Th trng bn bun in

9.1. Hot ng sn xut v truyn ti nng lng trong mt ngnh cng

nghip khng c quyn
Cng nghip in hot ng nh th no trong mi trng khng c
quyn? Nhng nh sn xut in thc s lm ra ci g? Ai nh gi mng
li in khng l hot ng mt cch tin cy v n nh hay khng? Khch
hng in i ti u mua in v lm th no nng lng c truyn
ti t ni v nh sn xut ti ni h mun? Ngay c trong nhng hon
cnh tt nht, vic tr li cho nhng cu hi ny vn gy nhiu tranh ci bi
hot ng ca cng nghip in trong mi trng phi c quyn phc tp
hn rt nhiu so vi c quyn.
Thm vo l trong thc t c rt nhiu c ch vn hnh khc nhau
cho mt th trng in cnh tranh m mt chnh ph c th la chn. Tt c
rt phc tp v kh nm bt, nhng mi ci mt mc khc nhau v
trong mt cch thc khc nhau. Chng ny v chng sau s tm hiu
nhng khi nim chnh ca nhng cu trc rt khc nhau ny trong mc
h thng sn xut v phn phi in v c gng ch ra chng hot ng nh
th no v quan trng hn l vch ra quy lut
Bn bun v bn l
Hai mc ca cnh tranh c cho php v trong thc t c
khuyn khch trong cng nghip in di ch phi c quyn. th
trng ny, Gencos sn xut v bn mt lng khng l nng lng in.
Thm ch mt nh my in c nh bnh thng cng sn xut c in
cho trn 10000 h gia nh. in nng c bn vi khi lng ln cho cc
cng ty khc nhau cho nhng khch hng cng nghip rt ln, thng qua c
ch th trng t do, s c cp sau. Nhng lng in ln c truyn
ti qua mng li in ca cng ty Transco, mng li ny ging nh h
thng ng ray xe la i vi in. N c th di chuyn nhng dung lng
ln trn mt chng ng di mt cch hiu qu nhng n ch chm ti mt
hay hai im ti mi khu vc sau nhng n v cp a phng ny s
c phn phi tip.
Vic phn phi in giai on tip theo c thut ng l RETAILER
(bn l), cc cng ty cnh tranh nhau cung cp in cho cc khch hng
bng vic cung cp cc dch v tt, gi c phi chng v cht lng thng
nht. l cc cng ty mua nng lng mc bn bun v sp xp li vic
truyn ti ti tng a phng ni h thc hin vic kinh doanh h c
nng lng phn phi v bn cho cc c s cc a phng. Ngun
in ca h c chuyn qua cc h thng phn phi a phng ti

khch hng. Cc cng ty phn phi cp a phng (DISCOS) s hu v

vn hnh h thng phn phi nh l hot ng thng mi c quyn.1
Ch thch 1: trong mt s quc gia hay tiu bang, ngi ta khng cho
php vic cnh tranh trong giai on bn l in. Khch hng tiu th phi
mua in t cng ty phn phi a phng, nhng ngi gi c quyn
bun bn c cp mng v cp bn l v v vy thc hin lun chc nng
ca Resco. Trong cc trng hp nh vy Disco mua nng lng t th
trng bn bun v nh vy s cnh tranh thc s ch tn ti nh ca
ngnh cng nghip ny.
Th trng sn xut cnh tranh

H thng truyn ti
Tha

H thng phn phi

Tha thun c quyn

Th trng bn l in cnh tranh

Cc nh bn l cnh tranh quyt
lit bn cho khch hng tiu
th

Khch hng tiu th

Hnh 9.1. M hnh ngnh cng nghip in trong trng thi cnh tranh t do
hon ton. in t cc nh my c vn chuyn thng qua h thng truyn ti v
phn phi ti th trng bn l cnh tranh pha di. Cc t chc trong hai th
trng cnh tranh c th khc nhau. Trong thc t, thng th nhng ngi bn l
(ngi bn th trng bn l) l ngi mua th trng bn bun.

V vy mt ngnh cng nghip in cnh tranh t do hon ton ging

nh mt ming sandwich, s cnh tranh din ra trn v di mt h
thng cho php vo ra m, nh c m t hnh 9.1. Cu trc ny c

phn chia mt cch thun tin hn trong 2 mc : bn bun (bao gm khu

sn xut v truyn ti) v bn l (phn phi v bn ti tay khch hng). Phn
9.2 nh gi th trng bn bun v cc h thng khc nhau.
Cc nh my in v cc cng ty phn phi mi
cng nghip in thc s vn hnh trong mt mi trng t do, v
b sung v Gencos, Transcos, Discos v Rescos tho lun chng 8, 2
thc th b sung cn phi c to thm bi vic ti cu trc cng nghip:
Th trng in: c nhng cch cho nh my in bn in ca h
cho ngi mua v ngi bn.
Vn hnh h thng: h thng truyn ti c th vn chuyn in t
im sn xut ti ni tiu th.
C chc nng ny phi c thc hin bng hnh thc ny hay hnh
thc khc trong mi ngnh cng nghip in c mi trng cnh tranh t do.
C hai u yu cu mt mc tiu v mt vi dng trung thc v bnh ng
trong hot ng hng ti tt c cc cng ty cnh tranh. V vy, khng c
cng ty cnh tranh no lin quan c th thc hin mt trong cc vai tr ny.
Vn hnh h thng c th c thc hin bi Transco v Discos, di mt
vi dng cu trc phi c quyn nhng th trng l mt khi nim m hon
ton khc bit vi cng nghiip in thi k c quyn trc y. V nguyn
nhn ny m vic ph b th c quyn thng yu cu mt hay mt vi n
v mi phi c lp ra trong mt dng ny hay dng khc: Mt nh iu
hnh Poolco, mt n v s mua nng lng t nhng ngi b thu cnh
tranh v vn hnh h thng mt cch bnh ng; Mt sn giao dch nng
lng cho php ngi mua v ngi bn thc hin cc giao dch mua bn
nng lng; Mt n v c lp s thc hin vn hnh h thng vi mc
ch m bo h thng hot ng ng tin cy v cng bng vi tt c cc
bn tham gia.
9.2. Th trng in bn bun hay mc pht in
Mt khi nim hon ton mi th trng nng lng in
Trong mt mi trng t do, mt vi h thng phi c thit lp sao
cho ngi mua in c th rao sn phn ca h v thc hin cc giao dch
mua bn. C ba cch c bn c th hin thc ha iu ny, Poolco, giao dch
song phng v thnh lp s giao dch nng lng. Thng h hay kt hp
cc cch khc nhau trn to thnh mt h thng hn hp.
Poolco hay ngi mua i l
Ch c ngi mua trong h thng mt ngi mua. Poolco l mt c
quan chnh quyn hay na chnh quyn c th mua t mi ngi, u thu t
tt c nhng ngi bn, v mua lng p ng nhu cp trn th trng,
vi gi thu thp nht. Thng thng, nh vn hnh Poolco cng chu trch

nhiu vn hnh h thng nng lng m v vy y l mt nh hot ng

ngi mua-h thng kt hp.
Giao dch song phng
loi ny ca h thng nhiu ngi bn-ngi mua, tng c nhn
ngi mua ngi bn lp mt tha thun thc hin vic giao dch cc
mc gi, v trong hon cnh ny h ng mt cch ring l. Tuy nhin,
h c th c yu cu phi cng b thng tin v mt vi chi tit ca hp
ng ra bn ngi. V d, ngi to lp th trng t cng ty Big State
Power Generating (mt Genco) c th gp g vi cc nh qun l ca Phng
qun l nng lng ca thnh ph Greenville v ng bn trn 500,000
kW, mi gi, trong thp nin ti, mc gi dao ng t 2.0 ti 4.3, ph
thuc vo ma trong nm v gi trong ngy. Hai bn c th ng thm mt
iu khon c bit, nh l mt iu khon mua b sung cho php thnh ph
nng nhu cu ln mc 600,000 kW, bng cch a ra thng bo trc mt
nm ca nhu cu pht trin.
Sn giao dich nng lng
Chnh quyn thit lp hay yu cu cng nghip in thit lp mt sn
giao dch cho vic mua bn nng lng, vi c ch hot ng ging nh cc
sn giao dch hng ha hay chng khon khc. Ngi mua nhp nhu cu ca
h vo sn ny (ti cn thm 330000 kW cho ngy mai. Ti s tr
2.3c/kWhr) hay vi ngi bn (ti c 300000 kW ti mun bn mc gi
4c)
Khi h thc hin giao dch mua bn thng qua sn nng lng ngi
mua v ngi bn thc s ang ni chuyn vi ton th trng, khng ch
vi c nhn ngi mua v ngi bn. V trong th trng chng khon s
giao dich nng lng thng xuyn c cp nht v hin th gi th trng
(MCP) l mc gi hin ti m giao dch c thc hin. V vy, ngi
mua m c nhu cu mua mc gi 2.4 c/kWH v ngi bn mun bn
mc 4c/kWH u bit rng MCP hin ti c l s l 3.17 c v s thit lp
giao dch, h s iu chnh gi rao ca h st hn vi gi ca th trng.
s giao dch, nng lng mua bn theo cch bi v gi c trong th trng
hng ha nng lng ln xung ph thuc vo quan h cung-cu ging nh
cc th trng hng ha khc.
Ch rng khi ngi mua v ngi bn thng tin vi th trng h
khng bit c h ang thc hin giao dch vi ai nh l trn th trng
hng ha h khng bit chc chn ai s bn th m h mua. V thc s
cng khng phi l mt vn qu quan trng vi h..
Ba cu trc th trng ny khng loi tr ln nhau. Trong thc t, mt
s kt hp ca c ba loi ny c th c thc hin nhng t khi c lm
trong thc t 2. V d, giao dch song phng c cho php California,

nhng Western Power Exchang (WEPEX) li cho php ngi mua v

ngi bn thc hin cc giao dch trn sn. Tng t nh vy vi cc h
thng ca cc quc gia hay bang khc cho php giao dch song phng vi
Gencos ch gia nhng ngi mua ln ca th trng in, trn 100MW v
ch nh mt nh vn hnh Poolco mua v tng hp li nh mt i l
cho cc khch hng nh hn.
Ch thch 2: v d, mt chnh ph c th thit lp mt Poolco chu
trch nhim cho vic iu hnh ton b mng li ng dy quc gia,
nhng bn nng lng cho cc a phng trong nhng khu vc nht nh
ca quc gia. (v d nh cc vng nng thn) v v vy thc hin u thu
cho nhng nhu cu ny thng qua. Chng ta c th tm hiu rng, trong mt
mi trng cnh tranh th s rt kh khuyn khch cc dng vn u t chy
vo khu vc nng thn. ng thi, Chnh ph c th cho php cc hp
ng giao dch song phng, thnh lp th trng nng lng ginh li
th cnh tranh trong cc khu vc ng dn, pht trin ca quc gia
Chi tit ca qu trnh thc hin ba c ch ny c th to ra cc tha
thun khc nhau trong cc th trng vi cc chnh sch khc nhau. V d,
mt h thng ni m cc hp ng song phng c cho php, nhng hp
ng ny c th gi c b mt khng? Mt vi cn c php l yu cu cc
bn phi cung cp thng tin v tha thun ny cc im: s lng, v tr
thi gia v gi c tha thun ca h.nhng ngi khc th khng. Nhng
yu cu phi tit l nh vy nh hng c chin lc ca nhng ngi mua
v ngi bn trn th trng.
Mt khc, thi lng ca vic mua bn in thng qua PX (th trng
nng lng in) rt khc nhau gia cc m hnh th trng t do khc nhau.
Nhiu th trng cho php vic giao dch nng lng ch mt ngy v mt
gi trc (only day-ahead and hour-ahead trading). Bt k ai mun mua vi
thi gian di hn phi tm c mt i tc khc k mt tha thun song
phng. Cn nhng th trng nng lng khc th li cho php bnmua
v bin b tha thun nhng hp ng c thi gian di thm ch ln ti nhiu
thng hay nhiu nm.
Mi ngnh cng nghip in cnh tranh thit lp mt th trng in
vi mt hoc mt vi dng cu trc c tho lun trn. Bng 9.1 tm tt
nhng c im quan trng ca chng.
Dng h thng

S lng ngi
mua

Poolco

Mt

Ngi mua v
Tt c ngi mua
ngi bn c bit co cng tr mt
nhau khng?
mc gi bng
nhau hay khng
C
Thng

Giao dch song

phng
Sn giao dch

Nhiu

Khng

Nhiu

Khng

Bng 9.1. Ba loi ca c ch th trng thng dng thit lp mt th

trng cho php nhng ngi bn c t do cnh tranh

Th trng in ny c vn hnh thc s nh l th trng ti

chnh. N c mi lin quan rt t ti cc yu t v vn k thut ca ngnh
in m phn nhiu cn ti cc k nng ca ngnh ngn hng, k ton v
giao dch bun bn. Trong giao dch hng ngy, k nng c nhn v ngun
my tnh cn thit cc th trng ny hot ng vi cc nguyn tc rt gn
cc th trng hng ha hay dch v khc, nh nhc ti trn.
9.3. Ngi mua c c quyn b thu?
Mt trong nhng s khc bit ln nht mc bn bun gia nhng
m hnh th trng t do c thit lp khp th gii l liu ngi mua
c c quyn b thu hay ch d on nhu cu ti th trng bn bun. V
d, mc d California va NY rt khc nhau v vn vn hnh v qun l
mng li in. Nhng trong c hai h thng, nhng ngi mua bo gi cho
cuc u thu cn c nhu cu ca h. Khi h lin h h thng a phng
mua in hay kh nng d tr, v.v.., h xc nh c lng cu h cn v gi
h sn sng tr. N cng ging nh mt ngi mua lin h vi mt th
trng chng khon hay hng ha khc. (ti cn 500 MW t 10h ti 11h
sng v s tr 3.4.c/kWH).
Ngc li, nhng ngi mua h thng NewEngland (Massachusetts,
Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire,v.v..) ca h thng Hoa K, hay h
thng nc Anh v x Wales ch thng bo d on ca h cho nhu cu
(ti mong i mt nhu cu 500MW ). n y l ngi mua s tr
cho lng in bt k mc gi no vo thi im .
R rng l, mt h thng ni ngi mua v ngi bn b thu phc
tp hn rt nhiu .
V c bn vic cho ngi mua submit nu so snh vi d on gin
n, thay i bn cht ton b th trng in, cng nh khi nim v
dng in. Nhng ngi mua l b phn ca qu trnh cnh tranh. Vic s
dng in c mt gi m ngi s dng rt khc nhau ph thuc vo nhu
cu v s sn lng nhn ri ro (take risk)3
Ch thch 3: mt iu quan trng cn phi ghi nh l y l mt
s bn lun v th trng bn bun. Hu ht cc cc h gia nh v nhng
ngi kinh doanh nh l,v.v.., khng hiu owcj lm th no mua mt
cch cnh tranh bi vic submit thu, v khng c li ch trong vic chi
khu vc ny. V vy mc bn l (s c cp Chng 12) s xy
ra hon ton khc nhau). Nhng ngi thc hin tha thun nng lng

ny mc bn bun c h thng v kin thc rt su sc nhng g h

ang lm. Nu khng, h s b thay th trong th trng bi nhng ngi
khc.
Th trng in yu cu ngi mua submit gi thu trong khi Poolco
c th c c th khng
Hu ht ging nh nh ngha, tt c cc S Giao dch nng lng yu
cu c ngi mua v nguiwf bn submit gi thu cng nh khi lng mua
hay bn. V vy, California, nhng ngi mua c hp ng WEPEX phi
xc nh c khi lng h cn v gi h sn sng tr
Thng thng, mt h thng Poolco i lp vi this regard: nhng
ngi mua s khng c submit gi. C ISO- NewEngland v h thng Anh
v x Wales nhng h thng Poolco hon ton, bt k chng c gi theo
tn a phng nh th no. Cng vic ca ngi iu hnh h thng (SO) l
vn hnh h thng sao cho m bo tin cy tt nht vi gi thnh nh
nht cho ngi s dng h thng. SO s n lc tha mn tt c ngi
mua bng vic mua nng lng vi gi r nht c th v trung bnh gi cho
tt c ngi mua, v vy mi ngi s nhn c li ch bnh ng ca vic
ti u ha ny.
Nhng mt vi Poolco yu cu ngi mua b gi thu. V d, trong h
thng Newyork, ngi mua thng bo gi h sn sng tr cho nh iu hnh
h thng hn hp PX-ISO khi h c nhu cu nng lng. NewYork l mt
h thng Poolco, trong khi SO chu trch nhim cho vic iu hnh mng
li.
Nhng NewYork cng vn hnh mt dng ca th trng in, ni
m SO sp xp nhng ngi mua v ngi bn bng vic s dng mt dng
u gi khc, mt dng th trng chng khon ni mi ngi thc hin vic
kinh doanh bt k thi im no vi cng mt mc gi v mi ngi u
bit mc gi bi v n c hin th ln trn bng in t. Tuy nhin, mt
th trng hn hp PX-ISO c th cng iu chnh khi lng giao dch ca
ngi mua hay ngi bn hp ng cho s khc bit m cho n mt s
n hi cn thit vn hnh h thng v n cho l cn thit (xem Chng
10) v vy xt v tng qut n vn l mt h thng Poolco, c vic mua nng
lng v cch vn hnh h thng.
Ti sao li c s khc bit gia cc h thng?
Cu hi l liu ngi mua nn gi h s d thu trong c nu gi
mua mang nhiu ngha. Cc c quan c thm quyn thng c gng
khuyn khch s cnh tranh ca th trng v s hiu qu ca th trng ti
mc c th v mun ngi s dng p ng c cc du hiu gi hiu
qu nh thng c th. Nhn chung, hu ht cc nh quan st tin tng rng
h thng California c thit lp ti a ha s cnh tranh mi mt ca

th trng. V khng c g ngc nhin khi n yu cu nhng ngi mua gi

gi thu khi mua in.
Khi gi thu m ngi mua khng c chp nhn, c quan c thm
quyn xy dng mt s chnh sch c gng lm tt nht cho nhng ngi
s dng. i khi quan im ny n gin ch mang tnh chnh tr. Chnh
quyn tin tng rng h c trch nhim m bo cu c tha mn v h
ngh rng nhng ngi mua c nhn s khng th c iu kin lm c nh
vy . Cng c th cm nhn rng nhng ngi mua nh b p buc phi ri
ra khi h thng v s cnh tranh qu gay gt.
Nhng thng th quyt nh v vic thit lp mt h thng m
nhng ngi mua c quyn b thu phi cn c vo tnh hnh thc t,
c iu chnh bi s nh gi tnh hnh mng li in, thm ch cc c
quan lm lut c th thch mt h thng cnh tranh hn. H thng nng
lng min ng bc nc M c h thng mng in nh l mt hnh
ch nht v v vy b hn ch bi vic gii hn h thng lin kt ca nhiu
ng dy truyn ti c lin quan . Trong mi trng ny ISO-NewEngland
v nhng thnh vin ca n quyt nh rng S phc tp ca mt h thng
m ngi mua c quyn b thu s gy ra mt h thng bn bun qu
phc tp v khng th qun l. Cho d cha tnh n iu ny th chc chn
rng s mt rt nhiu thi gian thit lp v vn hnh mt h thng nh
vy. V vy NewEngland, t nht vo thi gian u, ngi mua ch ni vi
nh vn hnh h thng a phng v nhu cu ca h v h khng c yu
cu gi thu.
9.4. Mua cng sut v mua nng lng
C nng lng in v cng sut in c mua v bn trong th
trng sn xut in cnh tranh. C hai u c o bng cc ch s c bn
(100MW, 500MW), v c hai c bn vi n v thi gian gi hay na gi.
Mc d thng mt ca c th mua cho cc khong thi gian di hn nh
mtnm hay mt thp k.
Trong hu ht cc c ch phi c quyn vic bn bun in c tied
to a location bng vic mt im giao dch cho mi mua bn. im ny c
th l nh my pht in ca ngi bn, a im ca ngi mua hay mt
im trung gian do hai bn nht tr la chn (ti mun 500MW pht ti
im bus cao p ranh gii gia hai bang California-Oregon). Vn cn
nhng cu trc c quyn khc xc nh v tr mt cch n do vy chng
khng phi l mt vn . Mt Poolco nhn hng cc nh my in ni
n n c sn xut, lc vn i vi nh vn hnh Poolco l vic a
n t ti ni c yu cu.
Nhng ngi mua c th mua ch nng lng in hay ch cng sut
in hay c hai. iu ny c thc hin bng vic quy nh c th cc mc

n nh khc nhau v mt hp ng mua bn in. S vng chc y bao

gm s n nh bn cnh s cungng lun sn sng.
Nng lng tin cy
Nng lng tin cy c bn ng tin cy nh ngii bn c th l n
(hp ng gia ngi mua v ngi bn) ang m bo vi ngi bn rng
anh ta s m bo dung lng cung cp cho ngi mua vi nng
lng in c yu cu. Thm ch ngi mua khng s s dng tt c nng
lng vo mt thi im v b qua bt k c hi hay s tc nghn no c
th xy ra.
in c th b ngt qung hay mc xc nh ca s tin cy
Hp ng mua bn in gia ngi mua v ngi bn thng bao
gm cc iu khon minh bch xc nh cc iu kin m trong ngi
bn s thc hin cc trch nhim ca mnh vi ngi mua nu xy ra tnh
hung d on. V d, mt ngi bn s sn sng bn in mt mc chit
khu khng l, c l di 80% mc gi bnh thng, vi iu kin anh ta c
th ct dng nng lng ny bt k thi im no m khng cn bo trc
nu anh ta thy rng c ai sn sng tr cho ngun in ca anh ta mc
gi cao hn. Trong khi iu dng nh l mt tha thun bt li cho pha
ngi mua nu anh ta c nhu cu khng c nh vi nng lng, mt mc
gi thp c a ra c th hp dn ngi mua qun i s khng
thun tin ny. V d c th khch hng s dng l mt trung tm ti ch kim
loi vi nhng my ct vn kim loi v ch c nhu cu trong hai gi, bt k
hai gi no trong ngy. Gi cung cp in trong in c th b ngt bt l
lc no c v nh ph hp trong trng hp ny.
Trong vic mua bn nng lng n nh, ngi mua s yu cu c
nng lng v cng sut nhng trong vic mua nng lng c th b ngt,
ngi mua ch i hi nng lng m khng cn cng sut. Nu nh s khc
bit dng nh cn ri rm, mt phn loi cui cng v vic mua bn, v
cng sut d tr s lm cho n r rng hn.
Cng sut d tr
minh ha cho cng sut d tr hay kh nng p ng in d
phng, chng ti gi nh rng c mt bnh vin- mt dng ngi mua c
yu cu c trng l mc siu hng v tin cy- lm hp ng vi
Cng ty Sn xut in BALD EAGLE vi 10MW in n nh. BALD
EAGLE c mt lch s phc v tt nhng ch trong mt trong trng hp
xy ra vn vi cc my pht in ca BALD EAGLE, hay li xy ra trn
h thng truyn ti dn ti khng kt ni in gia nh my vi bnh vin,
bnh vin s lm mt hp ng d tr vi Cng ty Pht in Old
RELIABLE ca New England

Trong vic mua in d tr, bnh vin ch c hp ng v cng sut

khng c hp ng v nng lng vi OLD RELIABLE. Nu mi vic xy
ra nh bnh thng, n s khng cn ti nng lng ca cc nh my ca
OLD RELIABLE v v vy n khng yu cu nng lng. C hai bn u
mong i rng none ill be delivered. Nhng OLD RELIABLE s gi
10MW ca nh mi sn sng trong tronwgf hp cn thit, v i li, bnh
vin s tr cho coong ty ph capacity d tr ny theo nhng g h ng
trong hp ng.
Trong tnh hung ny, OLD RELIABLE by gi s c hai s la
chn. n c th n gin d 10MW cu vic c sn ch cho bnh vin. hoc
l, n c th s dng cc my pht in sn xut 10MW nng lng v
bn nng lng ny ti bt k ai c nhu cu dng in c th b ngt. bnh
vin mua ch capacity ca nh my ny v . Hnh 9.2 ch ra ba s kt
hp c bn ca vic mua energy v capacity c th c thc hin. mt h
ng c th chuyn bit hoc ngi mua mia energy, capacity hay c hai, to
ra kt qu l 3 loi hp ng. Loi kt hp th tw, khng mua hay n gin
l khng giao dch

Mua capacity

C
khng

Mua energy
C
Khng
Hp ng n
Hp ng d tr
nh
Hp ng c th Khng hp ng
ngt

Hnh 9.2. Cc dng c bn ca hp ng mua bbn nng lngj v mi quan h

ca chng vi vic mua capacity hay mua energy

Cc mc khc nhau ca nng lng c th ngt qung hoc n nh

Cc tho lun trn v Hnh 9.2. ch ra ch cc dng n nh hoc
c th ngt qung ca vic giao dch mua bn nng lng nhng trong
thc t mt th trng cnh tranh khuyn khch tt c cc kiu hp ng
khc nhau nh l : hp ng n nh, hp ng bn n nh, hp ng ngt
qung trong c gii hn, v hp ng ngt qung khng gii hn
V d, mt Genco cung cp nhiu loi hp ng khc nhau cho cc
nhm khch hng khc nhau. Gi s cng ty s hu 10 nh my cng sut
100MW. N c th yu cu mt khch hng u tin nht so vi cc khch
hng khc (min l ti c mt nh my hot ng, n l ca bn. Chng ti
khng bao gi ngh rng tt c cc nh my ca chng ti c th hng ti
cng mt thi im v vy chng ti cam kt s lun cung cp in cho cc
anh). Mt khch hng th hai s nhn c u tin tip theo, s u tin
vn l s tin cy ni bt (Chng ti tnh ton rng trng hp cc nh

my ca chng ti gp qu nhiu s c dn ti chng ti khng th phc v

qu khch c xc sut 1 ln trong 62 nm)
pha ngc li, the Genco c th lm mt hp ng mc gi rt
thp cho v khch hng v tr u tin cui cng. (mi mt nh my ca
chng ti c th b hng t nht mt tun mt ln-nh vy l h thng hng
10 tun trong mt nm cng vi vic chng ti s b anh bt k thi im
no nu c nhng s c bt ng xy ra vi bt k n v no ca chng ti
hoc trong trng hp cc khch hng khc cn tng ti. Chng ti tnh ton
rng vi hp ng ny trong mt nm bn s ch nhn c 39 tun nng
lng)
C v s trng hp gia khong tuyt i n nh v hon ton d
b ngt: Cc hp ng c th rt khc nhau theo thi gian trong nm: n nh
trong ma ng, c th b ngt trong ma h. Hay thm ch khc nhau gia
cc ngy trong mt tun: n nh cui tun v c th b ngt vo cc ngy
trong tun hay ngc li. mt vi hp ng c th c mt gii hn v s
lng b ngt (s ln b ngt trong mt thng, mt nm) hay cc iu kin
khc v nhng ngi mua v ngi bn u c gng ti mc ti a lm hi
lng pha i tc ca mnh.
9.5. in trong bn bun c nh gi nh th no?
Trong mt th trng cho php ccac hp ng song phng, s c rt
t kh nng cho mt s tng qut chung v vic nh gi in. Cc tha
thun phc tp s c xc nh ch bng nhng lut l hay gii hn c
thit lp bi cc quy trnh php l, v chng s khc nhau t mi trng
php l ny ti mi trng php l khc. Mt vi hp ng n phng c
th khng chuyn bit mt gi vi cc thut ng bnh thng nhng vi
thng mi cho hng ha khc( ti s cung cp cho cc nh my lc du ca
anh trn ton lnh th Hoa K vi in c th b ngt v ngc li anh s
cung cp cho ti 400,000 mt khi kh gas t nhin mi gi cho nh my
in Lappet ca ti Texas.
Vic bun bn thng tho thun dung lng, khi lng, v nhng
tha thun khc c th hin trong Bng 9.2. Vic mua bn c o bng
hai cch : bao nhiu (kWhr of energy, kW of capacity) c bn v thi gian
s dng bao lu (theo gi hay 1/4 gi). Thng thng, in c xc nh
bi khi lng, gi vi cc n v thi gian l , , 1 h. tuy nhin, trong
mt vi h thng th trng in cc bn tham gia hon ton mua bn theo
thi gian biu. V d, trong khi khi lng in c trng bi n v gi,
giao dch gia ngi mua v ngwi bn lin quan ti nhu cu 24 ting cho
mt ngy hay vi nhng khong thi gian di hn.
Vic u thu cnh tranh

Trong mt h thng cnh tranh, nhng ngi bn (v c l c nhng

ngi mua) tham gia b thu: v c bn chng tun theo cc lut l ca h
thng a phng h quyt nh gi no b thu. V vy, gi thc s c
thit lp bi th trng. Nhng ngi mua v ngi bn s xc nh bao
nhiu ri ro t gi bn cao (vi ngi bn) v t gi mua thp (vi
ngi mua).
Trong mt vi h thng, mi ngi bn nhn mc gi ging nhau
Trong mt vi h thng mi ngi bn nhn mc gi ging nhau. V
d, trong h thng England-Wales, cc Gencos b thu cho nhng khi
lng in ln sn c v gi h sn sng nhn thu. Cng ty vn hnh
Poolco sau cht ng nhng gi thu ny theo th t t thp nht ti
cao nht v chng theo th t gi tng dn ti khi lonwgj pht in cn
theit tha mn ti (xem Hnh 9.3.). gi/ kWH ca b thu cuai taken
xc nh market clearing price, m tt c nhm thu s phi tr. 5. V vy,
cc nh vn hnh ca cc nh my phi hot ng v others want to take
whatever I can get, simply bid zero.
Bid Number
Capacity
Cost
Bid number 31
500 MW
2.43
Bid number 6
600 MW
2.38
Bid number 3
1110 MW
2.34
Bid number 28
500 MW
2.32
Bid number 1
2100 MW
2.30
Bid number 43
1210 MW
2.19
Bid number 5
1500 MW
2.14
Bid number 23
1430 MW
2.11
Bid number 27
3200 MW
2.09
Bid number 13
1380 MW
2.14
Bid number 19
1430 MW
2.11
Bid number 22
200 MW
2.09
Bid number 9
3500 MW
1.44
Bid number 2
4100 MW
0.00
Bid number 7
2500 MW
0.00
Ch thch 5: trong mt phin u gi non-discriminant, tt c nhng
ngi u thu c tr mt MCP.
9.6. Sn giao dch: in tr thnh mt hng ha
Trong mt c ch phi c quyn nh bn ti cc phn trc, in
v bn cht l mt hng ha: nhng th c mua hay bn vi s lng v

(t nht bn trong mt dng n nh hay khng n inh) khng th phn bit

cj cht lngj hay c trng t l ny sang l khc
thi im ca bi vit ny, in c mua v bn trn sn giao
dch Sn giao dch in tin li . Tt c cc kha cnh ca vic giao dch
hng ha c lin quan nh c hp ng tng lai th trng tng lai. Nhiu
c s kinh doanh in trc y nh LOUISVILLE ENERGY m rng
nhanh chng trong th trng in t do. Trong thc t, LOUISVILLE
ENERGY truyn ti c lng in nhiu hn rt nhiu xuyn qua lnh
th nc M trong mi trng t do hn mi trng c quyn.
9.7. Cc bin ng v gi
Mt trong nhng thun li ca cng nghip in trong mi trng c
quyn l s n nh v gi: nhng ngi mua v ngi bn u bit c
gi trong tng lai v c th da vo gi hn nh v gi khng thay i
nhanh v khng d bo trc, ngc li, trong mt th trng in cnh
tranh, s ln xung ca gi ph thuc vo cc yu t th trng v thng
ny sinh bi cc nguyn nhn khng th gii thch c, ging nh gi
chng khon vy. S bin ng v gi ny, s khng th d on trc c
v gi, lm cho vic lp k hoch v ngun in v pha ngi s dng tr
ln kh khn hn.
Trong nhiu c ch th trng t do, c bit l nhng th trng
cho php cnh tranh ti a, gi nng lng c th bin ng rt ln, chuyn
ng cng nhng thay i ca cc iu kin yu t ca h thng v trong
nhiu trng hp theo nhng kiu khng d on c. thm vo , cc
gi truyn ti ( cho vic giao hng bn bun, xem Chng 10) trong khi
c quy nh v da ttrn gi c th bin ng mnh trong quyn ca h
thay i nhanh t gi ny sang gi khc do s thay i cc iu kin ca h
thng.
Hnh 9.4. ch ra nh gi ca in trong ngy vi mt th trng pht
in cnh tranh. Ch rng gi tng hay gim t ngt do nhiu nguyn
nhn, gia chng c s lin quan nu khng c s hong lon gia nhng
ngi mua, v.v.., mt s tng gi mmanj vo thi im bt u ca thng 11
khi nhng nh my in u tin khng hot ng theo k hoch gy ra mt
phn ng mnh ca th trng mc d vn cn rt nhiu ngun cung khc
(gi s t n nh ca n vo ma nh bt u vo cui thng 11) cc
ng chm ch ra gi trung bnh hng nm trc khi bi b s c quyn:
gi in trung bnh gim. S bin ng gi do cc yu t ca th trng:
cung, cu, s bin ng tng quan gia cung v cu

1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
Thng 10

thng 11

thng 12

Hnh 9.4. gi nh hng ngy cho mt th trng t do trong nm hot ng th hai.

ng chm ch ra gi trc y. Gi trung bnh gim 7%. S tng vt vo u thng
11 do s thay i theo ma dn ti thi im gi t nh trong nm

Hnh 9.5 ch ra gi nng lng delivery from ngoi ca h thng ti

mt bus chuyn bit bn trong mt khu vc, cho mt khu vc b bin
Texas. Khi s c nghn mng pht sinh, s c th ny sinh hin tng mt
gi ln hn nhiu so vi gi ca bn thn nng lng

Gi
c
pht
ti bus

25
20
15
10
5

Na m

Tra

Hnh 9.5. Gi ca in c cung cp ti mt nh my cng nghip. Ti thi

im mun ca ngi trong sut cao im ca h htng 6-8h chiu., s tc nghn
ng ctrun s c phn tch Chng 10 gy ra re-dispatch of system, v theo quy
lut v gi, nh my s phi tr mt gi rt cao

Nhiu bin php phng v mt kinh t cng nh vn hnh c

lp ra c gng iu khin s bin ng gi ,nhng nhng bin php ny
cng s hot ng ging nh th trng chng khon: cc gi t bin ng
hn nhng gi khng b iu khin nhng cui cng mt vi s bin ng v
gi phi c chp nhn th trng.
9.8. Kt lun
Mc tiu ca vic t do ha th trng l to ra s cnh tranh giai
on bn bun trn th trng in. Trong mi h thng th trng t do, th
trng bn bun in l s cnh tranh. Trong mt vi h thng ch nhng
ngi bn c quyn b thu, cn nhng ngi mua him khi c quyn
b thu cho nhu cu ca h v mt nhm ngi mua c lin hp li
(poolco) mua nng lng cho tt c sau s phn b li nng lng cho
tng ngi cn c vo nhu cu ca h. Trong mt h thng c nh gi l
cnh tranh hn, ngi mua c quyn b thu v h s xc nh mc gi
h sn sng tr. Trong c hai loi h thng ny, chc nng thc s ca th
trng phc tp, vi n nh, khng n nh v cc dng khc v flavors of
interruptibility c xc nh trong cc hp ng. S cnh tranh th trng
in bn bun ny thc y nhng thay i to ln nc M, cng nh
cc ni khc, nh c th hin trong cc d liu sau y:

na m

- in cnh tranh chim hn mt na s tng trng dung lng in

M t 1990 ti 1996
- Hn 150 t la c u t vo cng nghip in k t thng 3
nm 1998
- Cho ti nm 2005, mt lng c khong 50000 MW t ngun cnh
tranh ny c th cung cp vi gi t 2-2.5 c/kWhr sn sng ha vo mng
li