IEEE-International Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012

10

Channel capacity enhancement using MIMO

Technology
Abhay Mukherjee

Akhilesh Kumar

Department of Electronics Design &Technology

National Institute of Electronics and Information
Technology
Gorakhpur India 273010
akhilpb@gmail.com

Department of Electronics Design &Technology

National Institute of Electronics and Information
Technology
Gorakhpur India 273010
abhaymukherjee40@gmail.com

Ani! KumarChaudhary

KamtaNath Mishra

Department of Electronics Design &Technology

National Institute of Electronics and Information
Technology
Gorakhpur India 273010
mishrakamtanat@yahoo.com

Abstract-This paper will describe the signal processing and

channel enhancement using MIMO technology In order to have
flexibility in transmission system, wireless systems are always
considered better as compared to wired channel. Having known
the drawbacks of the Single Input Single Output system, and
having computed the advantages of Multiple Input Multiple Out,
several techniques have been developed to implement space
multiplexed codes. In wireless MIMO the transmitting end as
well as the receiving end is equipped with multiple antenna
elements, as such MIMO can be viewed as an extension of the
very popular 'smart antennas'. In MIMO though the transmit
antennas and receive antennas are jointly combined in such a
way that the quality (Bit Error Rate) or the rate (Bit/Sec) of the
communication is improved. At the system level, careful design of
MIMO signal processing and coding algorithms can help increase
dramatically capacity and coverage.

Keywords-Wireless, MlMO, Channel, Transmitter, Receiver.

I. Introduction

The paper will present a continuous higher data rate for

wireless system under limited power, bandwidth and
complexity. Another domain can be exploited to significantly
increase channel capacity: the use of multiple transmit and
receive antennas.MIMO channel capacity depends heavily on
the statistical properties and antenna element correlations of
the channel [1].Antenna correlation varies drastically as a
function of the scattering environment, the distance between
transmitter and receiver, the antenna configurations, and the
Doppler spread [3]." The channel gain matrix is very small,
leading to limited capacity gains.We focus on MIMO channel
capacity in the Shannon theoretic sense.
For single-user MIMO channels with perfect transmitter and
receiver CSI the ergodic and outage capacity calculations are
straightforward since the capacity is known for every channel
state. In multiuser channels, capacity becomes a -dimensional
region defming the set of all rate vectors (RJ,..,Rk)

Department of Electronics Design &Technology

National Institute of Electronics and Information
Technology
Gorakhpur India 273010
aniI. viet@yahoo.com

simultaneously achievable by all K users. The multiple

capacity defmitions for time-varying channels under different
transmitter and receiver CSI and CDI assumptions extend to
the capacity region of the multiple-access channel (MAC) and
broadcast channel (BC) in the obvious way. However, these
MIMO multiuser capacity regions, even for time-invariant
channels, are difficult to find. Few capacity results exist for
time varying multiuser MIMO channels, especially under the
realistic assumption that the transmitter(s) and/or receiver(s)
have cm only. Many practical MIMO techniques have been
developed to capitalize on the theoretical capacity gains
predicted by Shannon theory. A major focus of such work is
space-time coding: recent work in this area is summarized in.
Other techniques for MIMO systems include space-time
modulation, adaptive modulation and coding, space-time
equalization, space-time signal processing, space-time
CDMA and space-time OFDM.
II.MIMO CHANNEL MODELING

It is common to model a wireless channel as a sum of two

components, a LOS component and a NLOS component
1. LOS Component Model

The Rician factor is the ratio between the power of the LOS
component and the mean power of the NLOS component [6].
For MIMO systems, however, the higher the Rician factor K,
the more dominant NLOS becomes. Since NLOS is a time
invariant, it allows high antenna correlation, low spatial degree
of freedom, hence, a lower MIMO capacity for the same
SNR.In fixed wireless network (macro cell) MIMO improve
the quality of service in areas that are far away from the base
station, or are physically limited to using low antennas. In an
indoor environment, many simulations and measurements
have shown that typically the multipath scattering is rich
enough that the LOS component rarely dominates. This plays
in favor of in-building MIMO deployments (e.g., WLAN).

ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE

IEEE-International Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012

2 Correlation Model for NLOS Component:

In the absence of a LOS component, the channel matrix

modeled with Gaussian random variables (i.e., Rayleigh
fading). The antenna elements can be correlated, often due to
insufficient antenna spacing and existence of few dominant
scatters. Antenna correlation is considered the leading cause of
rank deficiency in the channel matrix, to obtain the highest
diversity.
In the Rician channel case, the channel matrix can be
represented as a sum of the line-of-sight (LOS) and non-Iine
of-sight (NLOS) components
H = HLOS + HNLOS
HNLOS H - HLOS'
H
H
}
and
E{
Where, LOS
According to this model
HNLOS = (R r) II2H",(RR)'h

...

(1)

Where, RR is the M xMcorrelation matrix of the receive

antennas, Rr is the N x N correlation matrix of the transmit
antennas, and H",is a complex N xMmatrix whose elements
are zero-mean independent and identically distributed
(i.i.d)complex Gaussian random variables
For a MIMO system the channel matrix is written as

hll

hnl

h1 nT
.
.
.

hnnT

Where, hI}

II

discussion, we will lump all additive noise into a single

contribution represented by the Mx 1 vector 11(t) that is
injected at the receive antenna terminals. The resulting signal
plus noise vector YA(t) is then down converted to produce the
Mx1 baseband output vector y(t). Finally, y(t) is passed
through a matched filter whose output is sampled once per
symbol to produce y(k), after which the space-time decoder
produces estimatesof the originally transmitted symbols.
III.SP ACE DIVERSITY

Diversity techniques can be used to improve system

performance in fading channels. Instead of transmitting and
receiving the desired signal through one channel, we obtain L
copies of the desired signal through M different channels [7].
The idea is that while some copies may undergo deep fades,
others may not. We might still be able to obtain enough energy
to make the correct decision on the transmitted symbol.
Another approach to achieve diversity is to use M antennas
to receive M copies of the transmitted signal shown in fig.2.
The antennae should be spaced far enough apart so that
different received copies of the signal undergo independent
fading. Different from frequency diversity and temporal
diversity, no additional work is required on the transmission
end, and no additional bandwidth or transmission time is
required.

Transmitt
er

+ j f3

~
~
:/

Fig. 2. Space diversity

However, physical constraints may limit its applications.
Sometimes, several transmission antennae are also employed
to send out several copies of the transmitted signal. Spatial
diversity can be employed to combat both frequency selective
fading and time selective fading.
IV. INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS SYSTEMS

Fig..l Model For Gaussian Channel Matrix

According to Fig.l, The M-element receive array then
samples this field and generates the Mx 1 signal vector YA(t) at
the array terminals. Noise in the system is typically generated
in the physical propagation channel (interference) and the
receiver front-end electronics (thermal noise). To simplify the

ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE

IEEE-International Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012

LD--SISO
U-SIMO
LD-MISO
U-M1MO

--03
--03

tl
---[Y

FIg 3.: Antenna configuratIOns In dIfferent systems

Presently four different types (Input and output refers to
number of antennas) of systems can be categorized as far as
diversity is concerned (as shown in figure 3.).
l.Single Input Single Output (SISO)-No diversity

This system has single antenna both side. Due to single

transmitter and receiver antenna, it is less complex than
mUltiple input and multiple output (MIMO).SISO is the
simplest antenna technology.
--------
-

Fig 4.1 Graph Between C And SNR(SISO)

In some environments, SISO systems are vulnerable to
problems caused by multipath effects.!n a digital
communications system, it can cause a reduction in data speed
and an increase in the number of errors.

2.

Multiple Inputs Single Output (MISO)-Transmit

diversity

It's a system with Multiple-antenna arrays are known to

perform better than their single-antenna counterparts, because
they can more effectively counter the effects of mUltipath
fading and interference. However, the enhanced performance
depends on the amount of channel information at the
transmitter and on whether the transmitter is able to take
advantage of this information. [3]
We have a multiple input- single-output (MISO)
system with N Tx antennas and the capacity is given by [3]

Where the normalization by N ensures a fixed total transmitter

power and show the absence of array gain in that case

}J

SISO Tx

Lo

Fig.4. A SISO System

Capacity [10] of a
C

SISO

12

MIMO
Tx

MIMO
Rx

Fig. 5. A MISO System

Graph between C and SNR is given by for 2 transmitting
antennas

. .

7 r--.--.---'---.--.--__._-.---.

is given by:

[092(1 + plhI2)b/s/Hz(2)

Where h is the normalized complex gain of a fixed wireless

channel and is the SNRthe plot between the C and SNR will
be

. .

, "

"
I '

""'

"''"

, "

"

'

4.5 r-----,---__._---r----,

.!OJ

___

<..>

3.5
3
2.G

...... .... ...... .. , .

:
:

:
:

1 0L-10 20-3O--4O-5O -6O -7080-9O

01 0

.... .........
=
:. ....... ..

S0

;:

:
:

........... ....... ...

g5.1 Graph Between C and SNR

3.Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO)-Transmit

10
'2
SMR(rlR)

14

16

18

20

ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE

receive diversity

IEEE-International Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012

Multiple antennas can be used either at the transmitter or

receiver or at both.

To capture all Nt received

equation, the matrix notation can be used:

x(t)

Compared to
Type

Transmit

Receive

Data

Single

Antenna

Antenna

Rate

Antenna

s,

signals

13

into one

H(t)s(t) .................(5)

-cjf Y:l B

x,

Technologies

SIMO

Single

MISO

Multiple

Multiple

Single

Same

Same

Greater range
Same

range

but

More

reliable
MIMO

Multiple

Multiple

Greater

V.MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF MIMO

Consider a wireless communication system with Nt

transmit (Tx) and Nr receive (Rx) antennas. The idea is to
transmit different streams of data on the different transmit
antennas, but at the same carrier frequency. The stream on
the p-th transmit antenna, as function of the time t, will be
denoted by sp(t). When a transmission occurs, the
transmitted signal from the p-th Tx antenna might find
different paths to arrive at the q-th Rx antenna, namely, a
direct path and indirect paths through a number of
reflections[4].
For such a system, all the multi-path components
between the p-th Tx and q-th Rx antenna can be summed
up to one term, say hqp(t). Since the signals from all
transmit antennas are sent at the same frequency, the q-th
receive antenna will not only receive signals from the p-th,
but from all Nt transmitters. This can be denoted by the
following equation (the additive noise at the receiver IS
omitted for clarity).
=

-cjf <, B
5 .

Ll hqp (t)sp(t), ....(4)

>,

>

Greater range

TABLE I. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ANTENNA

SYSTEMS
These various configurations are referred to as multiple
input single output MISO, Single Input Multiple Output
SIMO, or Multiple Input Multiple Output MIMO.
The SIMO and MISO architectures are a form of receive
and transmit diversity schemes respectively. On the other
hand, MIMO architectures can be used for combined transmit
and receive diversity, as well as for the parallel transmission
of data or spatial mUltiplexing. When used for spatial
multiplexing MIMO technology promises high bit rates in a
narrow band-width and as such it is of high significance to
spectrum users [9].

Xq(t)

s,

Figure 6: Schematic Representation Of A MIMO

Communication System
where, set) is an Ncdirnensional column vector with sp(t)
being its p-th element, x(t) is Nr-dimensional with xq(t) on its
q-th position and the matrix H(t) is Nr x Nt with hqp(t) as its
(q,p)-th element, with p = 1, ... , Nt and q = I, ... , N" A
schematic representation of a MIMO communication scheme
can be found in Figure 6.
Mathematically, a MIMO transmission can be seen as a set
of equations (the recordings on each Rx antenna) with a
number of unknowns (the transmitted signals). If every
equation represents a unique combination of the unknown
variables and the number of equations is equal to the
number of unknowns, then their exists a unique solution
to the problem. If the number of equations is larger than
the number of unknowns, a solution can be found by
perfonning a projection using the least squares method ,
also known as the Zero Forcing (ZF) method. For the
symmetric case, the ZF solution results in the unique
solution.
VI.CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT USING MIMO

MIMO technologies overcome the deficiencies of these

traditional methods through the use of spatial diversity. Data
in a MIMO system is transmitted over T transmit antennas
through what is referred to as a "MIMO channel" to R receive
antennas supported by the receiver tenninal.
For a memory less Jxl (SISO) system the capacity is
given by:
C

[09z(1 + plhlZ)bjsjHz

...

(6)

Where h is the normalizes complex gain of a fixed wireless

channel or that of a particular realization of a random channel.

ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE

14

IEEE-International Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012

As we deploy more Rx antennas the statIstics of

capacity will improve and with M Rx antennas, we have a
SIMO system with capacity given by

Fig.7.Comparison between SISO,MISO and MIMO

MU;10 Capacity

8IS0

... -

,--'- --
16 ir===--'--

Where

14

is the gain of Rxantenna.

Now, we consider the use of diversity at both transmitter and

receiver giving rise to a MIMO system. For N Tx and M Rx
antennas, we have the now famous capacity equation [3], [4],
[5]

Where ( * ) means transpose-conjugate and H is the MxN

channel matrix.
For the i.i.d. Rayleigh fading case we have the impressive
linear capacity growth discussed above. For a wider range of
channel models including, for example, correlated fading and
specular components, we must ask whether this behavior still
holds. Below we report a variety of work on the effects of
feedback and different channel models. It is important to note
that (8) can be rewritten as [4].

C=Ii'!llogz(l +( p/N)!..j

...

12

""""'MI'v10, NT=NR=2
-'-" MI'v10, NT=NR=3
- - - MI'v10, NT=NR=4
--

"""

',," , " / :
/:
.I '
,

"

;,,

" ,

1/

;' " "-..,

:.

"

""

"

"

'

"

"

: ;

:,':.

"

'

/
,/
"
/- ;'
""
/ j
/11 ,<""

r/. '
/1
f ' :

"...

... ...

"

"

,,,,- ,,,,,,

""

,
" .. ,, :

"

, ,

""
,
' '''''' , ''''''

...... : . . . . . . .

"

. '
.
.( : . . '.
"

.......' . .,.., .,' .'

. , -- .. .,

"

< ..

"

, ,,
' '
"' '
"'
,

"

"

"

"

"' '

''

. . . . . . . :

OL-__-L__-L____L-__L-__-L__-L
o
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
8NR

Fig .8. CapacityEnhancement in MIMO

(9)

Where
(i=l.. .... m) are the nonzero eignvalues of
W,m= min(M,N), and

W= {HH*,
H*H,

VII.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS

M:::; N

< M

.
. .

(10)

This formulation can be easily obtained from the direct use of

Eigen value properties. Alternatively, we can decompose the
MIMO channel into m equivalent parallel SISO channels by
performing a singular value decomposition (SVD) of [4], [8].
s so ISO,MIn Capoci1r
8

-3iso

,lise, \T=2,=1R='

-,- . ,liMO, IT=1R=2

" ''''''

N' 6 '

I
5 / .'
w

I ---------"
J
10
2J
30
,)0
:0
60
:0
EO
90
100
tJ

This paper reviews the major features of MIMO links for

use in future wireless networks. Information theory reveals the
great capacity gains which can be realized from MIMO.
Whether we achieve this fully or at least partially in practice
depends on a sensible design of transmit and receive signal
processing algorithms. It is clear that the success of MIMO
algorithm integrationinto commercial standards such as 3G,
WLAN, and beyond will rely on a fine compromise between
rate maximization (BLAST type) and diversity (space-time
coding) solutions, also including the ability to adapt to the
time changing nature of the wireless channel using some form
of (at least partial) feedback. To this end more progress in
modelling, not only the MIMO channel but its specific
dynamics, will be required. As new and more specific channel
models are being proposed it will useful to see how those can
affect the performance tradeoffs between existing transmission
algorithms and whether new algorithms, tailored to specific
models, can be developed. Finally, upcoming trials and
performance measurements in specific deployment conditions
will be key to evaluate precisely the overall benefits of MIMO
systems in real-world wireless scenarios such as UMTS.
VIII.REFERENCES

[1] A. Goldsmith et aI., "Capacity Limits of MIMO

Channels," IEEE JSAC, vol. 21, June 2003, pp. 684-702.

ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE

IEEE-International Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012

[2] H. Weingarten, Y. Steinberg, and S. Shamai, "The

Capacity Region of the Gaussian MIMO
Broadcast
Channel," Proc. Conf. Info. Sciences and Systems (CISS),
Princeton, NJ, Mar. 2004.
[3] G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, "On limits of wireless
communicationsin a fading environment when using multiple
antennas," Wireless Pers.Commun., vol. 6, pp. 311-335, Mar.
1998.
[4] E. Telatar, "Capacity of multiantenna Gaussian channels,"
AT&T BellLaboratories, Tech. Memo., June 1995
[5] I. E. Telatar, "Capacity of multi antenna Gaussian
channels," Eur. Trans.Commun., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 585-595,
1999.
[6] Techniques for 3G and beyond. John Wiley and Sons,
January 2003
[7] Wireless Communication by Theodore S.Rappaport.
[81]Royal institute of technology, stockholm, lecture notes,
uri:
[9] Wikipedia.

ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE

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