CHNG IV: IU KHIN TC NG C DC

4.1 Gii thiu:

ng c DC c c tnh thay i v c s dng rng ri trong cc b li thay i tc . ng
c DC c th cung cp moment khi ng cao v c th iu khin tc trn tm rng. Phng php
iu khin tc ng c DC n gin v r tin hn so vi iu khin tc ng c AC. ng c DC
ng mt vai tr rt ngha trong cc b li s dng trong cng nghip hin i. ng c DC kch t ni
tip v kch t c lp thng c s dng iu khin tc . Tuy nhin ng c kch t ni tip
thng c s dng trong cc u ko cn moment khi ng nhanh. Do c chi than v c gp, ng
c DC khng thch hp trong cc ng dng tc rt cao v i hi bo tr tn km hn so vi ng c
AC.
Cc b chnh lu c iu khin cung cp mt in p ra DC t in p AC c nh, trong khi b
giao hon (chopper) cung cp mt in p DC bin thin t in p DC c nh. B chnh lu c iu
khin v b chopper c kh nng cp in p ra DC thay i lin tc trn tm rng, cng sut t vi phn
HP n hng MW.
Cc b li DC c th phn thnh 3 loi:
1. B li 1 pha
2. B li 3 pha
3. B li chopper
4.2: Cc c tnh c bn ca ng c DC:
Mch tng ng ca ng c kch
t c lp nh hnh 4.1. Khi ng c kch t
c lp kch bi dng in kch t if v
dng in li ia qua mch li, motor s pht ra
sc in ng phn hi v m men cn bng
vi m men ti mt vn tc no . Dng in
kch t if trong ng c kch t c lp c lp
vi dng in li ia v bt k s thay i no
Hnh 4.1: Mch tng ng ng c kch t c lp
dng in li cng khng nh hng n dng kch t.
Dng in kch t thng rt b hn dng in li.
Cc phng trnh m t c tnh ca ng c kch t c lp xc nh t hnh 4.1
Dng in tc thi if c vit:

f Rf if Lf

di f
dt

Dng in li tc thi:

a Raia La

dia
eg
dt

Sc in ng phn hi, cn c gi l in p tc c biu din:

eg K vi f
M men to bi motor:

Td K ti f ia
Momen pht sinh bi motor phi bng momen ti:

Td j
Trong :

d
B TL
dt

: tc ng c rad/s
B : hng s ma st nht N .m / rad / s
K : hng s in p V / A / rad / s

K t K = hng s momen
La : in cm mch li, H
L f : in cm mch kch t,H
Ra : in tr mch li,
R f : in tr mch kch t,
TL: Momen ti, N.m
Trong cc iu kin xc lp, vi phn thi gian trong cc phng trnh bng 0, cc i lng trung bnh
xc lp nh sau:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Vf Rf I f

(4.1)

Eg K vI f

(4.2)

Va Ra I a E g
Ra I a K vI f
Td K f I f I a

B TL

(4.3)
(4.4)
(4.5)

Cng sut pht sinh:

Pd Td

(4.6)

Quan h gia dng kch t I f v sc in ng phn hi Eg l phi tuyn do bo ho t.Biu thc (4.2)
cn gi l c tnh t ha ca motor. T (4.3) c th thit lp biu thc tnh tc motor:

Va Ra I a Va Ra I a

Kv I f
K vV f / R f

(4.7)

T (4.7) ta thy tc motor c th thay i bng cch:

1) iu khin in p li Va, gi l iu khin in p
2) iu khin dng in kch t I f , gi l iu khin kch t
3) iu khin m men, ng vi dng I a ; vi I f c nh.
Tc ng c ng vi in p li nh mc, dng in
li nh mc, dng in kch t nh mc gi l tc cn bn.
Trong thc t, vi tc b hn tc cn bn,
dng in li v dng in kch t c duy tr hng s
p ng yu cu momen, in p li Va c thay i
iu khin tc . Vi tc cao hn tc cn bn,
in p li c gi gi tr nh mc v thay i dng
in kch t iu khin tc .
Hnh 4.2: c tuyn t ho
Cng sut pht sinh ca motor (=motor x tc ) l hng s.

Hnh 4.4: Mch tng ng ng c kch t ni tip

Hnh 4.3: Cc c tnh ca ng c kch t c lp

Hnh 4.3 minh ho cc c tnh momen, cng sut, dng in li, dng in kch t theo tc
ng c kch t ni tip c cun kch t ni tip vi cun li nh hnh 4.4, lc ny dng kch t
I f bng dng li I a . Cc phng trnh xc lp nh sau:

Eg K vI a

(4.8)

Va Ra I a E g

(4.9)

Ra I a K aI a

Td K t I a I a
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

(4.10)
(4.11)

 B TL
T (4.9) ta tm c biu thc tnh :

Va Ra I a
Kv I a

Tc c th thay i bng cch

1) iu khin in p li Va
2) iu khin dng in li I a ,
ng vi yu cu momen.
Hnh 4.5: Cc c tnh ca in c kch t ni tip
Phng trnh (4.10) cho thy ng c ni tip c th cung cp momen cao, c bit lc khi
ng, nn thng s dng ng c ni tip trong nhng ng dng u ko.
Hnh 4.5 minh ho cc c tnh ng c ni tip. Vi tc thp hn tc cn bn, iu khin
bng cch thay i Va v momen ng c gi khng thay i. Khi p vo in p Va nh mc, quan h
tc momen theo c tnh t nhin ca motor v cng sut ( moment x tc ) l khng i. Khi momen
yu cu gim, tc tng. Vi ti qu nh, tc c th rt cao v ngi ta khuyn khng nn chy
motor ni tip khng ti.
V d 4.1: Mt ng c kch t c lp 15 hp, 200V, 2000 vng iu khin mt ti momen TL = 45 N.m
tc 1200 vng. in tr phn ng R f 147 , in tr mch li Ra 0, 25 v hng s in
p K v 0,7032

V rad
, in p kch t V f 220V . B qua mt mt khng ti v ma st nht.
/
A S

Dng in li c gi s lin tc v khng b gn sng. Xc nh:

a)
Sc in ng phn hi Eg?
b)
in p li yu cu Va ?
c)
Dng in li nh mc?
Gii:

2
rad
rpm
60
30 S

rad
1200 125,66
30
S
Vf
220
If

1,497 A
R f 147

rpm

T (4.4):

Ia

Td
T
45
d
42,75 A
K t I f K v I f 0,7032.1,497

a) T (4.2):

E g K vI f 0,7032.125,66.1,497 132,28V
b) T (4.3):

Va Ra I a E g 0,25.42,75 132,28 142,97V

c)

1HP 746W I a rate

Prate 15.746

50,87 A
Va rate
220

4.3: B li n pha:
Nu mch li ca ng c DC kt ni vi ng ra ca b chnh lu c iu khin n pha, in p
li c th thay i bng cch thay i gc kch ca b i in a . B i in ac-dc c th c s
dng ci thin h s cng sut v gim hi.
Mch cn bn cho b i in dc n pha cung cp cho ng c kch t c lp nh hnh 4.6.
Vi gc kch ln hay gc dn b, dng in li c th bt lin tc v lm tng mt mt trong motor. Cun
dy lc Lm mc ni tip vi mch kch t iu khin dng kch t bng cch thay i gc kch f . Tu
thuc vo loi i in n pha, b li n pha c th chia thnh:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Hnh 4.6: Mch cn bn ca b li dc n pha

1.
2.
3.
4.

B li i in bn sng 1 pha
B li i in bn phn 1 pha
B li i in ton phn 1 pha
B li i in 2 chiu 1 pha

4.3.1: B li i in bn sng 1 pha

T1

a) Mch in

b) Gc phn t iu khin

c) Dng sng

Hnh 4.7: B li i in bn sng 1 pha

B li i in bn sng 1 pha nh hnh 4.7a. Dng in li lun lun bt lin tc tr phi c in
cm c gi tr rt ln mc trong mch li. Diode kp Dm lun lun cn phi c trong mch ti motor
khi T1 tt Dm dn, m bo dng qua motor lin tc (gi s in cm La rt ln). Mch iu khin gc
phn t th 1 hnh 4.7b. Cng sut ra thng gii hn

1
KW vi dng mch iu khin ny. Hnh 4.7c
2

minh ho dng sng ng vi in cm ti ln v hn. B i in mch kch t nn l b i in bn

phn, nu dng i in bn sng s gy mt mt t trong motor do dng kch t b gn sng.
in p trung bnh trn li cho bi biu thc:

Va

Vm
(1 cos a ) , 0 a
2

(4.13)

Vi Vm l in p nh ngun cp in ac.
Vi b i in bn phn mch kch t, in p trung bnh kch t c tnh:

Vf

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Vm

(1 cos f ) , 0 f

(4.14)

4.3.2: B li i in bn phn mt pha:

a)

Mch in

c) Dng sng

b) Gc phn t iu khin

Hnh 4.8: B li i in bn phn 1 pha.

B li i in bn phn 1 pha cp cho mch li nh hnh 4.8a. iu khin thc hin gc th
nht vi cng sut cung cp c th 15Kw. b i in cp cho kch t cng nn s dng dng bn phn.
Dng sng vi in cm ti cao v hn nh hnh 4.8c.
Phng trnh in p ra cp cho mch li:

Va

Vm

(1 cos a ) , 0 a

Phng trnh in p ra cp cho mch kch t:

Vf

Vm

(1 cos f ) , 0 f

4.3.3: B li i in ton phn 1 pha:

a) Mch in

b) Gc phn t iu khin

c) Dng sng

Hnh 4.9: B li i in ton phn 1 pha

Hnh 4.9a minh ho dng mch li i in ton phn 1 pha p vo mch li. iu khin thc hin
2 gc th 1 v th 4, nn c th o chiu in p cp cho mch li Va . Cng sut cung cp c th
n 15Kw. Trong trng hp thng ti sinh o chiu nng lng tr v ngun, c th o chiu sc
in ng phn hi bng cch o chiu in p kch t. Do mch in cp kch t nn c dng b
i in ton phn 1 pha d dng o chiu cc tnh in p.
Phng trnh in p trn mch li ca b li i in ton phn 1 pha:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Va

2Vm

cos a , 0 a

(4.17)

Phng trnh in p trn mch kch t:

Vf

2Vm

cos f , 0 f

(4.18)

4.3.4: B li i in 2 chiu 1 pha:

Hnh 4.10: Mch in b li i in 2 chiu mt pha.

Gm 2 b bin i ton phn 1 pha kt ni nh hnh 4.10. Mt b i in cp ngun dng + Va ,
v b i in kia cp ngun - Va . iu khin thc hin c 4 gc nn c 4 mode lm vic: cp cng
sut thun, thng ti sinh thun, cp cng sut nghch, thng ti sinh nghch. Cng sut cung cp ln n
15Kw. Phi o cc tnh dng in kch t trong cc mode thng ti sinh thun hay nghch. Do phi
cp ngun kch t bng b i in ton sng 1 pha d dng o chiu dng in kch t. Lu l ch
1 trong 2 b i in lm vic, cn b cn li kho.
Nu b i in 1 lm vic vi gc kch a1 :

Va

2Vm

cos a1 , 0 a1

(4.19)

Nu b i in 2 lm vic vi gc kch a 2 :

Va

2Vm

cos a 2 , 0 a 2

(4.20)

Vi a 2 a1 .
in p kch t:

Vf

2Vm

cos f , 0 f

(4.21)

V d 4.2:
Tc ca mt ng c kch t c lp c iu khin bng b i in bn phn nh hnh
4.8a. Dng kch t cng c iu khin bng b i in bn phn, c t gi tr ti a. in p
AC 1 pha 220V/50Hz cp cho ng vo b i in bn phn mch li v mch kch t. in tr mch li

Ra 0,25 , in tr mch kch t R f 147 , hng s in p K v 0,732

V rad
. Momen ti
/
A S

TL 45 N .m tc = 1000 vng/pht. B qua ma st nht v ma st khng ti. Gi s in cm

mch li v mch kch t ln dng in khng b gn sng. Xc nh:
a) Dng in kch t I f ?
b) Gc kch ca b bin i mch li a ?
c) H s cng sut ca b bin i mch li PF?
Gii:

VS 220V Vm VS 2 311,13V
Ra 0,25, R f 147, Td TL 45 N .m

K v 0,7032

V rad

rad
/
, 1000. 104,72
A S
30
S

a) T (4.16), dng in kch t max ng vi in p kch t max hay f 0o

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

V fm

2Vm

2.311,13

198,07 A

Dng kch t max:

I fm

V fm

Rf

198,07
1,347 A
14,7

b) T phng trnh (4.4):

Ia

TL
45

47,51A
K v I f 0,7032.1,347

T phng trnh (4.2):

E g K vI f 0,7032.104,72.1,347 99,19 V
T phng trnh (4.3):

Va E g I a Ra 99,19 47,51.0,25 111,07V

T phng trnh (4.15):

Va

Vm

(1 cos a )

Suy ra cos a

Va
111,07
1
1 0,1215
Vm
311,13

Hay: a 83
c) Nu dng li khng i v khng b gn sng, cng sut ra:

Po Va I a 111,07.47,51 5276,9W
Nu b qua cc mt mt ,cng sut cp ngun:

Pa Po 5276,9W
Dng hiu dng vo b bin i hnh 4.8a:

2
I Sa
2

1/ 2

Ia
d
o

1/ 2

a
Ia

1/ 2

180 83
47,51.

180

34,88 A

H s cng sut ng vo b bin i cp cho mch li:

PF

5276,9
Pa
P
a
0,688
VI VS I Sa 220.34,88

V d 4.3:
B i in ton phn 1 pha hnh 4.9a iu khin tc ng c kch t c lp, dng kch t cng
c iu khin t b i in ton phn 1 pha v c t gi tr ti a. in p cp ngun AC ng
vo cc b i in l 440V/50Hz. in tr li Ra 0,25 , in tr kch t R f 175 , hng s in p
motor K 1,4

V rad
. Dng in li ng vi ti yu cu I a 45 A . B qua ma st nht v mt mt
/
A S

khng ti. in cm mch li v mch kch t xem nh rt ln m bo dng li v dng kch t lin
tc v khng b gn sng. Gi s gc kch ca b i in mch li a 60 v I a 45 A , Xc nh:
a) Moment pht sinh t motor Td?
b) Tc motor ?
c) H s cng sut ng vo ngun AC cp cho cc b li PF?
Gii:

VS 440V Vm VS 2 440 2 622,25V , Ra 0,25, R f 175

a 60o , K v 1,4
a)

V rad
/
A S

T (4.16), in p kch t max ng vi f 0o

V fm

2Vm

2.622,25

396,14V

Dng in kch t:

I fm

V fm
Rf

396,14
2,26 A
175

T (4.4) moment pht sinh :

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Td TL K v I f I a 1,4.2,26.45 142,4 N .m
b)

T (4.17), in p li:

Va

2Vm

cos 60o

2.622,25

cos 60 198,07V

Sc in ng phn hi :

E g Va I a Ra 198,07 45.0,25 186,82V

T (4.2), tc ng c;

Eg

Kv I f

186,82
rad
hay 564 vng/pht
59,05
1,4.2,26
S

c) Gi s khng c mt mt, cng sut ng vo ngun cung cp AC:

Pi Va I a V f I f 198,07.45 396,14.2,26 9808,4W

Dng ng vo b i in mch li vi in cm mch li v cng ln c minh ho hnh 4.9c,
nn gi tr hiu dng I Sa I a 45 A . Tng t, gi tr hiu dng dng ng vo b i in mch kch t

I Sf I f 2,26 A .
Suy ra dng cung cp hiu dng t ngun AC:
2

I S ( I Sa I Sf )1 / 2 (45 2 2,26 2 )1 / 2 45,06 A

H s cng sut ng vo ngun AC:

PF

Pi
P
9808,4
i
0,495
VI VS I S 440.45,06

V d 4.4:
Nu cc tnh ca sc in ng phn hi trong v d 4.3 b o bng cch o cc tnh dng kch
t, xc nh:
a) Gc kch t ca b i in mch kch t f ?
b) Gc kch b i in mch li a duy tr dng mch li khng i I a 45 A ?
c) Cng sut phn hi v ngun do thng ti sinh ca motor?
Gii:
a) duy tr dng kch t max v cc tnh ngc li , t (4.18) ta phi c:

Vf

2Vm

2.622,25

cos f 396,14V

D dng suy ra : f 180

b) T phn b) v d 4.3, gi tr sc in ng phn hi l E g 186,82V
T ( 4.3):

Va E g I a Ra 186,82 45.0,25 175,57V

T (4.17):

Va

2Vm

cos a

2.622,25

cos a 175,57V

a 116,38
c) Cng sut phn hi v ngun:

Pa Va I a 175,57.45 7900,7W

Lu : Tc v sc in ng phn hi s gim theo thi gian. Nu mun duy tr dng in li

I a 45 A , phi gim gc kch a . iu ny ch thc hin c vi iu khin vng kn iu chnh gc

kch a duy tr I a const .

4.4: B li 3 pha:
Ng ra b chnh lu c iu khin 3 pha hay b i in ac-dc 3 pha kt ni vi mch li ng c
dc. B li 3 pha cung cp cng sut cao n hng Mw. Tn s gn sng ca b li 3 pha cao hn so vi
1 pha nn gi tr in cm mch li khng cn cao hn so vi 1 pha gim gn sng dng in li.
Dng in li hu nh lin tc nn ch hot ng ca motor tt hn so vi trng hp 1 pha. Tng
t nh b li 1 pha, b li 3 pha cng c phn thnh:
1. B li i in bn sng 3 pha
2. B li i in bn phn 3 pha
3. B li i in ton phn 3 pha
4. B li i in 2 chiu 3 pha

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

4.4.1: B li i in bn sng 3 pha:

B li i in bn sng 3 pha cung cp cho mch li ng c dc c iu khin 1 gc v c
th t cng sut ti 40Kw. B i in cp cho mch kch t c th 1 pha hoc 3 pha bn phn. B li
bn sng 3 pha thng t c s dng do ngun AC c thnh phn DC.
in p li c tnh bng phng trnh:

Va

3 3Vm
cos a ,0 a
2

(4.22)

Vi Vm l in p nh ca ngun AC 3 pha hnh Y.

Vi b i in bn phn 3 pha mch kch t, in p kch t c tnh:

Vf

3 3Vm
(1 cos f ),0 f
2

(4.23)

4.4.2: B li bn phn 3 pha:

B li i in bn phn 3 pha iu khin gc th 1 v cung cp cng sut n 115Kw. B
i in cp cho kch t c th l bn phn 1 pha hoc 3 pha.
Vi b i in bn phn 3 pha cp cho mch li, in p li c tnh:

Vf

3 3Vm
(1 cos a ),0 a
2

(4.24)

Vi b i in bn phn 3 pha cp cho mch kch t, in p kch t c tnh:

Vf

3 3Vm
(1 cos f ),0 f
2

(4.25)

4.4.3: B li i in ton phn 3 pha:

B li i in ton phn 3 pha iu khin c 2 gc th nht v th 4 v c th cung cp
cng sut n 1500Kw. Trong thi gian thng ti sinh tr nng lng v ngun, sc in ng phn
hi phi c o cc tnh bng cch o cc tnh in p kch t. B i in cp cho kch t phi l
b i in ton sng 1 pha hoc 3 pha o ngc dng kch t.
Vi b i in ton phn 3 pha cp cho mch li, in p li c tnh:

Va

3 3Vm

cos a ,0 a

(4.26)

Vi b i in bn phn 3 pha cp cho mch kch t, in p kch t c tnh

Vf

3 3Vm
(1 cos f ),0 f
2

(4.27)

4.4.4: B li i in 2 chiu 3 pha:

Hai b li i in ton phn 3 pha kt ni ngc cc tnh p ra vi mch li motor. Ch c mt
trong hai b lm vic, mt b cp ngun dng Va v b kia cp ngun m Va cho mch li. iu
khin c 4 gc v cng sut c th t ti 1500Kw. Cc tnh ca dng kch t phi o ngc khi
thng ti sinh thun hay ngc. Tng t nh b li n pha, b i in kch t phi l ton phn mi
o chiu c dng kch t.
Nu b i in 1 lm vic vi gc kch a1 , in p mch li c tnh :

Va

3 3Vm

cos a1 ,0 a1

(4.28)

Nu b i in 2 lm vic vi gc kch a 2 , in p mch li c tnh:

Va

3 3Vm

cos a 2 ,0 a 2

(4.29)

Vi b i in ton phn 3 pha cp mch kch t, in p kch t c tnh:

Vf

3 3Vm

cos f ,0 f

(4.30)

V d 4.5:
Tc ca 1 motor 20HP 300V 1500rpm kch t c lp c iu khin bng b li i in
ton phn 3 pha. Dng kch t cng c iu khin bng b li i in ton phn 3 pha v t ti gi
tr cc i cho php. in p AC ng vo hnh sao c in p pha 120V/50Hz. in tr li Ra 0, 25 ,
in tr kch t Rf=245,hng s in p motor K v 1,2

V rad
. Dng in li v kch t xem nh lin
/
A S

tc v khng b gn sng, b qua ma st nht. Xc nh:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

a) Gc kch a nu motor cung cp cng sut nh mc vi tc nh mc?

b) Tc khng ti nu gc kch a nh phn a vi dng mch li khng ti bng 10% nh mc?
c) n nh tc ?
Gii:

Ra 0,25, R f 245, K 1,2

1500

30

157,08

V rad
/
,V p 120V ,Vm 120 2 169,7V
A S

rad
. Vi 1HP = 746W, dng in li nh mc:
S

20.746
49,73 A
300
Dng kch t max vi f 0 , t (4.27):
I arate

Vf

If
a)

3 3Vm

Vf
Rf

3 3.169,7

280,7V

280,7
1,146 A
245

I a I arate 49,73 A

Eg K v I f 1,2.1,146.157,08 216,02V
Va Eg I a Ra 216,02 49,73.0,25 228,45V
T (4.26):

Va

3 3Vm

cos a 228,45V

Suy ra : a 35,52
b)

I ao (khng ti)= 10% I arate 4,973A

Ego Va I ao Ra 228,45 4,973.0,25 227,21V

T (4.2), tm c tc khng ti:

Ego
Kv

227,21
rad
165,22
1577,7 rpm
1,2.1,146
S

d) n nh tc c nh ngha:
(tc khng ti-tc y ti)/tc y ti =(1577,7-1500)/1500=0,052 # 5,2%
V d 4.6:
Tc ca 1 motor kch t c lp 20HP, 300V, 900rpm c iu khin bi b i in ton
phn 3 pha. Mch kch t cng c iu khin bng b i in ton phn 3 pha. p ac ng vo cc b
i in 3 pha hnh Y , V p 120V /50Hz. in tr li Ra 0,25 , in tr kch t R f 145 , hng s
in p motor K v 1,2

V rad
. B qua ma st nht v mt mt khng ti. Dng mch li v kch t xem
/
A S

nh lin tc v khng gn sng. Xc nh:

a) Nu dng kch t max v momen pht sinh Td = 116N.m 900rpm, tm a ?
b) Nu dng kch t max, Td = 116N.m, a =0, tm tc motor?
c) Vi yu cu ti tng t phn b, tm gc kch b i in kch t f nu tc tng n
1800rpm?
Gii :

V rad
/
,V p 120V ,Vm 120 2 169,7V
A S
900
rad
a) Td 116 N .m,
. Vi dng I f max , f 0 .
94,25
30
S
Ra 0,25, R f 145, K v 1,2

T (4.27):

Vf

3 3Vm

3 3.169,7

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

280,7V

10

If

280,7
1,936 A
145

T (4.4):

Ia

Td
116

49,93 A
K v I f 1,2.1,936

Eg K v I f 1,2.1,936.94,25 218,96V
Va Eg I a Ra 218,96 49,93.0,25 231,44V
T (4.26):

Va 231,44

3. 3.169,7

cos a

Suy ra : a 34,46
b) a 0 :

Va

3 3.169,7

280,7V

Eg Va I a Ra 280,7 49,93.0,25 268,22V

Eg
Kv I f

268,22
rad
115,36
#1101,6rpm
1,2.1,936
S

rad
30
S
Eg 268,22V 1,2.188,5.I f

c) 1800rpm

188,5

I f 1,186 A
V f 1,186.145 171,97V
T (4.27):

V f 171,97

3 3.169,7

cos f

Suy ra f 52,2

4.5: B li chopper:
B li chopper c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng motor lm u ko. Mt b chopper dc
kt ni gia 1 ngun dc c nh v motor thay i p dc cp cho mch li motor. Ngoi vic iu khin
in p li, b chopper dc c th to thng ti sinh v tr nng lng v ngun. Cu hnh hot ng tip
kim nng lng kiu ny c bit c a chung vi cc h thng chuyn ch thng xuyn phi
dng, hoc trong cc phng tin giao thng s dng pin in.
Nu ngun cung cp khng nhn nng lng trong thi gian thng ti sinh, in p trn ng
dy cung cp s tng ln v khng th thc hin thng ti sinh c. Trong trng hp ny, mt loi
thng thay th khc l thng ng nng hay in tr.
Cc mode iu khin ca b li dc chopper l:
1. iu khin cng sut
2. iu khin thng ti sinh
3. iu khin thng in tr
4. iu khin kt hp thng ti sinh v thng in tr.
4.5.1: Nguyn l iu khin cng sut:
B chopper dng iu khin in p li ca ng c dc. B tr mch b ngun chopper cp cho
ng c kch t ni tip nh hnh (4.11a). Kho chopper c th l tranistor hoc thyristor hot ng o
lu p chopper. Dng sng in p li, dng ti, dng vo minh ho hnh (4.11c), gi s in cm ti
v cng ln.
in p li trung bnh:
(4.31)
Va KVS
Vi K l chu k nhim v ca b chopper.
Cng sut cp cho mortor:
(4.32)
Po Va I a KVS I a

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

11

Vi I a l dng li trung bnh v khng b gn sng.

a) Mch in

b) Gc phn t iu khin

c) Dng sng

Hnh 4.11: iu khin cng sut ca b li chopper dc.

B qua mt mt bin b chopper, cng sut ng vo Pi Po KVS I S . Gi tr trung bnh dng in
ng vo:
(4.33)
I S KI a
in tr vo tng ng ca b chopper:

Req

VS VS 1

IS
Ia K

(4.34)

Bng cch thay i chu k nhim v K, cng sut cp cho ng c ( v tc ) c th c iu khin,

Trng hp in cm mch li hu hn, c th tnh dng gn sng nh nh max:

I max

VS
R
tanh m
4 fLm
Rm

(4.35)

Vi Rm v Lm ln lt l in tr v in cm ca mch li.
V d 4.7:
Mt ng c kch t ni tip c cp ngun bng b chopper dc t ngun 600V dc. in tr li
Ra 0,02 , in tr kch t R f 0,03 . Hng s in p motor K v 15,27 mV / A / rad / S . Dng li
trung bnh I a 250 A . Xem nh dng li lin tc v khng gn sng. Nu chu k chopper l 60%, Xc
nh:
a) Cng sut ng vo t ngun?
b) in tr tng ng ng vo chopper?
c) Tc motor?
d) Moment pht sinh?
Gii:

VS 600V , I a 250 A, K 0,6 . Tng in tr mch li: Rm Ra R f 0,05

a) T (4.32):

Pi KVS I a 0,6.600.250 90 KW
b) T (4.34):

Req

VS
V
600
S
4
I S KI a 0,6.250

c) T (4.31):

Va KVS 0,6.600 360V

E g Va Rm I m 360 0,05.250 347,5V

Eg
Kv I f

347,5
91,03rad / S #869,3rpm
0,01527.250

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

12

d) T ( 4.11):

Td K v I f I a 0,01527.250.250 954,38 N .m
4.5.2: Nguyn l iu khin thng ti sinh:
Trong thng ti sinh, motor lm vic nh my pht v th nng ca motor v ti c tr v
ngun.
ng dng thng ti sinh ca b chopper dc c minh ho nh hnh 4.12a. Gi s trc ca ng
c kch t ni tip ang quay do qun tnh ca ng c ( v ti).

a) Mch in

b) Gc phn t iu khin

c) Dng sng

Hnh 4.12: Thng ti sinh ca motor kch t ni tip

Nu transistor on, dng in li s tng do ngn mch in li 2 u motor. Nu transistor off ,

Dm s dn v nng lng tch tr trong cc cun dy mch li s x qua ngun cung cp, vi iu kin
ngun cung cp tip nhn. iu khin thc hin gc th 2 ( hnh 4.12c). Hnh 4.12b minh ho cc
dng sng dng, p vi gi s dng qua mch li lin tc v khng b gn sng.
in p trung bnh qua mch chopper:
(4.36)
Vch (1 K )V S
Nu I a l dng li trung bnh, cng sut ti sinh c th tnh c:

Pg I aVS (1 K )

(4.37)

in p pht ra t ng c kch t ni tip lm vic nh my pht:

E g K v I a Vch Rm .I a (1 K )VS Rm I a (4.38)
in tr ti tng ng ca motor lm vic nh my pht:

Req

VS
(1 K ) Rm
Ia

(4.39)

Bng cch thay i chu k nhim v K, in tr ti tng ng nhn t motor c th thay i t

Rm S Rm v c th iu khin cng sut ti sinh.

IS

iu kin cho php v mt in th v cc tnh ca 2 in p l:

(4.40)
0 E g Rm I a VS
S cho tc thng ti thiu ca ng c kch t ni tip:

Eg K vmin I a Rm I a
hay min

Rm
Kv

(4.41)

Vi min
Tc thng ti a ca ng c kch t ni tip:

K vmax I a Rm I a VS

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

13

hay

max

VS
R
m
K v I a K

(4.42)

Vi max
Vic thng ti sinh ch c hiu qu khi tc motor nm trong 2 gii hn :
min max . tc nh hn min , phi thay bng cch thng khc.
V d 4.8:
Mt b chopper dc s dng thng ti sinh ng c dc kch t ni tip nh hnh 4.12a. in p
ngun dc 600V. in tr li Ra 0,02 v in tr kch t R f 0,03 . Hng s sc in ng phn hi

K v 15,27 mV / A / rad / S . Dng li trung bnh gi c nh I a 250 A v xem nh lin tc, khng b gn
sng. Nu chu k nhim v b chopper l 60%, xc nh:
a) in p trung bnh trn b chopper Vch ?
b) Cng sut pht t ngun dc Pg?
c) in tr tng ng khi motor lm vic nh my pht Req ?
d) Tc thng min min ?
e) Tc thng max max ?
f) Tc motor?
Gii:

a) T (4.36):

V rad
/
, K 0,6, Rm Ra R f 0,02 0,03 0,05
A S
Vch (1 K )VS (1 0,6)600 240V

b) T ( 4.37):

Pg I aVS (1 K ) 250.600(1 0,6) 60 KW

VS 600V , I a 250 A, K v 0,01527

c) T (4.39):
d) T (4.41):
e) T (4.42):

f) T 4.38):

VS
600
(1 K ) Rm
(1 0,6) 0,05 1,01
Ia
250
R
0,05
min m
3,274rad / S #631,6rpm
Kv 0,01527
V
R
600
0,05
max S m

160,445rad / S
K v I a K v 0,01527.250 0,01527
max 1532,14rpm
Req

E g Vch Rm I a 240 0,05.250 252,5V

Eg
Kv I a

252,5
66,14rad / S #631,6 rpm
0,01527.250

Lu : Tc d motor s gim theo thi gian. duy tr dng li nh c, in tr ti tng ng

hiu dng ca my pht ni tip phi c iu chnh bng cch thay i chu k nhim v ca b
chopper.
4.5.3: Nguyn l iu khin thng bng in tr:
Trong thng in tr, nng lng tiu tn trn in tr, chuyn thnh nhit nng ( tn dng trong
tu ho). Thng in tr xem nh thng ng ( dynamic braking).

a) Mch in

b) Gc phn t iu khin

c) Dng sng

Hnh 4.13: Thng in tr motor kch t ni tip

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

14

B tr mch thng in tr nh hnh 4.13a. iu khin lm vic gc th 2 (hnh 4.13b) v dng sng
dng in, in p nh hnh 4.13c, vi gi s dng in li lin tc v khng b gn sng.
Dng li trung bnh qua in tr thng :
(4.43)
I b I a (1 K )
in p trung bnh trn in tr thng:
(4.44)
Vb Rb I a (1 K )
in tr ti tng ng ca my pht kch t ni tip :

Req

Vb
Rb (1 K ) Rm
Ia

(4.45)

Cng sut tiu tn trong in tr Rb :

2

Pb I a Rb (1 K )

(4.46)

Bng cch iu khin chu k nhim v , dng in hiu dng c th thay i t Rm n Rm Rb

v c th iu khin nng lng thng. in tr thng Rb xc nh mc in p cc i ca b chopper.
V d : 4.9:
Mt b chopper s dng thng in tr cho motor kch t ni tip nh hnh 4.13a. in tr li
Ra 0,02 , in tr kch t R f 0,03 . in tr thng Rb 5 . Hng s sc in ng phn hi

K 15,27mV / A / rad / S . Dng li trung bnh gi c nh I a 150 A , xem nh lin tc v khng b gn

sng. Nu chu k nhim v ca b chopper l 40%, xc nh:
a) in p trung bnh trn b chopper Vch ?
b) Cng sut tiu tn trn in tr thng?
c) in tr ti tng ng ca motor lm vic nh 1 my pht Req ?
d) Tc motor?
e) in p nh chopper V p ?
Gii :

V rad
/
, K 0,4, Rm Ra R f 0,02 0,03 0,05
A S
a) T (4.44): Vch Vb 5.150.(1 0,4) 450V
I a 150 A, K 0,01527

b) T (4.46): Pg 150.150.5.(1 0, 4) 13,5 KW

c) T (4.45): Req 5(1 0, 4) 0,05 3,01
d) T (4.38): Eg 450 0,05.150 457,5V

457,5
199,74rad / S #1907,4rpm
0,01527.150
e) in p nh chopper: V p I a Rb 150.5 750V

4.5.4: Nguyn l iu khin thng ti sinh v in tr kt hp.

Hnh 4.14: Thng ti sinh&in tr kt hp

Thng ti sinh tit kim nng lng in trong khi thng in tr tiu tn nng lng. Nu ngun

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

15

cp in ch nhn mt phn nng lng, thng gp thc t trong cc h thng u ko, kt hp thng
ti sinh v v in tr s tit kim nng lng hu hiu nht. Hnh 4.14 minh ho b tr kt hp thng ti
sinh v in tr.
Trong lc thng ti sinh, phi lin tc kim tra in p cp ngun. Nu n vt qu gi tr t
trc , thng thng 20% cao hn in p cp ngun, ct b thng ti sinh v chuyn qua thng in
tr. iu cho php chuyn tc thi t thng ti sinh sang thng in tr nu ngun c khuynh hng
khng nhn nng lng ca ngun. Trong mi chu k,mch logic nhn dng vic nhn nng lng ca
ngun.Nu khng nhn nng lng, thyristor TR c kch dn li dng motor qua Rb . Thyristor TR b p
tt khi kch Q1 dn trong chu k k tip.
4.5.5: B li chopper 2/4 gc phn t.
B li chopper 2 gc phn t nh hnh 4.15a. Trong mode iu khin cng sut, Q1 dn, in p
v dng in li u dng, hot ng gc th 1. Khi Q1 off , D1 dn lm dng lin tc.Trong mode
thng ti sinh, Q1 tt, Q2 dn p dng li qua Q2 v sau Q2 tt, dng li qua D2 ghp v ngun VS .
in p li dng, dng in li m, hot ng gc th 2.

a) Mch in

b) Gc iu khin

Hnh 4.15: B li chopper iu khin 2 gc 1/4

1) iu khin cng sut thun : Q1 v Q2 on, Q3 v Q4 off . Khi Q1 Q2 on, ngun c p ngang
qua motor v dng li tng. Khi Q1off v Q2 vn on, dng li gim dn qua Q2 v D4 .

a) Gc iu khin

b) Mch in

Hnh 4.16: B chopper 4 gc

2) Thng ti sinh thun: Q1 , Q2 , Q3 tt. Khi Q4 on, dng li tng dn v chy qua Q4 v D2 .
Khi Q4 off, motor lm vic nh my pht tr v nng lng v ngun qua D1 v D2 .
3) iu khin cng sut nghch : Dng kch t motor ngc chiu li. Q3 v Q4 dn, Q1 Q2 off.
Khi Q3 Q4 dn, dng qua li tng dn v chy theo chiu ngc li. Khi Q3 off v Q4 vn dn,
dng li gim dn qua Q4 v D2 .

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

16

4) Thng ti sinh nghch: Dng kch t cng chiu nh mode iu khin cng sut nghch . Q1 ,

Q3 , Q4 off. Khi Q2 on, dng tng dn qua Q2 v D4 . Khi Q2 off, motor lm vic nh my
pht tr nng lng v ngun qua D3 v D4 .
4.5.6: B chopper nhiu pha:
Nu hai hoc nhiu chopper hot ng song song v dch pha ln lt l

nh hnh 4.17, bin

gn sng ti gim v tn s gn sng tng. Kt qu l dng in hi pht sinh trong chopper gim.
Kch thc b lc ng vo cng gim theo.

a) Mch in

b) Dng sng

Hnh 4.17: B chopper nhiu pha

Hot ng nhiu pha cho php gim kch thc cun chn ni tip vi mch li motor .
Cc cun dy ring l1 , l 2 ...l n cho tng pha chia dng ra.
Vi b chopper nhiu pha, dng gn sng nh nh trn ti:

I max

VS
Rm
tanh
Rm
4ufLm

(4.47)

Vi Lm v Rm ln lt l in cm v in tr mch li. Nu 4ufLm Rm , c th tnh gn ng :

I max

VS
4ufLm

(4.48)

Nu mch lc L-C ng vo, thnh phn dng hi hiu dng bc th n c tnh:

1
I nc
1 (2nuf )2 LeCe
1

I
2 nc
nuf

1
fo

I nS

(4.49)

Vi I nc l gi tr hiu dng ca thnh phn dng chopper hi bc n v fo 1 / 2 LeCe v tn s cng

nuf
fo

hng ca b lc. Nu

I nS

fo
I nc
nuf

1 , dng hi bc n ca ngun:

(4.50)

B chopper nhiu pha thch hp vi cc b li motor ln, dng ti cao. Tuy nhin thnh phn hi
xut hin nhiu s gy nh hng nhiu n cc mch to tn hiu.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

17

4.6: iu khin vng kn b li DC:

Tc ng c DC thay i theo moment ti. duy tr tc n nh, in p li (hay kch t)
phi thay i lin tc bng cch thay i gc kch trong b i in ac-dc hay chu k nhim v trong b
chopper dc. Trong thc t i hi phi iu khin motor sao cho moment c nh hoc cng sut c nh,
ngoi ra cn phi tng tc/ gim tc. Hu ht cc b li phi lm vic nh h thng vng kn. H thng
iu khin vng kn c u im ci thin chnh xc, p ng ng nhanh, gim ri lon ti v phi
tuyn h thng.
S khi ca b li i in cp cho ng c dc kch t c lp nh hnh 4.18. Nu tc ng
c gim do moment ti tng, tn hiu sai s tc Ve tng. B iu khin tc p ng vi tn hiu iu
khin VC tng, thay i gc kch hoc chu k nhim v ca b bin i, lm tng in p li trn motor.
Vic tng p li lm tng moment cp pht cho motor v phc hi li tc ban u ca motor. Thng
thng b li s tri qua giai on qu cho n khi moment pht sinh bng moment ti.

Hnh 4.18: S khi b li i in vng kn

4.6.1: Hm truyn vng h:
c tnh xc lp ca ng c dc trnh by phn trn rt quan trng trong vic chn b li
nhng cha khi b li lm vic iu khin vng kn. Ta s kho st c tnh ng di dng hm
truyn.
B tr mch ca b i in cp cho ng c dc kch t c lp vng h nh hnh 4.19. Tc
ng c c iu chnh bng cch t p tham chiu ( iu khin) Vr .

Hnh 4.19: B i in cp cho motor kch t c lp

Gi s b i in cng sut tuyn tnh h s khuch i K 2 , in p li motor l:

va K 2 vr

(4.51)

Gi s dng kch t I f v hng s sc in ng phn hi K v c nh trong thi gian qu ,

cc phng trnh h s nh sau:

eg K v I f

va Rmia Lm
Td K t I f ia

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

(4.52)

dia
di
eg Rmia Lm a K v I f
dt
dt

(4.53)

(4.54)

18

Td K t I f ia j

d
B TL
dt

(4.55)

Tc ng qu c th phn tch bng cch chuyn cc phng trnh h thng sang bin i
Laplace vi iu kin u bng 0. Bin i (4.51), (4.53), (4.55) cho:
(4.56)
Va ( s ) K 2Vr ( s )

Va ( s) Rm I a ( s) sLm I a (s ) K v I f (s )

(4.57)

Td ( s) K t I f I a ( s) sJ ( s ) B ( s ) TL ( s )

(4.58)

T (4.57), dng li c tnh :

I a ( s)

Va (s ) K v I f (s )

sLm Rm
Va ( s) K v I f ( s)
Rm ( s a 1)

(4.59)

(4.60)

Lm
l hng s thi gian ca mch li. T (4.58), tc motor:
Rm
T (s ) TL (s )
(4.61)
(s) d
sJ B
T (s ) TL ( s)
= d
(4.62)
B( s m 1)
Vi m J / B l hng s thi gian c ca motor. Cc phng trnh (4.56), (4.60) v (4.62) v
Vi a

(4.62) c s dng v li s khi vng h nh hnh 4.20.

Hai thng s thay i ng vo h thng l in p iu khin Vr v moment ti TL . p ng xc
lp c th xc nh bng cch kt hp p ng ring r theo Vr v TL .
p ng do 1 bc thay i in p tham chiu c c bng cch t TL 0 .T hnh 4.20, ta
c p ng tc theo in p tham chiu:

Hnh 4.20: S khi vng h b li motor dc kch t c lp

( s)
Vr ( s )

K 2 K v /( Rm B)
s ( a m ) s ( a m ) 1 ( K v I f ) 2 / Rm B

(4.63)

p ng do thay i moment ti c c bng cch t Vr 0 . S khi ng vi 1 bc thay

i moment ti nh hnh (4.21).

( s)
TL

(1 / B)( s a 1)
s ( a m ) s( a m ) 1 ( K v I f )2 / Rm B
2

(4.64)

T (4.63) v (4.64) quan h xc lp bin thin tc theo bin thin Vr

K2 Kv I f

Vr
Rm B ( K v I f )2
Rm

TL
Rm B ( K v I f ) 2

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

v TL nh sau :

(4.65)
(4.66)

19

Hnh 4.21: S khi vng h p ng theo moment ti

By gi ta tm hm truyn ng c dc kch t ni tip. S b chopper li ng c dc kch t
ni tip nh hnh (4.22):

Hnh 4.22: B chopper li motor dc kch t ni tip

in p li lin h vi in p iu khin Vr qua b chopper tuyn tnh c h s iu khin K 2 .
Gi s hng s sc in ng phn hi K v khng i ng vi dng li v dng kch t c nh, cc
phng trnh nh sau:
(4.67)
va K 2 vr

eg K via

va Rmia Lm

(4.68)

dia
eg
dt

Td K t ia
d
Td J
B TL
dt

(4.69)
(4.70)
(4.71)

Phng trnh (4.70) cha 1 tch s bin phi tuyn, do p dng k thut hm truyn s khng
thch hp. Tuy nhin cc phng trnh ny c th tuyn tnh ho bng cch xem thay i 1 lng rt b
xung quanh im lm vic. Ta s dng cc thng s h thng xung quanh im lm vic nh sau :

eg Ego eg , ia I ao ia , va Vao va , Td Tdo Td

o , vr Vro vr , TL TLo TL
Gi s ia , v ( ia) 2 rt b 0 . C th tuyn tnh ho cc phng trnh trn nh sau:

va K 2vr
eg K v ( I ao o ia )

va Rm ia Lm

d (ia )
eg
dt

Td 2 K v I aoia
d ( )
B TL
Td J
dt
Bin i Laplace cc phng trnh trn :

Va ( s ) K 2 Vr ( s )
Eg ( s) K v I ao (s ) oI a (s )

(4.73)

Va ( s) Rm I a ( s ) sLm I a ( s) Eg ( s )

(4.74)

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

(4.72)

20

Td (s ) 2 K v I aoI a ( s )

(4.75)

(4.76)
Td ( s ) sJ ( s ) B ( s ) TL ( s )
Cc phng trnh trn thit lp s khi ng c dc kch t ni tip nh hnh (4.23). Hin
nhin l tc s thay i khi thay i Vr hay TL .

Hnh 4.23: S khi vng h b li chopper cp cho motor dc kch t ni tip

S khi thay i in p tham chiu nh hnh 4.24a v s khi thay i moment ti nh
hnh 4.24b.

a) Thay i p tham chiu

b) Thay i moment ti

V r

T L

Hnh 4.24: S khi khi thay i Vr v TL

4.6.2: Hm truyn vng kn:
thay i b tr vng h trong hnh (4.19) thnh h thng vng kn, ta thm vo 1 cm bin tc
gn trc ng c. Ng ra cm bin pht tn hiu t l tc , c khuch i ln K 1 ln v so snh
vi p tham chiu Vr to thnh p sai lch Ve . S khi hon chnh nh hnh (4.25).

Hnh 4.25: S khi iu khin vng kn motor dc kch t c lp

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

21

p ng vng kn theo bin thin in p tham chiu vi TL 0 :

K2Kv I f

( s)
( Rm B)

Vr ( s ) s 2 ( a m ) s ( a m ) 1 K v I f 2 K1K 2 K v I f / Rm B

(4.77)

p ng vng kn theo bin thin moment ti vi Vr 0 :

( s)
TL ( s )

(1 / B)( s a 1)
s ( a m ) s( a m ) 1 ( K v I f )2 K1K 2 K v I f / Rm B

(4.78)

Bin thin tc xc lp theo bin thin Vr v TL nh sau:

K 2 Kv I f

Vr
Rm B ( K v I f )2 K1K 2 K v I f
Rm

TL
Rm B ( K v I f ) 2 K1K 2 K v I f

(4.79)
(4.80)

V d 4.11:
Mt dng c dc kch t c lp 50KW, 240V, 1700rpm c khin bi b i in c s khi
nh hnh 4.25. Dng kch t c nh I f 1, 4 A , K v 0,91V / A / rad / S . in tr li Rm 0,1 , hng s
ma st nht B 0,3 N .m / rad / S . H s khuch i b cm bin tc K1 95mV

rad
, h s khuch
S

i b iu khin K 2 100 .
a) Xc nh moment nh mc ca motor?
b) Xc nh in p tham chiu Vr li motor vi tc nh mc?
c) Nu in p tham chiu khng i, xc nh tc khi motor pht ra moment nh mc?
d) Nu moment ti tng 10% so vi gi tr nh mc, tm tc motor?
e) Nu in p tham chiu gim 10%, tm tc motor?
f) Nu moment ti tng 10% so vi gi tr nh mc v in p tham chiu gim 10% tm tc
motor?
g) Nu khng c hi tip trong iu khin vng h, tm n nh tc vi Vr 2,31V ?
h) Xc nh n tc vi iu khin vng kn?
Gii:

I f 1,4 A, K v 0,91

rated 1700

30

V rad
/
, K1 95mV / rad / S , K 2 100, Rm 0,1, B 0,3 N .m / rad / S ,
A S

178,02rad / S

a) Moment nh mc: TL

Pd

50000
280,87 N .m
178,02

b) Va K 2Vr , vi iu khin vng h, phng trnh (4.65) cho:

Va

K 2Vr

Kv I f
Rm B ( K v I f )

0,91.1,4
0,7707
0,1.0,3 (0,91.1,4)2

tc nh mc:

Va

0,7707

178,02
230,98V
0,7707

v in p hi tip:

Vb K1 95.103.178,02 16,912V
Vi iu khin vng kn (Vr Vb ) K 2 Va hoc (Vr 16,912).100 230,98
Suy ra: Vr 19,222V
c) Vr 19,222V , TL 280,87 N .m phng trnh (4.80) cho:
0,1.280,86

2,04rad / S
0,1.0,3 (0,91.1,4) 2 95.10 3.100.0,91.1,4
Tc ng vi moment nh mc:

178,02 2,04 175,98rad / S #1680,5rpm

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

22

d) TL 1,1.280,86 308,96 N .m v phng trnh (4.80) cho

0,1.308,96
2,246rad / S
0,1.0,3 (0,91.1,4) 2 95.10 3.100.0,91.1,4
Tc motor: 178,02 2,246 175,774rad / S #1678,5rpm
e) Vr 0,1.19,222 1,9222V v phng trnh (4.79) cho :
100.0,91.1,4.1,922

17,8rad / S
0,1.0,3 (0,91.1,4) 2 95.10 3.100.0,91.1,4
Tc motor: 178,02 17,8 160,22rad / S hay 1530rpm

f) Tc motor c tnh bng phng php xp chng:

178,02 2,246 17,8 158rad / S #1508,5rpm

g) Vr 2,31V v phng trnh (4.65) cho:

100.0,91.1,4.2,31
178,02rad / S #1700rpm
0,1.0,3 (0,91.1,4) 2
v tc khng ti 178,02rad / S #1700rpm .
Trng hp y ti, TL 280,87 N .m :
0,1.280,87

16,99rad / S
0,1.0,3 (0,91.1,4) 2

v tc y ti :

178,02 16,99 161,03rad / S #1537,7rpm

n tc khi iu khin vng h :

1700 1537,7
10,55%
1680,5
h) n tc khi iu khin vng kn :

1700 1680,5
1,16%
1680,5
4.6.3: iu khin bng vng kho pha (phase locked loop: PLL)
Trong cc h thng tu ng (servo) cn iu khin tc chnh xc, thng s dng iu khin
vng kn. Tc c nhn dng bng cng c cm tn hiu tng t nh tachometer, so snh vi tn
hiu tham chiu pht ra tn hiu sai lch t thay i tc ng c. Cc dng c tng t dng
cm tc v tn hiu so snh thng c sai s vi n nh tc >0,2%. n tc c th ci
thin tt hn nu dng iu khin vng kho pha s. Hnh 4.26a l s khi b i in cp cho motor
dc iu khin bng PLL, v s khi hm truyn nh hnh 4.26b.

a)

b)

Hnh 4.26: H thng iu khin PLL

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

23

Trong h thng iu khin PLL, tc motor c bin i sang chui tn hiu xung bng b m
ha tc . Ng ra b m ho tc lm vic nh tn hu hi tip tn s fo . B tch sng pha so snh
tn hiu tham chiu tn s fr v tn hiu hi tip tn s fo cho ra tn hiu PWM ng ra c in p Ve t
l vi lch pha v lch tn s gia 2 tn hiu vo. B tch sng pha thng l mch tch phn. Mt b
lc h thng chuyn tn hiu xung Ve sang mc dc lin tc VC lm thay i ng ra b i in cng sut
v thay i tc ng c.
Khi motor quay cng tc nh chui xung tham chiu, hai tn s c ng b (kho) nhau vi
pha khc nhau. Ng ra b tch sng pha phi c in p n nh t l vi lch pha v tc xc lp
ca motor phi gi khng i bt chp ti motor. Bt c mt tc ng lm thay i tc motor s thay
i lch pha v ng ra b tch sng pha phi p ng tc thi thay i tc motor sao cho kho
tr li cc tn s tham chiu v hi tip. p ng b tch sng pha rt nhy. Min l hai tn s b kho,
n tc l tng l bng 0. Thc t n tc c th t ti 0,002% hn hn h thng iu khin tng
t.
4.6.4: iu khin ng c dc dng vi x l:
S iu khin tng t b li ng c dc dng b i in ac-dc l mch cng hon ton. S
iu khin tng t c 1 s bt li: cm bin tc phi tuyn, ph thuc vo nhit , tri, lch 0. Khi
cn thay i mt s chc nng iu khin phi thay i mch phn cng.
iu khin vi x l lm gim kch thc v gi thnh mch phn cng, ci thin tin cy v ch
iu khin. S iu khin c thit k bng phn mm nn rt linh ng v d dng thay i khi
cn thit. Mt h thng iu khin vi x l c th thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau nh sau: on/off
ngun chnh, khi ng/ tt b li, iu khin tc , iu khin dng in, theo di cc bin iu khin,
khi ng bo v v mch ct, chn on cc h hng bn trong, lin lc kt ni vi h thng my tnh
trung tm.
Hnh 4.27 s iu khin vi x l cho b i in cp cho motor dc hot ng 4 gc . Tn hiu
tc a v vi x l qua ADC. Mt vng iu khin dng in bn trong c s dng gii hn
dng li motor. Tn hiu dng li cp v vi x l cng qua ADC hoc mch ly mu dng in. Mch ng
b ng dy ng b xung kch vi tn s v pha tn hiu in li.Mch khuch i xung v cch ly
ghp cc tn hiu xung kch t vi x l ra mch cng sut.

Hnh 4.27: H thng iu khin 4 gc dng vi x l

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

24

4.7

Chnh lu c iu khin(kim sot pha DC):

4.7.1: Gii thiu:
Chnh lu l qu trinh chuyn i dng/p AC thnh dng/p DC.Qu trinh ny s dng cc dng
c giao hon bn dn nh diode,thyristor,BJT,MOSFET cng sutMch chnh lu c th phn loi
thnh ba dng: khng iu khin,iu khin bn phn,iu khin ton phn.Mch chnh lu khng iu
khin ch s dng diode v p dc ng ra l khng i t l vi bin p ac ng vo.Mch chnh lu iu
khin ton phn s dng thyristor v p dc ng ra l hm theo bin p ac ng vo v im trn dng
sng ti thyristor c kch dn(gi l gc kch ).Mch chnh lu iu khin bn phn gm diode v
thyristor c gii hn iu khin p dc ng ra so vi mch ton phn,nhng c gi thnh r hn.
Mch chnh lu khng iu khin hay iu khin bn phn ch cho nng lng truyn t ngun ac
sang ti dc,nn c gi l b i in(converter) mt chiu.Mch chnh lu iu khin ton phn,ty vo
v tr gc kch ,c th truyn nng lng t ngun ac ra ti dc,hoc tr nng lng t ti dc v ngun
ac.Trng hp sau c gi l nghch lu(inverter).Do ,mch chnh lu iu khin ton phn c gi
l b i in hai chiu.
Mch chnh lu c iu khin bng kim sot pha(gc kch ) c th lm vic 1 gc ,2 gc
,4 gc nh hnh 4.28.

Hnh 4.28: Cc dng b i in kim sot pha.

Chnh lu c iu khin c th phn thnh cc dng theo pha ng vo v iu khin:
1. Chnh lu c iu khin bn sng 1 pha.
2. Chnh lu ton sng iu khin bn phn 1 pha.
3. Chnh lu ton sng iu khin ton phn 1 pha.
4. Chnh lu c iu khin bn sng 3 pha.
5. Chnh lu ton sng iu khin bn phn 3 pha.
6. Chnh lu ton sng iu khin ton phn 3pha.
Trong phn ny ta s phn tch cc dng mch chnh lu c iu khin hay b i in kim sot
pha,c ng ra p dc c iu khin bng gc kch thyristor dn.
4.7.2: Chnh lu c iu khin bn sng 1 pha:
Mch chnh lu c iu khin bn sng 1 pha s dng 1 SCR ni gia ngun ac v ti.
Hot ng ca mch ph thuc vo thng s ca ti.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

25

4.7.2.1: Ti tr:
Hnh 4.29a m t dng mch chnh lu c iu khin bn sng 1 pha ti tr.Mch c cung cp
ngun ac qua th cp bin p c in p e=Emsint.Gi s bin in p ngun khng vt qu in
p chiu ng thun v nghch ca SCR.Dng sng cc in p v dng in nh hnh 4.29b.

a)

Mch in

b) Dng sng

Hnh 4.29: Mch in v dng sng chnh lu c iu khin bn sng 1 pha ti tr.
Trong bn k dng in p cp ngun,SCR c in p anode dng hn cathode,v khi cha
c xung kch cc G,SCR vn tt,dng ra ti bng 0.Khi SCR c kch dn ti gc ,ton b in p
ngun c p ra ti(b qua p ri trn SCR khi dn).Vi ti tr, dng in ti cng pha vi in p ti
v c bin ph thuc vo in p ti v ti R.Nh trn hnh 4.29b,dng in ghp ra ti b ngt
ti t .Gc gi l gc dn ca SCR.Bng cch thay i gc kch ,c th thay i in p
ng ra.
Trong bn k m ca ngun,SCR tt do b phn cc nghch,dng v p ra ti bng 0.
(a) in p trung bnh trn ti:

Edc

1
Em sin td (t )
2

Vi Em l bin p ngun ac.

Em
(1 cos )
2
E
Edc max m
Edc

(4.81)
(4.82)

(b) Dng ti trung bnh:

Id

Em
(1 cos )
2R

(4.83)

(c) in p hiu dng trn ti:

1/ 2

Em sin t d t

Erms

Erms

sin 2
Em

8
4

1/ 2

(4.84)

Vi gc kch =0:

Erms

Em
2

(4.85)

4.7.2.2: Ti cm:
Mch in nh hnh 4.30a v dng sng nh hnh 4.30b.Hot ng ca mch viti cmc khc
bit mt cht.Ti thi imt01,khi SCR c kch dn,dng ti tng dn t 0 do ti cm,in p ngun p
ra ti.Nng lng tch tr trn cun cm t t01 n t1.Ti t1,in p ngun o chiu,nhng SCR vn cn
dn,do dng trn ti cm chm pha hn p nn dng qua SCR cha gim v 0.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

26

Trong bn k m ca p ngun,dng ghp ra ti do nng lng tch trn cun cm x li trn ti

tr v mt phn tr v ngun cho n thi im t11.Ti t11,dng ti gim v 0,SCR tt do b phn cc
nghch.

a)

Mch in

b) Dng sng

Hnh 4.30: Mch in v dng sng chnh lu c iu khin 1 pha ti cm.

Ti t02,vi bn k dng ngun cung cp,xung kch cc G xut hin lm SCR tip tc dn,dng
ti tng dn t 0 nh trn.
Mch chnh lu bn sng t khi c s dng(tr trng hp cng sut b)v dng sng ra b gn
sng nhiu v dng ti bt lin tc!
in p trung bnh trn ti c xc nh:

Edc

1
2

sin td (t )

Vi gi s trong bn k m SCR dn n gc .

Edc

Em

cos

(4.86)

4.7.2.3: nh hng ca diode ghp ngc:

Mch in c diode ghp ngc nh hnh 4.31a.Diode ghp ngc c 2 cng dng:
- Ct in p ngc p ln ti(bng in p phn cc thun trn diode)
- Chuyn dng ti t mch chnh lu chnh chy qua diode ct SCR dn.
Dng sng nh hnh 4.31b.Hot ng nh sau:

a)

Mch in

b) Dng sng

Hnh 4.31: Mch in c diode ghp ngc v dng sng.

Trong bn k dng,SCR dn ti thi im n .Ti thi im t n 2 l bn k m,lm
diode phn cc thun dn,ghp dng ti qua diode lm dng qua SCR gim v 0,nn SCR tt.Nh vy
in p ng ra bng 0 trong bn k m v nng lng tch trong cun cm trong bn k dng s x ra

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

27

ti tr qua diode ,khng tr v ngun c th gy nhiu ngoi mun!T lm gim cng sut phn
khng v tng h s cng sut ng vo ca ngun.
4.7.3: Chnh lu ton sng iu khin bn phn 1 pha:
Mch chnh lu ton sng iu khin bn phn 1 pha s dng mch cu 2 SCR v 2 diode nh
hnh 4.32a,hot ng 1 gc ,cung cp cng sut n 15KW.Mch dn c 2 bn k nn dng sng ng
ra lin tc ,gim gn sng ng ra v khng c dng DC qua bin p nh mch chnh lu bn sng 1 pha.
4.7.3.1: Ti R:
Hnh 4.32a l dng mch chnh lu ton sng iu khin bn phn 1 pha ti R,hnh 4.32b l dng
sng tng ng.Trong bn k dng ngun cung cp,ti gc kch ,T1 dnv D1 dn,dng ghp ra ti
qua L-T1-R-D1-N v ngng dn ti t= .Trong bn k m ngun cung cp,ti gc kch ,T2 dn v
D2 dn,dng ghp ra ti qua N-T2-R-D2-L v n 2 ngng dn.
Biu thc cho in p v dng in ng ra nh sau:

a)

Mch in

b) Dng sng

Hnh 4.32: Mch in v dng sng chnh lu ton sng iu khin bn phn 1 pha.
(a) in p trung bnh trn ti:

Edc
Edc

sin td (t )

Em
(1 cos )
2

(4.87)

(b) Dng ti trung bnh:

Id

Em
(1 cos )
R

(4.88)

(c) in p hiu dng trn ti:

1/ 2

Erms

2
Em sin t d t

sin 2
Erms Em

4
2

1/ 2

(4.89)

4.7.3.2: Ti R-L:
Hnh 4.33a,b ln lt l mch in v dng sng vi ti R-L. n gin vn ,ta gi s gi tr L
ln dng in chy qua lin tc.
Trong bn k dng,ti T1 dn,dng ghp ra ti qua L-T1-L-R-D1-N.Ti in p ngun o
cc tnh lm D2 phn cc thun .D2 dn p in p nghch ln D1 lm D1 tt,T1 vn dn do dng i qua
cha gim v 0(ti L).Nh vy dng s i qua T1-L-R-D2.y chnh l dng x nng lng t L v T1&D2
ng vai tr nh diode ghp ngc nh ni phn trn.
Ti thi im kch T2 dn.T2 dn p in p ngc ln T1 lm T1 tt.Dng in ghp ra ti
qua N-T2-L-R-D2-L cho n 2 ngun vo o chiu dng tr li lm D1 dn D2 tt,dng t ti x qua
D1 v T2.D1&T2 by gi ng vai tr nh diode ghp ngc
Trong thc t c th d dng iu khin ti thi im gn 0 hoc ,ngi ta thng mc
diode ghp ngc trc tip trn ti(hnh 4.33a).V d nh ti thi im ,in p ngun o chiu t
dng sang m,T1&D1 vn dn p in p m ln ti lm Dm phn cc thun.Dm dn rt dng ghp qua
ti lm dng qua T1 nhanh chng gim v 0 v T1 tt.Lc ta c th kch T2 dn d dng hn!

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

28

a)

Mch in

b) Dng sng

Hnh 4.33: Mch in v dng sng chnh lu ton sng iu khin bn phn 1 pha ti R-L.
4.7.4: Chnh lu ton sng iu khin ton phn 1 pha:
Trong mch chnh lu iu khin bn phn hnh 4.33a,nu ta thay 2 diode bng 2 SCR tng ng
s chuyn thnh chnh lu iu khin ton phn.Mch chnh lu iu khin ton phn c th lm vic 2
gc tng ng vi 2 mode chnh lu v nghch lu,ng thi c th cho in p ng ra o chiu ty
thuc vo v tr gc kch .
4.7.4.1: Ti R:
Hnh 4.34a,b ln lt l mch in v dng sng ca mch chnh lu ton sng iu khin ton
phn 1 pha ti R.

a)

Mch in

b) Dng sng

Hnh 4.34: Mch in v dng sng chnh lu ton sng iu khin ton phn 1 pha.
Trong bn k dng,T1 v T2 cng c kch dn ti gc ,dng in ghp ra ti qua T1 v T2
trong thi on t n .Trong bn k m, T3 v T4 cng c kch dn ti ,dng in ghp ra
ti theo cng chiu t n 2 .
Cc biu thc in p v dng in ng ra:
(a) in p trung bnh trn ti:

Edc
Edc

sin td (t )

Em
(1 cos )
2

(4.90)

(d) Dng ti trung bnh:

Id

Em
(1 cos )
R

(4.91)

(e) in p hiu dng trn ti:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

29

1/ 2

Erms

1
2
Em sin t d t

Erms

sin 2
Em

4
2

1/ 2

(4.92)

Nh vy vi ti R, mch hot ng ging nh chnh lu iu khin bn phn.

4.7.4.2: Ti R-L:
Hnh 4.35a,b,c l mch in v dng sng chnh lu iu khin ton phn vi ti R-L.

a)

Mch in

b) Dng sng vi =60

c) Dng sng vi =135

Hnh 4.35: Mch in v cc dng sng chnh lu ton sng iu khin ton phn 1 pha.
Ta gi s gi tr L ln dng dn lin tc.Trong bn k dng T1 v T2 c kch dn ti gc
.Dng in ghp ra ti qua T1 v T2 thay v gim v 0 ti thi im nh ti R,nhng do ti cm nn
dng vn cn chy tip qua T1 v T2 ra ti mc d in p ngun o chiu.n thi im ,T3 v T4
c kch dn p in p ngc ln lm T1 v T2 tt.Dng ghp ra ti s chy qua T3 v T4.
in p trung bnh trn ti c tnh:

Edc
Edc

2 Em

sin td (t )

cos

(4.93)

T (4.93) ta thy khi di gc kch t 0 n 180,in p dc ng ra thay i t dng sang

m,ti =90,in p ng ra bng 0.Do p ng ra o chiu nn nng lng cng o chiu v hnh
thnh 2 mode lm vic:
Mode 1- Chnh lu: Trong thi on n ,c p v dng cung cp Es v Is u dng
nn nng lng cp t ngun ra ti.Thi on t n , Es m nhng Is vn dng,ti tr
mt phn nng lng v ngun.Nu 90 ,phn nng lng tr v b hn phn nng lng
ngun cung cp nn mch s lm vic mode chnh lu(hnh 4.35b vi 60 ).
Mode 2-Nghch lu: Nu 90 (hnh 4.35c 135 ),in p trung bnh ng ra m nn
nng lng cung cp cho ti cng m,c ngha l ti tr
nng lng v ngun.Mch lm vic mode nghch lu
gi l nghch lu giao hon ng dy(line-commutated
inverter) . t c mode lm vic ny trong thc t,
cn phi c mt ngun dc E c bin bng vi in p
trung bnh ng ra (m)mch chnh lu nh hnh 4.36.
Ngun ngoi E ny s cp dng cho b chnh lu chng
li in p ngc to ra trn ti.Nu khng c ngun ny,
mch s ngng dn ti thi im no sau .
Hnh 4.36: Chnh lu ton phn lm vic
mode nghch lu giao hon ng dy.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

30

Hot ng nh trn thng c ng dng trong thng ti sinh(regenerative braking) ca ng

c dc.
So snh chnh lu iu khin ton phn vi chnh lu iu khin bn phn:
1. Chnh lu ton phn c th o chiu in p dc ng ra thun tin cho mode lm vic
thng ti sinh trong ng c dc.
2. Chnh lu ton phn d dng iu khin cho p ng ra v gn 0 hn(vi ti cm)
3. Mch kch SCR chnh lu ton phn phc tp hn do phi m bo kch 2 SCR cng
dn mch mi lm vic(nht l vi ti cm c c tnh tr dng in).
4.7.5: Cc thng s ca mch chnh lu ton sng 1 pha:
Xem mch chnh lu ton sng iu khin ton phn 1 pha v dng sng nh hnh 4.35.
(1) Khai trin Fourrier:
Dng ac ngun cung cp cho mch chnh lu:

I an cos nt bn sin nt

(4.94)

I Cn sin( nt n )

(4.95)

Cn an2 bn2

(4.96)

n 1

n 1

Vi

an

bn

n tan 1

(4.97)

Gi s dng ti Id nh hnh 4.35b,c l hng s,cc h s khai trin Fourrier ca I c tnh:

a1

b1

a1

b1

cos td (t )

I d sin

(4.98)

2
I dsin td (t )

I d cos

(4.99)

C1 a12 b12
2

4
4
I d sin I d cos

4I d
C1

(4.100)

Thnh phn c bn ca dng cp ngun v pha so vi pha in p:

I1

I1

C1
2

2 2I d

(4.101)

I d sin
a1
1
1 tan tan

4
b1
Id cos

1
1

(4.102)
Du tr th hin dng in tr pha so vi in p.
(2) H s lch pha ng vo(Input displacement factor: DSF)
DSF cos
(4.103)
(3) H s cng sut ng vo(Input power factor: PF)

PF

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

I1
I rms

cos 1

31

2 2I d

cos

Id

PF

2 2

cos

(4.104)

(4) T s in p dc:

sin td (t )

sin td (t )

r cos

(4.105)

(5) H s mo dng ng vo:

I1
I rms

2 2

(4.106)

(6) H s hi ng vo:

IH

2
rms

I12
I1

1/ 2

1/ 2
2


1
8

(4.107)

(7) H s gn sng in p:
1/ 2

kv

2
Edc2 2
Edcrms

1
2
Edc
8 cos

(4.108)

(8) Cng sut thc ng vo:

Ch c thnh phn c bn dng ac ng vo cung cp nng lng.

Pi Erms I1 cos

2 Em

I d cos

(4.109)

I d sin

(4.110)

(9) Cng sut khng ng vo:

Qi Erms I1 sin

2 Em

4.7.6: Chnh lu iu khin bn sng 3 pha:

Chnh lu 3 pha cho dng sng ng ra lin tc hn so vi 1 pha nn c gn sng thp hn,do
cun dy lc ng ra s nh hn v st p trn cun dy lc s thp hn so vi 1 pha.Chnh lu c
iu khin 3 pha cung cp cng sut ng ra n 150KW v thng s dng trong cc ngun dc cng
sut ln.Bin p cp ngun thng thng s cp ni hnh sao hoc tam gic,th cp ni hnh sao.
4.7.6.1: Ti R:
Hnh 4.37 l dng mch chnh lu iu khin bn sng 3 pha s dng 3 SCR.Th cp bin p
phi c im trung tnh N v ti ni vi N.Mi SCR ch c th dn khi in p pha ng vi anode ca n
l cao nht.

Hnh 4.37: Mch in chnh lu iu khin bn sng 3 pha ti R.

Hnh 4.38 l dng sng ng ra mch chnh lu iu khin bn sng 3 pha.T hnh 4.38a,b,T1 ch
dn t gc / 6 n 5 / 6 ,T2 ch dn t 5 / 6 n 9 / 6 v T3 ch dn t 9 / 6 n 13 / 6 .Do , ta
chn im gc qui chiu tnh gc kch theo pha tng ng ti / 6 .
Ghi ch: Trong thc t mch li to gc kch c th ly qui chiu theo 1 pha (v d pha A),xut
xung kch pha A,sau to tr thi gian ng vi gc 120 ri xut xung kch pha B,tip tc tr 120 na
v xut xung kch pha C.
Vi ti R,dng ti lin tc khi / 6 (hnh 4.38c)v bt lin tc khi / 6 (hnh 4.38d).

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

32

Hnh 4.38: Dng sng mch in hnh 4.37.

(1) / 6 :
(a) in p trung bnh trn ti:
5 / 6

Edc

1
Em sin td (t )
2 / 3 / 6

Edc

3 3
Em cos
2

(4.111)

(b) Dng ti trung bnh:

Id

3 3
Em cos
2R

(4.112)

(c) in p hiu dng trn ti:

1/ 2

5 / 6

Erms

Erms

1 3 3

cos 2
2 8

E sin td (t )

/ 6

2
m

1/ 2

(4.113)

(2) / 6 :
(a) in p trung bnh trn ti:

1
Em sin td (t )
2 / 3 / 6
3
Edc
Em 1 cos( / 6)
2

Edc

(4.114)

(b) Dng ti trung bnh:

Id

3
Em 1 cos( / 6)
2R

(4.115)

(c) in p hiu dng trn ti:

1/ 2

Erms

Erms

3 Em 5 3 sin( 2 / 3)

2 2 3

E sin td (t )

/ 6

2
m

1/ 2

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

(4.116)

33

4.7.6.2: Ti R-L:
Hnh 4.39 l mch in chnh lu iu khin bn sng 3 pha ti R-L. n gin,ta gi s dng
sng dng in qua SCR l hnh ch nht.

Hnh 4.39: Mch in chnh lu iu khin bn sng 3 pha ti R-L.

Cc dng sng tiu biu nh hnh 4.40(hnh 4.28a,b,c,d,e).Hnh 4.40a vi gc kch 0 . Mi
SCR dn trong thi on 120ca p ngun cung cp,tn s c bn ca gn sng ng ra gp 3 ln tn
s sng ng vo.Dng sng dng in hnh ch nht c thi on 120.

Hnh 4.40a:Dng sng vi 0 .

Hnh 4.40b: Dng sng vi / 4 .
Hnh 4.40b vi gc kch / 4 .Mi SCR bt u dn chm hn im gc / 4 . in p trung
bnh ng ra gim v dng in chm pha so vi in p / 4 .

Hnh 4.40c: Dng sng vi / 2 .

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Hnh 4.40d: Dng sng vi 135 .

34

Hnh 4.40c vi gc kch / 2 .Mi SCR dn trong thi on in p dng v m bng

nhau,nn in p trung bnh ng ra =0 v dng sng dng in ng vo chm pha hn in p / 2 .
Hnh 4.40d vi gc kch 135 .Dng sng in p ng ra phn ln nm phn m,c ngha l
in p trung bnh ng ra m.Lc ny mch lm vic nh mch nghch lu.

Hnh 4.40e: Dng sng vi .

Hnh 4.40e vi gc kch .in p trung bnh ngi ra t gi tr m cc i bng vi gi tr
tng ng 0 .Dng in ac ng vo lch pha in p 180.
in p trung bnh ng ra c tnh:
5 / 6

1
Edc
Em sin td (t )
2 / 3 / 6

Edc

3 3
Em cos
2

(4.117)

Vi cc nhn xt nh sau:
(1) Khi 0 : in p ng ra t cc i Edc max

3 3
Em
2

(2) in p ng ra =0 khi / 2
(3) in p ng ra t cc i m khi .
(4) Vi / 2 mch lm vic mode chnh lu,vi / 2 mch lm vic mode nghch
lu.
Mt im cn lu na l c tn ti thnh phn dc trong th cp bin p bin I d / 3 ,dn n
mch t bin p b phn cc v d b bo ha t khi s dng cng sut cao. khc phc iu ny,
ngi ta s dng cch qun cun dy hnh sao kiu zig-zag th cp nh hnh 4.41a.Dng th cp
phn nh v s cp s c dng ac nh hnh 4.41b v trit tiu thnh phn dc.

Hnh 4.41: Cch qun th cp hnh sao zig-zag.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

35

4.7.6.3: nh hng ca diode ghp ngc:

Hnh 4.42 l mch in v dng sng c thm diode ghp ngc.Khi / 6 , p dc trn ti
dng nn diode lun tt.Khi / 6 p trn ti s o chiu ti ,lc diode dn lm SCR tt v
in p ng ra =0(b qua ri p trn diode).Gc kch trong trng hp ny n 150.

a.

b.

Hnh 4.42:Dng sng c diode ghp ngc vi / 3 .

4.7.7: Chnh lu cu iu khin bn phn 3 pha:
Hnh 4.43(hnh 4.43) l dng mch chnh lu cu iu khin bn phn 3 pha,trong gm 3
diode v 3 SCR.Mi diode dn tng ng vi pha kt ni m nht,trong thi on 120 gia cc im ct
nhau ca cc pha A,B,C theo chiu m.Gc kch cho cc SCR tng t nh chnh lu bn sng 3
pha.Mch c 2 mode lm vic.

Hnh 4.43: Mch in chnh lu cu iu khin bn phn 3 pha.

(1) Mode dn lin tc: vi / 3 mch dn lin tc nh hnh 4.44a.Ti P,T1 c kch dn,do
in p pha A-B cao nht nn T1 v D2 dn,dng i qua pha A-T1-L-R-D2-pha B.Sau pha AB,t / 2 pha A-C c gi tr cao nht,T1 vn dn,nhng dng in chuyn t D2 sang D3.Do
gc dn ln nht ca T1 l 120.Ti Q cch P 120,pha B-C c gi tr cao nht,kch T2
dn.Dng in ghp ra ti qua T2 v D3.T 7 / 6 ,pha B-A t gi tr cao nht nn dng
chuyn t D3 sang D1.Sau im Q 120,Pha C-A c gi tr cao nht,kch T3,T3 v D1
dn.T 11 / 6 pha C-B c gi tr cao nht nn dng in chuyn t D1 sang D2.

Hnh 4.44a: Dng sng mode lin tc

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Hnh 4.44b: Dng sng mode bt lin tc.

36

Biu thc tnh gi tr in p trung bnh ng ra:

2 / 3

Edc

3 Em
sin td (t )

2 / 3 / 3

2 / 3

sin td (t )

/3

3 3
(4.118)
Em (1 cos )
2
(2) Mode dn bt lin tc: vi / 3 dng sng in p ng ra khng lien tc nh hnh 4.44b.
Edc

T hnh 4.44b,ta thy dng sng in p ng ra bng 0 trong mt thi on do nh hng

ca diode ghp ngc dn.D dng xc nh thi on diode ghp ngc dn l / 3 .Do
dng t ngun cung cp dn trong thi on trong mi bn k.Khi tng, rng
xung dng cung cp gim dn n thnh phn hi tng.Vi gc kch ln qu c th mch b
mt iu khin v hot ng ging nh mch chnh lu bn sng khng iu khin nh hnh
4.44c.
Nh trong hnh 4.44c,T1 ang dn v T2&T3 b mt kch,in p ng ra khng iu khin
c tng ng l VAB hoc VAC cch nhau 120.Dng sng nh hnh 4.44c v vi / 3 ,
dng qua SCR chnh l dng ti,do SCR lun lun dn.

Hnh 4.44c:Dng sng minh ha hiu ng bn sng.

Hiu ng ny c th loi tr bng cch mc thm diode ghp ngc nh hnh 4.45. Hiu ng
bn sng ny gy nn s mt n nh,nht l trong h thng cp ngun ng c dc,n lm
cho h thng cp ngun dao ng.

Hnh 4.45: Mch chnh lu cu iu khin bn phn 3 pha c diode ghp ngc.
4.7.8: Chnh lu cu iu khin ton phn 3 pha:
4.7.8.1: Ti R:
Hnh 4.46 l dng mch chnh lu cu iu khin ton phn 3 pha.Dng in i t 1 pha qua mt
trong 3 SCR v trn ra ti v qua mt trong 3SCR v di v mt trong 2 pha cn li.Do s ny
khng cn im trung tnh cho ti nn c th khng cn bin p cp ngun.Nu s dng bin p( cch
ly hay thay i bin ) nn qun theo hnh sao,v s loi c hi bc 3.

Hnh 4.46: Chnh lu cu iu khin ton sng 3 pha ti R.

Hnh 4.47:Biu vector
Cc xung kch cp cho SCR phi theo trnh t chnh xc,mi ln phi kch tng cp SCR tng
ng vi 1 SCR v trn v 1 SCR v di.
Hot ng ca mch c th gii thch theo biu vector nh hnh 4.47.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

37

Xt thi im ti gi tr p pha (A B) hay vector(A-B) dng nht,ta kch ng thi T1 v T5

dn,dng in i t A-T1-R-T5-B.Sau 60,vector(A-C) dng nht,kch T6 dn,T1 vn dn,dng in i t
A-T1-R-T6-C.Tip theo 60vector(B-C) dng nht,kch T2 dn,dng in i t B-T2-R-T6-C.Sau 60
na,vector(B-A) dng nht,kch T4 dn,dng in qua T2 v T4,pha A v B.Sau 60na,vector(C-A)
dng nht,kch T3 dn,dng in qua T3 v T4,pha C v A.Sau 60tip theo,vector (C-B) dng
nht,kch T5 dn,dng in qua T3 v T5,pha C v B.Tip theo 60,vector (A-B) dng nht,kch T1
dn,dng qua T1 v T5,pha A v B.
Ta c bng tm tt trnh t kch dn cc SCR theo s hnh 4.46 nh sau:
Mode dn
Cc SCR dn KchSCR tip theo SCR tt
1
1,5
6
5
2
6,1
2
1
3
2,6
4
6
4
4,2
3
2
5
3,4
5
4
6
5,3
1
3
Ti 30 chn im gc =0 nh mch iu khin bn phn 3 pha.
(1) 0 / 3 : dng sng ng ra lin tc (hnh 4.48b):
(a) in p trung bnh trn ti:

Edc

Edc

/ 2

3 Em sin td (t )

/ 6

3 3

Em cos

(4.119)

(b) Dng in ti trung bnh:

3 3
(4.120)
Em cos
R
(2) / 3 2 / 3 : dng sng ng ra bt lin tc(hnh 4.48c):
Id

(a) in p trung bnh trn ti:

Edc
Edc

3 Em sin td (t )

/ 3

3 3

Em 1 cos( / 3) (4.121)

(b) Dng ti trung bnh:

Id

3 3
E 1 cos( / 3)
R m

(4.122)

Hnh 4.49: Chnh lu cu iu khin ton phn

3 pha ti R-L.

Hnh 4.48: Dng sng ng ra lin tc v bt lin tc.

4.7.8.2: Ti R-L:
Mch chnh lu cu iu khin ton phn ti R-L nh hnh 4.49.Dng sng ng ra nh hnh 4.50.
Trong hnh 4.50,gc kch =60kch T1 dn ti im cch gc 0 pha A 90(im L).im kch T2 v
T3 ln lt cng ging nh vy.im kch T4,T5,T6 ln lt cch 180 so vi im kch T1,T2,T3.Nh vy
ban u gi s T3v T5 dn.Trnh t xut xung kch ln lt l 1-6-2-4-3-5,cc xung kch cch nhau 60.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

38

Dng sng hnh 4.50 c c vi gi s:

(i) Mch in ang hot ng v dng ti trung bnh I d l
hng s.
(ii) in cm ti xem nh ln v hn dng ti khng i.
(iii) T3 v T5 dn ti im K trc khi kch T1.
4.7.9: Cc thng s ca mch chnh lu cu 3 pha ton phn:
Dng sng dng in ca mch chnh lu cu 3 pha
ton phn nh hnh 4.42 l hm chn.Do khai trin Fourrier
ch l hm cosin.

(1)

I an cos nt

(4.123)

n 1

Vi an

an

Id

2Id

cos td (t ) cos td (t ) cos td (t )

cos ntd (t )

4Id
n
sin
n
3

(4.124)

Gi tr hiu dng thnh phn cn bn I1

I rms

Gi tr dng hiu dng

2I d 3
2

(4.125)

2
Id
3

(4.126)

(2) lch pha ng vo(DSF)

DSF cos

(4.127)

(3) H s cng sut ng vo:

I
3
PF 1 cos 1 cos

I rms

(4.128)

Hnh 4.50: Cc dng sng in p

v dng in vi =60

(4) T s in p DC:

r cos

(4.129)

(5) H s mo dng ng vo

3
I1

I rms

(4.130)

(6) H s hi ng vo ( I H ) :
2
( I rms
I12 )1 / 2
2

1
9
I1
(7) H s gn sng in p ( kv ) :

(4.131)

IH

2
Erms
Edc2
2

1
Edc
9

kv
2
rms

5 / 6

Em2 sin 2 td (t )

/ 6

kv
2
3 cos

9 Em2
2

3
cos 2

2
3

1/ 2

3 cos 2 1

6
4

(4.132)

(8) Cng sut thc ng vo:

Pi Erms I1 cos

2 Em I d

cos

(4.133)

sin

(4.134)

(9) Cng sut khng ng vo:

Qi Erms I1 sin

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

2 Em I d

39

4.7.10: To xung kch mch chnh lu c iu khin:

Cc phng php to xung kch SCR trong cc mch chnh lu c iu khin c rt nhiu
cch.Phn sau trnh by 3 cch thng dng nht l:
(1) Phng php ct sng cosin(cosine-wave crossing)
(2) Phng php tch phn
(3) Phng php s&vi x l
4.7.10.1: Phng php ct sng cosin:
Trong cc mch chnh lu c iu khin,in p trung bnh ng ra t l vi cosin ca gc
kch.Nu ta to c cosin gc kch t l vi in p tham chiu iu khin,in p trung bnh ng ra s t
l tuyn tnh vi tn hiu iu khin,h thng tr thnh mch khuch i tuyn tnh theo in p iu
khin.iu ny c th thc hin c bng phng php ct sng cosin.Nguyn l c bn l xc nh
im ct gia sng cosin v in p tham chiu.Sng cosin to c v ng b t tn hiu in p AC
cp ngun vi pha sao cho n t gi tr nh ti im kch =0.
Hnh 4.51 minh ha nguyn l iu khin ct sng cosin to xung kch cho mch chnh lu iu
khin bn sng/cu bn phn 3 pha.Da vo c th thc hin cho cc mch chnh lu iu khin
khc.

a) = 30
c)= 150
b) = 90

Hnh 4.51:Nguyn l iu khin ct sng cosin

Mi xung kch c pht ra ti im giao nhau gia in p tham chiu iu khin v gi tr tc
thi sng cosin.Ti thi im ct:

Em cos t ER
Vi Em bin sng cosin, ER gi tr in p iu khin.
Ti thi im ct: t
E
Suy ra cos R
(1.135)
Em
Mt vn t nhin quan trng na l khi bin sng cosin thay i theo in p AC vo b i
in,min l in p iu khin khng i,in p DC ng ra v mt l thuyt l khng i,do gc kch b
di cao hn.
Hnh 4.52 l s khi mch to 3 xung kch s dng phng php ct sng cosin.Dng sng
tng ng nh hnh 4.53.
mi pha sng cosin to c t in p vo AC cp ngun b chnh lu qua mch di
pha 60 v bin p cch ly.Sng cosin a vo mch so snh vi tn hiu tham chiu iu khin ER ,thay
i t Em n Em tng ng gc kch thay i t n 0.Ng ra mch so snh thay i mc in

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

40

p khi tn hiu cosin gim t cao xung thp hn ER ,to thnh xung clock set ng ra flip flop,dn n
to xung kch cho mch khuch i xung kch cch ly.Flip flop s reset khi c xung kch ca knh k
tip.

Hnh 4.52:S khi mch to xung kch phng php ct sng cosin.

Hnh 4.53: Dng sng tng ng hnh 4.52.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

41

4.7.10.2: Phng php tch phn to xung kch:

Hnh 4.54 l mch to xung kch cho b chnh lu iu khin cu ton phn dung phng php
tch phn.Dng sng minh ha nh hnh 4.55.

Hnh 4.54:To xung kch dng phng php tch phn

Tn hiu ng b ly t ng vo AC qua bin p cch ly v mch tch 0(zero crossing)IC1.Ng ra
A l xung vunga vo mch tch phn IC2 to sng tam gic(B),v qua mch dch mc DC IC3(C).IC4 so
snh sng (C) vi in p (D) t mch to p iu khin RP1,cho sng (F) v hn bin bng diode zener to
mc in p tng hp IC TTL.Xung (F) a vo mch monostable c 2 ng ra o nhau (G) v (H). rng
xung mono iu chnh xp x 10ms.IC6 l 2 cng nhn 2 tn hiu m cng t monostable cho tn hiu xung kch
t mch timer IC7 xut ra mch khuch i cch ly bin p xung.T1,T2 lm vic nh mch khuch i xung(c
th lm vic giao hon) ghp xung kch qua bin p xung.D1,D2 bo v T1,T2,D4,D6 bo v xung ngc cng
SCR,D3,D5 ngn dng ngc t cng khi SCR dn.
Sync.
signal

.
2

C,D
D

2 +

2+

G1

H1

2 +

Hnh 4.55: Dng sng ti cc im hnh 4.54

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

42

Tch 0

Vi phn

To xung ng b

Ngun dng

Mono to xung kch

M cng
ng b pha

SW

So snh

p tham chiu
to gc kch

Hnh 4.55b: S mch to xung kch mch chnh lu cu 1 pha iu khin bn phn dng phng php tch phn ngun dng
Hnh 4.55b l s to xung kch SCR trong mch chnh lu cu(ton sng) 1 pha iu khin bn phn nh hnh 4.33a.
Sinh vin t phn tch hot ng v v dng sng ti cc im t P1 n P15.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

43

4.7.10.3: Phng php s to xung kch:

S khi mch to xung kch cho b chnh lu cu ton phn 3 pha nh hnh 4.56.Dng sng
minh ha nh hnh 4.57.Theo nguyn l to xung kch cho chnh lu cu ton phn 3 pha phn
tch mc 4.7.8,phi theo trnh t xut xung kch v mi xung kch cch nhau 60.Ta c th chn
in p dy v d EAC lm chun gc to xung kch vi gc kch ,ln lt sau 60 s xut xung
kch SCR k tip theo ng trnh t nh bng cho mc 4.7.8
S khi gm cc khi:
1. Bin p cch ly ng b tn hiu
2. Mch tch 0
3. Vng kha pha(PLL)
4. B m xung v m vng
5. D flip flop
6. Mch vi phn
7. Mch t hp to rng xung kch
R
A

Data input
B

Eac

Mch tch 0

Eac

PLL

CK

CK

CK

m xung
N bit

m xung
N bit

m xung
N bit

f
(6.2 N+1 ).f

Pe1

(2 N+1 ).f

CO

Pe2

CO

Pe3

CO

CK

CK

CK

m vng
chia 6
RC1

6f

m/chia 2

N+1

m vng
chia 6
RC2
D-FF

Q1
D

Mch vi phn

Q1

D-FF

Q2

Q2

D-FF

Q3

Q3

1
2

Mch t hp to xung kch cc G

F
3

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

Hnh 4.56: S khi mch to xung kch 6 xung bng phng php s.
B PLL bao gm mch VCO,so pha,lc LPF v khuch i, d ng nhn tn s c bn f thnh
N 1
6.2 . f .RC2 l b chia 6 v m vng to xung clock tn s 2 N 1. f ,a vo 3 b m xung N bit.Tn
hiu cho php t v m PE t 3 ng D,E,F xut hin ln lt khi cc tn hiu ngun vo EAB,EBC,ECA
qua im 0.Mch RC1 chia 6 v m vng to ra 3 xung ng b vi 3 tn hiu ngun EAB,EBC,ECA tn
s f ,ln lt lch pha 60 a vo mch vi phn to ra 3 tn hiu PE D,E,F.Ng vo ci t bng
s ca b m xung quyt nh gi tr gc kch.Khi b m xung b trn,tng ng vi thi im
xut xung kch,s cho xung carry out to thnh xung CK kch vo D flip flop,vi ng vo D l cc tn
hiu ng b t ng ra b m vng RC1,ng thi b m b kha ngng m cho n khi c xung
PE k tip.Cc ng ra Qi v Qi t hp vi cc tn hiu t mch m vng RC1 to thnh cc xung
kch T1-T6.Cc tn hiu ny qua mch khuch i &cch ly xung kch a vo cc cc G ca SCR
tng ng.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

44

A(Eac)
/3

2/3

4/3 5/3

B,C
6.f
1
2
3
D
E
F
G
H
I
Q1
Q2
Q3
T1=1.Q1.Q3
T6=2.Q2.Q1
T2=3.Q3.Q2
T4=1.Q1.Q3
T3=2.Q2.Q1
T5=3.Q3.Q2
53 15

61

26

42

34

53

Hnh 4.57: Dng sng cc im hnh 4.56

4.7.10. Phng php vi x l to xung kch:
Hnh 4.58 gii thiu nguyn l mch vi x l 8051 to xung kch SCR mch chnh lu cu(ton
sng) 1 pha iu khin bn phn hnh 4.33a.Trong mch hnh 4.58a,U1A v U1B l hai mch tch 0 nhn
dng im 0 v ,to hai tn hiu ng b pha A v B,sau qua mch vi phn to gai dng a vo
U2A cng hai tn hiu ng b 0 v lm tn hiu bo ngt ngoi /INT0(hnh 4.58b).

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G1
P1.0
A

P3.4

P1.1

Khuch i
xung kch
cch ly

K1 T1
G2
K2 T2

P3.5

/INT0

P3.2
MCU 8051

a) Mch ng b pha to tn hiu ng b 0, /INT0

v pha A,B

Tn hiu mu

b) Mch MCU 8051 v khuch i xung kch

cch ly

ng b im 0,
dng ngt ngoi

Khi ng ngt
Timer m t/g tp#

tp

tp

Kt thc tp
to xung kch 100 s
A

Kch T1

Kch T2

c) Gin nh th nguyn l hot ng to xung kch ca MCU 8051

Hnh 4.58: Nguyn l to xung kch mch chnh lu cu 1 pha iu khin bn phn s dng
MCU 8051
MCU thc hin ngt ngoi INT0,cho php ngt v khi ng m Timer0 vi gi tr t trc tp
ng vi gc kch .Kt thc thi gian m tp Timer0 trn to ngt Timer0,MCU chy chng trnh ngt
Timer0.Trong trnh ngt Timer0,dng Timer0 v cm ngt Timer0,to xung kch rng 100s v ty
theo tn hiu bo pha A,B xut xung kch ra P1.0 hoc P1.1 kch T1 hoc T2 theo pha in p trn
anode T1 hoc T2 dng tng ng.Hnh 4.58b l mch MCU nhn cc tn hiu vo A,B,/INT0 v tn
hiu xung kch ra P1.0,P1.1 a sang mch khuch i xung kch cch ly.Hnh 4.58c minh ha gin
nh th nguyn l to xung kch m t trn.
Hnh 4.59 minh ha cc lu gii thut chng trnh to xung kch v iu khin tc ng c
DC.

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ISR-T0

ISR-INT0

Dng Timer0
Cm ngt Timer0

Cho php ngt Timer0

Np gi tr tp vo
Reg.Timer0
Chy Timer0

A=1?
Y

RETI

Xut xung ra P1.0

rng xung 100 s

a) Lu gii thut ngt INT0

B=1?

Xut xung ra P1.1

rng xung 100 s

RETI

b)

Lu gii thut ngt Timer0

CT chnh

Cc khi ng
Cho php ngt Timer0

CT n nh tc ng c

Gi tr tp ng vi

Hin th
c ADC

c) Lu gii thut chng trnh chnh

Hnh 4.59: Cc lu gii thut chng trnh

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Bi tp chng 4:
1. Mch chnh lu ton sng iu khin bn phn 1 pha ti R-L (gi s L rt ln):s ,dng sng in p
ng vo,in p/dng in ng ra,xung kch vi gc kch =60,gii thch hot ng,biu thc in p dc
ng ra.
2. Mch chnh lu ton sng iu khin ton phn 1 pha ti R-L (gi s L rt ln):s ,dng sng in p
ng vo,in p/dng in ng ra,xung kch vi gc kch =60,gii thch hot ng,biu thc in p dc
ng ra.
3. Mch chnh lu ton sng iu khin bn phn 3 pha ti R-L (gi s L rt ln):s ,dng sng in p
ng vo,in p/dng in ng ra,xung kch vi gc kch =30,=120,gii thch hot ng,biu thc
in p dc ng ra.
4. Mch chnh lu ton sng iu khin ton phn 3 pha ti R-L (gi s L rt ln):s ,dng sng in p
ng vo,in p/dng in ng ra,xung kch vi gc kch =30,=120,gii thch hot ng,biu thc
in p dc ng ra.
5. V s mch H bridge s dng MOSFET knh N,bao gm y mch khuch i xung kch cch
ly.M t hot ng.
6. Cho ngun cp mch khuch i xung kch cch ly l 15V,dng kch 1A.T chn linh kin v tnh cc gi
tr in tr.

Hnh bi tp 6
7. Phn tch v v s dng sng ti cc im Pi trn cng trc ta mch to xung kch b chnh lu
cu iu khin bn phn nh hnh 4.55b.
8. Thit k mch di pha 60 to sng cosin nh trong s khi hnh 4.52.
9. T s khi hnh 4.52,thit k s chi tit mch to xung kch bng phng php ct sng cosin.
10. Da vo hot ng s khi hnh 4.56 v dng sng hnh 4.57,tham kho IC PLL CD 4046,thit k chi
tit khi PLL v mch m vng chia 6.
11. T s hnh 4.56 v dng sng hnh 4.57,thit k chi tit mch to xung kch cho b chnh lu ton
sng (cu)iu khin ton phn 3 pha nh hnh 4.46.
12. Xy dng thit k phn cng v gii thut chng trnh dng MCU quen thuc to thnh mch to xung
kch b chnh lu cu iu khin bn phn 1 pha.
13. Lp li bi 11 vi b chnh lu cu iu khin bn phn 3 pha.
14. Thit k mch in(hon ton cng)to xung PWM tn s 500Hz, rng xung thay i t 10% n 90%
chu k,iu khin bng in p dc,to xung kch cho mch H-bridge MOSFET N nh bi tp 5.
15. Lp li bi tp 14 vi thit k bng MCU.
16. Tm hiu hot ng IC LM18200(3A,55V,H-bridge).Thit k mch iu khin tc motor dc s dng IC
LM18200.

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