CHAPTER 3 | Careers in Health Care Chapter Objectives Doe eS es iit Oteene Badan pat ate the educational requirements for See eer Coote een ie eM licen mae cna Inaruetor at Thi Point Pee esate ements sy including a definition of the career, thr Sgr onan Friesen etre Com stis Investiyate atleast one health career by writing, to listed scurces or using the Internet to = my Ce een RAE Onn kes eed ae vO identify health care career workers Define, pronounce, and spell all key terms Gee Lega esponsittty Peeiccnrhy Perte)Diotechnologeal engineer Gioengineer) biomedical equipment ‘echnlclans (BED) candlovascular ‘central/sterle supply ‘workers certification education units (CEUs) dental assistants (DAs) ‘dental hygleniats (dent tall hi-goen-ists) fend pamine eee oo ey as SE Sas sooo En Cea meses aaa ies ae pete el ee Gerry-at -rik) eee See serene Ey ee prey eas ace cue een apes a Sey pa Eee on ‘medical assistants (MAs)eychlatricfmental health respiratory therapy ‘pelrreeoh-don ity) techaletans fechnctans OCF) Meme alten speech-language pharmacy techletans Gytol-o jis) pathologies Dhlebotomists radiologe surgeal technologists! Penialieraccames emeagay eS ire i "recreational therapiaa (Ts) “unlecoornaon Physicians recreational therapy ‘veterinatans (OVMS or Dhysclanasistants (Pas) asslatants Vatbs) roces techn registered nurses (Ne) (etah-ran-air-e-ans) ‘Grost-thowdon’iks) respiratory therapists (RTs) _ veterinary technologists) Introduction to Health Careers There are more than 250 diferent health care carers, soit would be impossible to discuss ll ot ‘hem in this chapter. A broad overview ofa vat ‘ery of careers is presented, however, @ Ep Biesiona requirements for heakn ‘careers depend on many factors and can vary from state to state, Base preparation begins in high school (secondary education) and. should include the sciences, socal studies. Eng lish and mathematics. Keyboarding, computer applications, and accounting skills ee also ti lized in’ most health occupations. Secondary hhealth scence technology education (STE) programscan prepare astudent for imme dae employment in many health careers of for additional education after graduation. Post see ‘ondary education after high schoo) can inclade ‘waning ina eareer/technieal school, community colege, or university Some careers require an associate's degree, which is awarded bya carer/technical school ora community college alter completion ofa prescribed two-year course of study. Other careers require a bachelors degree, which is awarded by acollege or univer. Sityafer a prescribed course of study that usually last forfour or more years In some cases, mm ‘ter degree isoquired, Tiss awarded by acl ‘lege or university alter completion of one or more Yeats of work beyond a bachelors degree. Other ‘careers require a doctorate, doctoral, or doe: tor's degree, which is awarded by a college ot lunversity after completion of two or more years of work beyond a bachelors or masters degree Some doctorates can requite four to sx years of ‘addtional study ‘A health science career cluster has been developed by the National Consoetum on Health Science and Technology Education (NCHSTE) (figure 3-I). This cluster allows student to see how early career awareness ad exploration pro Vide the foundation for making informed chotees {0 prepare for a career in health care. Students who tke required courses in middle school and high school have the foundation for success at the post-secondary level. CERTIFICATION, REGISTRATION, AND LICENSURE ‘Three other terms associated with health careers are certification registration and licensure These fae methods used to ensure the sill and compe: tency ofhealth care personnel and to protect the consumer or patient Certifleation means that a person has fl fied requirements ofeducation and performance And meets the siandardsand qualifications estabHEALTH SCIENCE CAREER CLUSTER Employment in Career Specialties eueenrcron in arn sma i Dignestle Haat fewest i Bidacacigy ec Somes 2 devatesment_—— PLACES OF LEARNING "ppt ste ‘aac aroamee sue [FIGURE 3-1 This ouster shows how early caroor ‘areness and exploration can provide a foundation for making normed chotas to propare fora career Innit ear. lished by the professional association or goveen- ment agency that regulates @ particular carer A conficate or statement is issued by the asso lation. Examples of certified postions include certified dental assistant, certified laboratory technician, and certified medial assistant. Registration isrequiredinsome healthcare careets Tis is performed by a regulatory body {profesional association of state board) that ‘administers examinations end maintains ac ent list registry") of qualified personnel in a ‘iven healthcare area, Examples of registered sitions include cegistered dietitian, registered tespiratory therapist, and registered radiologic technologist. Licensure is a process whereby a govern: ‘ment agency authorizes individuals fo work ina siven occupation. Health care careers requiring Jicensure can vay from state to state. Obtaining ‘Carers in Heath Care and retaining lcensure usually requires that & person complete an approved educational pro: Fam, pass a state board test and maintain cer. {ain standards. Examples of licensed positions include physician, dentist, physial therapist registered nurse, and licensed: pratical/ voc tonal nurse Ee TN For most health carers, graduation from an sccredited program is required before cetilca tion, reistration. and/or licensure willbe granted Accreditation ensures that the program of study ‘meets the established quality competency stan dards and prepares students for employment in the health career. Its important fo a student to ‘ake sure that a technical school, college, ot unt. versity offers accredited programs of study before enrolling. Two major accrediting agencies for health care programs are the Commission on ‘Accreditation of Alled Health Education Pro- grams (CAAHEP) and the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools ABHES). Astudentcan, contact these agencies to determine whether an FHSTE program at specific schools acredited, CU TO LU NTS © Continuing education units (CEUs) ae required to renew licenses or maintain cer tification oF cegistration in many states (igure 3:2), An individual must obtain addtional hours ‘of education in the spociic health career area luring a speciied period. For example. many States require repistered nurses wo obtain 24 to 48 CEUs every 1 102 years to renew licenses, Health care workers should be aware ofthe tate require: ‘ments regarding CEUs for their given career, EDUCATION LEVEL! aia ae RUT NTS) Generally speaking, training for most healthcare careers can be categorized into fout levels: pro: Iessional, technologist oF therapist, technician, Andaide or assistant, as shown in table 31CHAPTERS FIGURE 3:2 Continuing education units (CEUs) ‘are requiod to renew teonses or malta carte tion orveisuationn many tte. ‘Acommon trend in healthcare isthe multt- ‘competent or multiskilled worker. Because ‘of high health care costs, smaller felities and ‘ural areas often cannot afford to hire a specialist for every aspect of care. Therefore, workers fate hired who can perform a va ‘ace sis For example, " be hired to perform the skill of both an eecio cardiograph (ECG) technician (who. reconds clectricalactiviy of te heart) and an electroen ‘cephalographic (FEG) technologist (who records electrical activity of the brain). Another example ‘might involve combining the basie sil of radi ‘ology, medical cliniad laboratory, and respi {ory therapy. At times, workers tained in one feld or occupation receive additonal education ‘oworkina second and even thd occupation. In ‘other cases, educational programs have been ‘established to prepare multicompetent workers. “Another opportunity vailableinmany health ‘ceupations is that of entrepreneur An entre DPreneur isan individual who organizes, man- ages, and assumes the risk of a business. Some health care carers allow an individual to work as fan independent ‘enttepreneut, while others ‘encourage the use of groupe of cooperating in viduals. Many entrepreneurs must work under ‘the direction or guidance of physicians or det Lists. Because theopportunity obeselF-employed and tobe involved inthe business area of health cate exits, educational programs ae including ‘busines skills with career objectives. A common ‘example is combining a bachelor’ degre in specific health care career with a masters degree {n business. Some heath care providers who may be entrepreneurial include dental laboratory tech nicans, dental hygienists, nurse practitoners, physical therapists, physician assistants, respira: “ory therapists reeeaonal therapists, physicians. ‘dentists chiropractors,andoptometrss though ‘entrepreneurshipinvelvesmany sks and requires certain level of education and ability, tcan bean TABLE 5-1 Education and Levels of Training Ertan Ene Protessinat Four or more years of collge wi bachelors, masters, Medial doctor ‘or doctoral degree Dertst 3 ‘Teehnolonist The: to four years of colle pus mark experince, Masa (cnea) tortor techrlogit recast wily baer’ dere anda ies, masons Psea rapist egret Spuech eran espraory teas aes Teetnician Two-year associates dere, speci hea sence Oat boron tecican ‘wctnology education, or the 1 four yas fon the ob ating _ and cre tang Assistant Specie numberof hours of specialized education or ‘one or mae yar of aining combing asroom Neda (cia ara wean Sura wcnican Dena astat Meal ssn Nyse assistant‘extremely sailing choice forthe individual who {s well motivate, se-confident. responsible cre- stv, and independent. EUs} ‘The National HealthCare Skil Standards (NHS) ‘were developed to indicate the knowledge and skis that are expected of heath care workers pri ‘marly at entry and technical levels. The seven groups of standards include the fllowing: HealthCare Core Standards: specitythe knowl: ledge and skils that most healthcare workers should have; discuss an academic foundation, communication sks, employability skills legal responsibilities, ethics safety pratiees, teamwork, information technology applica tions. technica! skis. health maintenance Practices, and knowledge about the systems Inthe healthcare environment ‘ TherapeutiiDiagnostic Core Standards: spec- ily the knowledge and skills required to focus ‘on direct patient care in both the therapeutic land diagnostic health caze careers, incde health maintenance practices, patient inter ‘action, intratear communication, monitor Ing patient status, and patient moveme 4 Therapeutic Cluster Standards (Therapeutic Services: specty the knowledge and skills ‘required of workers in healthcare carers that are involved in changing the health status of the patient overtime; include interacting with patients, communicating wth eam members, collecting information, planning treatment, Implementing procedures, monitoring patient status, and evaluating patient response to + Diagnostic Custer Standards Diagnostic Sr ices) specify the knowledge “and. skils requlted of workers in health cae careers that are involved in ereating a pieture ofthe health status of the patient aa single point in time, Include communicating ora ‘end written Information, assessing patient's health stats. ‘moving and positioning patients safely and offcientl, explaining procedures and goals, Preparing for procedures, performing dag nostic procedures, evalating tes results and teporting requted information ‘Carers in HealthCare 4 Health informatics Services Cluster Standards: specify the knowledge and skills required of ‘workersin health carecareer that areinvolved With the documentation of patient care Includes communicating information accu. rately within. legal boundaries, analyzing ‘informatio, abstracting and coding medical records and documents, designing. and/or implementing effective information systems, documenting information, and understand, {ng operations to enter, retrieve, and maintain Information % Support Environmental) Services Custer Standards, specly the knowledge and skills Fequired of workers in healthcare carers th ae involved with eeating a therapeutic env ronment to provide direct ot indirect patient «are: include developing and implementing {the administration. quality control, and com pliance regulations of « health eare facility ‘maintaining a clean and sale environment through aseptic techniques; managing re- sources; and maintaining an aesthetically Appealing environment © Biotechnology Research and Development Standards: speciy the knowledge and sill required of workers in health care careers that ‘are involved in Bioscience research and devel ‘opment include comprehending how bio- technology contributes to health and the quality of fe, developinga strong foundation in math and science principles, performing. biotechnology techniques, understanding and following laboratory protocols and principles, working with product design and develop: ‘ment, and complying wth bioethial policies Examples of some of the health careers Included in the NHCSS Clusters are shown in ‘able3-2.Thecareersistedare discussed in detail inthis chapter LLCO TN a LTO Ta sity {Inthe following discussion of health carers, a basic description ofthe job duties foreach career is provided. The various levelsin each health care career ae also given In addition tables for each career group show educational requirements ob ‘outlook and average yearly earnings.5995 Lowa, epi voosuen ouedeuny Seis ‘svat esp Ln Soin. aaa ee _auyeap poe aes MBOUYRAON fue SUES LodsSonmunwN Ray Seusas aseUERD ‘seHIecanedeBupwond pue Buse Bonney Shame UID SOLES WIN EE TTT(Carers in Health Care saytetopes Astoouca atone tous 3) oy, Bas wreesay ais epau au eoosse prs ‘ereceds waussnawey —ysdqowa aucgau aaey _weiseeensceig onetnnget ‘CHAPTER Tp simplify the information presented in these tables, the highest level of education for ‘ach career group listed, The designations used teas follows: On-the-job: training while working ata job © HSTE program: health science technology education program © Associates degree two-year associate's degree Bachelors degree four year bachelor degree ® Master's degre: one ot more years beyond a bachelor’s degre to obtain a master’s degree * Doctoral (Doctors degree: doctorate with four ‘or more years beyond a bachelor's degree It is important to note that although many ‘ealth cazeers begin with HSTE programs, obtain: lag. addiional education afer graduation form ESTE programs allows health care workers to pro ‘ess in career level wo higher-paying positions The job outlook or expected job growih {through the year 2012 Is stated in the tables as “below average” “average,” or"above average” ‘Average yearly earningis presented asa range income, because earnings will vary according 'o geographical location, specalyazea, level of ‘education. and work experience, QB csrer information presented inctudes a basic introduction. Because requirements {fer various healthcare carerscan vary from sate 4c state, Iris important for students to obtain Information pertinent 10 their respective states, More detailed information on any given carver maintain equipment, Phlebotomists (figure 3-17), or venipunc ‘ure technicians, collet blood and prepare it fo testing. In some states they perform blood tests lunder the supervision of medical technologists orpathologist« Radiologic technologists (R18), working under the supervision of doctors called radiolor sists, use X-rays, radiaion, nuclear medicine, Ultrasound, and magnetic resonance to diagnose and treat disease. Most techniques are nontave sive, which means examining or teating the itera organs of patients without entering the body In many eases recent advances inthis held ‘have eliminated the need for surgery and, there fore, offer less risk to patients, Radiologic techprepare it for tsting, nologists use diferent types of scanners to produce images of body parts. Examples include Xray machines, uarescopes, ultrasonic scan. ners, computerized tomography (CT) seanners (formerly known as computerized axial tomogra phy [CAT] seanners), magnetic resonance imag fers (MRI), and posiron emission tomography (PET) scanners. Many radiologic technologsts also provide radiation treatment. Specific job Iles exist for tecnclogists who specialize: © Radiographers:(Sgure 3-18) take X-rays ofthe ‘body for dlagnoste purposes. Radiation therapists: administer preseribed doses of radiation to treat disease (usually eancer) + Nuclear medicinetechnologists: prepare radio fact substances for administration Patients. Once administered, these protes- Sionals uso lms. images ona screen, or body specimens such 3s blood of urine to deter- mine how the radioactive substances pass thyough oF localze In diferent parts of the body. This information is used by physiclans to detect abnormltis o dlagnose disease. $ Utrasound techrologits or diagnostic medi- fal sonographers. use equipment that sends high-frequency sound waves into the body As the sound waves bounce back from the part being examined, en image of the partis viewed tna screen, Thiscan be recorded on a print: ‘ut strip or be photographed. Ultrasound is frequently used to examine the fetus (devel- ‘oping infant) in » pregnant woman and can evel the sex ofthe unborn child. Ultrasound |s also used for nsurosonography (the bran), FIGURE 3-18, Radologe technologists ako X ‘ays used in the dagnoss of cooase. (Preity Marca Butera, courtesy of WA. Foote Memeria! osptal,Jacsso, Ml) vascular (blood vessels and blood flow), and ‘echocardiography (the heart) examinations. ‘¢ Mammographer-uses special mammogaphy ‘machine to produce images of the breas- The ‘mammograms are used to assist in the arly dleection and treatment of breast cancer. © Computer tomography technologists: use a special X-ray machine called computerized axial tomography (CT or CAT) seanner 10. ‘objain cross-sectional mages of body tissues, bones, and organs. CT scans help locate ‘tumors and other abnormalities. + Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technolo sists use superconductive magnets and radio ‘waves to produce detaled images of internal ‘anatomy. The information is processed by a ‘computer and displayed on a videoscreen. ‘Examples of Ma use include identifying mul tiple sclerosis and detecting hemorrhaging. (Cleeding) inthe brain Positron emission romography (PET) technolo gists: inject a slighty radioactive substance: {nto the patient and then operate the PET scanner, Which uses electrons 10 create a‘CHAPTER 3 thee-dimensional image of body parts and scan the body for disease processes. This allows physicians to see an organ or bone ‘rom all sides, similar 10 a model ‘Alliance of Cardiovascular Professionals 44356 Bonney Road, Suite 103 Virginia Beach, VA 23452-1200 Internet address: weow.acp-onlin.org ‘American College of Radiology 1891 Preston White Drive Reston, VA 22091 Internet address unr acrorg ‘American Medical Technologists 710 Higgins Road Park Ridge, 160068 Internet address: wurnwamtlcom ‘American Registry of Radiologic Technologists 1255 Northland Drive St Paul, MN 55120-1155 Internet address wunarrcorg “American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science {6701 Democracy Boulevard, Suite 300 Bethesda, MD 20614 Internet address trate org ‘American Society of lectroneurodiagnostc ‘Technologists 426, 42nd Street Kansas City, MO 64111 Intemet address: wunvasecorg ‘American Socety of Radiologic Technologists 13000 Central Avenue SE ‘Auquerque, NM 87123-3817 Intemet address: wurnacre.org Association of Schools of Aled Health Professions 730M Steet, Suite 300 Washington, DC 20036 Intemet addres: wuntasahp org Cardiovascular Credentialing International (con. 1500 Sunday Drive, Suite 102 Raleigh, NC27607 Internet address: uunscet-online ore tnternational Society for Clinical Laboratory Technology 917 Locust treet, Suite 1100 ‘St Louis, MO 63101, National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Lab oratory Sciences ‘8410 West Bryn Mawe Avenue, Suite 670 ‘Chicago,IL 60631-2115 Intemet address: unuinaacls org ‘# National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel RO. Box 15945-289 Lenexa, KS 65285 Internet address: nuenca-infaorg # Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 2145 Dallas Parkway, Suite 380 Dallas, TX 75093-8730 Internet address wuursans 7g Teo Health Informatics Careers Health informatics workers are involved with documentacon of patient records and health Information. There are many diferent types of Health workers at all levels. Some exampes of careers in health informatics include health {nformatior administrators or technicians. health educators, medical transcrptionists. admiting fice personnel, epidemiologists, medial lus ‘wators. photographers, writers, and librarians {see table 315). Computer technology is used in Almost all he carers. Places of employment include hospitals clin: ses, research centers, health departments ong. term care fltis, collogs, law firms, bealth ‘maintenance organizations (HMOs), and insu ‘ance compenies Health Information (medical records) ‘administrators (RAs) develop and manage the systems for storing and obtaining informationTABLE 3-15. Heath Inormatcs Careers Ce) Heath ntrmation + Bzcolors or maser degree (Medial Records) Repsaton cn be obtained irom American Heath ‘minster "formation Management ASoczton (ANNA) Aagitre (A) Heath infomation = Associa’ degree {MldicalRecorés) + Restrain can be obtains tram the American Heat Tehaleian Information Maragement Asselin (AHIMA) ater Registered (RT) __passinga writen sarinaton| eseat * or mare years cares or tei edveation progam: Tansrpdonist ortho valng of ssocate’ eyes Cartes Medical + ceritcaton an be obtained rom American Assctaon ‘Tamsin for Mea Tascipton «corny ‘AditingOicer~ 1-2 year WSTE or bianeoTce aeecialcal Cle tvsaton + Adnitng manage may equi bcs degree + Faw have on teebvatng nll Seeretany + 1 or more ars ae octal education progam Ward cient + Sumetave one ob raring eam Unt ‘coordinator Msieal Recor lt Epidemiologist Wastes or doctoral degen nvionnetal heath sb eal, oa management sciences esa Associ’, bahalrs, or masters dares Intepete/ + Carian or transsors canbe cine fom he Tamar ‘AmereanTansatorsAssoeaton + Creation x sn anguge interpreters canbe ‘ane othe haan Ascelaton oe ea and {he Rest of Interpreters for he Dest ‘eel Wasrator + Bacher or masters dees *Cermeaon cn be obans tam Assekton ot Nazi sttrs Careers in Health Care ne Aue ‘Above average $1 400-888700 row ‘Rove average $2,700-$82300 rout ‘ove ergs rou ‘18 700-597400 ‘Avage Gow $15.00-86 80 ‘rape growth 14 200-834 300 Above awerage $55 000-896 500 srw ‘Above avenge $31 800-876.300 grown ‘erage growth $43700-8122500 ‘Medica arian + Waster cere in brary since from records, prepare information for legal actions and insurance claims, compile statistics for organizations and government agencies, ‘manage medical records departments, ensure the confidentiality of patient information, and supervise and train other personnel. Because ‘computers are used in almost ll aspects of the job, tis essential forthe medical records admin: ‘reap growth 41600-5196 200, istrator to be able to operate and use a variety of ‘computer programs, Health information (medical records) technictans, (figure 3-19), organize and code patient records, gather statistical or research data, record information on patient records, ‘monitor electronic and paper-baved information ‘oensure confidentiality and calculatebils using(CHAPTERS FIGURE 3-19 Heatn formation (ciel ‘records echnclas organize and code patos recerse heal care daa. Computers have simplified ‘many of the duties and are used to organize records, compile and report statistical data, and perform similar tasks. Computer operation isan Important part of the education program for health information technicians. Medea records departments also employ clerks, who organize records. Clerks typically complete a 1- or 2-year careet/technical program, or are wained on the job. Medical transcriptiontsts use acomputer and word processing software to enter data that has been dictated on recorder by physicians or otherhealth care professionals. Examples of data Include physieal examination reports, surgical reports, consultation findings, progress notes, and radiology reports. ‘Admitting officers/clerks work inthe admissions department of a heath care facility. ‘They ate responsible for obtaining all necessary Information when a patient is admitted to the facility assigning rooms, maintaining records, and processing information when the patient is discharged. An admiring manager is‘ bigher level of worker inthis fel, usually having an associate} or bachelor’s degree. The admitting ‘manager 1s responsible for supervising stall ‘developing and implementing policies and pro- ‘cedures for the department, monitoring perfor- mance standards, and coordinatingtheoperation ‘ofthe department with other departments in the health care faci. Unit secretaries, ward clerks, or health ‘unit coordinators are employed in hospitals, ‘extended cae facilities, clins, and other health facilites to record information on records sched. tle procedures or tess: answer telephones: order supplies; and work with computers to record of ‘obiain information, Epidemlotogists idenify and wack dis: ceases as they occur in a greup of people. They determine risk factors that make a disease more likely to occu, evaluate stuations that may ‘eause occupational exposure to toxic sub: Stances, develop methods to prevent oF contzol the spread of new diseases, and evaluate statis: tics and data to help governments, health agen- cies, and communities deal with epidemics and ther health issues. Some may specialize in areas such as cancer, cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels) diseases, occupational diseases, {nfecvious or communicable (spread rapidly from person to person! diseases, and/or health cate research. ‘Medical interpretersitranslators assist cross-cultural eommuinicaten processes by con verting one language to another. Interpreters convert the spoken word while translators con ‘ertwrtten material Medical interpreters/trans lators must be proficient at translating words, relaying concepts and ideas between | practicing cultural senstvty editing writen tan (jung. and determining that the communication has been comprehended. Sgn language inter prerers facilitate communication for individuals two are deaf or hard of hearing ‘Medical IMustrators use User artistic and ‘creative talents to produce ilustations, chats, ‘graphs, and diagrams for health textbooks, Journals, magazines, and exhibits Another Felated eld isa medical phowgrapher win takes photographs or records Videotapes of surgical procedures, health education information, docu- ‘mentation of conditions before and after e200 structive surgery and legal information such as. Injuties received in an accident. Medical Ubrarians, also called health si ‘ences librarians, organize books, journals, and ‘other print materials to provide health informa: tion to other health care professionals, They use ‘computer technology o create information cen- ters fr large healthcare facies or to provide Information health eae providers Some ibrar: fang specialize in researching information for large pharmaceutical companies, insurance agencies, lawyers, industry, and/or government agenciesADDITIONAL SOURCES: OF INFORMATION (American Association for Medical ‘Tanseription D0 Sycamore Avenue ‘Modesto, CA 95354-0550 Internet address: wwusaamtorg ‘ American Health Information Management ‘Association 233. Michigan Avenue, Suite 2150 ‘Chicago,IL 60601-5800 Internet address: wewahima.org American Medical Association Commission ‘on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs 5i5N, State Street Chicago, IL 60610 Internet address: wunama-asen.org TABLE 3-16 Support Services Carsors: ‘Carers in Health Care ‘# American Translators Assocation 225 Reinekers Lane, Suite $90 ‘Alexandra, VA 223 Internet address: wururataner.org ‘ Associaton fr Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology 1275 K Steet NW, Suite 1000 ‘Washington, DC 20005, Internet address: wwusapic.org Association of Medical illustrators PO. Box 1697 Lawrence, KS 65048 Intemet address: wunamiorg Medical Library Association (5 East Wacker Plaza, Suite 1900 ‘Chicago, I 60602 foernet address: wwimlanerorg Registry of interpreters forthe Deat 333 Commerce Street ‘Alexandria, VA 22314 Internet address: wunarid org Perce coc *Usuay mater doctoral but smater facies may Acre average $48500-$196.000 row ee) Heath Care ‘Administrator accept a bachelor's dees Weatm Serdees + Licensure required or lng term cae facies Manager + creation an bine rom Aaah Cogs ot Heath Care Executes lomedial —__« Bicearso masters deree (Glatt) Engacer + Lanse equi in some states ‘Roo averape—$48500-$108,600 ‘ron + Cereaton avaliable om ie nernatona Cartteaton Commision or Cia Engng and Blom Tecnology Biomedical» Associ’ or bachelor ogre Equipment * Certeaton canbe obtained om te ntenabonal Teehalelan Carteaton Commision for Cin Engioting and (COEF. certtien) Biome! Tecnology ote Associ rhe Advancement of Medal lstrunenaton Cantera + On teob traning o 1-2, HSTE prone ‘Supply Teeacian ouseteepi = Ore raing or yar eaeeMechal popram | Wore Sly Manager Above average $25 300-$58.500 ‘out ‘vege ero $17 900-8735 ‘Roo average $12200-£24700, ‘awh —Support Services Careers Support services workers are involved with creat ing a therapeutic environment to provide direct or inditect patient care. Any hospital or health cae facility requires workers to operate the sup port departments such as administration, the business office the admissions office, central! sterilesupply.plant operations, equipment main tenance, and housekeeping. Each department ‘has workers at al levels and with varying levels of education (soe table 3-16), Placesof employment include hospitals, clin: ics, long-term care felities, HMOs, and public ‘health or governmental agencies. ‘Health care a also called ‘health care executives ox health services managers plan direct, coordinate, and supervise delivery of healthcare and manage the operation of health ‘are foils. They are frequently called chief ‘executive oflicers (CEOS). A health care adminis trator may be sponsible for personne. super- sise department heads, determine budget and Fnance. establish policies and procedures. per ‘orm public relations duties, and coordinate all ‘scUites inthe facility. Duties dependonthesize tthe facil Biomedical clinteal) engineers combine Imowledge of engineering with knowledge of biology and biomechanical principles to assist in ‘he operation ofhealth cae facilites. They design and build sensor systems that can be used for agnostic tests, such as the computers used to analyze blood: develop computer systems that canbe used to monitor patients; design and pro- «duce “monitors, imaging machines. surges! Instruments, lasers and other similar medical ‘equipment; design clinical laboratories and other ‘its in health cae facility that uses advanced technology; and monitor and maintain the oper- alion ofthe technologic systems, They frequently ‘work with other health team members such as pysicians or nurses to adapt instrumentation or ‘computer technology to meet the specific needs ‘ofthe patents and health care team, Biomedical equipment techniclans (BETS) work with the many ifferent machines used to diagnose, treat, and monitor patients hey install tes, service, and repair equipment such as patient monitors, kidney hemodialysis luis, diagnostic imaging scanners, incubators, & FIGURE 3-20 Cervaleenle supply workers Prepare al the equipment and supple used by ‘ther doparmenis a hen care facy electrocardiographs. X-ray units, pacemakers, sterilizers, blood.gas analyzers, heart-lung, ‘machines respirators, and other simular device Lives depend on the accuracy and proper opers- lion of many of these machines, s0 constant ‘maintenance and testing for defees {serial Some biomedical equipment technicians also ‘each other stalf members how touse biomedical equipment. Centralisterile supply workers igure 3-20) ate involved in ordering, maintaining, and supplying al the equipment and supplies used by other departments in a health care fait, ‘They sterilize instruments or supplies, maintain equipment, inventery materials, and il requis tions trom other departments Housekeeping workers/sanitary man- ‘agers, also called euvironmentalserice workers, ‘help mainiain the cleanliness of te health care fretty to provide # pleasant sanitary environ ‘ment. They observ all principles of infection control to prevent the spread of disease BUMS e ac) EY 4 American College of Health Care ‘Administrators 300 N, Lee Stree suite 301 ‘Alexandria. VA 2314 Intemet address: wuachea.org American Collegeof Healthcare Executives ‘One North Frank Stet, Suite 1700Chicago IL. 60606-4425 Inemet addres: wwwacache org ‘ American Health Care Association 1201 L Street NW Washington, DC 20005 Internet address: wwwahca.org American Hospital assocution {North Franklin Steet Chicago, L 6oe06-3821 Internet address: uwwaha org Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation 23330 Washington Boulevard, Suite 400 ‘Arlington. VA22201-588 Internet address: wuwaami.org ‘ Biomedical Engineering Society {8401 Corporate Drive Suite 110 Landover. MD 20785 Intemet address: wwaibmes.org ‘Careers in Health Cae CONT Biotechnology Research and Development Careers Biotechnology career workers are involved with using living cells and thelr molecules to make ‘sft products. They work with celle snd cell products from humans, animals, plants, and ‘microorganisms. Through research and develop ment, they help produce new diagnostic tess, forms of treatment, medications vaccines to pre vet disease, methods to detect and clean up environmental contamination, and food prod ucts. The potential forthe use of biotechnology is ‘unlimited laces of employment include pharmaceuti- cal companies, chemical companies, agricultural facilites, research laboratories, colleges of unl: versities, government facilis, forensic labora- tories, hospital, and industry. There are many ‘career opportunities at all levels table 3-17) TABLE 3-17 Betecmolog Research and Development Careers rma Co es a Biologie or + Bache, meses, or doctoral degree ‘eran growth $52,600-$110500 Medes! * Lease reuredn some states Sani Blolehnalogesl + Sach or masters degree ‘erage growth $48,600-$82,700 Enpnvers + Lease requredin some states (Bowngiavers) Bltogieal * Assos’ or acl degree “erage growth $32300-$62500 Techlelans + Cartan canbe baie rom Ie Nato Credetiaing Agency for Laboratory Persona Process + Aesocte’ degree ‘aeapegowth 52300-85000 ‘eebicians + Some nave batho’ door z a Forel Seienea + Assocate,bachalor’s, or masters deree ‘owe average $58600-$67,500 Teclelans + Most ales donot hve lensing or crtiaien growth requires + Must net proicency eels estabsed by national ‘xcrotaon associations fo criminal borates + Cerin canbe obianes tom he American Society ‘or cinealPanaiogy‘CHAPTER 3. Biological or medical sclentists study living organisms such as viruses, bacteria, prot 200, and other infectious substances. They assist in the development of vaccines, medicines, and ‘ueatments for diseases: evaluate the reation- ships between organisms and the environment; ‘and administer programs for testing food and drugs. Some work on isolating and identifying {genes associated with specie dseases or inher Htedtraits and perform research to correct genetic defects, Some specialties inchide: 4 Biochemists: study the chemical composition ofliving things 4 Microbiologists: investigate the growth and characterstis of mieroscopic organisms + Physiologists study the life functions of plants ‘and animals + Forensic scientist study cll, bers andother ‘evidence to obtain information about acrime 1 Biophysicits: study the response and interre- lationship of ving ces and organisms othe principles of physics, such a5 electrical or ‘mechanical energy Most biological or medical scientists use research associates and asistants, These assocl- tes oF assistants must have high-level math and ‘science skills, computer technology proficiency, tfecive written and oral communication sil, knowledge of aseptic techniques, and laboratory sls Biotechsological engineers (bloengt- neers) use engineering knowledge 10 develop solutions to complex medical problems. They develop devices such as cardiac pacemakers, blood oxygenators and dofbelators that aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease: research various metals and other blomaterals (0 deter- mine which ean be used as implants inthe human body; design and constrict artificial organs, such ‘ship replacements, Kidneys, heart valves, and ariel hearts; and research the biomechanics ofinjury and wound healing. ‘Biological technicians, working under the supervision of biological scientists or lotechno logical engineers, assist in the study of living ‘organisms They perform many ofthe laboratory experiments used In medical research on dis: eases sich as cancer and acquired immune df ciency syndrome (AIDS). They also assist inthe evelopment, testing, and manufacturing of pharmaceuticals or medications igure 321) FIGURE 3-21 Biological octnicans prtorm ‘many ofthe laboratory exprirents use tor ‘modial research. (Courtesy of COC Puete Heath Image Ltraryames Gathay} iological technicians must be proficient in the use of clinical laboratory ecuipment and com- ‘puters. They mus also be adept at comping sta lists and preparing reiearch reports to document experiments. Process techalelans, working under the supervision of biological scientists or research pphysilans, operate and motor the machinery that Is used to produce biotechnology products, ‘They may install new equipment, monitor the ‘operation process of the equppment, assess qual ty contol of the finished product, and enforce ‘environmental and safety reglations. For exam ple, a process technician manufacturing drugs for a pharmaceutical compaay may prepare and measure raw materials, load the raw materials into the machinery. se the controls, operate the ‘machinery, take test samples for quality contol‘Carew in Heal Care CTL SO MES, eS Crerm tetramer sie ireanen tt: Ser incrersnestiee eerie ene ee ere Dea ino err ieee Dianne tinnaeroeten surgery requites a tain of surgeons and ether personel Lect tere et etree ster ere ee Retr odor vues Corer iar erst renter oth Ere mertinsTsers Sentence neve Riemer secon reser a ieee ern ae errr reine Cayenne irene sere cre Cen eC cree Se Ne ne ofthe roboticarn luring long and delicate surgere Donen eta Ale Ceienee ree Tamme ei ee ert Caine more bean Senna tached to other arms on the Roce ccc Tnmerierentr nt STgunec nian einen Gurrently, robotic heart surgery i still hing researched. Different types of robots Ropero tera Sean mee net tt aera Tea Ferecre etme rete (nerkeecet it ete eet i ies and record required information. Process techni ians must use aseptic techniques and fllow il salety and environmental regulations during the ‘manufacturing process. Forensie science technicians, also called ‘riminalists, vestigate erimes by collecting and analyzing physical evidence. Examples of physi- fal evidence include weapons, clothing, shoes, ‘bers, hai, body tissues, blood, body ids, ine ‘erprints, chemicals, and even vapors in th ‘After the physical evidence is analyzed and pre~ served. the forensic science technician works With other investigative oficers such as police detectives to reconstruct a crime scene an find the individual who committed the crime. Foren sie science technicians must be proficient in the use of laboratory equipment and computers Ty uaa be ee a reign compiling statistics, and testifying in trials oF hearings. core Uenrooaaamtites Ciceiiebie earn ie Cromer sein hn im terse onion ein geie COU CONTRI ea) CON American Academy of Forensic Sciences FO. Box 669 Colorado Springs, CO 80901 Inemet address wumaafiorg * American Institute of Biological Sciences 14441. Steet NW, Suite 200 Washington, DC 20005 Internet address: wuss org 4 biotechnology Industey Organization 1225 Bye ret, NW, Suite 400, ashington, DC 20008 Internet address: wwbo.org + Botechnology institute 1M0Wilson Boulevard, Suite 202 ‘Alingon, VA 22201, Internet address: www blotchinsiete org ‘ Prarmaceutcal Research and Manufacturers cotAmerica 100 Fifteenth Steet, NW ‘washington, DC 20005 Toxernet adress: wwusphrma.orgSTUDENT: Go 10 me workbook and complete the assignment sheet for Chapter 3, Careers tn Health Care. Cae ee ‘More than 250 different careers n health care provide individuals with opportunities to find ‘ccupations they enjoy. Each health care career diferssomewhat inthe type ofduses performed. the education required, the standards that must, ‘bemet and maintained, andthe salary earned. ‘This chapterhas described someofthemajor health care careers For each career group levels ‘of workers, basic job duties, educational require- ‘ments, antilpated need for workers through the Yyear 2012, and average yearly salaries were pro- Yided. Use this chapter to evaluae the different health career, and request additonal informa tion on specific careers from sources listed at the end ofthe respective career ections. inthis ‘way, you can research various occupational op- ‘portunites and determine whieh health care ca {eer Is most appropriate for your interests and abilities. Mina Use the suggested search enginesin Chapter 17:4 ofthis textbook to search the Internet for addi- {onal information onthe ollowirg topics: 1. National Health Cae Still Standards (NHCSS) review the history and development of health ‘cate ll standards, and seatchfor additional Information on the health scence career cluster 2. Heath care carers Search for information on ‘pectic careers by entering thename ofthe 3. Carer organizations: Contact ganizations at ‘determine the purpose ofthe oganization, ‘health careers promotes, andadvantages of membership. 1. Acraltation Agencies Search te Commission ‘on Accreditation of Aled Health Edveaion Programs (CAAHEP) at wwwcaaheporg and the Accrediting Bureau of Health Edueaion Schools (ABHES) at www abhesorgtodeter- ‘ine which health eareer programs areaccred- ted by each agency. Research cools a your ara that moet aceredtation standards. 5. School: Search for technical schools, caleges, and universities that offer edicational po 1. Bolan the diferences and similares beeen secondary and post-secondary health care education? 2. Foreach ofthe post-secondary degreslsted, state bow many years of education are quired. toobiain the degree For each degree ve thee (3) examples spectc health eae carers that require dhe degree for en level ‘workers, 1 Arsocite’s degree 1. Bachelors degree ©, Masters degree 4 Doctorate 3. Diferentiate between certification, repstra- ‘on, andlicensure 4 What are CEUst Why are they required many eal care careens? ‘5, Name at least fou) specfc careers within each cluster ofthe National Health Cre Sill Standards 6, What isan entrepreneur? Kent fve (3) ‘examples of health care carers that may be an centrepreneut, 7. Choose one health care career in whichyou have an interest. Use references or seareh the Internet ost ten (10) specific asks pecormed bypersonne inthe eareer. 8. Choose ane heath cate career in whichyou hhave an interest. Use references orsereh the Invrnet iden tree (3) diferent schools ‘hat offer accredited programs in the caret.