mi v ca ca va nhuyn th
gm: Clostridium botulinum loi E, B, F va Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
S xm nhp ca vi sinh vt: tht ca ca sng khe mnh hoc ca va anh bt th
khng c vi khun v h thng min dch ca ca ngn chn s phat trin ca vi khun
trong tht ca. Khi ca cht, h thng min dch b suy yu va vi khun c t do sinh
si phat trin. Trn b mt da, vi khun phn ln nh c cac ti vy. Trong qua trnh
bo qun, chng s xm nhp vao c tht bng cach i qua gia cac si c. Bin i
ca vi sinh vt trong sut qua trnh bo qun va gy n hng.
1.5.2.5. S oxy ha cht bo
Trong lipid ca c mt lng ln acid bo cao khng no c nhiu ni i nn
chng rt nhy cm vi qua trnh oxy ha bi c ch t xc tac.Bin i xy ra quan
trng nht trong cht bo ca ca la tin trnh oxy ha ha hc.
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- Giai on khi u RH Ro (gc t do) (cht bo cha bo ha): Bc khi u
c th c tng cng di tac dng ca ngun nng lng nh khi gia nhit hoc
chiu sang (c bit la ngun anh sang UV), cac hp cht hu c, v c (thng tm
thy di dng mui Fe va Cu) la cht xc tac rt nhy cm v vy c nh hng rt
mnh, kich thich qua trnh oxy ha xy ra.
- Giai on lan truyn Ro: C ch ca s phn hy hydroperoxide cha c bit
r, nhng c mt vai s phn hy hydroperoxide to thanh aldehyde va ketone ma
khng cn s phn ct chui cacbon. Cac hp cht to thanh mi v xu cho sn phm
c hnh thanh sau khi chui cacbon b phn ct. Cac thanh phn nay sau khi phn ct
to thanh cac hp cht ha tan trong nc, sau c th b phn gii di tac dng ca
vi sinh vt to thanh CO2 va H2O.
- Giai on kt thc: S to thanh gc t do do hot ng ca enzyme. Dng
phn gii lipid nay lin quan n c 2 qua trnh thy phn lipid va s phn hy acid
bo do hot ng ca enzym lipoxidase. Qua trnh thy phn lipid gy ra do vi sinh vt
hoc enzym lipase ni ti. Bc u tin ca phn ng nay la s thy phn triglyceride
to thanh glycerol va cac acid bo t do. Trong sut thi gian bo qun lnh ca, s
thy phn xy ra do enzym trong ni tng ca khng quan trng, lng acid bo t do
hnh thanh trong sut giai on bo qun khi nhit bo qun gia tng. Mt s vi sinh
vt sn xut enzym lipoxydase kich thich chui acid bo phn ng vi oxy to sn
phm hydroperoxide, hp cht nay d dang b phn ct to thanh aldehyde va ketone
to mi v xu cho sn phm.
1.5.3. Bao quan lnh ca tra
Ca va cac loai hi sn khac la loi thc phm rt d b h hng, ngay c khi c
bo qun di iu kin lnh, cht lng cng nhanh chng b bin i. S gim cht
lng ca ca thy u tin la s bin mau theo bi s hot ng ca cac enzym c
trong ni tng va trong tht ca. Vi sinh vt u tin phat trin trn b mt ca, sau
xm nhp vao bn trong tht ca, phn hy m c va lam bin mau sn phm thc
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phm. Nhn chung nhit bo qun ca c nh hng rt ln n tc phn gii va
n hng do vi sinh vt. Nhit bo qun gim, tc phn hy gim va khi nhit
thp s h hng hu nh b ngng li.
Hot tinh enzym cng nh hot tinh vi sinh u nh hng rt ln bi nhit .
Nhiu vi khun khng c kh nng sinh trng nhit di 10 0C va cac vi
khun chu lnh rt tt c cac giai on c ch khi nhit dn ti 00C.
Khi bo qun lnh ca tra, s sinh trng ca cac vi sinh vt gy n hng va gy
bnh gim, do vy s gim c tc n hng va lam gim hoc loi b c mt
s nguy c v an toan thc phm.
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CHNG 2: I TNG VA PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1. i tng nghin cu
2.1.1. Thi gian va a im nghin cu
Thi gian: bt u t ngay 10/03/2014 n ngay 27/06/2014
a im: phng thi nghim trng i hc Cng nghip Thanh ph H Chi
Minh, B mn Cng ngh thc phm (Phng F5.2).
2.1.2. Nguyn liu
Chitosan: c cung cp bi Cng ty TNHH Hng Tin. a ch: 45A ng s 10,
khu Cng nghip Tra Nc, Q.Bnh Thu, Tp. Cn Th.
Ch tiu cht lng chitosan nguyn liu:
- Mau sc, trng thai: trng nga, bt mn
- Mi: Amoniac nh
- m: 8.48%
- Ham lng tro toan phn: 0.615%
- Ham lng tro khng tan trong HCl: 0.11%
- nht: 761.05 cP
- tan: 97.2% (trong axit acetic 1%)
- pH (dung dch 1%): 7.07
- Ham lng Nit tng (N): 1.725%
- nht ng lc: 761.05 cP
- E. Coli: khng phat hin
- Tng s vi khun hiu khi: 2.7102 cfu/g
- Coliforms: khng phat hin
- Tng s nm men: khng phat hin
- Tng s nm mc: khng phat hin
- Ham lng Arsen (As): 0.0015 g/kg
- Ham lng Cadimi (Cd): khng phat hin
- Ham lng Ch (Pb): khng phat hin
Tra xanh: s dng la tra gia ph liu trich ly ly dch. La tra c thu hai ti Bo Lc,
Lm ng, vn chuyn v Tp. H Chi Minh khng qua 6h, thi gian t khi thu hai n
lc s dng khng qua 12h.
Ngoai ra cng cn cac cht dng phi trn vi chitosan tra xanh: alginate,
pectin, gelatin, glixerol, EG (ethylene glycol). Ch tiu cht lng nh sau:
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Bng 2.1. Ch tiu cht lng cua mt s cht
Tn cht
Ch tiu cht lng
Ngun gc
- Mau: trng nga

Alginate
- m: 13%
- Tro: 23%
- Khi lng ring: 1.59
- Cm quan: mau trng, khng
mi v
Pectin
- Ham lng m: 12%

- Ham lng tro: 1%
- Cm quan: lng sanh, trong
Glixerol
sut
- Mau sc, trng thai : mau

vang nht, dng bt mn
- tinh khit: 99%
- m: 12%
- ha tan: 100% trong nc
nng (trn 30C)
- Cm quan: khng mau, trong
Ethylene glycol
Bach Khoa. a ch: Kit 6

334 T Hin Thanh
- tinh khit: 98%
Gelatin
Mua ti Cng ty TNHH
sut
- tinh khit: 98%
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Phng 14 Qun 10 Tp.

H Chi Minh.
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2.1.3. Hoa cht, dung cu va thit b
2.1.3.1. Ho cht
-
Acid acetic
Na2CO3
Folin
Acid gallic
2.1.3.2. Dung cu
-
Bp in
Becker 250ml, becker 100ml
Erlen 250
ng ong 100ml
Bnh nh mc 100ml
Phu thu tinh
a thu tinh
Giy lc
Ti dp mu
2.1.3.3. Thit b
-
May lc
T sy
May dp mu
May xay
May ly tm
May o quang
May o pH
May o nht
Thc kp in t
2.2. Phng phap nghin cu

2.2.1. Phng phap trch ly tra xanh
Trong nghin cu nay, chng ti s dng quy trnh c xut bi nh
sau:
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Hnh 2.1. S trch ly tr xanh

La tra sau khi ra sch em i dit men bng cach chn trong nc si 100 oC
trong 5 pht. Sau em xay nhuyn vi t l 10g tra trong 100ml nc ri trich ly
cach thu trong nc si 900C. Sau 10 pht em lc qua vi 2 lp, tip lc qua giy
lc ri em i ly tm (tc 50 vng/pht) thu ly dch tra phi vi dch chitosan.
Dch tra xanh thu c c ham lng polyphenol la 26.74%.
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2.2.2. Phng phap to mang
2.2.2.1. Phng php tao mng chitosan tr xanh (theo ai):
Mang chitosan tra xanh c to ra bng cach ha tan 3.9g chitosan trong
dung dch axit acetic 1% ri trn vi 25ml dch tra, 5ml EG va mt s cht khac c
dung dch chitosan tra xanh vi nng chitosan la 3% (Bi Vn Min va Nguyn
Anh Trinh, 2003). Sau dch nay c rt vao khun mica c din tich 1515cm va
kh t nhin trong vng 48h. Tin hanh tach khun va xac nh cac ch tiu (
cng t, ko gin, thm t, sang) ri em i bao gi ca. day ca mang
t 0.05-0.056 mm. Mang c n nh trong vng 24h nhit phng trc khi
em i o cac tinh cht va s dng.
2.2.2.2. Phng php tao mng chitosan tr xanh c b sung cht khc
Tng t nh to mang chitosan xanh, nhng c b sung thm cht khac nh
gelatin, glixerol, alginat, pectin.
2.2.3. Phng phap b tr th nghim
Trong nghin cu nay, chng ti thit k cac thi nghi m m t yu t. Mi thi
nghi m c l p li 3 ln va kt qu ca thi nghi m la gia tr trung bnh ca cac ln
l p nu khng c s khac bi t c ngha gia cac ln l p (=95%).
2.2.4. Phng phap thc hin cac n i dung nghin cu
2.2.4.1. Th nghi m 1:xc nh cht b sung tao mng
Mc ich thi nghi m: xac nh cht b sung thich hp to mang.
Yu t c nh: c nh dch to mang gm 3.9g chitosan pha trong 100ml axit
acetic 1%, 25ml dch trich tra xanh va 5ml EG.
Yu t nghin cu: loi cht to mang b sung.
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Hnh 2.2. S b tr th nghi m chon cht b sung tao mng

Sau mi s ghi thm chn cht b sung thich hp nha.
Cach tin hanh: c nh dch to mang gm 3.9g chitosan pha trong 100ml
axit acetic 1%, 25ml dch trich tra xanh va 5ml EG. Sau ln lt phi trn 60ml
dch to mang vi 40ml alginate, 40ml pectin, 40ml glixerol va 40ml gelatin to ra
cac dng kt hp(nu nng dung dch) va mt mang khng b sung cht nao ht (t
l 60:40 theo L Th Minh Thu, 2008) nh:
CTAl: mang chitosan tra xanh b sung algenate
CTPe: mang chitosan tra xanh b sung pectin
CTGl: mang chitosan tra xanh b sung glixerol
CTGe: mang chitosan tra xanh b sung gelatin
CT: mang chitosan tra xanh
cac dch phi trn ra mi khay mica va lam kh ri tach mang em o
cac ch tiu: thm t, mau, cng t, ko gin chn cht b sung to ra
mang thich hp.
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2.2.4.2. Th ngim 2: kho st chon nng cht thch hp
Mc ich thi nghi m: kho sat chn nng cht b sung thich hp to
mang.
acetic 1%, 25ml dch trich tra xanh va 5ml EG. T l phi trn dch to mang vi cht
thich hp la 60:40ml.
Yu t nghin cu: nng cht b sung to mang thich hp.
Hnh 2.3. S b tr th nghi m chon nng cht thch hp

Cach tin hanh: c nh dch to mang gm 3.9g chitosan pha trong 100ml axit
acetic 1%, 25ml dch trich tra xanh va 5ml EG. Sau ln lt phi trn 60ml dch to
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mang vi 40ml cht thich hp c chnln lt cac nng 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%,
3.5% to ra cac dng kt hp nh:
CTGe-1.5: mang chitosan tra xanh phi trn cht thich hp nng 1.5%
CTGe-2.0: mang chitosan tra xanh phi trn cht thich hp nng 2%
cac ch tiu: thm t, mau, cng t, ko dn chn ra nng thich
hp to mang tt nht.
2.2.4.3. Th ngim 3: kho st chon t l cht thch hp
Mc ich thi nghi m: kho sat chn t l cht b sung thich hp to mang.
acetic 1%, 25ml dch trich tra xanh va 5ml EG, nng cht b sung to mang thich
hp thi nghi m 2.
Yu t nghin cu: t l dch to mang vi cht thich hp c chn.
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Hnh 2.4. S b tr th nghim

chon t l cht thch hp
Cach tin hanh: c nh dch to mang gm 3.9g chitosan pha trong 100ml axit
acetic 1%, 25ml dch trich tra xanh va 5ml EG. Sau ln lt phi trn dch to
mang vi cht thich hp c chn (nng c chn t kho sat trn) theo cac t l:
80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 to ra dng kt hp nh:
CTGe-82: mang chitosan tra xanh phi trn cht thich hp vi t l 80:20
cac ch tiu: thm t, mau, cng t, ko dn chn ra t l thich hp
to mang tt nht.
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2.2.4.4. Th nghi m 4: xc nh khi lng hao hut cua nguyn liu thc phm khi
c bo qun bng mng ti u
Mc ich thi nghi m: kho sat s nh hng ca mang ti u n khi lng
ca mang trong thi gian bo qun.
Cach tin hanh:
Chun b mu: Mu ca tra c ct thanh cac khi hnh h p ch nh t c khi
lng tng ng nhau (khong 20g).
Mu c bao gi li bng mang va c ki hi u , ghi nh n li khi lng ban
u ca tng mu. Sau , bo qun ti ngn mat ca t lnh. C sau 24 gi s ghi li
khi lng ca tng mu. Phn trm (%) khi lng hao ht ca mu c tinh theo
cng thc sau:
m ( )=
mt ms
100
mt
Trong :
m: Phn trm khi lng hao ht (%)
mt: Khi lng mu cn ln trc (g)
ms: Khi lng mu cn ln sau (g)
2.2.3.5. Th nghi m 5: kho st tnh khng khun cua mng
Mc ich thi nghi m: kho sat tinh khang khun ca mang khi bao mu ca bng
mang chitosan tra xanh b sung cht thich hp va PE
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Hnh 2.5. S b tr th nghim

kim tra vi sinh v t trn c tra
Cach tin hanh: dng mang tt nht chn t kho sat trn em i bao ca tra fillet
bo qun lnh nhit 40C, sau kim tra vi sinh vt (tng khun hiu khi va
Coliform) ca mu mi ngay n khi s vi sinh vt vt qua mc cho php.Kim song
song vi dng bao PE bo qun ca va so sanh kt qu.
2.2.4. Phng phap xac nh cac ch tiu ca mang
2.2.2.1. Xc nh dy mng (I. Leceta v c ng s, 2013)
Mc ich thi nghi m: kho sat nng ph gia va t l phi tr n dung dch
chitosan: ph gia nh hng n day ca mang.
Cach tin hanh: s dng mang sy em tin hanh o day ca mang bng
thc o ky thu t s Mitutoyo Nh t bn tm ra nng ph gia va t l phi
tr n dung dch chitosan: ph gia nao lam cho mang c day thich hp. Dng thc
o day ca mang ti 5 im bt k trn mang.
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2.2.2.2. Xc nh tnh cht c l cua mng(Miguel A. Cerqueira v c ng s, 2012)
chitosan: ph gia nh hng n cng t va ko gin ca mang.
Cach tin hanh: o lc ko t va ko gin ca mang bng phng phap
Tensile Test (ko t), theo tiu chun ASTM D882. S dng may INSTRON kt
hp phn mm Bleuhill tin hanh.
Cach chun b mu theo tiu chun ASTM D882: mang c ct thanh dng
hnh ch nh t c chiu dai la 5 inch (12.5cm), chiu r ng la 1 inch (2.5cm). Ct ti v
tri xac nh trn mang.
Hnh 2.6. o cng t cua mng

2.2.2.3. Xc nh thm t cua mng(Cup v c ng s, 1996)
chitosan: ph gia nh hng n thm t ca mang.
Cach tin hanh: xac nh thm t ca mang chitosan da theo phng phap
ca Cup. Mang c ct thanh hnh vung c cnh 1 inch (2.5 cm).em cac ming
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mu nay sy n khi lng khng i 105 0C. Ghi nh n khi lng cac mu , sau
cac mu c ngm vao trong 50ml nc, 25 0C, trong 24 gi. Sau 24 gi ta ly
cac mu em cn. thm t ca mang c tinh theo cng thc sau:
S=
W t W t
24
Wt
100
Trong :
S%: thm t ca mang (%)
W t : Khi lng ca mang trc khi ngm (g)
0
W t : Khi lng ca mang sau khi ngm 24 gi (g)

24
Hnh 2.7. Xc nh thm t cua mng

2.2.2.4. Xc nh mu sc cua mng(Mara A. Garca v c ng s, 2004)
Nguyn li: xac nh khac nhau v mau sc ca cac mu, cac mu nay phi
cng t di m t iu ki n anh sang trong cng thi gian. V th mu o phi c
chiu sang di m t ngun sang nht nh c chun ha. Trong qua trnh o, anh
sang c chiu ti mu o. nh sang phn x i qua m t h thng ng kinh va ti
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b cm bin, b cm bin nay dng o cng anh sang ca mi mau va chuyn
tin hi u cm nh n c cho m t may tinh. Ti , cac tin hi u nay c i chiu
vi gia tr cm nh n tng ng ca 3 loi t bao hnh nn trong mt ngi c xac
nh theo tiu chun quan sat ca CIE.
chitosan: ph gia nh hng n mau sc ca mang.
Mang c o mau bng phng phap CIELAB, s dng may Minota CR410 o mau sc ca cac mang.
Cac gia tr trn h thng mau CIELAB:
L*: Sang/ ti (0 = en, 100 = trng).
a*: Mau bng (gia tr dng). Mau xanh la cy bng (gia tr m).
b*: Mau vang (gia tr dng). Mau xanh dng bng (gia tr m).
L*: Sang hn tiu chun (gia tr dng). Ti hn tiu chun (gia tr m).
a*: Nhiu hn so vi tiu chun (gia tr dng). Nhiu mau xanh la cy hn
so vi tiu chun (gia tr m).
b*: Nhiu vang hn so vi tiu chun (gia tr dng). Nhiu mau xanh hn so
vi tiu chun (gia tr m).
E: Tng gia tr khac bi t mau sc.
Cach tin hanh: khi ng thit b o mau Minota CR-410, chp ming s
trng trc khi chp mu. t mu trn ming giy trng chp. Chp mu va ghi
li kt qu (chp 10 im trn mu).
2.2.5. Phng phap xac nh s vi sinh vt trn ca khi bao quan bng mang ti u
Mc ich thi nghim: xac nh tng s vi sinh vt hiu khi va coliformtrn ca
tra fillet.
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Cach tin hanh: dng a petrifilm xac nh s khun lc, t tinh ra tng
s vi sinh vt trn mu.
Chun b mu: Cn 10g mu trong iu kin v trng, b sung thm 90ml nc
mui sinh l va ng nht mu bng may dp mu, ta c nng 10 -1. Tin hanh
pha long mu: dng pipette v trng ht chinh xac 1ml dung dch mu nng pha
long 10-1, tin hanh pha long tip thanh cac pha long 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, trn cac
ng nghim chun b sn cha 9ml dung dch nc mui sinh l v trng.
Cy mu:
-
t tm petrifilm ln mt ban phng v trng

Dng tay hoc dng kp inox lt mang film nilon ph b mt a petrifilm
Dng pipette v trng hoc micropipette vi u tup v trng ht chinh xac 1ml dung
dch mu cac nng pha long la chn nh ln gia mang mi trn a
petrifilm.
Lt cun mang nilon tr li cn thn tranh to bt khi, khng c tm mang
film nilon ri xung

Dng tm nha chn c mt phng bn di dan mng git dung dch u khp
mang mi trng trong vng cy. Dng mt lc nh n ln tm nha chn tri u mu
ln vng cy trc khi lp gel hnh thanh. Tranh xoay hay trt tm nha chn mu.
Ly tm nha chn ra lp keo ng li.
Tm petrifilm c nui nhit 35-37 oC trong thi gian 18-24 gi. Cac tm
petrifilm c th chng ln n 20 a.
m s khun lc c trng ca coliform va tinh kt qu theo phng phap m khun
lc trc tip bng mt hay bng may m khun lc. Khun lc coliform c mau va
sinh khi.
2.2.6. Phng phap x l s liu
Kim nh ANOVA c dng so sanh gia tr trung bnh nhiu hn hai
nhm. C th ni kim nh ANOVA b sung thm nhng m t hn ch ca kim
nh t-test khi t-test ch c th kim nh 2 gia tr trung bnh ca 2 nhm.
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Phn tich phng sai (ANOVA m t chiu) c tin hanh trn phn mm
Statgraphics centurion XV. Kt qu thi nghi m la trung bnh c ng ca cac ln o.
2.3. Ni dung nghin cu
- Kho sat chn cht b sung thich hp
- Kho sat chn nng cht thich hp
- Kho sat chn t l thich hp gia dch to mang va dch cht thich hp
- Kim tra vi sinh vt trn ca tra khi bo qun bng mang tt nht
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CHNG 3: KT QU NGHIN CU VA THO LUN

3.1. Xac nh cht b sung ti u
Kt qu thu c cac mang mng nh sau:
CTAl: mang chitosan tra xanh b sung algenate
CTPe: mang chitosan tra xanh b sung pectin
CTGl: mang chitosan tra xanh b sung glixerol
CTGe: mang chitosan tra xanh b sung gelatin
CT: mang chitosan tra xanh
3.1.1. nh hng cac cht b sung ntnh cht c l ca mang
3.1.1.1. cng t
cng t c o bng lc ti a ca mang chng li lc tac dngva
phn trm ko gin i din cho kh nng ko dai ca mang (Park et al., 2004).
cng t ca cac mang c th hin trong bng sau:
Bng3.1. Gi tr trung bnh cng t cua mng
Loai mang
cng t (N)
CTPe
5.4a 0.509
CTGl
2.943b 0.295
CTGe
9.267c 1.300
CTAl
2.3033b 0.398
CT
4.693a 0.290
(a, b, c ch s khac bi t c ngha thng k mc tin c y 95%)

cng t c s khac nhau gia cac mang (p-value<0.05), mang CTGl c
cng t cao nht (9.267N), tip theo la mang CTPe (5.4N) va mang chitosan tra
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xanh (4.693N), cng thp nht la mang CTGl (2.943N) va mang CTAl (2.3033N).
S d gelatin lam cho mang c cng t cao la do chitosan khi kt hp vi gelatin
s xy ra tng tac gia nhm NH 4+ ca chitosan vi cac nhm in tich m trong
phn t gelatin lam cho sc cng ca mang tng ln. Mang b sung pectin c sc cng
gn bng vi mang khng b sung g la do pectin c nhm OH nn c kh nng t
hydrate hoa cao s lam cho cac phn t pectin xich li gn nhau va tng tac vi nhau
to nn mt mng li ba chiu, ch mt phn nh nhm OH tng tac vi NH 4+ ca
chitosan nn khng lam tng cng t ca mang chitosan nhiu. Cn alginate va
glixerol khng nhng khng lam tng cng t ma trai li cn lam gim cng
t ca mang. Alginate c th kt hp vi cac thanh phn khac to thanh mang hp
phn, c bit la kt hp vi tinh bt, mang c anh gia la c bn c hc cao
(Allen, 1963va Dahle, 1983).Tuy nhin, khi kt hp vi chitosan tra xanh th c tinh
to mang ca alginate khng c phat huy va lam nh hng n tinh cht ca mang
chitosan nn lam cng t gim i. Cn glixerol khi b sung vao th lam cho mang
do nn cng lam cho cng t gim. Khi cu trc vi m mang tr thanh gian on
v cht khng tng thich, vic phn phi ngoi lc trn mi mi lin kt mng khng
u, do lc tac dng s yu dn (Wang et al., 2011 ). Dch li
Nh v y , v hi u qu h tr ca cac cht b sung th ch c gelatin la thc s
c ngha. Xt v cng t th mang b sung gelatin c cng t cao nht.
3.1.1.2. ko gin
ko gin ca cac mang c th hin trong bng sau:
Bng 3.2. Gi tr trung bnh gin cua mng
Loai mang
gian (%)
CTPe
12.857a 1.878
CTGl
15.667b 1.041
CTGe
16.75b 0.250
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CTAl
8.490c 1.235
CT
5.550d 0.482
(a, b, c, d ch s khac bi t c ngha thng k mc tin c y 95%)

ko gin cng c s khac nhau gia cac mang (p-value<0.05). gin ca
mang CTGe (16.75%) va mang CTGl (15.667%) la cao nht, ko gin mang CTPe
ng th hai (12.857%), mang CTAl ng th ba (8.490%), va thp nht la mang CT
(5.550%). Nh vy, mang c b sung cac cht khac s lam cho gin tng ln r rt.
Cac cht b sung c chn kho sat u la nhng cht c kh nng to mang tt va
cng c th kt hp vi mt s cht ci thin kh nng to mang. Va tu vao kh
nng tng tac gia cac phn t cac cht ma tinh cht ca mang c th c ci thin
nhiu hay it, chng hn gelatin khi kt hp vi chitosan c th ci thin c cng
t cng nh ko gin ca mang, cn glixerrol th ch c th lam tng ko gin
ca mang. iu nay ph hp vi Tongnuanchan et al. (2012), ngi bao cao rng
mang b sung glixerol mc 20% va 30% s cho ra cng t thp hn nhng
ko gin th cao hn. i vi pectin va alginate th khng lam tng nhiu tinh cht ca
mang chitosan tra xanh do cac phn t trong hai cht nay khng tng tac nhiu vi
cac phn t trong dch chitosan tra xanh.
Xt v ko gin th gelatinn c ko gin cao nht.
3.1.2. nh hng cac cht b sung n thm t ca mang
Bng 3.3. thm t cua cc mng
Loai mang
thm t (%)
CTPe
182.325a 9.317
CTGl
205.911b 2.619
CTGe
107.339c 3.726
CTAl
137.058d 5.180
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190.992a 4.363
CT

thm t cng c s khac nhau gia cac mang (p-value<0.05). thm t
ca mang CTGl la cao nht (205.911%), ca mang CTGe la thp nht (107.339%).
thm t ca mang la mt hng s gia tr cho s thm ca hi nc nhit nht
nh.Tinh thm ca mang ph thuc vao cu trc ha hc ca mang va nhit ca
mi trng. Mang c b sung glixerol c thm t cao do glixerol c kh nng gi
nc cao.Glixerol la cht lng tan v hn trong nc nn thm nc la cao nht,
cao hn c mang khng b sung cht g, pectin va alginate trng n trong nc cao
nn thm t cng cao. Gelatin tan trong nc it hn pectin va alginate nn
thm t cng thp hn.
Xt v thm t th mang b sung gelatin c thm t thp nht.
3.1.3. nh hng cac cht b sung nmau sc ca mang
Bng 3.4. Gi tr biu th mu cua mng da trn cc ch s L*, a*, b*
L*
a*
b*
CTPe
77.787a 0.703
-0.05a 0.143
7.741a 0.731
CTGl
75.685b 2.450
2.089b 0.326
6.704a 2.417
CTGe
77.107ab 1.454
1.648c 0.253
6.573a 1.566
CTAl
81.099c 0.689
0.795d 0.096
4.446b 0.652
CT
71.239d 3.851
2.718e 0.931
11.623c 2.023
(a, b, c, d, e ch s khac bi t c ngha thng k mc tin c y 95%)

Mau sc cng c s khac nhau gia cac mang (p-value<0.05). Bng 3.4 cho ta
thy, mang c sang cao nht la mang CTAl (L*= 81.099), mang c sang thp
nht la mang CT (L*= 71.239). iu nay cho thy cac loi ph gia khi b sung vao c
kh nng ci thi n mau sc ca mang.
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Mang CTPe c xu hng chuyn sang mau xanh (a * = -0.05), cac mang cn li
c xu hng chuyn sang mau (a*>0).
Gia tr b* ca cac mang ln hn 0 cho thy cac loi mang c xu hng chuyn
sang mau vang, do qua trnh sy, polyphenol b oxy ha nn mang c mau vang di
y la th biu din gia tr mau sc ca mang da trn cac ch s L*, a*, b*.
Xt v sang th mang b sung alginate c sang cao nht.
Kt lun:
Qua cac kt qu trn, ta thy khi b sung cac cht: pectin, alginate, glixerol,
gelatin th ci thin c cac tinh cht ca mang nh to ra mang c gin, cng
t cao hn, ht nc ca mang gim ang k va lam mang sang p hn. iu nay
da vao kh nng tng tac gia cac phn t vi nhau trong dung dch, nu c s
tng tac tt th tinh cht ca mang c ci thin nhiu, cn nu khng tng tac tt
th mang to ra c tinh cht khng c tt. Ging nh khi b sung alginate vao dch
chitosan tra xanh th dung dch kh to c mang v cac phn t alginate tng tac
khng tt vi cac phn t trong dch to mang. Mang b sung pectin c cng t va
ko gin thp, thm t th cao nht, sang khng cao. Mang b sung glixerol
tuy c ko gin cao nhng cng t th li thp, thm t cng cng cao,
sang thi khng c cao. Trong cac cht b sung vao th gelatin la cht vt tri hn
c: ko t cao nht, thm t thp nht. Gelatin c kh nng to mang khi kt
hp vi nhiu cht khac, c bit la chitosan, tng c hiu qu to mang, t bo
m cac tinh cht ca chitosan. Hn c, gelatin c th d dang c sn xut t ph
liu nn gia thanh rt hp l cho vic phi hp to mang chitosan. Vi tt c l do ,
nhm chng ti quyt nh chn gelatin la cht b sung cho vic to mang chitosan.
3.2. Xac nh nng thich hp ca gelatin
C nh t l dch chitosan tra xanh:dch gelatin la 60:40, thay i nng
gelatin b sung ln lt la 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3% va 3.5%.
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3.2.1. nh hng ca nng gelatin n nh tnh cht c l ca mang
3.2.1.1. cng t
Bng 3.5. Gi tr trung bnh cng t cua mng
Loai mang
cng t (N)
CTGe-1.5
17.27a 0.895
CTGe-2.0
8.5b 0.524
CTGe-2.5
11.777cd 1.321
CTGe-3.0
13.017d 1.243
CTGe-3.5
11.08c 0.505
(a, b,c, d ch s khac bi t c ngha thng k mc tin c y 95%)

Qua bng trn ta thy cng t ca cac mang c s khac nhau (p-value<0.05)
khi nng gelatin thay i va cng t nay thay i khng tuyn tinh vi s thay
i nng . cng t ca mang CTGe-1.5 la cao nht (17.27N), cng t thp
nht la mang CTGe-2.0 (8.5N), cng t tng dn ln 11.777N (mang CTGe-2.5)
va 13.017N (mang CTGe-3.0) nhng n mang CTGe-3.5 th cng t gim i, ch
cn 11.08N. Khi gelatin c b sung vao th cac phn t gelatin s lin kt vi cac
phn t chitosan to ra cu trc bn cho mang, gelatin nng 1.5% th hin c
tinh cao nht do phn t gelatin lin kt tt vi phn t chitosan, nhng n nng
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gelatin 2% th cng t gim ri li tng ln khi nng gelatin la 2.5%, 3% cho
thy kh nng lin kt vi cac phn t chitosan thay i khi nng gelatin tng
dn. Nhng khi tng qua cao th cng t li gim do lin kt gia cac phn t
gelatin va chitosan khng c cht ch, lam n lng cu trc mang nn mang d b
ko t.
Xt v cng t th mang b sung gelatin nng 1.5% c ko gin cao
nht.
3.2.1.2. ko gin
Bng 3.6. Gi tr trung bnh ko gin cua mng
Loai mang
keo gian (%)
CTGe-1.5
3.50a 0.869
CTGe-2.0
14.997b 1.302
CTGe-2.5
16.412b 2.126
CTGe-3.0
26.917c 1.702
CTGe-3.5
29.583c 1.041
(a, b,c ch s khac bi t c ngha thng k mc tin c y 95%)

Qua bng trn, ta thy ko gin ca cac mang c s khac nhau (pvalue<0.05), ko gin tng dn khi nng gelatin tng dn, mang CTGe-1.5 c
ko gin thp nht (3.50%), ko gin cao nht la mang CTGe-3.5 (29.583%). Nh
vy, khi nng gelatin tng dn s lam cho cac lin kt trong mang c th ko gin
dn n ko gin ca mang tng ln, va khi nng gelatin cang cao th ko
gin nay cang tng.
Xt v ko gin th mang b sung gelatin 3.5% va mang b sung gelatin 3%
c ko gin cao nht.
53
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Bnh
3.2.2. nh hng ca nng gelatin n thm t ca mang
Loai mang
thm t ca mang (%)
CTGe-1.5
337.21a 1.52
CTGe-2.0
247.23b 1.81
CTGe-2.5
240.72 c 1.92
CTGe-3.0
279.70d 1.76
CTGe-3.5
317.597e 3.05
(a, b,c, d, e ch s khac bi t c ngha thng k mc tin c y 95%)

thm t cng c s khac nhau gia cac mang (p-value<0.05). Qua bng 3.7
ta thy thm t gim dn khi nng gelatin tng dn t 1.5% n 2.5% nhng
thm t li tng dn khi tng nng gelatin n 3.5%. thm t cao nht la
mang CTGe-1.5 (337.21%), thp nht la mang CTGe-2.5 (240.72%).Khi tng nng
gelatin, cac phn t chitosan va gelatin lin kt ch t ch vi nhau, nn thm t
gim, n m t gii hn nht nh th thm t li tng ln.
Xt v thm t th mang b sung gelatin 2.5% c thm t thp nht.
3.2.3. nh hng ca nng gelatin n mau sc ca mang
Loai mang
CTGe-1.5
78.76a 1.05
0.52a 0.13
7.51ab 1.26
CTGe-2.0
77.52 bc 1.06
0.38 b 0.10
8.47c 1.11
CTGe-2.5
78.49cd 0.84
0.05c 0.08
6.94a 0.20
CTGe-3.0
77.70b 0.55
0.23d 0.06
8.81c 0.81
54
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Bnh
CTGe-3.5
79.24a 0.74
0.1c 0.11
8.29bc 0.96
( a, b, c, d ch s khac bi t c ngha thng k mc tin c y 95%)

Mau sc cng c s khac nhau gia cac mang (p-value<0.05), mau sc ca cac
mang thay i va s thay i nay khng tuyn tinh vi s thay i nng gelatin.
Qua bng 3.8 ta thy, sang ca mang CTGe-3.5 la cao nht (L* = 79.24), ca mang
CTGe-2.0 la thp nht (L* = 77.52).
Cac loi mang c xu hng chuyn sang mau (a *>0). Mang c xu hng
chuyn sang mau nhiu nht la mang CTGe-1.5 (a *= 0.52), it nht la mang CTGe3.5(a* = 0.1).
Mang c xu hng chuyn sang mau vang (b *>0). Mang c xu hng chuyn
sang mau nhiu nht la mang CTGe-3.0 (b * = 8.81), it nht la mang CTGe-2.5 (b * =
6.94).
Xt v sang th mang b sung gelatin 3.5% c sang cao nht.
Kt lun:
Qua cac kt qu trn ta thy: mang b sung gelatin 1.5% tuy c cng t va
sang la cao nht nhng ko gin la thp nht, thm t cao nht nn khng
th gi nc cho thc phm khi bo qun. Mang b sung gelatin 2% c cng t
thp nht, ko gin khng cao, thm t thp nht, sang cng khng c
cao. Mang b sung gelatin 2.5% tuy c thm t thp nht nhng c cng t
thp, ko gin khng cao, sang ging vi mang b sung gelatin 2% nn cng
khng c sang. Mang b sung gelatin 3% va 3.5% c ko gin la cao nht nhng
cng t ca mang b sung gelatin 3% cao hn hn, cao hn tt c cac nng
khac (tc la mang nay chc hn, thm t va sang ca hai mang nay la chnh
lch khng nhiu), gia hai mang nay c th to ra cac tinh cht tt cho mang bo qun
thc phm nhng so v tinh kinh t th mang b sung gelatin 3% th c li hn. V th,
quyt nh chn b sung nng 3%.
55
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Bnh
3.3. Xac nh t l thich hp gia dch tao mang va dch gelatin
C nh nng gelatin la 3%, thay i cac t l gia dch chitosan tra xanh:
dch gelatin ln lt la 80:20, 60:40, 40:60 va 20:80.
3.3.1. nh hng t l gelatin phi trn ntnh cht c l ca mang
3.3.1. cng t
Bng 3.9. Gi tr trung bnh cng t cua mng
Loai mang
cng t (N)
CTGe-82
11.107a 0.837
CTGe-64
12.75a 1.974
CTGe-46
8.673b 0.824
CTGe-28
6.860b 0.652
(a, b ch s khac bi t c ngha thng k mc tin c y 95%)

Qua bng s liu trn ta thy cng t ca cac mang c s khac nhau (pvalue<0.05) khi thay i t l gia dch chitosan tra xanh vi dch gelatin b sung.
cng t tng t 11.107N mang CTGe-82 ln 12.75N mang CTGe-64, va
cng t cang gim khi dch gelatin b sung vao cang nhiu, cng t gim cn
8.673N mang CTGe-46, va mang CTGe-28 cng t ch cn 6.860N. Khi gelatin
c b sung vao s lam tng cng t ca mang nhng b sung nhiu qua th
56
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Bnh
mang to ra s gim i chc do khng c s h tr gia cac phn t gelatin va phn
t chitosan mc va phi. iu nay khac mt cht vi nghin cu ca Qurashi va
cac cng s (1992). Qurashi va cac cng s (1992) nghin cu phi trn
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) b sung vao mang chitosan cng theo t l phi trn
100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100 th thy cng t ca mang c phi trn
PVP gim dn khi t l phi trn PVP tng ln. Mang c cng t cao nht la mang
Ch/PVP c t l phi trn 100/0, cng t ca mang gim dn khi t l phi trn
Ch/PVP tng dn va cng t thp nht la mang 20/80. Tc la cng t gim c
tuyn tinh vi s tng dn PVP.
Xt v cng t th mang c t l dch chitosan tra xanh va geatin la 60:40
c cng t cao nht.
3.3.1.2. ko gin
Bng 3.10. Gi tr trung bnh ko gin cua mng
Loai mang
keo gian (mm)
CTGe-82
20.833a 0.629
CTGe-64
23ab 2.179
CTGe-46
25.833bc 2.504
CTGe-28
27.163c 2.264
(a, b, c ch s khac bi t c ngha thng k mc tin c y 95%)

Qua bng trn ta thy ko gin ca mang c s khac nhau (p-value<0.05),
ko gin tng dn khi t l gelatin phi trn tng dn. Mang CTGe-82 c ko gin
thp nht (20.833%), sau ko gin tng ln 23% mang CTGe-64, 25.833%
mang CTGe-46 va t 27.163% mang CTGe-28. S d ko gin tng dn khi
lng dch gelatin b sung tng dn la do khi gelatin tac dng vi chitosan th cac phn
57
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
t gelatin tng tac vi cac phn t chitosan lam ni lng cu trc ca mang lam
ko gin ca mang tng nhng km bn v mt c hc hn. iu nay ng vi
Pellissari et al., 2009, khi kt hp tinh du bc ha vi mang chitosan gelatin cng
lam cho cng t tng va ko gin gim.
Xt v ko gin th mang c t l dch chitosan tra xanh va gelatin la 20:80
c ko gin cao nht.
3.3.2. nh hng t l gelatin phi trn n thm t ca mang
Loai mang
thm t (%)
CTGe-82
192.483a 1.336
CTGe-64
206.637b 1.826
CTGe-46
245.892c 6.739
CTGe-28
168.403d 2.908

thm t cng c s khac nhau gia cac mang (p-value<0.05). thm t
la mt thng s quan trng trong bao b thc phm bao gm hp th, khuch tan va
hp th. thm t nn cang thp cang tt v mt trong nhng mc tiu chinh ca
vic s dng mt mang bao n c la lam chm chuyn m gia thc phm va
mi trng (Gontard et al., 1992). S tng tac gia cac phn t trong mang va nc
la c s anh gia thm nc thng qua mang, thng xy ra thng qua phn a
nc ca mang (Sangaj va Malshe, 2004). thm t tng dn t mang CTGl-82
(192.483%) n mang CTGl-46 (245.892%) ri li gim xung 168.403% mang
CTGl-28. thm t ca mang tng khi tng t l gelatin b sung vao la do gelatin
hp th nc, nhng sau thm t li gim khi tip tc tng t l gelatin. iu
nay cng ph hp vi nghin cu ca Sandra Acosta va cac c ng s, 2013, khi kt hp
tinh b t sn vi gelatin theo cac t l 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 0:10. thm t tng dn
58
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
khi tng t l gelatin, nhng khi t l tinh b t sn: gelatin la 50:50 th thm t li
gim.
Xt v thm t th mang c t l chitosan tra xanh va gelatin la 20:80 c
thm t thp nht.
3.3.3.nh hng t l gelatin phi trn n mau sc ca mang
L*
Loai mang
a*
b*
CTGe-82
77.021a 1.803
2a 0.345
12.681a 1.639
CTGe-64
77.894a 1.212
1.659b 0.196
12.813a 0.961
CTGe-46
82.574b 0.463
1.44c 0.070
5.303b 1.086
CTGe-28
84.641c 1.141
0.428d 0.180
4.418b 1.419
(a, b, c, d, e ch s khac bi t c ngha thng k mc tin c y 95%)

Mau sc cng c s khac nhau gia cac mang (p-value<0.05). Qua bng 3.12
sang ca mang tng khi dch gelatin b sung vao dch chitosan tra xanh.Mang c
sang cao nht la mang CTGe-28 (84.641).Mang c sang thp nht la mang
CTGe-82 (77.021).
Kt qu phn tich cho thy c s khac nhau v sang ca cac mang, sang
cao nht la mang CTGe-82, th 2 la mang CTGe-46, thp nht la mang CTGe-64 va
mang CTGe-28, cang tng dch gelatin th s lam tng sang ca mang do dch
chitosan tra xanh long ra lam mau bt sm.
Xt v mau sc th mang c t l dch chitosan tra xanh va dch gekatin la
20:80 c sang cao nht.
Kt lun:
Qua cac kt qu trn ta thy: mang c t l 80:20 c cng t va ko gin
tuy cao nhng vn thp hn mang c t l 60:40, thm t cng cao va mau sc
59
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
khng c sang. Mang c t l 60:40 c cng t va ko gin la cao nht,
thm t tuy thm t cao hn mang c thm t thp nht nhng khng nhiu,
sang tuy c s khac bit nhng rt it so vi cac mang khac. Mang c t l 40:60 va
20:80 tuy c ko gin cao nhng cng t khng cao, v th mang to ra s
khng c chc. Nh vy, trong cac t l th mang c t l 60:40 la n nht v c
cng t cao nht, to ra c mang tt hn c th ng dng bo qun thc phm.
Nh vy, qua cac kho sat trn, mang ti u la mang c cht b sung vao
dch to mang chitosan tra xanh la gelatin, nng la 3% va t l phi trn la 60 dch
chitosan tra xanh : 40 dch gelatin. Dng mang nay tin hanh kho sat tip theo.
Hnh 3.1. Mng ti
3.4. Khao sat hao
hut
khi
lng
khi bao quan

Bng 3.13. S hao
hut khi lng qua
cc ngy
Hao hut khi lng
Bao mang
Bao PE
Khng bao mang
Ngay 1
17.973Aa 0.213
2.086Ba 0.710
3.2Ba 1.537
Ngay 2
23.571Ab 2.974
2.899Ba 0.693
4.699Bab 1.222
Ngay 3
24.332Ab 2.689
3.175Bab 0.831 5.524Bab 1.451
Ngay 4
25.735Abc 2.946
3.582Bab 0.828 7.746Babc 3.644
Ngay 5
27.578Abc 2.568
4.589Bbc 0.734 9.969Bbc 4.005
Ngay 6
29.783Ac 3.650
5.337Bc 1.108
11.083Bc 4.022
Ngay 7
30.338Ac 3.052
5.888Bc 1.039
12.278Cc 4.353
Ch in hoa: so sanh cac mu trong cng 1 thi im kim tra (theo hang
ngang).
60
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Bnh
Ch thng: so sanh trong cng 1 mu cac thi im kim tra (theo c t dc).
Cac mu c ki t khac nhau th khac nhau.
35
30
25
20
15
Bao mang
Bao PE
Khng bao mang
10
5
0
Ngay 1
Ngay 2
Ngay 3
Ngay 4
Ngay 5
Ngay 6
Ngay 7
Hnh 3.2. Biu biu din hao hut khi lng qua thi gian bo qun
Khi lng ca tt c cac mu u gim theo thi gian bo qun, tuy nhin, da
vao s li u thng k t ngay 1 n ngay 6, mu ca c bao mang chitosan c hao
ht khi lng cao nht, hao ht khi lng ca mu bao mang PE va mu khng
bao mang c s khac nhau nhng khng c ngha thng k mc tin c y 95%. Sang
ngay th 7, hao ht khi lng ca 3 mu nay mi khac nhau c ngha thng k.
S hao ht v khi lng c th do s mt nc hay tach bo ra khi sn phm
trong qua trnh bo qun. Mu bao mang hao ht khi lng cao nht do mang c
chitosan va gelatin ht nc t do trong ca, m t phn cng do nc i ra ngoai theo
thi gian bo qun. Hao ht khi lng ca mu ca c bao PE thp hn mu khng
bao do vi c bao PE lam ch m qua trnh mt nc hn khi khng bao g ht.
61
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Bnh
3.5. Khao sat svi sinh vt trn ca khi bao quan
3.4.1. Tng vi sinh hiu kh
Sau mt thi gian bo qun, tng lng vi sinh vt hiu khi kim tra c nh
trong bng sau:
Bng 3.14. Tng vi sinh v t hiu theo thi gian bo qun
Ngay
Mu bao PE
Mu bao mang
cfu/ml
log10(cfu/ml)
cfu/ml
log10(cfu/ml)
1.9x104
4.289
1.0x104
4.015
2.3x104
4.362
1.8x104
4.265
2.5x106
6.398
1.6x105
5.204
1.3x108
8.112
1.2x106
6.090
1.6x107
7.209
Qua bng trn ta thy, s lng vi sinh vt tng dn theo thi gian, tng khun
hiu khi bao bng PE bt u t 8.510 3cfu/g (ca sau khi fillet) tng ln 1.9x104 sau
bo qun 1 ngay va 2,3.104cfu/g sau 2 ngay bo qun, tng khun hiu khi tng gp i
sau khi bo qun 1 ngay va tng vt tri sau 2 ngay. n ngay th 3 th tng khun
nay t 2,5.106cfu/g vt qua mc cho php i vi sn phm ca tra fillet (Theo
TCVN 8338:2010 cho ca Tra fillet th tng s vi sinh vt hiu khi khng ln hn 10 6
cfu/g), qua ngay th 4 tng ln n 1,3.10 8 cfu/g, n ngay th 5 th khun lc qua
nhiu khng th m c. Cn khi bao mang chitosan tra xanh th tng khun hiu
khi cng tng nhng khng nhiu nh bao bng PE, qua 1 ngay th tng khun hiu
khi tng ln 1.0x104 cfu/g, thp hn bao PE 2 ln, qua 2 ngay th tng ln 1.8x104
cfu/g, n ngay th 3 th t 1.6x105 cfu/g va n ngay th 4 th lng vi sinh vt mi
vt qua mc cho php ca TCVN (t 1.2x106 cfu/g), tc la bao bng mang c th
62
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
ko dai thi gian bo qun thm 1 ngay. Phia di la th th hin tng khun hiu
khi theo thi gian gia bao PE va bao mang chitosan.
9
8
7
6
Bao mng
Bao PE
Ngng gii hn
3
2
1
0
1
Hnh 3.3. Biu biu din tng s vi sinh v t hiu theo thi gian bo qun
3.4.2. Coliform
Sau mt thi gian bo qun, lng vi sinh vt Coliform kim tra c nh trong
bng sau:
Bng 3.15. S lng Coliform theo thi gian bo qun
Ngay
Mu bao PE
Mu bao mang
cfu/ml
log10(cfu/ml)
cfu/ml
log10(cfu/ml)
1.2x102
2.079
55
1.740
3.3x102
2.518
1.4x102
2.146
6.0x102
2.778
3.5x102
2.544
4.4x103
3.648
6
63
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
Qua bng trn ta thy, khi bao bng PE n ngay th th mi bt u xut hin
khun lc Coliform, t 1.2x102 cfu/g, n ngay th 4 th t 3.3x10 2 cfu/g vt qua
mc cho php i vi ca Tra fillet theo TCVN 8338:2010 la 2.10 2 cfu/g. Sang ngay th
5 th lng Coliform t 6.0x102 cfu/g. Cn khi bao bng mang chitosan- tra xanh phi
trn gelatin th cng n ngay th 3 mi xut hin khun lc Coliform, lng Coliform
ch 55 cfu/g, it hn 2 ln so vi bao bng PE, n ngay th 4 th lng Coliform t
1.4x102 , sang ngay th 5 th lng Coliform vt qua mc cho php ca TCVN
(3.5x102 cfu/g), sang ngay th 6 th lng Coliform ln n 4.4x103 cfu/g. Lng
Coliform tng rt nhanh sau khi gy h hng tht ca. Phia di la th th hin lng
Coliform sau 6 ngay bo qun.
4
3.5
3
2.5
Bao mng
Bao PE
Ngng gii hn
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
Hnh 3.4. Biu biu din s lng Colifromtheo thi gian bo qun
Kt lun: Qua qua trnh kho sat vic bo qun ca tra fillet thng qua so sanh
gia bao ca bng PE va bao bng mang chitosan- tra xanh b sung gelatin th ta thy
bao bng mang bo qun c lu hn v mang cha ng thi chitosan va tra xanh, c
hai cht nay u c kh nng khang khun gip bo qun thc phm c tt hn. C
ch khang khun ca hai cht nay nh sau:
64
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Bnh
Chitosan la i phn t tich in dng, trong khi mang t bao vi sinh vt a
s tich in m, do xy ra tng tac tnh in lam cho mang t bao vi sinh vt
b h hng, ngn cn qua trnh trao i cht qua mang t bao, ng thi lam xut
hin nhng l hng trn thanh t bao, to iu kin protein va cac thanh phn
tiu dit vi sinh vt. Nhng nghin cu v tinh khang khun ca chitosan ch ra
rng chitosan c kh nng c ch s phat trin ca vi khun. C ch c ch vi khun
ca chitosan la do lin kt gia chui polymer ca chitosan vi cac ion kim loi trn b
mt vi khun lam thay i tinh thm ca mang t bao. Khi c mt chitosan trong mi
trng, t bao vi khun s chuyn t tich in m sang tich in dng. Quan sat trn
kinh hin vi hunh quang cho thy rng chitosan khng trc tip hot ng c ch vi
khun ma la do s kt li ca t bao va s tich in dng mang ca vi khun.
Chitosan N-carboxybutyl, mt polycation t nhin, c th tng tac va hnh thanh
polyelectrolyte vi polymer tinh acid c trn b mt vi khun, do lam kt dinh mt
lng vi khun vi nhau. Ngoai ra, cac phn t chitosan khi phn tan xung quanh t
bao vi sinh v t s to ra cac tng tac lam bin i AND, nh hng n qua trnh
tng hp ARN thng tin va tng hp protein, ngn cn s hnh thanh bao t, ngn cn
trao i cht, hp thu cac thanh phn dinh dng ca vi sinh v tlam vi sinh vt yu
i va cht. Mt c ch khac ca chitosan la chitosan kich hot mt s hang rao phng
th trn t bao ch, chitosan tip xc vi cac m thc vt va kich thich tit ra cac
enzyme bo v nh chitinase, chitosanase, -1,3-glucanse, t tiu dit vi sinh vt.
Chitosan hot ng nh mt tac nhn km hm, lin kt c chn lc vi kim loi dng
vt do c ch s sn xut cht c va tng trng vi sinh vt (Cuero, Osuji, va
Washington, 1991b).
Tra xanh c kh nng khang khun la do trong tra xanh c cha hp cht
catechin c hot tinh khang khun cao. Thang 8/1996, giao s T. Shimaura cng tac ti
trng i hc y khoa Showa (Nht Bn) c cng trnh din thuyt v tac ng
dit khun E-Coli-157 ti hi tho chuyn dit khun ca tra xanh. ng khng
nh rng catechin trong tra xanh c kh nng tiu dit cac loi vi khun lam h hng
65
Bao cao an tt nghip
Bnh
thc phm va loi b cac c t do chng gy ra. Cac thi nghim ca ng cho thy tra
xanh c th dit 100000 khun E.Coli trong vng 5h. C ch hot ng ca cac
catechin la pha hu mang t bao bn ngoai ca vi khun. EGCG va ECG la hai
catechin c kh nng khanh khun mnh nht. Catechin la polyphenol c th gy ra
hin tng ngng kt bng cach to lin kt trc tip vi protein. y la tinh cht c
trng ca catechin chu trach nhim cho hot tinh khang khun.
3.5. Tinh cht cam quan ca ca sau mt thi gian bao quan
Sau mt thi gian bo qun, tinh cht cm quan ca ca khi bao bng PE va bao
bng mang chitosan tra xanh phi trn gelatin gn ging nh nhau. Tinh cht cm
quan ca ca sau 6 ngay bo qun c trnh bay trong bn sau:
Bng 3.16. Tnh cht cm quan cua c sau 6 ngy bo qun
Tinh cht cam quan
Ngay bao
quan
Mau sc
Trng ca tht
ti
Mi
C mi tanh
c trng ca
ca
Tht chuyn
Gim mi c
sang mau trng
trng ca ca, c
c, gim
mi l nhng
ti
nh
Cu trc
an hi tt,
tht sn chc
an hi
gim so vi ban
u, tht mm
R dch
Khng r dch
Cha xut hin

r dch
Tht chuyn
6
sang mau sm,

tht khng cn
Tht c mi hi
Tht tr nn b,
R dch rt
rt mm
nhiu
ti
Ca sau mt thi gian bo qun th tinh cht cm quan ngay cang xu i, c tht
mt tinh an hi, mau sc khng cn hp dn, mt mi tanh c trng ca ca, thay vao
66
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Bnh
la mi hi kh chu. Ca tra la mt loi thc phm giau dinh dng, cha cac
carbohydrat d s dng, nhiu lipid va protein, la iu kin thich hp cho vi sinh vt
phat trin. V th, sau thi gian bo qun, s lng vi sinh vt s tng nhanh khin ca
nhanh b h hng, nu lu th s khng th s dng c na.
67
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Bnh
CHNG 4: KT LUN VA KIN NGH

T nhng kt qu trnh bay trn, nhm chng em c mt s kt lun:
-
Mang ti u la mang chitosan tra xanh b sung thm gelatin 3% vi t l dch
chitosan tra xanh:gelatin la 60:40. Kho sat nng va t l gelatin b sung.

Ngoai ra, vic b sung EG vao lam tng kh nng chng ht m ca mang.
o c cac tinh cht c l cng nh cac tinh cht thng thng ca mang.
Dng mang ti u kho sat c em i bo qun ca tra fillet th khi lng ca ca
khng khac so vi bao PE, ma cn lam tng c thi gian bo qun ca so vi bao PE
la 1 ngay.
Ngoai nhng kt qu t c, do thi gian thc hin tai c hn nn an
nay cn mt s hn ch va thiu st nh cha nghin cu phng phap lam bn mang,
bo qun mang, cha nghin cu c th kh nng c ch ca mang vi cac loi vi sinh
vt ph bin trn ca tra ni ring va trn ng vt thu sn ni chung. V vy mang
chitosan tra xanh b sung gelatin c th ng dng lam mang bao thc phm, nhm
chng em xin xut mt s kin:
Nghin cu kh nng chng nm mc, nm men ca mang v bn cnh tinh khang
khun, chitosan cn c kh nng khang nm tt.

Nghin cu kh nng khang khun ca mang chitosan phi trn tra xanh bng cach
thay i dch tra b sung.

Nghin cu phng phap lam bn mang ng dng lam bao b thc phm.
Nghin cu lam mang chitosan bo qun cac sn phm thu sn khac.
Nghin cu b sung cac cht chng ht nc vao mang mang khng ht nc trong
ca trong thi gian bo qun ca.
68
PH LC
1. Xac nh ham lng polyphenol
Ham lng polyphenol trong la tra xanh c xac nh theo phng phap FolinCiocalteau (Singleton & Rossi, 1965): nguyn tc da vao phn ng oxy hoa ca cac
polyphenol vi thuc th Folin-Ciocalteau, to ra sn phm c mau xanh lam. So mau
bc song 765nm. Ham lng polyphenol c tinh toan theo ng chun acid gallic.
a. Hoa cht
Thuc th Folin-Ciocalteau
Dung dch Na2CO3 20%: hoa tan 200g Na2CO3 vao 800ml nc ct ri un si. Sau khi
dung dch ngui, thm mt vai tinh th Na2CO3, sau 24h lc thu ly dch trong, dn nc
ct ln ti 1000ml.
Dung dch acid gallic 500ppm: hoa tan 0.05g acid gallic vao 100ml nc ct.
b. Cach tin hanh
Cn chinh xac 10g tra em trich ly thu ly dch. Tin hanh thi nghim nh bng
sau.Sau o polyphenol bc song 765nm.
Bng 5.1. o hm lng polyphenol
STT ng
Acid gallic 500ppm (ml)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Mu tra (ml)
M1
M2
0.1
0.1
Nc ct (ml)
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
7.4
7.4
Thuc th Folin
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Na2CO3 20% (ml)
Nng acid gallic (ppm) 0
10
15
20
25
30
Kt qu:
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.0
0.5
10
15
20
25
30
Hnh 5.1. ng chun acid gallic

Ham lng polyphenol c tinh theo cng thc:
C=
y V do V dm 1000
a 1000 V xd m
Trong :
C: ham lng polyphenol trong dch (mg/l)
y: hp thu
Vdo: th tich o quang (10ml)
Vdm: th tich nh mc (100ml)
m: khi lng mu th (g)
Vxd: th tich mu ht dng xac nh ham lng polyphenol (0.1ml)
a: h s gc ng chun
Vy ham lng polyphenol la:

C=
1.73210 100 1000

g
=2.674 10 2 ( )
0.006477 1000 0.1 10
l
Nh vy, ham lng polyphenol chim 26.74% tng lng cht kh.
2. Khao sat cac cht b sung
2.1. Khao sat cng t ca mang
Bng 5.2.Bng kho st cng t cua mng
Pectin
Glixerol
Gelatin
Alginat
Mu trng
Mu 1
5.03
2.61
8.07
2.12
4.41
Mu 2
5.19
3.17
9.08
2.03
4.68
Mu 3
5.98
3.05
10.65
2.76
4.99
2.2. Khao sat gian ca mang

Bng 5.3. Bng kho st gin cua mng
Pectin
Glixerol
Gelatin
Alginat
Mu trng
Mu 1
11.50
16.50
16.75
8.50
5.00
Mu 2
12.07
14.50
16.50
9.72
5.75
Mu 3
15.00
16.00
17.00
7.25
5.90
2.3. Xac nh thm t ca mang

Bng 5.4. thm t cua pectin
Sau khi sy (gi)
Khi lng
(g)
Sau khi
thm
ngm 24 gi
t S (%)
Mu 1
0.0329
0.0276
0.0274
0.0772
181.752
Mu 2
0.0269
0.0238
0.0235
0.0686
191.915
Mu 3
0.0325
0.0266
0.0266
0.0727
173.308
Sau khi
thm
ngm 24 gi
t S (%)
thm t ca mu 1:
S=
W t W t
24
Wt
100=
0.07720.0274
100=181.752
0.0274
Cac mu khac tinh tng t.

Bng 5.5. thm t cua glixerol
Sau khi sy (gi)
Khi lng
(g)
Mu 1
0.0244
0.0216
0.0216
0.0657
204.167
Mu 2
0.0268
0.0225
0.0224
0.0692
208.923
Mu 3
0.0348
0.0281
0.0280
0.0853
204.643
Sau khi
thm
ngm 24 gi
t S (%)
0.0476
111.556
Bng 5.6. thm t cua gelatin

Sau khi sy (gi)
Khi lng
(g)
Mu 1
0.0279
0.0228
0.0225
Mu 2
0.0308
0.0271
0.0268
0.0552
105.970
Mu 3
0.0285
0.0247
0.0245
0.0501
104.490
Sau khi
thm
Bng 5.7. thm t cua alginat

Sau khi sy (gi)
Khi
lng(g)
ngm 24 gi
t S (%)
Mu 1
0.0311
0.0261
0.0257
0.0609
136.965
Mu 2
0.0275
0.0214
0.0213
0.0494
131.925
Mu 3
0.0394
0.0326
0.0324
0.0785
142.284
Sau khi
thm
ngm 24 gi
t S (%)
Bng 5.8. thm t cua mu trng

Sau khi sy (gi)
Khi lng
(g)
Mu 1
0.0254
0.0250
0.0248
0.0711
186.693
Mu 2
0.0214
0.0209
0.0208
0.0605
190.865
Mu 3
0.0250
0.0225
0.0240
0.0709
195.417
2.4. Xac nh mau sc ca mang

Bng 5.9.Gi tr L*
STT
Pectin
Glixerol
Gelatin
Alginat
Mu trng
76.58
70.46
75.07
80.93
77.67
78.14
75.82
74.99
81.42
69.91
77.58
77.68
75.41
81.36
72.96
77.52
77.17
77.37
81.15
64.09
77.36
73.33
77.85
81.55
70.26
79.05
73.88
77.77
82.16
70.30
77.36
77.76
77.89
79.93
68.09
77.99
76.32
77.35
80.21
74.33
78.64
78.29
79.32
81.68
74.87
10
77.65
76.14
78.05
80.60
69.91
Bng 5.10.Gi tr a*
STT
Pectin
Glixerol
Gelatin
Alginat
Mu trng
0.16
2.77
2.03
0.72
1.46
-0.01
2.10
2.07
0.77
3.17
-0.10
1.73
1.88
0.97
2.17
-0.06
1.90
1.57
0.82
4.41
-0.22
2.40
1.56
0.87
2.64
-0.33
2.35
1.55
0.87
2.95
0.07
1.88
1.56
0.67
3.64
0.05
1.95
1.48
0.70
1.99
0.01
1.78
1.33
0.85
1.61
10
-0.07
2.03
1.45
0.71
3.14
Bng 5.11.Gi tr b*
STT
Pectin
Glixerol
Gelatin
Alginat
Mu trng
7.68
10.14
8.19
5.12
10.49
7.87
7.44
9.12
4.89
12.4
8.62
4.47
8.29
3.69
10.21
8.22
3.33
7.35
4.26
14.88
8.88
9.74
6.30
3.66
12.52
7.17
9.23
5.18
3.64
12.66
7.03
4.87
6.09
5.34
13.45
6.84
5.70
5.57
4.58
8.85
6.93
4.82
4.76
4.19
8.6
10
8.17
7.30
4.88
5.09
12.17
Hnh 5.2 Mng CTPe
Hnh 5.3 Mng CTAl
Hnh 5.4.Mng CTGe
Hnh 5.5. Mng CTGl
Hnh 5.6. Mng CT
3. Khao sat nng

3.1. Xac nh cng t ca mang
Bng 5.12. cng t cua mng
1.5%
2%
2.5%
3%
3.5%
Mu 1
17.3
7.92
13.23
14.1
10.94
Mu 2
16.36
8.64
10.65
11.66
10.66
Mu 3
18.15
8.94
11.45
13.29
11.64
3.2. Xac nh keo gian ca mang

Bng 5.13. ko gin cua mng
1.5%
2%
2.5%
3%
3.5%
Mu 1
4.50
16.50
14.25
28.25
30.75
Mu 2
2.99
14.25
16.50
25.00
29.25
Mu 3
3.00
14.24
18.50
27.50
28.75
3.3. Xac nh thm t ca mang

Bng 5.14. thm t mng nng 1.5%
Sau khi ngm
Sau khi sy (gi)
Khi lng (g)
24 gi
Mu 1
0.0324
0.0321
0.0321
0.1398
Mu 2
0.0270
0.0267
0.0260
0.1138
Mu 3
0.0287
0.0281
0.0281
0.1232
Bng 5.15. thm t mng nng 2 %

Sau khi sy (gi)
Khi lng
Sau khi ngm
(g)
24 gi
Mu 1
0.0287
0.0271
0.0272
0.0945
Mu 2
0.0367
0.0365
0.0364
0.1257
Mu 3
0.0481
0.0470
0.0470
0.1640
Khi lng (g)
Sau khi sy (gi)

2
Sau khi ngm

4
24 gi
Mu 1
0.0365
0.0360
0.0359
0.1218
Mu 2
0.0370
0.0361
0.0359
0.1231
Mu 3
0.0306
0.0294
0.0290
0.0986
Bng 5.17. thm t mng nng 3 %
Khi lng (g)
Sau khi sy (gi)
Sau khi ngm
24 gi
Mu 1
0.0292
0.0291
0.0290
0.1107
Mu 2
0.0423
0.0412
0.0412
0.1561
Mu 3
0.0373
0.0346
0.0344
0.1302
Khi lng (g)
Sau khi sy (gi)
Sau khi ngm
24 gi
Mu 1
0.0377
0.0377
0.0375
0.1578
Mu 2
0.0485
0.0476
0.0475
0.1982
Mu 3
0.0485
0.0448
0.0448
0.1858

Bng 5.19.Gi tr L*
Stt
1.5%
2%
2.5%
3%
3.5%
78.8
78.86
79.11
77.27
79.38
78.66
79.19
78.67
77.03
79.01
76.90
77.11
78.34
78
79.86
78.19
76.23
78.95
78.31
79.08
80.06
76.60
78.91
77.84
79.87
78.59
77.60
77.95
77.05
79.91
78.83
77.31
79.27
77
79.15
78.79
79.29
79.36
78.13
77.35
78.07
78
76.68
78.34
79.23
10
80.74
77.33
77.69
78.02
79.53
Bng 5.20. Gi tr a*
Stt
1.5%
2%
2.5%
3%
3.5%
0.57
0.21
-0.06
0.15
-0.06
0.57
0.26
0.14
0.27
0.77
0.42
-0.01
0.26
0.64
0.45
0.07
0.27
0.08
0.41
0.52
0.09
0.23
0.18
0.52
0.41
0.1
0.24
0.2
0.47
0.35
0.16
0.2
0.06
0.37
0.27
-0.04
0.12
0.09
0.49
0.39
0.01
0.34
0.30
10
0.34
0.48
0.08
0.24
0.15
Bng 5.21.Gi tr b*
Stt
1.5%
2%
2.5%
3%
3.5%
8.44
7.25
7.07
10.25
9.11
8.07
7.6
7.09
8.97
8.1
9.72
7.89
7.08
8.46
8.05
8.45
8.32
6.82
7.73
8.85
5.35
10.23
6.75
8.69
7.31
6.91
9.40
6.52
9.26
7.4
6.96
9.01
7.01
9.8
9.00
7.17
7.3
7.09
8.59
10.19
7.87
7.71
6.81
7.69
7.46
10
6.13
10.01
7.15
8.70
7.46
4.Khao sat t l
4.1.Xac nh cng t ca mang
Bng 5.22. cng t
80:20
60:40
40:60
20:80
Mu 1
10.56
12.3
8.53
6.92
Mu 2
12.07
14.91
9.56
7.48
Mu 3
10.69
11.04
7.93
6.18
80:20
60:40
40:60
20:80
Mu 1
20.75
22.00
26.75
24.75
Mu 2
21.50
25.50
23.00
27.50
Mu 3
20.25
21.50
27.75
29.24
4.2.Xac nh keo gian ca mang

Bng 5.23. ko dn
4.3.Xac nh thm t ca mang

Bng 5.24. thm t mng t l 80:20
Khi lng
(g)
Sau khi sy (gi)
Sau khi
ngm 24 gi
thm
t S (%)
Mu 1
0.0267
0.0265
0.0263
0.0767
191.635
Mu 2
0.0276
0.0270
0.0268
0.0782
191.791
Mu 3
0.0253
0.0251
0.0251
0.0738
194.024
Sau khi
thm
ngm 24 gi
t S (%)

Sau khi sy (gi)
Khi lng
(g)
Mu 1
0.0286
0.0280
0.0279
0.0860
208.244
Mu 2
0.0318
0.0303
0.0301
0.0917
204.651
Mu 3
0.0296
0.0290
0.0285
0.0875
207.017
Sau khi
thm
ngm 24 gi
t S (%)

Sau khi sy (gi)
Khi lng
(g)
Mu 1
0.0305
0.0290
0.0288
0.1008
250
Mu 2
0.0235
0.0233
0.0228
0.0797
249.561
Mu 3
0.0254
0.0248
0.0244
0.0825
238.115
Sau khi
thm
ngm 24 gi
t S (%)

Sau khi sy (gi)
Khi lng
(g)
Mu 1
0.0346
0.0334
0.0333
0.0886
166.067
Mu 2
0.0288
0.0286
0.0286
0.0765
167.482
Mu 3
0.0255
0.0249
0.0247
0.0671
171.660

Bng 5.28.Gi tr L*
STT
80:20
60:40
40:60
20:80
77.58
79.33
82.65
84.51
74.63
78.82
83.00
84.17
75.09
77.86
82.27
84.71
76.38
77.31
81.79
85.47
77.52
75.94
83.04
83.67
80.16
75.94
82.23
85.73
79.58
78.66
82.49
83.23
77.32
78.23
82.36
86.18
76.26
79.15
83.38
82.93
10
75.69
77.70
82.53
85.81
STT
80:20
60:40
40:60
20:80
1.74
1.42
1.44
0.15
2.37
1.62
1.5
0.16
2.58
1.59
1.29
0.51
2.07
1.71
1.47
0.62
1.89
2.04
1.4
0.62
1.56
1.92
1.51
0.57
1.53
1.65
1.41
0.33
Bng 5.29.Gi tr a*
1.98
1.62
1.52
0.48
1.97
1.41
1.39
0.30
10
2.31
1.61
1.47
0.54
STT
80:20
60:40
40:60
20:80
12.15
11.57
4.91
6.33
15.01
12.22
4.84
6.16
15.09
12.96
7.29
3.77
12.68
14.53
5.56
2.79
12.81
13.81
6.74
3.81
10.27
13.25
4.22
3.07
10.52
12.41
5.72
5.69
11.72
12.91
4.13
3.39
12.77
11.39
5.5
5.90
10
13.79
13.08
4.12
3.27
Bng 5.30.Gi tr b*
5.Khao sat hao hut khi lng

Bng 5.31.Bao mngchitosan
Mu 1 (m0 = 20.3365g) Mu 2 (m0 = 20.0507g)
Mu 3 (m0 = 20.2507g)
16.7229
16.4505
16.5661
16.1969
14.7929
15.3635
16.0077
14.7619
15.1208
15.7129
14.3114
15.0166
15.3006
14.0772
14.5439
14.9351
13.2842
14.3696
14.6564
13.2795
14.3145
Bng 5.32.Bao PE
Mu 1 (m0 = 20.1568g)
Mu 2 (m0 = 20.2640g)
Mu 3 (m0 = 20.8335g)
19.9014
19.7532
20.3186
19.7191
19.5443
20.2138
19.7059
19.4898
20.1113
19.6236
19.4102
20.0233
19.3967
19.2121
19.8324
19.3337
19.0104
19.6372
19.2038
19.0054
19.4325
Bng 5.33.Khng bao mng

Mu 1 (m0 = 20.7640g) Mu 2 (m0 = 20.7932g)
Mu 3 (m0 = 20.0869g)
19.7739
20.1412
19.7463
19.5395
19.8063
19.3930
19.3120
19.6520
19.2650
18.2849
19.5553
19.0132
17.7424
19.0851
18.6524
17.5070
18.8552
18.4310
17.1719
18.7192
18.1663
6.Kim tra vi sinh vt trn ca
Hnh 5.6. Petrifilm c v khng c khun lac Coliform
Hnh 5.7. Khun lac tng khun hiu kh (m c v khng m c)
Bng 5.34. S lng vi sinh vt trn mu bao PE

Mu bao PE
Hiu khi
Ngay
1
2
Coliform
pha
S khun
S t bao
pha
S khun
S t bao
loang
lac
(cfu/ml)
loang
lac
(cfu/ml)
10-2
188; 196
1.9x104
10-1
10-2
235; 213
10-1
10-3
36; 17
10-4
247; 231
10-5
42; 28
10-1
9, 15
1.2x102
10-1
36; 30
3.3x102
10-2
10-2
6; 6
10-5
10-6
10-6
5
10-7
2.3x105
2.5x106
Khng
m c
104; 155
Khng
m c
Khng
m c
1.3x108
6.0x102
Bng 5.35. S lng vi sinh vt trn mu bao bng mng ti u

Mu bao mang
Hiu khi
Ngay
1
2
Coliform
pha
S khun
S t bao
pha
S khun
S t bao
loang
lac
(cfu/ml)
loang
lac
(cfu/ml)
10-2
118; 89
1.0x104
10-1
10-2
176; 192
1.8x104
10-1
10-1
5; 6
55
-3
10
9; 12
10-3
157; 163
10-4
4; 7
10-4
126
1.2x106
10-1
14
1.4x102
10-5
146; 178
1.6x107
10-2
3; 4
3.5x102
10-6
10-2
38; 51
4.5x103
Khng
m c
1.6x105
TAI LIU THAM KHO

Ting vit:
1. Bi Vn Min, Nguyn Anh Trinh. Nghin cu tao mng v boc chitosan t v tm v
ng dung bo qun thu sn.. Khoa Cng ngh Thc phm, Trng i hc Nng Lm
Tp. H Chi Minh, 2003.
2. Chu Vn Minh, Phm Hu in, ng Lan Hng, Trnh c Hng, Hoang Thanh
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VIN CNG NGH SINH HOC VA THC PHM

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Thanh ph H Chi Minh, thang 7/2014

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TPHCM

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Thanh ph H Chi Minh, thang 7/2014

SINH HOC VA THC PHM

NHIM V N CHUYN NGANH

NGANH: CNG NGH THC PHM

1. tai an: Nghin cu to mang chitosan tra xanh.

Tng quan v chitosan, tra xanh va cac cht b sung

To ra mang bao chitosan- tra xanh b sung cht khac

Xac nh cac tinh cht ca mang to ra

Kim tra tinh khang khun ca mang to ra

3. Ngay giao nhim v an: 10/03/2014

NGI HNG DN CHNH

Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

Tp. H Chi Minh, ngay. thang 7 nm 2014

Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

cng t, ko gin), tinh thm nc va sang ca mang.

CHNG 1.TNG QUAN NGUYN LIU.....................................................................1

1.3. Cac cht b sung......................................................................................................14

1.4.2.3. S phn gii protein......................................................................................24

3.3. Xac nh t l cht ti u..........................................................................................52

Bng 1.1. Ham lng cac cht trong la ch ti..................................................................8

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CHNG 1.TNG QUAN NGUYN LIU

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Hnh 1.1.Cng thc cu tao cua chitosan

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khi lng cht

khi lng cht

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