The Complex Sentence: Subordination.

Structural classes:
Finite takes, took, can take, has taken, is writing, has written
Non-finite to work, having worked, taken
Verbless
NONFINITE: lack tense markers and modal auxiliaries. They frequently lack a
subject and a subordinating conjunction. We recover meaning associated with
tense, aspect and mood from context.
To-infitive (with/ without subject)
Bare infinitive (with/without subject)
-ing participle(with/without subject)
-ed participle(with/without subject)
VERBLESS: it is possible to recover the subject by using the missing form of
the verb to be, when the clause has a subject only the verb has to be
recovered. The subject is often introduced by with or without.
SUBORDINATORS OR SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (linking words)
Single word subordinators
Multi-word subordinators
Correlative subordinators
Marginal subordinators:
1. Combination of subordinator with a preceding or following adverb
even if, if only.
2. temporal noun phrases the moment that, every time that better
analysed as restrictive relative clause
3. Prepositional phrases ending in the fact that, because of the fact
that better analysed as in apposition to the preceding noun
phrase.

Wh-elements in :
1. subordinate interrogative cl
2. subordinate exclamative cl
3. wh-relative cl
4. conditional-concessive cl
relative pronoun THAT is a subordination marker in restrictive relative
clauses
Subject-operator inversion is a marker of subordination particularly in
conditional clauses. The operators that permit the inversion are: had,
were, should, could and might.
The absence of a finite verb is itself an indicator of subordination, since
non-finite and verbless clauses are generally subordinate.

There are 3 types subordinate clauses that have no clear indicator of

subordination within them:
1. nominal that clauses allow the omission of that
2. zero relative clauses
3. comment clauses

That clauses
Wh
interrogative

Verbless
clauses

Bare
infinitive
clauses

Exclamative
NOMINAL

Yes-no
alternative
interrogative

Ing-clauses

To-infinitive

Nominal
relative

Adverbial clauses

Of time

Of place

Of condition: direct cond, indirect, open, hypothetical, rethorical

conditional

Concessive

Alternative conditional concessive

Universal condicional concessive

Of contrast

Of exception

Reason clauses

Purpose clauses

Result clauses

Similarity, comparison, proportion, preference

Comment