Chng 2

c tnh c bn ca thit b o v chp hnh trong iu khin qu

trnh
Thit b o v chp hnh l thnh phn khng th thiu trong iu khin
qu trnh. c tnh ca n nh hng rt ln ti n nh v cht lng iu
khin qu trnh.
Trong chng ny chng ta s nghin cu cc c tnh chung c bn ca
mt s thit b o v chp hnh vi mc ch phc v cho vic thit k v
chnh nh h iu khin qu trnh. C th cc loi thit b o nhit , p
sut , lu lng, cc loi van iu khin v cc my bm qut.
2-1. Cu trc c bn ca thit b o cc i lng qu trnh trong
cng
nghip
Mt thit b o qu trnh c nhim v cung cp thng
tin v din bin ca qu trnh v cho u ra l mt tn
hiu chun. Cu trc c bn ca mt thit b o qu
trnh c minh ha trn hnh 2.1.

Hnh 2.1 Cu trc c bn ca mt thit b o qu trnh

ca mt thit b o.

Thnh phn ct li ca mt thit b o l cm bin. Mt

cm bin (sensor) c chc nng chuyn i mt i lng
vt l v d nhit , p sut, mc, lu lng, nng
sang mt tn hiu thng thng l in hoc kh nn. Mt
cm bin c th bao gm mt hoc vi phn t cm bin
(sensing element), trong mi phn t cm bin li l
mt b chuyn i t mt i lng ny sang mi i lng
khc d x l hn. Tn hiu ra t cm bin thng rt nh,
cha truyn c xa, cha sai s do chu nh hng ca nhiu
hoc do nhy km ca cm bin, phi tuyn vi i lng
o. V th, sau phn t cm bin ngi ta cn cc khu
khuych i, chuyn i, lc nhiu, iu chnh phm vi,
b sai lch v tuyn tnh ha. Nhng chc nng c
thc

hin

trong

mt

chuyn

chun

(transmitter). Mt b chuyn i o chun ng vai tr

l mt khu iu ha tn hiu, nhn tn hiu u vo t
mt cm bin v cho u ra l mt tn hiu chun c
th truyn xa v thch hp vi u vo ca b iu khin.
Trong thc t, nhiu b chuyn i o chun c tch
hp lun c phn t cm bin, v vy khi nim
transmitter cng c s dng ch c thit b o. Tn
hiu u ra t l vi lng o c chun ho theo tiu tn hiu in p 0
10V, 1 5V... hay theo tn hiu dng 0 20 mA. Hoc tn hiu truyn
thng cng nghip.

Cht lng v kh nng ng dng ca mt thit b o ph

thuc vo nhiu yu t m ta khi qut l cc c tnh
thit b o, bao gm c tnh vn hnh, c tnh tnh
v c tnh ng hc. c tnh vn hnh bao gm cc
chi tit v kh nng o, chi tit vn hnh v tc ng mi
trng. c tnh tnh biu din quan h gia i lng u
vo v gi tr tn hiu u ra ca thit b o trng thi
xc lp, trong khi c tnh ng hc biu din quan h
gia bin thin u vo v tn hiu ra theo thi gian. c
tnh tnh lin quan ti chnh xc khi gi tr ca i lng
o khng thay i hoc thay i rt chm. Ngc li,
c tnh ng hc lin quan ti kh nng phn ng ca
thit b o khi i lng o thay i nhanh.

2.2. c tnh vn hnh:

Phm vi o v di o
Phm vi o l phm vi gi tr danh nh ca i lng o
m mt thit b o c s dng theo quy nh. Mt phm
vi o c xc nh bi gii hn di (xmin) v gii hn trn
(xmax). Gii hn di cn c gi l im khng. Di o c
nh ngha l khong cch gia gii hn trn v gii hn di
ca phm vi o.
S x xmax xmin

c tuyn l tng ca mt thit b o nhit c th

hin trn hnh 2.2 , trong quan h gia i lng o
(nhit T) v tn hiu o (y) c coi l tuyn tnh.
Phm vi o l t 100oC ti 400oC, di o tng ng l Sy =
300oC

16
y [mA]

12
8

Gi i hn d i

Di tn hiu ra (Sy)

Gi i hn trn 20

Di
o (Sx)
100
Gi i hn d i

200

300

T [C]

400
Gi i hn trn

Hnh2.2. Phm vi o v di o
Phm vi o v di o nh ngha nh trn da trn
khong bin thin cho php ca gi tr o, v th cn c
gi l phm vi u vo (input range) cng nh di u vo
(input span). Ta cng c cc nh ngha tng t cho phm
vi u ra (output range) v di tn hiu ra hay di u ra
(output span). Phm vi u ra ca tn hiu o chnh l
phm vi tn hiu ra ca b chuyn i o. a s cc b
chuyn i o chun s dng trong iu khin qu
trnh cho u ra theo chun dng 4-20mA, vi 4mA tng
ng vi 0% v 20mA tng ng vi 100% phm vi o. Chun
dng c mt s u im nh:
4

- Kh nng truyn xa, khng b nh hng bi tr khng

cp truyn
- Kh nng phn bit gia trng hp li t cp vi trng
hp tn hiu ra t gii hn di.
- Kh nng mang ngun nui cho cc thit b mc ni
tip
phn gii:
Khi gi tr ca mt bin o bin thin lin tc trong phm
vi o, mt s thit b o cho tn hiu ra thay i mt
cch ri rc thay v lin tc. Trong trng hp ny, phn
gii ca thit b o c nh ngha l mt bc thay i
ca tn hiu ra. Khi kch c cc bc thay i khng c
nh th bc thay i ln nht c gi l phn gii
cc i. phn gii thng c biu din bng t l phn
trm so vi di tn hiu ra ca thit b. phn gii trung
bnh biu din theo t l phn trm ca di tn hiu ra
c tnh theo cng thc:
phn gii trung bnh

100
%
N

Trong : N l s gi tr c ghi nhn

Di

cht v c tnh tr

Di cht (dead band) ca mt thit b o l thay i

nh nht ca i lng o theo chiu ngc li m thit b o
c th p ng vi tn hiu u ra thay i. Di cht cn
5

c gi l ngng nhy (threshold). c tnh tr (hysteresis) l

s khc nhau trong p ng ra cng vi thay i u vo
nhng theo hai chiu khc nhau. Hiu ng di cht v c
tnh tr to ra hai ng c tnh khc nhau cho mi chiu
thay i ca i lng o nh minh ha trn hnh 2.3

Hnh2.3. c tnh tr tnh ca thit b o

nhy:
nhy hay h s khuych i tnh ca mt thit b o
ti mt gi tr o

l t l gia thay i tn hiu ra v s

thay i i lng u vo tng ng trng thi xc lp:

km

y
x

 nhy ph thuc vo im lm vic, tc ph thuc vo

gi tr o hin thi. i vi mt thit b o c c tnh
tuyn tnh, nhy l mt hng s v c xc nh bng
t l gia di tn hiu ra v di o:

km

Sy
Sx

Cp chnh xc v sai s
Cp chnh xc (accuracy) ca thit b l gi tr o c gn nht vi gi tr
qu trnh. Sai s (error) l s khc bit ln nht c th xy ra gia gi tr
qu trnh v gi tr o c. Sai s c th c th hin bng nhiu cch.
Cch chung nht l gi tr tuyt i (chng hn nh sai s ln nht cho php
ca gi tr o nhit l 20C) nh phn trm gi tr thc t ca s bin i
qu trnh hay phn trm thang o ca thit b o (thng c gi l FSD
full- scale deflection- dng cho lch ca thang o).

M p sut

V d nh thit b o v chuyn i p sut hnh v di vi phi tuyn

c phng i ln. Thit b ny c sai s ln nht l 0,5 p.s.i tng ng vi
6,25 % gi tr thc t.

1
5

p ng l
thuyt M = V

p ng
thc t

1
0

Sai s ln nht
0,5 psi 8 psi

1
1
0
5
V p sut

Hnh 2.4: Sai s khc bit ca b chuyn i gia p ng l tng v

thc t
Cc nh hng ca mi trng v thi gian.

Cc c tnh k thut ca mt b chuyn i thng th hin chi tit cc

li c th xy ra i vi cm bin chnh nh trong cc iu kin vn
hnh c nh (v d nh nhit mi trng xung quanh, in p ngun cp
c nh). chnh xc ca b chuyn i s chu nh hng ca s thay
i mi trng v suy gim theo thi gian. Nhng hiu ng ny c th
hin nh mt s thay i im khng (hay li zero) hay mt s thay i
nhy (li span). C hai u thay i theo thi gian v c bit n nh hiu
ng tri.

(a)

(b)

Hnh 2.5: Cc nh hng ca mi trng thay i v thi gian

(a) Thay i im khng (b) Thay i span
Cc nh hng ca mi trng thng c nh ngha nh l phn trm
li do s thay i v mi trng. V d mt b chuyn i o p sut theo
phng php chnh p c th b nh hng bi p sut tnh. Mt b chuyn
i vi dng u ra 4-20 mA c th chu nh hng s qua bi ti. Hu ht
nhy ca cc thit b u chu nh hng ca nhit mi trng xung
quanh. Danh sch cc c tnh k thut v cc li c th xy ra i vi b
chuyn i c th gip cho cc k s iu khin qu trnh xc nh cc li
xy ra i trong nhng ng dng c th. Cc nh hng do nhit c th
tc ng ch yu n cc thit b sn nh my ni nhit mi trng c
th thay i t - 15 n + 50 0C nhng li gy ra rt t nh hng n cc
thit b trong phng iu khin c nhit c iu ho.
Cc yu t mi trng tc ng n thit b c th c loi tr bng
cch b thm cc gi tr thch hp. Cc yu t thi gian khng nh hng
nhiu lm n cc thit b ngy nay do c cu trc chc chn, da trn c s
cc vi mch in t so vi cc thit b kh nn hay n in t chn khng
th h trc y. Cc nh hng do thi gian c th c loi tr bng vic
tin hnh bo dng cng nh chnh nh li theo cc khong thi gian nh
k. Cc c tnh k thut ca thit b s cho php cc k s t ra cc k
hoch ph hp gi cc nh hng v thi gian trong nhng gii hn cho
php.
CM BIN THNG MINH
a. Khi nim v cm bin thng minh
K thut o lng v iu khin t ng hin i ngy nay c nhng tin
b vt bc nh vic s dng k thut vi in in t, vi x l (P) v vi
iu khin C. thc hin c cc c tnh mi cho dng c o nh t
9

ng chn thang o, t ng x l thng tin o, t ng b sai s ngi

ta phi s dng cc b vi x l hay vi iu khin kt hp vi cc loi cm
bin khc nhau gi l cm bin thng minh Smart sensor.
Trong h thng thng tin o lng v iu khin, cc loi dng c o,
cm bin lm nhim v bin i t i lng o thnh i lng in. y
l khu c bn nht quyt nh sai s ca h thng o hay dng c o bi v
sai s ca cc loi cm bin ph thuc ch yu vo nguyn l cu to ca
cm bin (da trn cc hiu ng vt l) ta gi l sai s phng php, ngoi
ra cc yu t khch quan nh nhit , m ca mi trng, ch lm
vic ca cm bin cng nh hng ng k n chnh xc ca dng c o
v h thng o. V vy nng cao chnh xc ca php o, trc tin ta
phi ci tin cc c tnh k thut ca cm bin. iu ny ch c th c
thc hin c nu ta bit p dng nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh in t
v tin hc.
Nh tnh nng cao ca mch vi x l, cc nh k thut o lng a ra
c nhiu bin php, nhiu phng php o a nng ho cc cm bin,
a ra nhiu bin php x l nng cao chnh xc, kh nng thng tin,
tng tc ng nhanh, nng cao tnh n nh, tuyn tnh, hn ch n
loi b cc yu t nh hng n chnh xc ca dng c o cng nh h
thng o.
b. Cc u im ca cm bin thng minh
Cm bin thng minh c th thc hin c cc chc nng mi m cm
bin thng khng thc hin c l:
- Chc nng thu thp s liu o t nhiu i lng o khc nhau vi cc
khong cch o
khc nhau.
- Chc nng chng trnh ho qu trnh o, tc l o theo mt chng
trnh nh sn (c

10

th thay i bng thit b lp trnh).

- C th gia cng s b kt qu o theo cc thut ton nh sn
- Tin hnh tnh ton a ra kt qu o khi thc hin cc php o gin
tip.
- Hiu chnh sai s ca php o.
- B cc kt qu o b sai lch do nh hng ca s bin ng mi
trng nh nhit ,
m...
- T ng chn thang o.
- M ho tn hiu o.
- Ghp ni vi cc thit b ngoi vi.
- Ghp ni vi bus trng Fieldbus.
- S dng P c th thc hin cc php tnh nh cng, tr, nhn, chia,
tch phn, vi phn,
php tuyn tnh ho c tnh phi tuyn ca cm bin, iu khin qu trnh
o, iu khin s
lm vic ca cc khu khc nh chuyn i tng t s A/D, cc b dn
knh MUX
- S dng mP c kh nng pht hin nhng v tr hng hc trong thit b
o v a ra cc
thng tin v chng nh ci t chng trnh kim tra v chun on k thut
v s lm vic ca
thit b o.
c. Cu trc chung ca mt cm bin thng minh

Chuyn i D/A

4-20 mA

Cm bin
scp

Chuyn

i chun
ho

B vi x l

Hin thv iu khin

i t ng o

Mt cm bin thng minh c s cu trc nh sau:

11

Fieldbus
Giao din Fieldbus

Hnh 2.6: Cu trc chung ca mt cm bin thng minh

T i tng o qua cm bin s cp, tn hiu to thnh sau cm bin o
c s c a vo b chuyn i chun ho (transmitter). B chuyn i
chun ho lm nhim v to ra tn hiu chun ri a vo b x l P. Tn
hiu ra t P c th l t 4 n 20 mA hay l tn hiu s c truyn qua
Fieldbus
2.3. Khi qut chung v thit b o nhit
2.3.1. Gii thiu chung
Vic o lng v iu khin nhit l mt trong nhng yu t quan
trng nht trong iu khin qu trnh. Trong tt c cc i lng vt l, nhit
c quan tm nhiu nht v nhit ng vai tr quyt nh n nhiu
tnh cht ca vt cht. Dng c o nhit n gin nht l nhit k s
dng hin tng gin n nhit.
o c nhit , ta cn phi nh ngha mt thang o nhit . n
v o nhit tu thuc theo thang o nhit , c th l K theo thang
12

Kelvin, oC theo thang Celsius, oF theo thang Fahrenheit. Thang Fahrenheit

v Celsius (hay Centigrade) dng im ng lnh v im si ca nc lm
hai im tham kho.
Fahrenheit

Celsius

im ng

32

im si

212

100

Trong mi lin quan gia hai thang o ny c th hin qua cng

thc:
F = 9/5C + 32 v C = 5/9(F - 32)
n v SI ca nhit l thang Kelvin (lu rng khng nh 0F v 0C, k
hiu nhit (0) khng c dng trong thang Kelvin. im nhit thp
nht trong thang Kelvin l im khng tuyt i. y l im nhit thp
nht trn l thuyt v c nh ngha l 0 K. so snh, 0 K = - 273,16 0C.
im nhit th hai c nh ngha trong thang Kelvin l 273,16 K
tng ng vi 0,01 0C.
K = 0C + 273,15
Trong nhng ng dng cng nghip, thang Celsius c s dng rng ri
nht nhng vic chuyn i sang thang Kelvin i khi cng cn thit.
o c tr s chnh xc ca nhit l mt vn khng n gin.
a s cc i lng vt l u c th c xc nh trc tip nh so snh
chng vi mt i lng cng bn cht. Nhit l i lng ch c th o
gin tip trn c s tnh cht ca vt ph thuc vo nhit .
Ni chung c bn phng php o nhit da trn cc c im vt l
sau:
- S gin n ca cc vt liu theo nhit to ra s thay i v di,
th tch hay p sut, c ng dng trong cc loi nhit k thu ngn

13

- S thay i in tr theo nhit , c s dng trong cc nhit in

tr kim loi v bn dn.
- S thay i nhit im tip xc gia hai kim loi khc nhau,
c dng trong cp nhit in.
- S thay i nng lng pht ra theo nhit , c ng dng trong
cm bin quang
2.3.2. Cc phng php o nhit v ng dng trong cng nghip
2.3.2.1. Phng php o nhit bng nhit in tr kim loi
S chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in tch theo mt hng hnh
thnh mt dng in trong kim loi. S chuyn ng ny c th do mt
lc c hc hay in trng gy nn v in tch c th m hay dng
dch chuyn vi chiu ngc nhau. S dn in ca kim loi da trn s
di ng ca cc electron t do cn gi l my electron ch khng phi
do cc ion. Mt s kim loi c s dn in rt tt v qua th nghim cho
thy s dn in ca kim loi khng i i vi s dch chuyn vt cht.
Ngi ta cn nhn thy rng cc electron ngoi bin cc nguyn t kim
loi c kt ni rt lng lo d dng bin thnh cc electron t do.
iu ny to nn s dn in rt tt ca kim loi cng nh cc hiu ng
vt l khc: hiu ng quang in, hiu ng pht x electron do in
trng hay nhit. Trong cc kim loi dn in tt nh bc, ng trung
bnh mi nguyn t ng gp mt electron t do cho s dn in.
dn in ca kim loi c th c din t bi cng thc:
2

s = ne l vth
6kT

Phng trnh trn chng t dn in ca kim loi t l nghch vi

nhit hay in tr ca kim loi c h s nhit dng. S lng
n electron trong kim loi khng thay i theo nhit . Khi nhit
tng, bin dao ng ca mng tinh th ln hn v lm cho s ln va
chm gia cc electron v nguyn t cng gia tng. Nh vy on
ng dch chuyn t do l ca cc electron b thu nh li. Trong khi
vn tc nhit vth gia tng vi T .
1. Nhit in tr platin
14

a. Nhit in tr platin theo DIN v IEC

Platin l vt liu cho nhit in tr c dng rng ri trong cng
nghip. Cc tnh cht ca loi nhit in tr ny c quy nh theo
tiu chun quc t DIN IEC 751. Theo tiu chun ny di o nhit
ca nhit in tr platin trong khong t - 200 n 8500C.
Cho di o u tin t -200 n 00C ta c a thc cp ba:
R (t) = Ro( 1+ At+ Bt2+ C[t- 1000C]t3)
Cho di o t 0 n 8500C ta c a thc cp hai:
R (t) = Ro( 1+ At+ Bt2)
Cc h s c gi tr nh sau:
A = 3,90802.10-3 oC-1
B = -5,802-7 oC-2
C = -4,2735-12 oC-3
R0 l tr s in tr nh mc 00C
R0 ca nhit in tr Pt-100 l 100, ca Pt-500 l 500 v Pt-1000
l 1000. Cc loi Pt500 v Pt1000 c h s nhit ln hn do
c nhy ln hn: in tr thay i mnh hn theo nhit .
S thay i nhit khong:
0,4 / Kelvin vi Pt100
2 / Kelvin vi Pt500
4 / Kelvin vi Pt1000
Ngoi ra tiu chun DIN IEC 751 cn xc nh mt tr s c trng
na, l h s nhit trung bnh gia 0 v 100 0C. l t l gia
s thay i in tr 0 v 1000C vi in tr nh mc R0.
in tr ( )

Nhit
Nhit (oC)

15

Hnh 2.7. c tuyn ca nhit in tr Pt100

a=

R100 - Ro
=3,850.10Rodt

3 0C- 1

Vi platin nguyn cht, c tr s 3,925.10-3 0C-1.

Tr s ca nhit in tr platin theo DIN c s khc bit vi tr s
ny. Theo tiu chun DIN vt liu platin dng lm nhit in tr c pha
tp. Do khi b cc tp cht khc thm thu trong qu trnh s dng s
thay i tr s in ca n t hn so vi platin nguyn cht. Nh n t
n nh lu di theo thi gian v thch hp hn trong cng nghip. Vi
cc thit b o nhit chnh xc vi n nh nh s khuych tn cc
tp cht vo u o d vi mt lng kh nh cng ng mt vai tr kh
ln. Do vi cc nhit k chnh xc, ngi ta dng dy platin c ng
knh kh ln n 250m. Mc ch s khuych tn cc tp cht vo
bn trong dy in tr c ngn cn bt hay c s tin trin cng chm
cng tt. Cng v l do ny m trong cng nghip, cc u o thng
phi c thay th mi c nh k chnh xc ca php o lun
c m bo.
b. Sai s cho php
Khi tnh n sai s, tiu chun DIN IEC 751 phn bit hai cp dung
sai A v B.
Cp A c gi tr cho nhit t -200 n 650 0C v cho cc thit b
o nhit t 3 n 4 dy o. Cp B c gi tr cho ton thang t -200
n 8500C.
Cp A: t = (0,15+0,002t)
16

Cp B: t = (0,30+0,005t)

Dung sai

LpB

Lp A

Nhit (oC)

Hnh 2.8 Dung sai ca Pt100

2. Cc cu trc ca cm bin nhit platin v nickel

- Nhit in tr vi v gm: si platin c gi cht bn trong ng
gm s vi bt oxit nhm. Di o t -200 n 800oC.
- Nhit in tr vi v thu tinh: loi ny c bn c hc v
nhy cao. Di o t-200 n 400oC c dng trong mi trng ho
cht c n mn cao.
- Nhit in tr vi v nha: Gia hai lp nha polyamid dy platin
c ng knh khong 30 m c dn kn. Vi cu trc mng, cm
17

bin loi ny c dng o nhit b mt cc ng hay cun dy

bin th. Di o t -80 n 230oC.
- Nhit in tr vi k thut mng mng: Trn mt nn oxit nhm
mt lp platin dy khong 1m c ph ln bng phng php phun
ion hay bc hi chn khng. Sau vi phng php quang khc hay
vi tia laser, lp platin c hnh mt ng gp khc v c chun
ho cng bng tia laser. Sau lp platin cng c ph bng mt lp
thu tinh. Di o nhit t -50 n 6000C. Cc nhit in tr vi k
thut mng mng u c thi gian phn hi rt nh v qun tnh nhit
nh. Vi k thut mng mng, nhit in tr c n nh lu di, d
thay th, di o rng v c th sn xut hng lot.

Bng dung sai nhit ca nhit in tr.

Dung sai
Di nhit Nhit o
c
lm vic

Lp A

Lp B

Nhit oC Nhit oC

18

2.3.2.2. Phng php o nhit bng cp nhit in

1. Cp nhit in
a. Hiu ng nhit in v m hnh cp nhit in
Hiu ng nhit in c m t nh sau: hai kim loi khng ging
nhau c ni vi nhau ti hai im nh hnh v. Nu ta t nng mt
im n nhit t1 v u cn li c gi nhit thp hn t 2 s
xut hin mt dng trong mch. Dng in ny s ph thuc vo kim
loi v nhit t1, t2. Hiu ng ny c nh khoa hc Seebeck tm ra
v c gi l hiu ng nhit in hay hiu ng Seebeck v c th
c dng nh mt phng php o chnh xc nhit . Cc thit b
ng dng hiu ng ny gi l cc cp nhit in.
A
t1

B
Va

Vb

(cao)

t2
(thp)

Hnh 2.9. Cp nhit in n gin

Hiu ng nhit in xut hin do s xut hin ca mt in th qua
im tip xc ca hai kim loi khc nhau. in th ny ph thuc vo
nhit im tip xc v xut hin do s khc bit v tnh cht in v
nhit ca cc kim loi. Cc electron im c nhit cao t 1 c nhiu
nng lng nhit hn cc electron nhit thp t 2 trong mi kim loi
v s c mt s dch chuyn cc electron v pha c nhit t 2. S khc
bit v dch chuyn gia hai kim loi khc nhau s to ra mt in p.
in p ny rt nh, thng ch vo khong vi chc milivon.
im tip xc A c in p Va l hm ca t1, tng t ti im B c
in p Vb l hm ca t2. Dng in xut hin do Va khc so vi Vb. Hin
nhin nu t1 = t2, s khng c dng chy qua. Do , c th gi cp nhit
in l mt thit b o chnh nhit.

19

t1

Hnh 2.10. Mch in vi thit b o

Mt cp nhit in hnh thnh khi hai thanh kim loi khc nhau
c ni vi nhau. Nh vy trong hnh trn, khi cp nhit in c
ni vi dy ng a in p nhit n mch o in, hai cp nhit
in khc c hnh thnh. T im ni ca cp nhit in, dy ng
(dy o) v mch o in ta khng c s thay i v nhit , in
p nhit ca cc cp nhit in y coi nh khng c. Quan trng
vn l nhit ti im ni, v d nhit ti im o l 200 oC , ti
im ni l 20oC v in p nhit o c l 9 mV. in p nhit ny
tng ng vi s chnh lch nhit l 180 oC. Trong khi nhit
lun c so snh vi 0oC. Nh vy in p nhit thc t cn phi
hiu chnh bng cch cng thm in p nhit 20oC.
V = V (t) + V (20oC)
in p nhit so snh vi 0oC o c ca mi ni. gii quyt
vn ny, trong thc t mt mch o nhit vi cp nhit in
c gii quyt nh sau: T cp nhit in, ng dy in ni tip
n my o khng phi dy ng m l mt loi dy dn in c cng
vt liu nh cp nhit in. Hoc v l do tn km ngi ra dng dy
vi vt liu khc nhng c cng tnh cht nhit in, dy ny c gi
l dy thay th hay dy b.

Hnh 2.11 Cp nhit in vi dy b

20

 im ni vi cp nhit in khng c in p nhit in. in p

nhit in ny c hnh thnh im ni vi dy ng ca thit b
o. y chnh l ni gi l im so snh. y ngi ta t mt u
o nhit , nhit v s thay i nhit im so snh c o
v tr s ny c a vo mch in t so snh, tnh ton v b
tr.
ng knh ca si dy trong cp nhit in khng nh hng n
tr s in p nhit. V d vi dy NiAl v NiCr d ng knh ca
chng l 3 mm hay 0,55mm, nhit 998oC ta lun c in p nhit
in l 40 mV. Tuy nhin, ng knh si dy trong cp nhit in
cng nh th kt qu o cng chnh xc v cng nhanh, c bit khi
cn phi o nhit b mt. Khi o nhit kh cao gn vi ranh gii
ca nhit si dy ca cp nhit in cn chu ng c, ng
knh li cn kh ln khng b t. nhit cao v theo thi gian,
cp nhit in s tr nn dn hn, d gy do s ti kt tinh, cu trc
ca kim loi tr nn th hn. Cc mch o vi cp nhit in thng
phi c mch bo ng khi cp nhit in b t.
b. Cc loi cp nhit in theo tiu chun quc t.
C rt nhiu hn hp kim loi c chn la ch to cp nhit
in nhng ch c mt s t c la chn v c tiu chun ho.
Vic tiu chun ho c nh hng theo cc c trng k thut, c
bit l di in p v sai s cho php. Bng di y cho ta cc loi
cp nhit in theo tiu chun quc t IEC 584-3.
Thnh phn
PtRh10%Pt13%
PtRh30%PtRh6%
NiCr-Ni
Cu-CuNi
Fe-CuNi

Ki
u
S

Dng lin
tc
14000C

Dng ngn hn

15000C

18100C

K
T
J

12600C
3000C
7600C

13500C
3710C
12000C

17720C

21

NiCr-CuNi
NiCrSi-NiSi

E
N

8710C
12000C

10000C
13000C

c. S thay i tnh cht ca cp nhit in theo thi gian.

nhit kh cao, cc nguyn t bn ngoi v d nh N, S, O 2 s
khuych tn vo cp nhit in. Qua m hnh cp nhit in, ta c th
hiu rng khi c s khuych tn cc nguyn t l, lc ht ca cc ion
kim loi b thay i i v do in p nhit cng b thay i theo.
Ngi ta gi l s lo ho hay s trt ca kt qu o c cp
nhit in. Vi s khuych tn ny, sau mt nm nhit ch th thay
v 900oC c th l 906oC hay 600oC mc d thit b o khng h b h
hng.

Hnh 2.12. S lo ho ca cc cp nhit in

d. Mt s li thng gp phi.
- Ch th nhit phng: cp nhit in hay dy dn b t.
- Ch th ng tr s nhng du m: in cc b i.
- Ch th nhit qu cao hay b tri:
+ in cc ca dy thay th b ni nhm cc vi cp nhit in
(nh vy s to thm 2 cp nhit in)
+ S dng dy thay th, dy b sai.
- Ch th nhit qu cao hay qu thp: nhit im so snh sai.
22

- Ch th ng nhng tri dn i: nhit im so snh khng n

nh hay khng c o.
- Khi h mt nhnh ca cp nhit in vn ch th mt tr s no
.
+ Nhiu in t u vo thit b o.
+ S cch in trong l ti.
+ Phn cch in ca dy thay th b m.
- Li thng thng nht nc ta, do vic dng dy dn in bnh
thng bng ng ni gia cp nhit in v thit b o. Sai s s
rt ln v thay i lin tc.
e. Dung sai
Theo DIN IEC 584, cc cp nhit in c ng knh t 0,25 n 3
mm c ba cp dung sai c xc nh khi cn mi.
Bng di trnh by cc loi cp nhit in vi cc cp dung sai:
Loi
Cp dung sai
1
-40 +7500C: 0,004.t
1,50C
J
2
-40 +7500C: 0,0075.t
2,50C
3
1
-40 +3500C: 0,004.t
0,50C
T
2
-40 +3500C: 0,0075.t
1,00C
3
-200 +400C: 0,015.t
1,00C
K
1
-40 +10000C: 0,004.t
1,50C
2
-40 +12000C: 0,0075.t
2,50C
N
3
-200 +400C: 0,015.t
2,50C
1
-40 +8000C: 0,004.t
1,50C
E
2
-40 +9000C: 0,0075.t
2,50C
3
-200 +400C: 0,015.t
2,50C
1
B
2
-600 +17000 C: 0,0025.t
1,50C
3
-600 +17000C: 0,005.t
4,00C
2. ng dng trong cng nghip: Cp nhit in CM v CH ca
Yokogawa.

23

Cp nhit in model CM v CH bao gm mt thnh phn cp nhit

in (kiu K, E, J hay T) vi lp cch ly bng thu tinh, cha trong
mt ng v bc bo v bng kim loi. Loi CM dng cho cc ng
dng ni chung, loi CH dng trong vic o nhit ni c p sut
cao.

Hnh 2.13 Cp nhit in CM v CH

Cp nhit in bao gm cc vt liu:
Kiu cp nhit in

Vt liu
Chn dng (+)
Niken-Crom
Niken-Crom
St
ng

K
E
J
T

Chn m (-)
Niken-Nhm
ng-Niken
ng-Niken
ng-Niken

Bng dung sai nhit

Kiu
Kiu T
Di nhit
Gi tr dung sai
Di nhit
Gi tr dung sai
Kiu E
Di nhit
Gi tr dung sai

Dung sai cp 1

Dung sai cp 2

Dung sai cp 3

-40 n 125oC
0,5oC
125 n 350oC
0,004.| t |

-40 n 133oC
1oC
133 n 350oC
0,0075.| t |

-67 n 40oC
1oC
-200 n -67oC
0,015.| t |

-40 n 375oC
1,5oC
375 n 800oC

-40 n 333oC
2,5oC
333 n 900oC

-167 n 40oC
2,5oC
-200 n -167oC
24

Di nhit
Gi tr dung sai
Kiu J
Di nhit
Gi tr dung sai
Di nhit
Gi tr dung sai
Kiu K
Di nhit
Gi tr dung sai
Di nhit
Gi tr dung sai

0,004.| t |

0,0075.| t |

0,015.| t |

-40 n 375oC
1,5oC
375 n 750oC
0,004.| t |

-40 n 333oC
2,5oC
333 n 750oC
0,0075.| t |

-40 n 375oC
1,5oC
375 n 1000oC
0,004.| t |

-40 n 333oC
2,5oC
333 n 1200oC
0,0075.| t |

-167 n 40oC
2,5oC
-200 n -167oC
0,015.| t |

Bng gii hn ca nhit vn hnh trong iu kin bnh thng v

trong iu kin vt mc.
Kiu cp nhit
in

ng knh
dy
0,65
1,00
1,60
2,30
3,20
0,65
1,00
1,60
2,30
3,20
0,65
1,00
1,60
2,30
3,20
0,32

Nhit gii
hn trong iu
kin lm vic
bnh thng
650
750
850
900
1000
450
500
550
600
700
400
450
500
550
600
200

Nhit gii
hn trong
trng hp
vt mc
850
950
1050
1100
1200
500
550
650
750
800
500
550
650
750
750
250
25

0,65
1,00
1,60

200
250
300

250
300
350

2.4. o p sut v Mc
2.4.1. Gii thiu chung
1. i cng v p sut
Cm bin c dng nhiu nht trong cng nghip l cc loi cm
bin nhit , tip theo l cc cm bin p sut. Vic o c p sut ca
kh, cht lng l cng vic cn thit bt buc trong thit k my mc c
kh, cc dy chuyn sn xut Trc y, ngi ta dng cc loi cm
bin p sut hon ton bng c hc. Hin nay v trong tng lai, ngi
ta pht trin cc loi cm bin p sut vi vt liu bn dn r tin hn,
bn b hn v chnh xc hn cho cc cng vic kim sot v iu khin
t xa, cng vic t ng ho trong ton b h thng my mc, dy
chuyn sn xut ca nh my. Mt s ln cm bin p sut hin ny
c ch to t vt liu silic vi hiu ng in tr p in. Khc vi cc
loi thit b o p sut c hc dng l xo v ch th trc tip qua mt h
thng truyn ng c hc, cc loi cm bin p sut bn dn bin i
lng vt l p sut thnh tn hiu in. Trong hu ht cc cm bin p
sut u c mt phn t bin i tr s o t nng lng c hc thnh
nng lng in gn trn mt mng n hi. Mng n hi ny c th
c ch to vi vt liu kim loi, silic hay gm Hnh di cho ta cu
trc nguyn tc ca mt cm bin o p sut: a) Mng n hi b un
cong bi p sut; b) v c) Cu trc nguyn tc ca cm bin p sut tuyt
i v hiu p.
26

p sut l i lng vt l biu din lc tc ng ln mt n v

din tch c tnh theo s la chn vt liu cho mng n hi phi
da theo mt s yu t sau:

a)

b)

p sut cn o
P1

p sut cn o
P1
c)

Mng mng

Mng mng
Cm bin
Chn khng
hay kh bo v

p sut cn o
P2

27

Hnh 2.14 Cu trc ca mt cm bin o p sut

- S n hi cao nht
Trong khi ranh gii n hi ca mng kim loi cao nht c xc
nh bi vng Hooke xa nht th mng tinh th silic c xc nh
bi ranh gii gy vn.
nh lut Hooke: Gia bin dng v ng sut trong mt c
th n hi ta c mt lin h tuyn tnh.
= /E
E c gi l t sut n hi hay modun n hi. nh lut ny
c Robert Hooke tm ra t kinh nghim thc t v ng vi cc
bin dng nh.
- T sut n hi: T sut n hi E quyt nh kch thc ca mng
n hi, t sut cng nh, din tch mng cng ln.
- Nhit lm vic ti a
Ranh gii ca nhit lm vic thng b hn ch do cc vt liu
tr nn do (s bin dng khng tr v hnh thi c) trc khi nhit
t n chy lng.
- S mi ca vt liu
S mi ca vt liu lm n n hi nhiu hn v c bit sau khi b
bin dng, n tr v trng thi c rt chm chp.
- S chu ng vi cc ho cht n mn
Ngy ny ngi ta s dng nhiu vt liu khc nhau lm mng
kim loi n hi nh thp khng r, hp kim titan, nhm... Ngy nay
loi mng n hi vi vt liu bn dn dn dn chim mt v tr rt
quan trng trong vic sn xut cc cm bin p sut. V vi k thut
28

bn dn mng n hi, phn t bin i p sut thnh tn hiu in v

c mch khuych i c th c ch to trn cng mt chip. Vt liu
u tin ch to mng n hi bn dn l cc phin silic dy t 0,3
n 0,5 mm. Cc phin silic ny c th c n mn vi phng php
ho hc hay in ho c b dy t 1 n 2 m. dy ca mng
n hi c xc nh chnh xc nh cc lp chm dt s n mn.
Hnh di cho ta c tuyn vi vn tc n mn l hm s ca pha
tp Bor. Gia pha tp Bor c tr s khong t 10 19 n 1020 cm-3 ta
c s thay i vn tc n mn c trm ln. Cc phin silic c chn
lm vt liu khi im c pha tp p hay n vi nng N < 1018 cm-3.
Lp pha tp
p
Lp nn

Sn
quang

cn

Mng mng

Hnh 2.15 Cc cng on ch to mng mng bn dn

Trn b mt ca n ngi ta to mt lp rt mng c s pha tp Bor
vi cng ngh khuych tn. K n ngi ta ph mt lp sn bo v
ln trn b mt pha trc v trn hnh vnh khn mt sau. Cng on
n mn bng ho cht c tin hnh vi vn tc kh nhanh vi lp
bn dn c pha tp thp bn trong ng hnh tr. Khi n lp bn
dn c pha tp cao, s n mn c ngn li mt cch t ng v
lp ny vn tc s n mn b chm i hng trm ln. Sau lp sn
29

bo v s c ty i. Tu theo khong o p sut, ngi ta s s

dng cc loi cm bin p sut vo tng trng hp c th.
2. nh ngha v n v p sut
nh ngha
p sut c nh ngha l lc tc ng trn mt n v din tch,
theo cch vit vi phn
p = dF/dA
Trong :
p: p sut
A: din tch
F: lc
o p sut ngi ta s dng mt nguyn tc ging nhau, p sut
c cho tc dng ln mt b mt xc nh, nh th u tin p sut
c bin thnh lc. Vic o p sut c a v vic o lc. Tt c
lc tc dng ln mt mt phng xc nh l thc o p sut. Ta c:
p = F/A
o p sut c hiu l o p sut vi mt p sut tiu chun, p
sut tiu chun c th l:
- p sut kh quyn: p sut c ghi nhn cho bit l p sut trn
hay di p sut kh quyn.
- p sut chn khng: p sut c ghi nhn l p sut tuyt i.
- p sut khc: p sut c ghi nhn cho bit hiu s p sut gia
hai p sut gi tt l hiu p.
p sut trn
p sut
tuyt i

p sut kh
quyn

(p sut kh quyn)

Hiu p

p sut di
(p sut kh quyn)

Chn khng

Hnh 2.16. Cc thang p sut

30

V d: 5 bar p sut cao hn p sut kh quyn tng ng vi 6

bar ca p sut tuyt i. 300 mbar p sut thp hn p sut kh quyn
tng ng vi 700 mbar p sut tuyt i.
n v p sut
C mt di rt rng v kh phc tp cc n v o p sut c s
dng hin nay. Theo l thuyt, p sut l mt lc tc dng ln mt n
v din tch v c m t trong h SI l Newton trn mt mt vung
(N/m2) v c gi l Pascal. n v ny khng c s dng rng ri
m trong thc t, n v kiloPascal (kPa = N/cm 2) c dng nhiu
hn. lin hip Anh, n v p.s.i (pounds per square inch) c s
dng rng ri hn. Trong nhiu ng dng thc t, n v atmosphere
(14,7 p.s.i) hay bar (100 kPa) xp x mt atmosphere cng c s
dng.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s n v c vn c dng cho vic o p sut
trc y nhng nay khng c dng trong nhng ti liu chnh thc
nh inches WG, Torr Bng di cho ta mi lin h gia cc n v
ny.

31

Bng chuyn i cc n v p sut

1 p.s.i (lbf/in2)

= 6,895 kPa
= 27,7 inch WG

1 lbf/ft2

= 47,88 Pa

1 kgf/cm2

= 98,07 kPa

1 ich WG

= 249 Pa
= 5,2 lbf/ft2
= 0,036 p.s.i

1 foot WG

= 2,989 kPa
= 62,43 lbf/ft2
= 0,433 p.s.i

1 torr (mmHg)

= 133,3 Pa

1 bar

= 100 kPa
= 14,5 p.s.i
= 750 mmHg
= 401,8 inch WG
= 1,0197 kgf/cm2

1 atmosphere

= 1,013 bar
= 14,7 p.s.i

1 kilopascal

= 0,145 p.s.i
= 20,89 lbf/ft2
= 4,141 ich WG
= 7,502 torr (mmHg)
= 0,01 bar
= 9,872x10-3 atm

32

3. o mc
Vi cc cht lng, lu tr cng nh vn chuyn, i hi vic hin
th mc cht lng. C nhiu cng ngh c dng o mc trong
iu khin qu trnh v vic chn la loi cm bin thch hp l nhu
cu thit yu.
Mc thng lin quan n th tch. Vic o mc s khng phc tp
khi thc hin vi thng cha c mt ct ngang ng dng nh thng
cha trong hnh a) vi th tch c tnh bi cng thc:
V = h.A
Quan h gia th tch v mc s phc tp hn v khng tuyn tnh
trong trng hp thng cha nh trong hnh b) v c).
A

h
h

Hnh 2.17 Quan h gia mc v th tch

(a) Thng cha hnh tr vi quan h tuyn tnh gia su v th
tch
(b) Thng cha hnh cu; (c) Quan h gia su v th tch ca
thng cha cu
Trong rt nhiu ng dng, khi cn o th tch v khi lng, gii
php n gin nht thng l o trng lng ca thng cha, vt cha
bng cch treo ln cc loadcell hay gn ln cc cn o trng lng tuy
nhin phi rt thn trng trnh cc va chm vi cc kt ni u vo
v u ra ca ng ng. Vic cn o c th tch c th tch v khi
lng m khng cn quan tm n hnh dng ca vt cha.
Cc iu kin bn trong vt cha khi o mc cng cn phi c
quan tm n. Nhit , p sut v s n mn cng c xu hng lm
33

nh hng n cc cm bin o mc hn l n cc nhit in tr v

cp nhit in. Cc c tnh ca cht lng (hay cht rn) cng cn phi
c quan tm. Mt lu cht lm m t hay bm vo cm bin s c
th dn n vic hin th sai gi tr qu trnh. Vic o mc cng c th
chu nh hng c hi bi s chuyn ng khng u hay s ni bt
trn b mt. V vy, cn thit phi c v bc cho cm bin o mc.
Mt thng cha cht lng cng c th b cng hng. Mt thng
cha vi ng knh L s dao ng vi chu k:
T = 2p L
2g

Ni chung, c bn loi b mt cn quan tm trong iu khin mc:

- Cht lng/ kh
- Cht rn/ kh
- Cht lng 1/ cht lng 2 (2 cht lng khng ho tan, v d nh
nc/ du)
- Cht rn/ cht lng ( v d nh o su ca cn du trong thng
cha du)
Trong hu ht cc ng dng, ta ch hay dng n loi mt v hai.
Cc cm bin o mc nhn chung lm vic theo cch nhn dng v tr
ca b mt.
2.4.2. Cc phng php o p sut, Mc v ng dng trong
cng nghip
2.4.2.1. Cm bin o p sut
1. Cm bin p sut in tr p in
Ngy nay, loi cm bin p sut vi mch t hp in tr p in
bn dn c sn xut nhiu cho vic o p sut v hiu p. Vi k
thut bn dn ngi ta c th ch to mng o p sut hon ton bng
vt liu silic. iu ny a ti vic ton b k thut ch to ra mt
cm bin p sut c th c thc hin trn cng mt chip silic.
a. Hiu ng in tr p in trong bn dn (Piezoresistive Effect)
Di tc dng ca mt lc c hc ln tinh th, cc nguyn t b y
lch i i vi nhau. iu ny lm thay i cc hng s mng v c
cu trc cc vng nng lng: vng dn v vng ho tr.

34

Cc ng sut nn v ko lm thay i in tr sut ca bn dn silic

p nh sau:
a) ng sut nn s h thp cc im cc i ca nng lng vng
ho tr v th ta c s gia tng cc in tch theo hng nn trong tinh
th.
b) Ngc li, ng sut ko s tc ng s nng ln cc im cc i
ca nng lng theo hng ca n, do lm gim i cc in tch,
in tr gia tng.
Trong mt cm bin p sut vi mch t hp in tr p in, s
thay i in tr do s thay i kch thc hnh hc di tc dng ca
p sut ch ng vai tr th cp (chim 2% s thay i in tr). Hiu
ng c dng y l s thay i in tr sut theo cc ng sut c
hc trong tinh th. Hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng in tr p in
c m t nh trn v c vit vi phng trnh nh sau:
D r =l s
r

(1)

Trong :

: h s in tr p in
: in tr sut
: ng sut c hc
H s in tr p in ph thuc vo hng tinh th v iu kin o
c.
Mng hnh trn

a)
Mng hnh

35

Hnh 2.18 V tr mng sc co gin

Cc in tr c t cc im cc i ca ng sut nn v ko.
Tng ng vi cc hng tng i ca cc thnh phn ng sut c
hc, in trng E v mt dng in j ngi ta phn bit cc loi
hiu ng:
- Hiu ng dc:
E // j //
- Hiu ng ngang: E // j
- Hiu ng ngang: (E j) //
Ch s cho cng ca hiu ng p in l h s K tu thuc vo
vt liu. l h s t l ca s thay i in tr v di mt cch
tng i.
dR =K dL
R
L

(2)

Vi phng trnh (1), (2) v:

dR = dr
r
R
e= dL
L

H s K c vit vi phng trnh

K =
: h s in tr p in
: modun n hi ca vt liu
K c tr s bng 2 cho kim loi v ln gp 50 n 100 ln cho bn
dn tu pha tp. Cc cm bin vi k thut bn dn c cc u im
nh nhy cao, tuyn tnh tt, tr ca p sut v nhit u
nh, thi gian phn hi ngn, chu ng c s thay i ti cao do
khng c mi ca mng silic n tinh th
b. Cu in tr v bin php hiu chnh cc thng s
T bo o p sut ca cm bin o p sut loi in tr p in l
mt chip silic vung khong 6mm 2 v c b dy sau khi c n mn
vo khong vi m.

36

p sut
1

2
3
4

Hnh 2.19- Cm bin in tr p in

a) Chip silic vi in tr R1R4
b) Mt ct ngang khi khng ti
c) Mt ct ngang khi c ti
vi vng gin (+) v vng co (-)
d) Mch in tr
e) Mt ct cm bin: 1. Mng thp; 2. Du;
3. Chip silic; 4. Ni dy
Mng silic c tc dng nh mt mt phng c cng ra, khi b un
cong, trn b mt n xut hin nhng ni b cng v nhng ch b co
vo. nhng ni ny, qua cng ngh khuych tn hay cy ion, cc
in tr c cy vo. Cc in tr ny cng s b cng ra hay co vo
mt cch tng ng. Ngoi ra cc in tr b tr nhit cng
c hnh thnh trn cng mt chip. Cc in tr ny c ni vi
nhau thnh mt cu in tr. C mt s cm bin, mch khuych i
c t hp trn cng mt chip hay trn mt mch hn hp vi cu
in tr. Nh in th ca cu in tr c khuych i ngay trn
cm bin.

37

Hnh 2.20 - Cu in tr
Trong hnh trn ta c cu in tr ca cm bin vi 4 in tr ging
nhau khi mng silic b un cong, R 1 v R3 s gia tng tr s trong khi
tr s ca in tr R2 v R4 s gim i. Do nhy ca cu c
gia tng. in p ra U4 ca cu c tnh nh sau:
U 4 =U cc.

R1R3 - R2 R4
( R1 + R2 )(R3 + R4)

vi Ri(P) = Ri + Ri(P)
Vi mt k thut thch ng, ngi ta c th ch to sao cho cc in
tr Ri c tr s ging nhau v s thay i Ri cng bng nhau.
Phng trnh UA c th c rt gn nh sau:
U A =U cc D R
R
D R = K e( p)
R

vi l un c hc, K l h s t l
Hm s (p) cho un c hc ca mng silic theo php tnh gn
ng bc 1 c s tuyn tnh, do gia in p ra v p sut cng c
s lin h tuyn tnh.
UA = UCC.K.(p)
Khi un gia tng kh cao, ta s khng cn s tuyn tnh na. Vi
hai in tr do s gia tng ca un, mt c tr s gia tng v mt c
tr s gim i, vi s chn la tr s Ri hi khc i mt cht, hiu ng
ny c th c trit tiu mt phn no.
c. Cc hiu ng nhit v ngun in thch ng

38

Cc cu in tr loi bn dn u b nh hng ca nhit kh

mnh. Do vic b tr nhit cho cm bin p sut loi in tr p
in l rt cn thit.

Hnh 2.21- S thay i ca in tr so vi nhit

Trong hnh trn, ta thy rt r:
a) S thay i tng i ca in tr i vi nhit . S thay i
ny tng ng vi s gia tng in p qua cu in tr v tng ng
vi s thay i tr s ca tng in tr.
b) Vi mt in th khng i, hiu th ca cu in tr ( nhy)
gim mnh khi nhit gia tng. nhy c nh ngha l in th
nh mc ng ra (mV) cho mi Volt ca ngun in cp cho cu
in tr v tng n v p sut. nhy c h s nhit m, tr s
ca n gim i khi nhit tng.
c) Khi cu in tr c cp in vi mt ngun in c cng
dng in c nh, ta c s trit tiu ln nhau ca hai hiu ng a) v
b), ta c ng biu din c).
Do cp in cho cc cm bin p sut in tr p in, ngun
dng c nh l mt gii php kh tt b tr s nh hng ca
nhit nh hiu ng b tr t ng nu trn.
2. Cm bin p sut in dung o hiu sut
Hnh di trnh by cu trc nguyn tc ca mt cm bin hiu sut
in dung.

39

Hnh 2.22- Cm bin hiu p

1. Mng o; 2. Gm; 3. Du silic
4. in cc; 5. o nhit
Vi cc in cc (4) hnh thnh t in C 1 v C2. C hai c in
dung b thay i theo hiu sut p = p1 p2. in mi ca C1 v C2 l
du silic (3). Khi p2 > p2 in dung C1 gia tng v C2 gim. S thay
i th cp tip theo l s thay i hng s in mi v th tch ca
du do s thay i nhit .
p = p1 p2 ~ 1/C1 1/C2
p c th c tnh vi phng php tnh ton ca b vi x l trong
h thng cm bin hiu sut. Trong hnh v, khi nhit c o vi
(5), h thng cm bin c kh nng t kim sot.
2.4.2.2. o mc cht lng
1. o mc cht lng bng cch o p sut v hiu p
Cht lng trong mt bnh cha khng chu tc dng di mt p
sut cho ta p sut di y bnh:
ph = gh
Trong :
l t trng
g l gia tc trng trng
h l chiu cao ca mc nc cht lng
Nh vy ta c th xc nh c mc cht lng bng cch o p
sut. Mt ct nc cao 10m vi t trng 1000kg/m3 c p sut y:
kg
kgm 1
m
Ph = 1000 m3 .9,81 s 2 .10m 105 s 2 . m2 =105 Pa =1bar

40

Bnh cha chu tc dng mt p sut p0, xc nh mc cht lng,

ta cn o hiu p: p sut ph + p0 v p sut p0. Ch th cho ta hiu p
t l vi mc cht lng. Ta cn mt van kho cht lng trong
trng hp cn kim sot s chnh xc ca ng h o p sut vi
mt ng h chun. Trong trng hp o hiu p, ta cn 3 van kho
cht lng. Hai van cho 2 ct cht lng v 1 van ni tt hai ct cht
lng nhm kim sot im khng ca ng h o p lc.
2. o mc bng phng php o in dung
Mc cht lng khng dn in hay mc cht rn c th xc nh
bng phng php o in dung. Hai bn cc ca mt t in c
cho vo mi trng o nh hnh v. in dung c tnh vi phng
trnh:
D C = C - C0 = l0 - l + er l - l = er - l .l
C0
C0
l0
l0
l0

r l hng s in mi ca mi trng
3. o mc cht lng bng sng siu m
Phng php o bng sng siu m da trn sng m thanh tn s
cao. Tn s 50 kHz l tn s in hnh trong nhng ng dng cng
nghip (tn s cao hn c th dng trong nhng ng dng v y t nh
my qut siu m). Tn s lm vic c chn tng ng vi tn s
cng hng ca b pht v b thu.
Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b o mc bng sng siu m c
m t hnh di. Mt b pht v thu sng siu m c t trn nh
ca thng cha v mt chm tia sng siu m t b pht chiu xung
b mt ca cht lng (hay cht
o.thuMc trong thng cha
Brn)
pht cB
c tnh ra t cc tn hiu phn x li ln b thu.

d
H

41

Hnh 2.23- Nguyn l o mc bng sng siu m

Tn hiu phn x l mt dng tn hiu tr ca tn hiu pht i t b
pht vi tr bng 2d/v trong d l khong cch t b mt cht
c o v v l vn tc sng m thanh trong mi trng pha trn b
mt .
V d vn tc ca sng m trong khng kh l khong 300 m/s -1, vi
mt mc t 0 n 10 m, thi gian tr l 0 n 70 ms. C 2 cch o
thi gian tr, vic chn la s c quyt nh tu theo di o so snh
vi di sng m. Nu d ln (d thng ln trong cc ng dng o
mc), mt xung m thanh hp c truyn i t b pht. B thu s
nhn c 2 xung: mt t b pht v mt phn x li t b mt cn
o. Thi gian tr c th c o nh hnh di v v tr ca b mt
cht cn o hay mc s c tnh ton trc tip.
B pht
Thi gian tr
B
thu

Trc tip
qua

Phn x li
t b mt o

Cc phn x t
y v bn trong

khng kh

42

2.4.3. ng dng trong cng nghip: Thit b o p sut v mc

EJA ca Yokogawa

Hnh 2.2 4- Thit b o v chuyn i tn hiu p sut v mc EJA

ca Yokogawa

1. Chc nng
o p sut, mc cng nh lu lng ca cc cht lng v cht
kh, Yokogawa cung cp thit b o v chuyn i p sut vi sai da
trn cc cm bin cng hng o c s chnh p sut u vo.

43

Hnh 2.25 a- o p sut v lu lng

Hnh 2.25b - o p sut v mc

2. Cu to ca cm bin cng hng.

5

Hnh 2.26- Cu to ca cm bin cng hng

1) Tm vt liu silicon
2) Cu cng hng hnh ch H t trn tm silicon.
3) Cu cng hng dao ng vi tn s 90 KHz khi khng c p
sut a vo.
Cu cng
4) p sut
a vo lm bin dng b mt tm silicon.
hng
5) S bin dng ca tm silicon gy ra mt s thay i tn s u ra
ca cu cng hng t l vi p sut a vo.
3. Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin
p sut a
vo

su

44

Hnh 2.27a - Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin cng hng

Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin cng hng c m t nh sau:
hai cu cng hng hnh ch H dao ng vi tn s 90 KHz c t
trn mt tm silicon. Khi p sut c a vo, tm silicon s b bin
dng. Do v tr v su chnh xc ca hai cu cng hng, 1 cu s
trng thi b cng v cu cn li trng thi b nn. Lc ny tn
s
ca cu b cng s thay i t 90 KHz n 110 KHz v cu b nn thay
i t 90 KHz n 70 KHz. nhn c hiu p u ra, b vi x l
s tnh ton s thay i tn s ca 2 cu v cho ra tn hiu p sut u
ra tng ng.
Tn s (KHz)

120

Tn s ca cu
cng hng

100

40 KHz

80
60
fc
fr

40
20
0
0

50

100

150

200

p sut

45

Hnh 2.27b- S thay i tn s cng hng

2..5. o lu lng
2..5.1.Gii thiu chung
Mt trong s cc tham s quan trng ca qu trnh cng ngh l lu
lng cc cht chy qua ng dn. Lu lng vt cht l s lng cht y
vn chuyn trong mt n v thi gian..
Trn thc t, ta thy vt cht tn ti ba dng ch yu sau: rn, lng
,kh . i vi mi loi vt cht ta c cc phng php o khc nhau, cc
n v tnh hay dng l khc nhau , iu ny do bn cht tn ti ca tng
dng vt cht l khc nhau.
- Lu lng cht lng kh thng c tnh bng th tch trn n v
thi gian:
Qv = V/t

(m3/s)

- Lu lng cht rn thng c tnh bng trng khi trn mt n v

thi gian:
Qm = m/t

(kg/s)

Trn y ch l cc n v o hay dng i vi tng loi ,nu ta bit

chnh xc khi lng ring ca vt cht cn o ta c th chuyn i n
v mt cch d dng gia 2 loi n v lu lng trn bng phng trnh:
Qm = Qv.
Qv =Qm/
Vic o lu lng c trnh by trong cc phn di y cng xin
da trn t tng v s phn loai vt cht theo bn cht tn ti m phn
ra lm hai phn c bn: o lu lng cht lng-kh, v o lu lng cht
rn .
2.5.2. Cc phng php o lu lng cht lng - kh
46

1. Phng php o lu lng bng tn s dng xoy

a. Nguyn l o
Phng php o lu lng bng tn s dng xoy da trn hiu ng s
pht sinh dng xoy khi mt vt cn nm trong lu cht. Cc dng xoy
xut hin tun t v b dng chy cun tri i. Hin tng ny c
Leonardo da Vinci ghi nhn v Strouhal trong nm 1878 c gng gii
thch ln u tin. ng nhn thy rng mt si dy nm trong dng chy
c s rung ng nh mt dy n. S dao ng ny t l vi vn tc dng
chy v t l nghch vi ng knh si dy.
Theo dor von Karman tm ra nguyn nhn gy ra s dao ng ny:
l s sinh ra v bin mt ca cc dng xoy bn cnh vt cn. Mt con
ng dng xoy hnh thnh pha sau vt cn khi mt vt c t trong
mt dng chy, pha sau n (pha khut gi) cc dng xoy khng lin tc
c to ra.

Hnh 2.28a- Dng xoy xut hin sau vt cn

Cc dng xoy ny ri b vt cn tun t v tri i theo dng chy. Pha
sau vt cn hnh thnh con ng ca dng xoy c t tn l con
ng dng xoy Karman. Cc dng xoy 2 cnh bn ca vt cn c
chiu xoy ngc nhau. Nh th vi s xut hin ca dng xoy, nng
lng quay s b chuyn ch i mt.

47

Hnh 2.28b Phng php o lu lng bng dng xoy

Cui cng, lc tc ng vo vt cn c hnh thnh. Di nhng iu
kin cn thit, mt dao ng pht sinh: cc dng xoy mnh m c
sinh ra ri li ln lt bin mt theo dng chy. Tn s s bin mt ca
dng xoy (v c s xut hin) l mt hiu ng dng o lu lng tnh
bng th tch.
Lord Rayleigh tm thy s lin h gia kch thc hnh hc vt cn
b, vn tc lu cht v v tn s bin mt ca dng xoy f- tn s dng
xoy. S lin h ny c din t trong tr s Strouhal:
S = fv.b

Trong :

b : ng knh ca vt cn
f : tn s dng xoy
v : vn tc dng xoy

Ngoi ra, Karman tm thy rng,h s S li bin thin rt t khi h

s Reynolds(Re) thay i trong mt khong kh rng.
Hnh dng ca vt cn phi c cu to sao cho trong mt khong tr
s Reynolds kh rng m tr s Strouhal vn l hng s. Hnh di cho ta
s lin h gia tr s Strouhal v tr s Reynold vi hai vt cn khc nhau.
Vi vt cn c hnh dng lng knh, ta c tr s S kh n nh trong sut
mt di tr s Re kh rng.
S f (Re)
S
0
(Re)

48

Tr s Strouhal
Hnh tr

Hnh lng knh

Tr s Reynold

Hnh 2.28c- Tr s Strouhal l hm ca tr s Reynol

Trn thc t ta thng tm thy trn th trng cm bin loi ny vi
hnh dng vt cn c dng hnh lc lng,loi vt cn ny c c im l
s thay i ca h s S theo Re l rt t .
Tn s dao ng ca vn tc c th c o vi nhiu phng php
khc nhau: Nhit in tr un nng c dng n, n c th c gn
pha trc, gia hay pha sau vt cn, s thot nhit ca nhit in tr
thay i theo hng ca lu cht. Ngi ta cng c th o s dao ng p
sut vi mng sc co gin hoc o cc dng xoy vi sng siu m.
Khi y lu lng c th tnh qua cng thc sau:
Qv = 1 b.A. f
S

Phng php o lu lng vi tn s dng xoy rt kinh t v c tin

cy cao:
Tn s dng xoy khng b nh hng bi s d bn,s h hng
nh ca vt cn.
ng biu din ca n tuyn tnh v khng thay i theo thi
gian s dng. Sai s php o rt b. Khong o lu lng tnh
bng th tch t 3 n 100%.
49

Mt tnh cht rt c bit na ca php o bng dng xoy l n

c lp vi cc tnh cht vt l ca mi trng dng chy. Sau
mt ln chnh nh, sau ta khng cn chnh nh li vi tng
loi lu cht.

2. Cc lu lng k kiu xoy (Vortex Flow Metter) hay gp trong

cng nghip.
a. Nguyn l lm vic.
Khi mt thanh chn to xoy (vortex shedder) c t trong lng mt
ng dn cht lng, cc xoy kiu Karman s xut hin xui theo thanh
chn nh hnh v.

Hnh 2.29 - Nguyn l lm vic

Gi s tn s ca cc xoy c to ra bi thanh chn l f, vn tc dng
chy l v v rng ca thanh to xoy l d, ta thu c cng thc sau:
f = St. Vd
Cng thc ny cng c p dng cho lu lng k c lp t trn
mt ng ng.
V=

Q
pD2 - dD
4

Q : lu lng t l
D : ng knh bn trong lu lng k
St : tr s Strouhal
50

T (1) v (2) , ta tnh c lu lng t l:

2

f ( pD - dD)d
4
Q=
St

Tr s Strouhal (St) l mt s khng th nguyn ph thuc vo hnh dng

v kch c ca thanh to xoy. Do vy, bng cch chn la mt hnh dng
thch hp, tr s Strouhal c th c gi khng i trn mt di o rng
ca tr s Reynolds.
Tr s Strouhal

Hnh di minh ho mi quan h gia tr s Reynolds v tr s

Strouhal.
Di o c

Di vn hnh bnh
thng

Tr s
Reynolds

Hnh 2.30 - Quan h gia tr s Reynolds v tr s Strouhal

Do vy, khi bit tr s Strouhal, c th tnh c lu lng t l bng
cch o tn s xoy.

51

Hnh 2.1.2a3- Nguyn l to xoy

Hnh 2.31- Nguyn l to xoy

52

b. Cu trc
1. B chuyn i
2. Ming m
3. Thnh phn cm bin
4. Thanh to xoy
5. Mn hnh hin th tn hiu u ra
6. Dy tn hiu cm bin. Chiu dng
chy
Hnh 2.32- Cu trc ca lu lng k xoy

c. Nhiu v chng nhiu

Tn hiu ng sut v nhiu ng sut.
Mt cm bin p in rt nhy cm vi nhiu, c bit l do s rung trn
cc ng ng, c thit k hn ch n mc ti a tc ng ca nhiu
k c vi phn cng v phn mm.
My bm

ng c

Nhiu do rung ng

Nhiu do rung ng
Van
c kh

My nn kh

Hnh 2.33- Cc nhiu tc ng

d. Cu hnh phn cng ca cc b bin i
in tch thay i c to ra cc thnh phn p in do cc dng xoy
c bin i thnh tn hiu in p xoay chiu bi hai b bin i in
tch. Nhiu c loi tr bi b cng v b lc tch cc ca trng thi tip
theo, sau tn hiu c a vo trig Schmidt v s cho ra mt dy xung
tng ng vi mi tn s dng xoy.
Hnh di trnh by cu hnh phn cng ca cc b bin i:
53

Mch suy gim nhiu tn s cao

B bin i in tch 2
Cn bng nhiu

B vi x l

Analog

Trig Schmidt

Ngun cp
Ti

B cng
B bin i in tch 1

B lc
B chuyn
i F-1

Xung

Mch tch nhiu B chuyn

i V-F
Ch th
Tn hiu iu khin t b vi x l

Hnh 2.34- Cu hnh phn cng

B vi x l s ly tn hiu l dy xung ny, thc hin vic tnh ton.
Trong khi , bin ca tn hiu c bin i thnh in p mt chiu ti
mch chnh lu qua mt b cng v b lc u tin. Tn hiu in p mt
chiu ny c bin i thnh tn hiu tn s bi b bin i V/F v c
a qua b vi x l tch nhiu. Dy xung sau khi i qua b vi x l,
c bin i thnh in p tng t lm u ra tng t bi b bin i
F/V qua mt mch cch ly v sau c chuyn thnh tn hiu 4 n
20mA qua mt b bin i V/I.
3. Phng php o bng siu m
a. Nguyn l o

54

Tn s ca siu m cao hn tn s m thnh gic ca con ngi c th

cm nhn c. Trong k thut, tn s hu ch ca siu m tri di t 20
kHz n 10 MHz. Tn s, di sng v vn tc truyn sng c lin
kt vi nhau.
Co = f.
Vn tc truyn sng l thuc vo c tnh ca mi trng v c bit
vo nhit ca mi trng. nhit bnh thng, sng m thanh lan
truyn vi vn tc 344 m/s trong khng kh v 1483 m/s trong nc. Nh
th vi sng siu m 100 kHz c di sng l 15mm trong nc. Hnh
di trnh by cu trc ca mt cm bin siu m p in.
Phin p in

Vt liu tng thch

m hc

G hnh
vnh khn

Hnh 2.35- Cu trc ngun pht siu m

Sng siu m c to nn bi cc vt liu p in. Trng hp ng
vai tr pht sng nng lng in c bin thnh nng lng c hc.
Di mt in p xoay chiu phin p in rung vi tn s ring v sng
siu m c pht ra thng gc vi b mt. Vi nhng cu trc c bit,
ngi ta c th to nn nhng mt sng nm nghing.
thu nhn sng siu m, ngi ta dng linh kin c cu trc nh
ngun pht. Trng hp ny nng lng c hc c bin thnh nng
lng in. Cc sng siu m lm rung phin p in. Vi hiu ng p
in ngc li ny, ta c tn hiu in t cc sng m thanh. Trong thc
t, thng vi cng mt linh kin va ng vai tr pht v thu.
55

Hnh di trnh by mt cu trc dng o lu lng. Cc cm bin

siu m nm cch nhau mt khong L trong ng dn c lu cht dch
chuyn mt vn tc v. Cm bin 1 pht sng v cm bin 2 thu sng, vn
tc truyn sng c gia tng thm thnh phn vcos. Vi phng php
o sng siu m ta c vn tc v ca dng chy v sau khi nhn v vi
din tch mt ct ngang ca ng, ta thu c lu lng tnh bng th tch.

Hnh 2.36- Cu trc ng o lu lng bng siu m

o c thi gian truyn sng mt cch chnh xc, cc cm bin
siu m phi hot ng nhanh. Cc cm bin ny cn phi pht c cc
sng c sn dc thng ng. C 2 cm bin i din nhau pht cng lc
mt sng siu m. C 2 hot ng u tin nh ngun pht v sau hot
ng nh hai cm bin thu sng siu m ca nhau. Vn tc dng chy
c xc nh rt nhanh chng vi phng php ny.

56

Hnh 2.37- ng o lu lng vi siu m trong cng nghip

57

b. Cc lu lng k siu m hay gp.

Trong phn ny ta s tp trung vo lu lng k siu m ca Siemens

Hnh 2.38- Lu lng k FUS ca Siemens

a. Nguyn l lm vic

Hnh 2.39- Nguyn l lm vic ca lu lng k sng siu m

Hnh v trn m t nguyn l lm vic ca lu lng k sng siu m.
Trong :
A, B: 2 b chuyn i sng siu m.
R: vt phn x
L: khong cch gia 2 b chuyn i.
VM: vn tc ca dng chy
tAB/VAB: t s gia thi gian v vn tc truyn sng m t
A n B

58

tBA/VBA: t s gia thi gian v vn tc truyn sng m

t B n A.
Tc truyn m thanh v ca sng siu m trong mt mi trng ph
thuc vo vn tc m thanh CM trong mi trng v vn tc dng chy
VM (hiu ng mang).
VAB = CM + VM
VBA = CM - VM
Hiu ng ny c Siemens ng dng trong lu lng k siu m. 2 b
chuyn i sng siu m s ln lt gi cho nhau nhng tn hiu sng
siu m v o c 2 i lng thi gian thc t AB v tBA qua li gia cc
tn hiu ny.
tAB = L/(CM + VM)
tBA = L/(CM - VM)
Nu c dng chy vo, thi gian qua li gia cc tn hiu s nhanh hn
vi chiu xui v chm hn vi chiu ngc dng chy. S chnh lch v
thi gian ny chnh l gi tr vn tc ca dng chy VM.

VM

L(t AB t BA )
2.t AB .t BA

Kt qu ny khng ph thuc vo tc m thanh trong mi trng

v do khng ph thuc vo mi trng o.
b. c im k thut
- Lu lng k sng siu m c dng o cc lu cht l cht lng
vi chnh xc:
Lu cht

chnh xc

Cht lng

0,5 2 %

- Cc yu t cn quan tm khi s dng lu lng k sng siu m:

59

+ Cch lp t (Ta c th tham kho ti liu ca nh sn xut)

+ Nhit lu cht
4. Phng php o lu lng bng cm ng in t
a. Nguyn l o
Theo nh lut cm ng in t ca Faraday, mt dy dn in pht sinh
mt in th khi n di chuyn trong mt t trng. in th ny t l vi
vn tc di chuyn ca dy dn in v cng ca t trng.
Hiu ng ny c dng trong phng php o lu lng cc cht lng
dn in c cha cc ion mang in tch.
Nh th theo nh lut Faraday, khi cc ion mang in tch q dch
chuyn cng vi lu cht vi vn tc v c hng thng gc vi t trng
B, cc ion ny b ko lch v mt bn vi lc F m = qvB. Do s phn b
cc ion ta c mt in trng E pht sinh v to ra mt lc Fe = qE tc
dng ln ion. Vi in trng E ta c mt in th U o c hai in
cc nm trn ng lu cht c ng knh D
q vB qE q.U / D
u DvB

(1)

a)

b)

60

Hnh 2.40- a) Nguyn tc o lu lng bng hiu ng cm ng in t; b)

Mch in thay th
Vi vn tc v, ta c lu lng tnh theo th tch khi din tch mt ct ngang
ng l
p
Qv = Qv = 4 D2v
pD

U
Qv = 4 B

Nh th in th o c l thc o ca lu lng cht lng c tnh

bng th tch trn n v thi gian.
Trong phng trnh (1) ta thy khng c thnh phn dn in . N
khng ng vai tr no cho tr s hiu in th U, tuy nhin n li xc nh
tr s in tr trong Rq ca ngun in. l in tr ca ct cht lng gia
hai in cc. Vi D l ng knh ca ng dn lu cht, A l din tch ca
in cc ta c:
Rq = s1 D
a
Thit b o lu lng vi cm ng in vi cm ng in t l mt ngun
in c in tr trong rt ln (hnh 2.3.1b). o c in th ca n ta
cn mt mch khuych i c in tr vo cng kh ln.
a. T trng mt chiu
Vi phng php o lu lng bng cm ng in t, ta c tn hiu hu
ch o c khong vi mV. Tn hiu ny b mt in th mt chiu bt i
xng che lp. Nguyn nhn ca in th nhiu ny l do s khc nhau ca
cc th in ho t:
- Vt liu ca in cc khc nhau do nhim bn hay s ko lch cc
mng tinh th.
- B mt c s khc nhau do b oxi ho hay b bm bi mt lp bn.
- S khc nhau ca s phn b s bt kh v cc vt th khng gian.
61

b.T trng xoay chiu hnh sin

Hn na vi t trng mt chiu, cc in th phn cc pht sinh cng s
che lp cc in th cm ng v lm tr s o b sai lch. Do ngi ta
thng dng n t trng xoay chiu. in th o c c tr s nh vi
mV. Tuy nhin vi thnh phn t trng phn tn ca nam chm, in th
cm ng pht sinh trong cc dy o in trng c tr s ln hn in th U
cn o. Nh th ta cn phi tch tn hiu nhiu do t trng phn tn v tn
hiu cn o. Tn hiu cn o t l vi cm ng B = B^ sin wt , in th nhiu t
l vi o hm theo thi gian dB/dt = B^ sin wt
in th hu dng v in th nhiu c s lch pha 90 0. Nh th ta c th
dng mt mch chnh lu ng b vi in th o c in th u ra
sau khi ly tr s trung bnh khng cn c thnh phn in th nhiu b lch
pha /2. Tuy nhin vi t trng xoay chiu cc kh khn gp phi khi o
lu lng vi cm ng in t vn cha c gii quyt ht. Ta cn phi
ch l tn hiu o ch c vi mV trong khi tn hiu cm ng nhiu ln gp
105 n 106 ln. Tn hiu nhiu trong thc t c pha v bin thng
khng n nh. Lu cht c th l nc thi khng c dn in c nh,
nhiu lu cht trng thi ni t khc nhau.
c. T trng xung mt chiu
Vi t trng xung c i cc ngi ta c th loi b nh in th nhiu
mt chiu bt i xng. Vi phng php ny mt nam chm in cho ta t
trng mt chiu. T trng ny c c ng m o cc theo nhng
khong thi gian nht nh. Trong hnh di vi s o cc ca t trng,
trong nhng qung thi gian c gch sc tng v hiu ca tn hiu nhiu v
tn hiu o c v ghi li trong b nh. Ngi ta li dng s kin l khi
o cc, tn hiu o cng o cc trong khi tn hiu nhiu khng o
cc. Tn hiu o c tch ra khi ta ly tng s hai tn hiu tr i hiu s hai
tn hiu.
62

Cc tnh cht k thut :

My o lu lng cm ng in t cho ta mt in th t l vi lu lng
trong mt t trng ng nht khi m hnh dng dng chy c i xng
xoay. Mt u im ca phng php o lu lng bng cm ng in t l
mt ct ca dng chy khng b thu hp bi cc ng blende hay ng phun.
Chu k o

Chu k o

Hnh 2.41- T trng xung mt chiu

Phng php o ny c th thc hin o lu lng cc cht lng d
bn, cht kem sn st hay ngay c vi mi trng c tnh cht n mn cao
nh acid, kim T 10 n 100% thang o ta c sai s php o nh hn
1%. Hnh di l hnh cm bin o lu lng bng phng php cm ng
in t trong cng nghip.
Trong th c t

Nam chm
T trng

i in cc

ng
63

Lu cht

Hnh 2.42- Cm bin o lu lng bng cm ng in t

Tm li vi phng php cm ng in t, ta c s lin h rt tuyn tnh

gia th tch tnh trn n v thi gian v in th cn o. Khong o rt
rng v tr s o khng b nh hng bi cc thng s ca lu cht nh
nht, t trng, p sut, nhit . Trong ng dn lu cht khng c vt cn.
Cm bin c ch to c c rng chun t vi milimet n vi mt.
Trong cng nghip, thit b o lu lng vi phng php cm ng in t
c dng nhng ni p sut cao v nhit rt cao cng nh nhng
ni d gy chy n, ngp lt Phng php o lu lng bng cm ng
in t d c t tin v phc tp hn cc phng php khc nhng n
c nghin cu v th nghim rt lu trong cng nghip. N t ra bn b, t
b h hng d phi lm vic vi nhng lu cht c hi, n mn cao nh
nc thi, ho cht.
Tuy nhin ,nhc im chnh m ta cha khc phc c loi lu
lng k ny , l vic o c ca n ph thuc vo mt ion cn c
trong cht cn o .C l l y l nhc im khng khc phc oc v
vic s dng ion trong cht cn o chnh l nguyn l lm vic ca lu
lng k loi ny.
5. Cc lu lng k in t hay gp trong cng nghip
Trong phn ny ta s tp trung phn tch cc c im ca lu lng k
in t ADMAG AE ca Yokogawa.

64

Hnh 2.43- Lu lng k in t ADMAG AE

a. Nguyn l lm vic
Lu lng k t in h ADMAG ca YOKOGAWA hot ng da trn
nh lut cm ng in t ca Faraday. Khi c dy dn chuyn ng trong t
trng ct cc ng sc t, trong dy dn cm ng mt sc in ng t l
vi tc chuyn ng ca dy dn. Nu ta dng mt cht lng dn in
chy qua gia 2 cc ca mt nam chm v o sc in ng sinh ra trong
cht lng th c th xc nh c tc dng chy hay lu lng th tch.

Sc in
ng E
Cc in cc
ng D
T trng B
Vn tc V
Dng kch thch

Ngun cp
xoay chiu
hay mt chiu

Hnh 2.44- Nguyn l lm vic

Gia 2 cc N v S ca mt nam chm, ngi ta t mt on ng kim
loi khng t tnh vung gc vi ng sc ca t trng. Mt trong ca
65

ng ph mt lp vt liu cch in (gm, sn emay, thu tinh hu c).

Trong mt phng vung gc vi ng sc, ngi ta t 2 in cc. Sc
in ng cm ng trong t trng khng i l:
E =B.V.D
Trong :

B: cng t cm
V: tc trung bnh ca dng chy
D: ng knh trong ca ng dn.

Khi B bng hng s th sc in ng ph thuc tuyn tnh vo lu lng

th tch ca cht lng. T ta tnh c lu lng ca lu cht chy qua
ng dn. Lu lng k in t ch o c lu cht l cht lng dn in.
b. Nhiu v chng nhiu
Khi o cc cht lng bng lu lng k in t, chnh xc ca lu
lng k c th thay i ph thuc vo mt ion c trong cht lng cn o
hay ni cch khc n b nh hng bi dn in ca cht lng cn o.
Mt khc ta cng bit rng , dn in ca cht lng ph thuc vo rt
nhiu yu t khc nhau nh nhit ,trong thi gian gn y khi ta khc
phc c im mt s im yu ny th c th loi lu lng k ny s rt
ph dng, c nhiu tin ch v a nng.
Mt nguyn nhn khc cng dn n s sai lch v chnh xc ca php
o l nh hng ca cc cht n mn do trong qu trnh hot ng lu
ngy s bm ln in cc gy ra nhiu ng k:
Vt rn p vo Vt rn lm v Lp mng oxit
in cc
lp mng oxit c ti to li
Chiu dng
chy

Hnh 2.45- Nhiu do in cc b n mn xy ra gy ra cc dao ng u ra lin

tc
66

Nhiu

Tn s

S dao ng tn hiu u ra do nhiu

Hnh nh nhiu ca tn s

Mi quan h gia kch thch v tn hiu lu lng:

Kch thch l
ngun cp
xoay chiu

Kch thch l
ngun cp mt
chiu

Kch thch tn
s kp

Dng sng
kch thch
Dng Thp
sng
tn
Cao
hiu

Hnh trn ch ra mi quan h gia dng sng kch thch v dng sng tn
hiu. ng c tnh ca lu lng k t khc nhau tu thuc vo phng
php kch thch. Do sc in ng t l vi cng t trng B, c ngha
l dng sng cu tn hiu cng ging nh dng sng kch thch. V vy nu
kch thch c dng sng hnh sin, tn hiu cng c dng hnh sin. iu ny
c p dng chung cho tt c cc phng php kch thch.
Sc in ng E cng t l vi vn tc dng chy V, c ngha l bin
ca tn hiu lu lng s t l vi vn tc dng chy, v vy dng sng ca
67

tn hiu s nh nu vn tc dng chy nh v ngc li. Nh trn hnh v,

dng sng ca tn hiu cng dng vi dng sng kch thch. Tn hiu lun i
km theo cc thnh phn nhiu, chnh v vy nu dng sng hay tn s ca
tn hiu c dng khc bit vi nhiu th s rt d pht hin v loi tr.
* c im k thut
- Lu lng k in t c dng o cc lu cht l cht lng dn
in vi chnh xc cao:
Lu cht

chnh xc

Cht lng

0,2 1 %

- Cc yu t cn quan tm khi s dng lu lng k in t:

+ Cch lp t (Tham kho ti liu ca hng)
+ Nhit lu cht
+ dn in ca lu cht
6. Phng php o lu lng bng nghn tiu chun (hay nguyn l
thay i
gim p sut)
a. Nguyn l o
L thuyt c bn
Mt trong nhng nguyn tc ph bin o lu lng cht lng, kh v
hi l nguyn tc thay i gim p sut qua ng thu hp. Ta c th thy
trong hnh v di y, nu mt thit b thu hp c t trong lng ng
ng c lu cht chy qua, khi c lu cht chy qua s c s chnh p sut
trc v sau l thu hp. chnh p sut ny ph thuc vo lu lng chy
qua ng. Nguyn l n gin ny c ng dng rt rng ri trong cng
nghip o lu lng da trn cc thit b nh tm nghn (blende) hay cc
loi ng phun venturi. c dng nh mt thit b o lu lng, ta cn
tnh ton lu lng da trn chnh p sut. iu ny c thc hin

68

bng cch quan tm n nng lng ca lu cht. Nng lng ca mt n

v khi lng ca lu cht gm ba thnh phn:
- ng nng do chuyn ng, c tnh bi v2/2 vi v l vn tc.
- Th nng gh vi g l gia tc trng trng, h l chiu cao theo mt s
mc o.
- Nng lng p sut ca lu cht, tng t nh th nng v c tnh
bng P/ vi P l p sut v l t trng nhit v p sut ca lu
cht.
Nng lng ca mt n v khi lng lu cht ti bt k im no cng
bng tng ca cc thnh phn sau:
v12
P v2
P
+ gh1 + 1 = 2 + gh2 + 2
r1 2
r2
2

(1)

y l phng trnh c bn ca lu lng k chnh p.

p sut P1

p sut P2

Dng chy
Q2
B mt A1

Q2
B mt A2

Hnh 2.46 - Lu lng k o chnh p: do Q1 = Q2, vn tc dng chy

phi tng ti A2 v gy ra s chnh p gia P1 v P2
b. Dng chy ri v h s Reynolds
Nu phng trnh (1) c dng nh phng trnh c bn o lu
lng bng phng php o chnh p, ta c th thy c rng vn tc ca
lu cht ti bt k im no qua ng ng l nh nhau. Tuy nhin, vi
nhng dng chy nh, iu ny c th khng chnh xc do hiu ng ma st
ca thnh ng dn n m t v vn tc dng chy nh hnh v di v
69

c gi l dng chy thnh lp. Nu vn tc dng chy tng ln, s xut

hin s hn lon v mc ln, vn tc tr nn bng nhau ti mi
im trn ng ng. Nhn chung, cc lu lng k o chnh p thng ch
c s dng vi dng chy ri.
Vi mt lu cht cho trc, trng thi ca dng chy c ch th bi h
s Reynolds- Re- v c cho bi:
R e = vDr
h

Trong :

v: l vn tc lu cht
D: ng knh ng
: l t trng ca lu cht
: nht ca lu cht

nht ng hc / thng c s dng nhiu hn l cc gi tr ring

l v . H s Renolds l h s t l do khng c th nguyn. Gi tr
ca h s Re cng ln th mc hn lon ca dng chy cng cao. Nhn
chung, nu Re < 2000, dng chy l dng chy thnh lp. Nu Re > 10 5,
dng chy l hon ton ri.
c. o theo chnh lch p sut :
Xut pht t phng trnh bo ton lu lng trong ng chy ni tip ta
c :
Q1=Q2
Ta c th thay vo phng trnh trn biu thc tnh Q =V.S nn ta c
phng trnh mi nh sau:
V1.S1 =V2.S2
By gi, n gin cho cc biu thc tnh ton, ta c th t nh sau :
m=

S2
S1

Khi kt hp hai biu thc trn ,ta c th vit nh sau :

70

 m=

V1
V2

Ta tip tc t mt h s c trng mi theo biu thc di y :

a=

1
2

1- m

Theo phng trnh thy ng lc hc Becnuli,v p dng cho ng nm

ngang (khng thay i v th trng trng do cng cao), ta c phng
trnh cn bng sau :
V12
V22
p1
p2
2
2

Trong :
P1 ,P2 tng ng l p sut vo ,v ra thit b o ca dng cht lng
.
V1 ,V2 tng ng l vn tc vo ,v ra thit b o ca dng cht
lng .
l mt ca dng cht lng .
,m l cc h s
Khai trin sau khi chuyn v ,ta c phng trnh sau:
p p1 p2

(V22 V12 ) V2
2
2

V1
1

V2

V22 1 m 2
2

Ta c th lp biu thc tnh V2 nh sau :

V22 =

1
2
Dp
2
1- m r

V2 = a

Dp

Khi y lu lng ti cc tit din khc nhau trong ng c th tnh nh

sau :

Q = Q1 = Q2 = V2 S2 = a k

Dp

Trong h s k c tnh nh sau :

71

k=

2
S2
r

Theo phng php ny ,ta c th phn ra mt s thit b o kiu ny

nh sau:
ng Blender(tm nghn tiu chun)
ng phun
ng Venturi
Cc ng ny khng ch khc nhau v cu to m cn khc hn nhau v
c tnh k thut c bit l v sai s ca php o ,trong cc loi ng trn
ch c ng Venturi l ng cho sai s php o t nht v : ng c cu to nh
mt ci qung u ra ,v vy n c dng xoy (chy cun) l t nht ,v
th gy st p gia hai u trc v sau thit b o l t nht ,do vy kt qu
o l chnh xc nht .
Sau y s l biu phn b p sut dc theo chiu di ca ng ,v
st p sut trn thit b o (P=P1-P1 )
V mt l thuyt vi thit b o l tng th ta s khng c s st p
,tuy vy trong thc t gp phi mt s cc vn v sai s trong phng
php ny v P0 .
Lu : Nu chnh p c tnh bng chiu cao h th
P : h
Qk h

P '= P - P '
1

S1

S2

V1

V2

P'
1

b i u p h n b p s u t d c n g k h i l p v o n g l u l n g k

72

Sai s ny cn thay i theo m (h s t l tit din ng),khi y ta cng

thy ng Venturi cng t ph thuc vo h s ny nht v vy vic b sai
lch l kh quan nht. C th s ph thuc ca cht lng tng loi ng
vo m v c tnh ca n c trnh by nh hnh di y :

Nu ta tng m th s gim sai lch ,th nhy php o s gim , iu

ny rt d hiu v khi ta cho m tng th h s s tng , y chnh l vn
ta cn cn i mt cch hp l .
d. K thut o chnh p
Vic chuyn i tn hiu chnh p thnh tn hiu in i hi phi c mt
b bin i p sut vi sai (p). B bin i p c kt ni qua mt khi
ng phn phi nh hnh v. Khi ny cho php b bin i c cch ly
tho lp hay bo dng thng qua cc van B v C. Van A l van cn bng v
c s dng trong qu trnh iu chnh im khng khi van B v C ng
cn van A m. Trong qu trnh vn hnh bnh thng, van A lun ng. Khi
vn hnh cc van ny, phi m bo rng p sut khng th i qua c
trong ton b ng ng c th dn n h hng mng ca b bin i.
Lun phi m bo th t: van A m, van B, C ng hay m van B, C, ng
van A.

Hnh 2.47- B tr cc van

73

Vic lp t ng ng dn p sut cng phi thn trng trnh cc vn

xy ra do s ngng t ca cc cht lng (i vi o kh) v cc ti kh
(i vi o cht lng). L tng nht l mt h thng o lu lng kh nn
t b bin i p trn tm nghn vi ng ng thng ly p sut i
xung di. Tng t nh vy, vi h thng o lu lng cht lng, b
chuyn i p nn t di tm nghn vi ng ng thng ly tn hiu
p sut i ln.
Nu nh v iu kin v tr mt bng khng cho php thc hin c cch
lp t nh trn, ta phi b tr ng ng vi cc vi thot (ng dn kh hay
ng thot cht lng).

Vi thot
cho kh

Vi thot cho
hi ngng
Hnh 2.48- ng ng vi vi thot cho cht kh v hi ngng

74

2.5.3. Cc phng php o lu lng cht rn

1. Nguyn l o
Ngoi vic o lu lng ca cht lng, cht kh, trong cc dy chuyn sn
xut ca mt h thng t ng ho, vic o lu lng ca cht rn cng
ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc nh my cng nghip. V d nh vic
xc nh lu lng nhin liu than cp vo l ca nh my nhit in hay
xc nh lu lng clinker, thch cao hay ph gia trong cc day chuyn sn
xut xi mng.v.v. o c lu lng ca cc vt liu rn ny, trong cc
nh my cng nghip, ngi ta s dng cc cn bng ti.
Cn bng ti l thit b cung cp nhin liu kiu trng lng, vt liu
c chuyn ch trn bng ti m tc ca n c iu chnh nhn
c lu lng tng ng vi gi tr t trc ca ngi vn hnh (gi tr
setpoint).
Tc ca bng ti chnh l tc ca vt liu c truyn ti v (m/s).
Ti ca bng truyn chnh l trng lng ca vt liu c truyn ti trn
mt n v chiu di (kg/m). Cc cn bng ti c trang b b phn o
trng lng (load cell) o (ti bng truyn) v b iu khin iu
chnh tc bng ti sao cho im nhin liu, lu lng dng chy vt
liu bng gi tr t do ngi vn hnh t trc.
Lu lng dng chy vt liu c tnh bng tch gia trng lng vt
liu trn mt mt chiu di bng ti vi vn tc chuyn ng di ca bng
ti (cng chnh l vn tc chuyn ng ca vt liu).
Q = .v
Trong :

Q: lu lng dng chy vt liu (kg/s)

: trng lng vt liu trn mt n v chiu di (kg/m)
v: tc bng ti (m/s)

Cu trc chung ca mt h cn bng ti gm cc thit b c minh ho

hnh di y:
75

Nhin liu cp vo

10
9

8
7

1
5
4

Hnh 2.49- Cu to cn bng ti

Cc b phn c bn:
(1) Bng truyn; (2) Phu cp liu; (3) Cng iu chnh cao ca liu
trn bng ti
Cc b phn truyn ng cn bng:
76

(4) ng c c iu chnh tc ; (5) Cm bin tc ng c; (6) Hp

gim tc
(7) Tang b ng; (8) Bulng c kh; (9) Tang truyn ng
(10) Load cell

77

2. ng dng trong cng nghip: Cn bng ti vi b iu khin lu

lng
NP LIU
Tang b
ng

Cng iu chnh
cao liu

Tang truyn
ng

Load cell

Hp gim
tc
FT

Encoder

AC
motor

Lu lng
SWS

Dy bng

AC

My tnh
Thit b
cm tay

B iu
khin

BIN
TN

Hnh 2.50 - S cu trc ca h thng iu chnh lu lng cht rn

Hnh trn l s cu trc mt h thng iu chnh lu lng cht rn s
dng cn bng ti. Ngoi cc thit b c bn ca mt h cn bng ti, h
thng iu chnh ny cn bao gm thit b nh v ca bng ti t trn bng
ti mt du hiu bng kim loi gi l belt index gip cho vic phn on
bng ti v lm tng chnh xc ca cn, ng thi xc nh s trt ca
bng ti.
B iu khin iu chnh tc bng ti nhn lu lng nhin liu
im tng ng vi gi tr t. Lu lng liu l tch s ca ti trn mt
mt di bng truyn vi tc bng truyn.
Giao din SWS (smart weighing system) ni gia cn bng ti v b iu
khin. Tt c cc tn hiu t u ra ca cc cm bin s c ni vi h
78

SWS t trn bng ti. H SWS thu thp cc tn hiu ri gi v b iu

khin theo th tc truyn tin ni tip.
o ti ca bng truyn, h dng mt loadcell bin i trng lng
thnh tn hiu in. Tc bng ti o c nh mt my pht tc kiu
xung t gia ng c v hp gim tc bnh rng. S xung pht ra t l vi
tc ca ng c.
Nh vy, c hai yu t chnh cn quan tm trong h iu chnh lu lng
cn bng ti l o trng lng ca nhin liu trn bng ti v iu chnh
tc ng c.
a. o trng lng ca nhin liu trn bng ti
Trng lng o c t tn hiu ca loadcell bao gm c trng lng ca
bng ti v trng lng ca nhin liu trn bng. V vy, c c trng
lng ca nhin liu, ta phi tin hnh tr b. B iu khin xc nh c
trng lng ca nhin liu nh t ng tr b cc phn on bng ti.
Nguyn l ca trnh t tr b nh sau: bng ti phi c chia thnh cc
phn on c di nht nh. Trong thao tc tr b bng ti rng (khng c
nhin liu trn bng), trng lng mi phn on phi c ghi vo b nh.
Khi vn hnh bnh thng, trng lng ca nhin liu trn mi phn on
c xc nh bng cch ly trng lng o c trn mi phn on tr i
trng lng ca phn on bng ti tng ng ghi trong b nh. iu
ny gip cho vic cn nhin liu c chnh xc ngay c khi dng bng ti
c dy khng ng u trn ton b chiu di. Vic hiu chnh cn phi
c ng b ho vi v tr ca bng ti, sau khi khi ng cn, B iu
khin i cho ti khi gp belt index mi bt u ng b ho tr b. Khi
ngng cn, v tr ca bng ti c gi li trong b nh, do ln khi
ng tip theo vic tr b c thc hin tc thi.
b. iu chnh tc ng c
iu chnh tc ng c, cc h thng cn bng ti thng s dng
bin tn. ng c s dng l loi ng c xoay chiu 3 pha rotor lng sc.
79

Tc ng c o c nh my pht xung. S xung pht ra t my pht

xung t l vi tc ng c v c a ti SWS, sau khi c x l c
truyn ti b iu khin. B iu khin c nhim v tnh ton lu lng
bng cch nhn ti trn bng truyn thi im liu vi tc bng
truyn. B iu chnh PID trong b iu khin s chnh nh tc bng
truyn ph thuc vo lu lng cu cn. B iu khin m bo lu lng
khng i ca dng nhin liu im liu ca bng cn.
2.6. Van iu khin
Thit b chp hnh ph bin nht trong lnh vc iu
khin qu trnh l van iu khin. Van iu khin iu
chnh lu lng cht lng nh gas, hi nc, nc, hoc hp cht
ha hc.
Van iu khin in hnh bao gm thn van, phn
chnh bn trong, mt c cu chp hnh cung cp lc dn
ng vn hnh van, v cc ph kin van khc nhau
bao gm b nh v van, thit b chuyn i, b iu
chnh p lc, chng rung hoc cng tc gii hn.
Van iu khin l mt phn thit yu ca mch vng
iu khin. Khng chnh xc khi ni rng van iu khin
l phn quan trng nht trong mch vng, mch vng iu
khin nh mt chui cc thit b, ging nh bt k mt chui
no khc, ton b chui cng tt nh mt lin kt yu nht.
iu quan trng l m bo rng van iu khin khng
phi l lin kt yu nht.
1. Cu trc c bn ca van iu khin
80

Hnh 2..51 Cu trc tiu biu ca mt van cu kh nn

Mt van iu khin bao gm thn van c ghp ni vi
mt c ch chp hnh cng vi cc ph kin lin quan. Trn
hnh Error: Reference source not found l hnh nh mt
ct ca mt van cu kh nn vi c ch truyn ng
mng rung l xo.
Phn thn van cng cc ph kin c gn vi ng ng,
ng vai tr l phn t iu khin. m van v lu lng
qua van c xc nh bi hnh dng v v tr cht van.

81

2. Cc cch Phn loi van iu khin :

Phn loi van da theo chc nng iu khin ta
c:
Van iu khin ng ct (van ON/OFF)
Van iu khin tuyn tnh
Van iu khin tuyn tnh c mch vng v tr (servo
van)
Phn loi van da theo thit k v kiu chuyn
ng ca cht van:
Van cu (global valve): Cht trt c u hnh cu hoc
hnh nn, chuyn ng ln xung.
Van nut (plug valve): cht xoay hnh tr (c c cc l
theo chiu ngang) hoc mt phn hnh tr.
Van bi (ball valve): cht xoay hnh cu (c c cc l
theo chiu ngang) hoc mt phn hnh cu.
Van bm (butterfly valve): cht xoay hnh a.
C cu chp hnh van c nhim v cung cp nng lng
v to ra chuyn ng cho cht van thng qua cn van
(i vi chuyn ng trt) hoc trc van (chuyn ng
xoay). Phn ln van iu khin cng nghip c cp ngun
kh nn, song mt s ngun nng lng khc nh in, in
t hoc thy lc cng c th c s dng.

82

 Phn loi van da theo c ch truyn ng:

Van kh nn: Loi ph bin nht, truyn ng kh nn
s dng mng chn / l xo hoc piston. Tn hiu
u vo c th l kh nn, dng in hoc tn hiu
s (bus trng). Nu tn hiu iu khin l dng
in, ta cn b chuyn i dng in kh nn
(I/P) tch hp bn trong hoc tch ring bn ngoi.
Van in: C ch chp hnh s dng ng c servo
hoc ng c bc, c iu khin trc tip t tn
hiu ra b iu khin, thng thng l dng in tng t 4-20mA hoc tn hiu s. Van in c s
dng trong nhng ng dng cng sut nh i hi
chnh xc cao.
Van thy lc: c ch chp hnh s dng h thng bm
du kt hp mng chn hoc piston, bm du c
iu khin bi tn hiu ra t b iu khin. Van
thy lc c s dng cho cc ng dng cng sut ln.
Van t: C ch chp hnh cun ht kt hp l xo, lc
nn yu v chnh xc km, ch ph hp vi cc bi
ton n gin.

3. Phn loi cc van iu chnh lin tc

Van iu chnh c chia lm 2 nhm chnh da vo s
chuyn ng ca phn t ng van: chuyn ng thng
83

v chuyn ng xoay. Nu cn c vo hnh dng v kt

cu ca phn t ng van, van iu chnh c th chia
thnh rt nhiu loi nhng ph bin nht l van cu, van
bm, van ca v van bi.

Hnh 2.52. Mt s dng ph bin ca van iu chnh

Van cu l loi van chuyn ng thng v l loi thng
dng nht trong s cc loi van nu trn khi iu khin cc
qu trnh cng ngh. a van c dng hnh cu, iu
khin dng chy theo hnh ch S. c im ca van cu
l tr lc i vi dng chy ln (lm cho dng chy khng
phng), cn nhiu nng lng hn ng/m van (khng
ph hp vi kch thc ln).
Van bm l loi van chuyn ng xoay thng dng nht.
Phn t ng ca van c hnh dng ging con bm. Van
ng kht v c th s dng lm van iu chnh. c
im ca van l tr lc i vi dng chy thp (dng chy
phng), ti u vi trng hp mmen vn hnh thp, gc vn
hnh l 900. Van c kt cu gn, nh v c ch to vi cc
84

kch thc t vi chc milimt n vi mt. i vi nhng

ng c ng knh rt ln, iu khin lu lng mi cht
th ch c gii php s dng van bm l cho hiu qu kinh
t nht.

Hnh 2..53. Kt cu loi van bm xoay ng

Van ca c phn t ng l mt tm phng (hnh ch
nht hoc hnh trn) hoc tm hnh nm c th chuyn
ng vo hoc ra khi ng i ca dng chy. Loi van
ny thng c s dng vi mc ch ng/m hon
ton mi cht (khng ph hp lm van iu chnh), nhng c
mt s thit k c s dng tit lu dng chy. c
im ca van l tr lc i vi dng chy thp khi m hon
ton (dng chy phng), hnh trnh di i hi thi gian
ng/m, khng ph hp cho tc ng nhanh.

Hnh 2..54. Kt cu loi van ca hnh trn

85

Van bi l loi van chuyn ng xoay, phn t ng ca

van c dng vin bi vi ng thng bn trong. Van thng c
s dng rng ri trong ch ng/m i vi cc qu
trnh m (khng ph hp l van iu chnh). c im ca
van l tr lc i vi dng chy thp khi m ht (dng chy
phng), gc vn hnh l 900, i hi cng ngh nng cao
ch to bi v vt liu chn kn.
Ngoi cc loi van trn, trong iu khin qu trnh i
khi cn s dng mt loi van na gi l van mng. Van
mng l loi van chuyn ng thng vi mng mm do l
phn t ng ca van. Van mng ch yu s dng i vi
nhng cht lng c tnh n mn hoc dng bn, va. Thn
van c th c lt mt lp thy tinh, cht do, cao su hoc
teflon.
4. c tnh ca van iu khin:
Kiu tc ng ca van:
ng an ton (fail closed- FC): mng chn ca van
dch chuyn n v tr ng khi ngun nng lng ca c
cu chp hnh mt.
M an ton (fail open - FO): mng chn ca van dch
chuyn n v tr m khi ngun nng lng ca c cu
chp hnh mt.
D phng an ton (fail-safe): c tnh ca van v c
cu chp hnh ca n: nng lng cung cp cho c cu chp
86

hnh b mt s dn n mng chn ca van c ng

hon ton, m hon ton hoc gi li v tr trc c
xc nh cn bo v qu trnh. D phng an ton c
th lin quan n vic s dng kt ni iu khin ph
n c cu chp hnh.
S la chn kiu tc ng ca van iu khin nh hng
ti vic la chn h s khuych i ca b iu khin
phn hi. Van ng an ton c m van ln hn khi tn
hiu iu khin tng, trong khi van m an ton c m
an ton nh hn khi tn hiu iu khin tng. Chiu tc
ng thun c nh ngha l m van gim khi tn
hiu iu khin tng (c ngha l cn van chuyn ng
theo chiu thun t trn xung di i vi van trt). Chiu
tc ng nghch c nh ngha l m van tng ln
khi tn hiu iu khin tng (cn van chuyn ng theo
chiu nghch t di kn trn i vi van trt).
c tnh iu khin vo ra:
c tnh iu khin vo ra ca van l quan h gia lu lng qua van v m van trng thi xc lp khi xt
m van thay i t 0 n 100% gi tr danh nh. i vi
mt van nht nh, lu lng qua van c th coi l t l vi
cn bc hai ca chnh lch p sut qua van.
Ta phn bit gia c tnh iu khin vo ra c bn
v c tnh iu khin vo ra lm vic. c tnh iu
87

khin vo ra c bn ca van l quan h tnh gia lu lng

qua van v m van trong iu kin p sut st qua van
khng i. c tnh c bn ca van ch ph thuc vo
kch c van v thit k cht van. Ngc li c tnh iu
khin vo ra vn hnh l c tnh thc t khi van c
lp t, c ngha l cn ph thuc vo ch vn hnh.
c tnh iu khin vo ra vn hnh:
Lu lng mt lu cht qua ng ng, c iu tit bng
cch thay i m van. Nhng khi lu lng thay i th
p sut tn tht qua ng ng v qua cc thit b qu
trnh thay i, p sut ca bm cp cng c th thay
i theo, dn ti chnh lch p sut qua van cng thay
i. Do , mt van c c tnh tuyn tnh c bn sau
khi lp t s khng cn tuyn tnh na. Tri li mt van
c c tnh phn trm bng nhau nu c tnh ton v
la chn hp l li c th cho c tnh vn hnh gn
tuyn tnh trong phm vi lm vic yu cu.
Phm vi iu chnh:
Phm vi iu chnh l vng van c th iu chnh c.
Phm vi iu chnh ca mt van c nh ngha l t l
gia cc gi tr lu lng ti v tr m van 95% v 5%. Phm vi
iu chnh ni ln kh nng iu chnh, can thip ca
h thng iu khin vo qu trnh. Phm vi iu chnh
cng ln, vic iu khin cng thun li.
88

 c tnh ng hc:
S cu trc ca mt van iu khin c minh ha
trn hnh 2.55. u vo ca van l tn hiu iu khin v
u ra l lu lng. Van iu khin c hai thnh phn c
bn l c cu chp hnh van v thn van. C cu chp
hnh quyt nh quan h gia tn hiu iu khin v
m van, trong khi thn van quyt nh quan h gia
m van v lu lng qua van. Do ng hc ca dng chy
nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi ng hc ca c cu chp
hnh, c tnh ng hc ca van ph thuc ch yu vo
c cu chp hnh van. Trong khi c tnh tnh ca
van ph thuc ch yu vo kch c van v thit k cht
van. thun tin trong vic phn tch v thit k iu
khin, tn hiu iu khin m thng c tnh theo phn
trm hoc theo phn n v ca di tn hiu chun.
m van cng c tnh theo phn trm hoc phn n
v ca hnh trnh ln nht. Khi quan h gia tn hiu
iu khin v m van trng thi xc lp c th hin
qua cng thc

cho van ng an ton v

cho

van m an ton.
Van iu khin
Tn hiu
iu khin
m

Ccu
chp hnh van

m van

Th
n van

L u l ng
F

89

Hnh 2.55. Quan h gia cc thnh phn ca van iu

khin
Nu van c nh c tt th quan h gia lu lng ra v
m van c th c coi l tuyn tnh, m hnh ng
hc van iu khin c th c a v mt khu qun tnh
bc nht:

Hng s thi gian v ca van ph thuc ch yu vo c

cu chp hnh, h s khuych i kv c th c tnh ton
nh sau:

C cu chp hnh c th coi l tuyn tnh trong ton b

di lm vic, nn
d/dm = 1

cho van ng an ton (FC)

d/dm = -1

cho van m an ton (FO)

Ta c:
Nu van c nh c tt th ta c th coi kv l hng s
trong ton di lm vic
Servo van:
Van iu khin thng thng c chnh xc khng cao
v nhiu l do nh di cht, tr, ma st thay i do bi
90

bn, thiu bi trn v han g, p sut lu cht thay i

cung nh do c tnh phi tuyn ca c cu chp hnh. Sai
s m van trong nhiu trng hp c th ti 5%. Mc d
trong mt h thng iu khin phn hi th y khng
hn l mt vn ln, nhng nng cao cht lng iu
khin ta c th s dng mt trong hai bin php:
S dng mt b nh v van (valve positioner)
B sung mt vng iu khin lu lng th cp
B nh v van thc cht l mt b iu khin th cp
trong cu trc iu khin tng. B nh v s dng tn
hiu o v tr cn van (tc l m van thc) v so snh
vi gi tr t t tn hiu iu khin, trn c s a
ra tc ng ti c cu chp hnh iu chnh li
m van. Thng thng b nh v ch s dng lut t l vi
h s khuych i tng i ln. S dng b nh v
khng nhng cho php ci thin chnh xc m cn
tng tc p ng ca van. V d sai s v tr c th
gim xung ti 0.5%, di cht 0.1-0.5% v hng s thi gian
0.5 n 2 giy.
a. c tnh kt cu ca van iu chnh
c tnh kt cu ca van iu chnh l mi quan h
gia tit din cho qua tng i v m tng i ca
van, tc l:
L
F
f

Fmax
Lmax

91

Trong : F din tch tit din cho qua ng vi dch

chuyn L ca van iu chnh,
Fmax din tch tit din cho qua ng vi
dch chuyn cc i Lmax.
Bng cch to bin dng tng ng cho c cu tit lu ca
van iu chnh, ngi ta c th thu c cc c tnh kt
cu bt k, ph hp vi iu kin lm vic c th ca h
thng t ng (Hnh 2.56)

Hnh 2.56. Cc c tnh kt cu ca van iu chnh

b. c tnh lu lng ca van iu chnh
c tnh lu lng ca van iu chnh l mi quan h
gia lu lng tng i ca mi cht i qua van iu chnh
v m tng i ca ca van , tc l:
Q
L
f(
)
Qmax
Lmax

Trong :

Q
QMAX

lu lng tng i ca mi cht i qua

van, l t s gia lu lng mi cht i qua van

92

1 m no so vi lu lng cc i mi cht
c th i qua van;
L
LMAX

m tng i ca ca van, l t s

gia hnh trnh ca trc van 1 m no

so vi ton b hnh trnh ca van.
i vi s lm vic ca b iu chnh th c ngha
chnh l c tnh lu lng ch khng phi c tnh kt
cu ca van iu chnh. Chnh v vy c tnh lu lng
cn gi l c tnh lm vic. c tnh lu lng ca van
iu chnh ph thuc vo hnh dng cu to ca a van
v ci van iu chnh. a van c dng phng, dng tr
v dng loe. Mi loi li c phn thnh cc loi khc nhau
theo dng c tnh ca chng nh: loi c dng c tnh
tuyn tnh, dng c tnh % u, dng c tnh
Parabol v c tnh m nhanh. Hnh 2.57. ch r cc
dng a van v cc loi c tnh lu lng l tng ca
chng.

93

Hnh 2.57. Cc dng a van v c tnh lu lng l tng

ca chng
Hnh 2.58. ch r v d mt s loi a van tr c
hnh dng khc nhau to nn cc van c c tnh lu lng
khc nhau.

Hnh 2.58. V d mt s loi a van tr c hnh dng

khc nhau
Hnh 2.59.ch r cc ci van c hnh dng khc nhau
to nn cc van c c tnh lu lng khc nhau (khung dn

94

hng cho a van v cc l thng trn khung c hnh dng

khc nhau ng vai tr l ci van).

Hnh 2.59. Cc ci van c hnh dng khc nhau

Van m nhanh c s dng nhiu hn trong iu khin
ng/m. Mt s chuyn ng tng i nh ca tr van
c th gy nn s thay i cc i ca lu lng i qua van.
V d, van m nhanh c th cho php 85 % lu lng cc i
i qua ch vi 25 % hnh trnh ca tr van.
Van tuyn tnh c lu lng t l tuyn tnh vi v tr ca
tr van. Quan h ny c th biu din nh sau:
Q
L

Qmax Lmax

95

Loi van ny c s dng rng ri iu khin cht

lng chy vo bnh (b) cha trong h thng t ng
iu khin mc ca n.
Van % u c ch to sao cho khi v tr ca tr van
thay i bao nhiu % th lu lng qua van s thay i by
nhiu %. Quan h ny c th biu din nh sau:
Q
k .Q
L

hoc

Q Qmax

Qmin Qmin

L / Lmax

Trong : k = const h s t l.
c tnh lu lng l tng
c tnh lu lng l tng (cn gi l c tnh lu lng t
nhin) l c tnh lu lng c c vi iu kin chnh
p sut trc v sau van iu chnh khng i, khi lu lng
thay i. iu ny ch c th xy ra trong iu kin th
nghim, khi duy tr c chnh p sut trc v sau
van iu chnh khng i.
T hnh 2.57b. thy rng, i vi cc c tnh lu lng, khi m ca van bng 0, lu
lng tng i qua van l nh nht nhng khc 0 (do r r),
t s gia lu lng nh nht ny so vi lu lng ln nht l
3,3%, hoc l t s gia lu lng ln nht so vi lu lng nh
nht l 30 %.

96

 dc ca ng c tnh lu lng kiu tuyn tnh

bng hng s v khng ph thuc vo lu lng tng i, tc
l:
Q

dQ

max

/ dL = K
max

Trong K h s khuch i ca van iu chnh,

chnh l dc ca ng c tnh tnh.
H s khuch i ca ng c tnh lu lng kiu %
u l h s t l gia dc ca c tnh so vi lu lng
tng i:
Q

dQ

max

/ d L = KQ
max
max

Khi lu lng tng i tng, th h s khuch i ca

c tnh cng tng. c tnh lu lng ca ng Parabol
nm trung gian gia c tnh lu lng % u v c tnh
lu
lng kiu tuyn tnh.
c tnh lu lng l tng ca van 3 ng cho Hnh 2.18.
Khi c tnh lu lng ca van 3 ng c dng ng thng,
bt k lu lng no, tng lu lng i qua 2 ca van l khng
i, tc l lu lng tng khng i. c tnh lu lng %
u l thay i, khi m 50%, th tng lu lng l nh
nht. c tnh Parabol trung gian gia 2 c tnh trn.

97

Hnh 2.60. c tnh lu lng l tng ca van 3 ng

( m 2 a van ngc nhau)
c tnh lu lng thc t
Trong thc t, van iu chnh lp trn h thng ng
ng c tr lc (Hnh 2.61), chnh p sut trc v sau
van khng th gi khng i, n thay i theo lu lng.
V vy, tuy cng 1 m, lu lng i qua van khng th
bng lu lng tng ng trong trng hp l tng. Quan h
gia lu lng tng i qua van iu chnh v m tng
i ca van c tnh n s thay i ca chnh p
sut trc v sau van gi l c tnh
lu lng thc t hay cn gi l c tnh lu lng lm vic.

98

Hnh 2.61. M hnh lp van iu chnh trn ng ng

Gi P1 l chnh p sut ngay trc v sau van iu
chnh, P2 l chnh p sut (tr lc) ca ng ng v
thit b mc ni tip. t:
S=
Trong :

P1m
P1m
= P P
P
1m
2

P1m l chnh p sut ca van iu

chnh khi m ht;

P2 l chnh p sut ca ng ng v
thit b mc ni tip;
S l h s tr lc ca van.
S biu th t l ging p trn van so vi ging p trn ton
b h thng ng ng. Khi m van khng i, tr lc
ng ng khng i, gi tr S s khng i. Khi tr lc ng ng tng, S gim dn, nu k hiu Q100 l lu lng qua
van iu chnh khi m hon ton trn ng ng c tr lc
( Q100 < Qmax ), th Q/ Q100 s gi l lu lng tng i ca van
iu chnh so vi Q100 (so vi lu lng khi m ht), xem
Hnh 2.20.

99

Vo/ra
phn tn

Hnh 2.62. c tnh lu lng lm vic ca van iu chnh

khi lp trn ng ng
T Hnh 2.62 ta thy rng, khi S =1 , tc l ton b tr lc
ng ng u ging trn van iu chnh, v khng i
(chnh p u vo h thng khng i), khi ny c
tnh lu lng l l tng. Khi gi tr S gim dn (tc l tr lc
thit b v ng ng tng), lu lng qua van iu chnh
khi m ht cng gim dn (tc l khi lu lng qua ng ng
v tht b ln nht), nhng lu lng tng i Q/ Q100 , mt
m tng i no , s tng, khi S gim . Bi vy,
c tnh lu lng c im un , to thnh 1 h

ng

cong phn li hng ln trn. c tnh tuyn tnh l tng

c xu hng tin ti c tnh m nhanh, cn c tnh %
u c xu hng tin ti c tnh tuyn tnh.

100