Professional Documents
Culture Documents
www.efrin.net
ARSHAK SAFRASTIAN
LONDON
THE HARVILL PRESS L T D
23 LOWER , BELGRAVE STREET
FIRST PUPLISHED 1948
PRINTED IN THE NELHERLANDS
2
www.efrin.net
&0/ !"# &#! &'( )* +, -(
. !"# $ %
):*; < = -89( &'!5 2 6 73*4 ! 2
1
); D0 EFG (/? %9BC @A.! ? >
.&AL &A,'( &A,A:F &A H!I JAK &AB !5
-#! -.!: -! -(!# Q.O P!F F N/
: : SG >' FR -0
# -0'!. -,
)\] L0 SG Z[/ !3*T &U VW < X !,:
3' !(b Q. a!F +, X <! !^_ `.G
c d !ef @' c' gA h_ %C
.c/ C &' C5 &A c' iAAB
(.(!# (!_) # &n! k8 &'l! mL % -*j0
X &'bA_0] &B _ L !0
.A.!:. ^F q/
:&u*u SG t( X cAr s[! (3 1948) &,.
,
.(!# X -8A # w hd % xyO : E?
c{ Q.O P!F &A:!Bz JA( A#!
x, X |
/ % A#! X 2![ O !d c0 8#
.%'! ! % E?
@' H! X
'
> s8~ _ :}"
..(!# H |
/ % 2![ (!_
3
www.efrin.net
3
' a! P(# P8 sj _ bA8' :q"
)AjO WG X .(!# (!_ @' SG &_ !40
.&A1O &A{
8Z k' &n! X -A( # t
Z[ k/
3 t !C % # G &A:!5 &n! ! PB,' ]
3 !5 s &A]
&A{ >A/, % &n!O (O hAd
X +[ O &' !C )A1 )A &# &A8 &0?
.Pd? _ % %WO
([ &8A
TO ] , 2D _ L #
4
www.efrin.net
!
$% &'(
5
www.efrin.net
1
!)'* +,- ./ 0-
6
www.efrin.net
7
www.efrin.net
&'
z !4,' VW 4!"# %_' . >O h9 E[! >W
%'
O m(!: P8 T' # ( A#!) b/ SG 3!/
.(* | _ A. V !#L' %'
TO
hBF? VW 4!"# s k# 3A % !# X
X ,# 8,A .+T, Z' V me VW 4!"# Z,'
cAT:, X m+ R !#L' PAC Z'!' # & x,
4,O &W. &T#O &Z % , a*WG *T & ,
:
,' E* %
,' \? h9 E[ /*0 ,j.
8
www.efrin.net
9, m( =
&#!O H SG me VW 4!"# h.
-88 c. / &#!O X c0.!: (' tL c,] , ,
B iT %_ E5 X E s
0 .&A! )]Z]
]G
0 sjT0 - : >O W/ %'L e
xA"_
VW 4!"# # -/ !C O (!_ +]y VA
:E
, - # c0 )!F cA E[! -
[ - :
9R( :? ,I =!>? -.:P @C D2 9Q ,4(D "
." 04U JF4 *#2 ,I =!> R( g G#I Gh J>2
9
www.efrin.net
10
www.efrin.net
2
& ,
.(!# X Jj' (P ) i # - > &! L,
2!B A.R . JW, % 3( F #/ =I h#
T
8. !I %
k0# (P ) (
/ : &
! ^!? # A_AA# A. EW Qe Samsun
.!#L' bAA ( (P )
' Z# Aj0bA
'
+ (=] - F h8 # (P )
j : sj
' %_ h9! h_ (5 k g0 X -:(! #
&'(!_ h9 > &[ ( mL (P ) &8# )]]( Eb +!O
E8 ! > h &[
&"'
5 A5 `
Z &bO
!_ mL
1
%_ D"# |
/ & !'G !I % ?
.Z,
/ !#L0 P_' &
&'(!_ h9 > &' T
!"#? Ab # E
. i c VW 4YCa iD G
)]/ X Z,_ &'(!_ !9 % g (K] !ZF -!/
h X -C #
T : ] &u*u
/ j
A h c0G W E[ X @F t!d ![ s c9
.c i' &_T
%
11
www.efrin.net
12
www.efrin.net
13
www.efrin.net
L gA !_ '( > >'!j %'L &ZT !jAT'
.P1O X
'
)! m:
0#
E0. X &A#! &_5 k0# " &!jCO 3'? 6 X
)WO ] !AB k0# _ ZW1 Ae -
[ &'!/
&[= cA: )
[ tL a=O 4Ca iD s E/ &'
SG %_ &0G # cA[ cT, ,' ! ZT0
`, SG c[ sF h. &AyO &d! X (P ) bB
cT0 # &[= 3
- 40 &ATA9! h: a!j
! &T / h. : J'!j (
Z' tL !j; 2
- ^
'
.gA SG !_ '( % c[= &: :D -T -j1
X e? )!0 (3 1909) 3 E' % E? <.? X
(e)
A. je (!_ a!j <j A#! % &A! A?
.E SG (gA 3 #5 &[=) E0.G %
14
www.efrin.net
!_ '( !I E % *
- A >
c0
8A:
#
(1)
(,A:) &,'
% ( TO
15
www.efrin.net
16
www.efrin.net
17
www.efrin.net
3-4!
6- (*
9('&
18
www.efrin.net
9
= <
19
www.efrin.net
20
www.efrin.net
21
www.efrin.net
tL :j
&," &_8O SG P8,' c0
' tL t!T
AT -/] c1 tL D @' iT/ - >T _/
s1 t!T 6O L @' : Sidney Smith qA }
.
.(3.a2350) / P9V DI h_
! X
[ k0# 3A[ &_ &A ,
#y
s &_8O 6 s Jj' -'! (*AO h %'! s!
t!T 6O h % x, &A:# &Ar k0# 3A .(!#
.(3*A .) !ZF? #? 68O s &T &_88#
&,Z_O , % )8 X 6
3A[ H !Z4
-89( &'( V &A_ , &',T @' X 3y
.a! , &A,'!B EZT X !"O DB &'!T
8
P1 >A 8_/ h / tL 3A[ ^ #
!TO )8 &nZO -89( %'
T
8A: Assyria >' Ff
s -I > Q: \ -0A/ >_ !I= E[ !I X
2!e
. Turukku # (* >A*A
&( !"#? &0
O J9u % &A,'
Z iT
,
3A[ iF ) I SG D -I &
&A! 68O @' X
6 X ( )O !Z4 &'!T &'(# ?
O
.E X *. -89( K k0# 3A[ &_ ,
(3.a1990) 3 / 1 &A5 !Z4' tL @'
3 0 &Ae (# 6 Sharlgalisharri t AI E F :
22
www.efrin.net
23
www.efrin.net
24
www.efrin.net
25
www.efrin.net
|
/ L (# &_ !( &A!F DI h
26
www.efrin.net
27
www.efrin.net
;44C GuMI " :5 +T y &AAI +0 E .h (#
D 2!e &A_: 0 , 8,A ." 0DD vI %# 34
wPI vI 9>D xu ;44C y4 " :P' 8# 3A[
." f4* x^ G(+ ;2 ;44C czI 6:M 34
!Z4 ! 6 SG ( % &TO )! mL G
.E X 3A[ EZT X h &_ > &(O )* 1
28
www.efrin.net
3
9
++ H
0'G F c, _5 %" 3 X {4X )
EZT X !e
O V h A AF_ [
3A[ iF TA +]y !#L !'
.\! SG T0
h bI
Kassites kA.#
'
'
[ iF h
!I= E[ X 8A' 0# h9 (K D# &A 0#
.!F 3*A H X h P!F
% 0# V
' Z' J' 8A: >"/ + R x
(* P!F ,z . X &'(!_ h9# \ &A
&' 8TO &_ X ( (F#) Z .!I= &T. X :
% 0# VG P. .=e AG . X -A _' !:
.-A[,uG 3A[ i u -A:!B[ &A
,
mL
! & / h X >AF_ ^ _/ 3(
&,. >u*u / SG .h q" P_O kA# &A,[? &_8O
A DI &A1 &_8O mL &O )O k0# kC
!. X 3A[ _# -A._0 -'!! h X >AF_ _/
),T X &A, &A0
O (O , ):# %_ (#
29
www.efrin.net
30
www.efrin.net
31
www.efrin.net
4
J K+
(. 606 - 1360 ) 3
E
s )*
Z ^ / >AF_ >A #
#y' j. 6L Z, 2 k0# 8
!4 X !jAT' j. h t ( h_ 3 *.
!W >' Ff Z s %_ .[ !I & EZT &.,O
X -C' h Q:
a! X gA 3 s1 t L[ DAB
32
www.efrin.net
d X !4 6 k0# )! &[( P1/
SG 9b (] E[! +' ' Ff %_' .
'
[ 84 V &A
&/T =! h Q: 6
.\+( s :_ 8 &'(
DB q"O X s' # FR (* b#!
' tL +b G
Erbil hA G Nineveh 2,A0 &
FR &,'
% _O
> &jT b#! ] .O hZT Q.? &[( 1
+_ mL SG -
FR kd O &b t ! t
'
D &A,= hd: Z -'! ! &. )
&'!_T
.&'W
1327 1362) Ashur Uballit @2 JwD2I 4W G
&A!5 ce!d
e c0
' &' Ff PA5 g.yO (3.a
33
www.efrin.net
34
www.efrin.net
35
www.efrin.net
36
www.efrin.net
5
P
-
(640 - . 538)
37
www.efrin.net
cT0 6O L c I . !eR 6O !# ^, .D.
.A4 ' ( X -D# - ( i c,
!C 2
c,A/ X ^ ( 3A[ 6 I : 6 s
+C X D. i0[ SG c:
8O a! cT' # tL
EK &j0 (3.a 558) &"'
5 h &_ &'V k0# .h
:>A.. %'
Ad @' X D#
A,A FR)
a! >u O ^O
% he
h#
1 -89( >4A 0# _5
. X (3A[ h
&Z[ \d 4:/
: Q.O ! 2!B A.R
! !Z
, %_ . 2 9 PA5 a! !40
+84 SG :] ; 3
0] -!40 &A.AT &/T
h_ J'!I
: (&AW!. ?) &A,W &:" >A,W
%'
F!8# h8 (* SG Ee
>A!B %'!BO E_F
.-C -A!F -0F k0# &' W &.A. X %' T
&A1 k 6 EW k0# &A,A? &' W G
% ]f (!j & : & A4, % )b VG / &Ae!
E*e ^O 6 # D_
,_. (A kK %'!BO
%_ O -A[ -A,A -' FR (3.a 325 335) ),T
SG s[! (* T# X
O )! % -
,_.
.(1)Aegea >~R
.hAe
c~G ! (O h 1
38
www.efrin.net
39
www.efrin.net
.hAe
&A_A.*_ &A, ? &8_ s Jj Kardukhia Ae( # &8# G - 2
40
www.efrin.net
41
www.efrin.net
A* [!/
: &A )d D# (
Ae(!_ 3
!Z (!_ P % c[ %
/ a. !T#
2!.? yO Le ! !/ %'L J'!I -!8T +
.
&'(!_ h9 k (= ' . X PT _5 !: E*e
6 X c0F >A[ hA[ % !"# 3
A PT _5 #
c
tL t Ae]
] P. }.T _5 F
!BO E iU i 6 t(!_ i h" F
3 &'85 i0[? &
e X < j -D"# tL &u
. : (* &A! &A, &A! &A8
.hAe
A 5 L
[ % ( :<*O - 1
42
www.efrin.net
6
+ S
9 U<V
Z, |
' ( ] Au &A,W )*.
[ ]
DI .&A'!I (O %
8T G f Z{ % c:!0
t(*AO s! ! X
tL
P_A.*_ w ? (?
h9 s )* &Aj &Aj %
&A:# ( %8C'
8. >'! >A! >_8O > G .3 h_ &'(!_
&AAj )!" &A,I H &89 &A,W )8 % 8ZA
.&' C/ &A8 )T_ ! EW / 6L
P8 .? ; c[ A,A k_.
&u!/ ZA k &89( %#T X h9 !.]
)] X &'(!_ h9 !" V: E
&A * H ?
92 ) D_ !_'( 6O G .&d; &A:
Z:
&
; & ?
.0 h[ )! &A! h9 / 2! (3.a 55
43
www.efrin.net
-
0
K+
9
( 632 - 226)
'
&A. &_8O gA. X .. % D
Au ^ !eR (3 226 216) [( ] : h 6
k : !9 (K 6 Madig '( +C &A/
!
! tL A,A 6 !Te +C -De &'(!_
h &TT -!'L0 #
, (
/ SG }.T
O +,u ),.
+8=
1 ! &8#5 )]*T &A0.T &_8O
.
!jA. kK &'(!_ h9 &5 &CB )0
O % hA ^,
t(TO Z, !#L0 >8TO >e yO %_ .&A. &_8O mL
&'(!# &A %'! -u*u / !#L' e h_ t!jd
E8 X & .!e X &'(!_ h9 % -(
, X
. : (* % P!
EBO h % 3Z !_ h_ 1!' A0.T #
3 & D"_ &A#! h9 White Huns A
-!# -W ! ^O %_. L : (* &A! &A8
X . : (* % <:
bB 6 &O (!_ % D# -(
44
www.efrin.net
45
www.efrin.net
W4!
K
X
( ; 1510 640 )
46
www.efrin.net
1
Y
47
www.efrin.net
(2)
(s ? &A
48
www.efrin.net
/ 3' &:T (> : A) > : Z8d &[(
68 &A, &8d &
(D# !A) P > : !_ '(
! %_ .D_ !O(1)(!'() , w ?
. &_8O c:*. j G c9 . &_8O Q'
P*. s -T0 !"# # .] L
' G (&A0!)
.3
% !'b[ !_ '( > : X k8_/ &A0!O &*T G
"? 4DI Z#
/ _/ (3 1096 985) %
(2)
!8
c0
(=
(3 1063 1010) &,. >T &u*u XI
)![O k
0 $ T )85 )0; &8 &A,?
>Aj0bA %
TO W ! X -8W &8#5 &*T +, >
.&'B mL
49
www.efrin.net
'
&A <* SG T0 c0 %_ h# ZAF
% ( &[*T # *
- Z. Z, <:
_' qA/
]
&A )!8O &A E SG hT % 8 j. A.R
-(
+ ># (! !.# 2!B A.R SG : &AC
0# %'L (&)
' 0# %'L >AU >W*T %
. &0e iI?
-89( -!je h_F -yF !"# # c0 ku tL +P
&[
&A0" bB &[ Ed
P8[] 34,
>9[ / 0# 8
!' +]y # 8#! %'(!O
'( !jATA Z9 D" ! \!
'
1180 1100) .(!# %'b ! > +!C; P!O (
D TO yO 0N# t T ^!'!j % h# # (3
c1e tL h'j t
<! d
6 A
F
50
www.efrin.net
)!Te
/ O h8
/ AI X %_ &A08#! )8
.[ VW % <:
X T. % I! Z#! h9
51
www.efrin.net
2
Z K /0
<
( 1193 - 1137 )
52
www.efrin.net
Araxes
g#
X) 6 &,'
-8#/ -De %A hd8 t!_T #5
.(1)(,
8A: P
. &' T &,'
O mL X
x"
1171) 3 X cAz JA ! X P8W &A; h %
! X &A8W &:*; h# h_ %'
*d !jA. (3
6 J/
(') cA . SG &T0 '? _5 g.
.(2)c &A ! Ce X &_ &je J:
526) &,. X c, ' %'
#? m
tF :
1
L !Te 8,A/ ^* % m
,[ c
?
' L0 (
53
www.efrin.net
54
www.efrin.net
55
www.efrin.net
a! P8K &'b#! &j. & J hA, t( mle %_. !
.(1)j. A.R h9 )8
1
.[!O Z,
/ mL &u &AA!.G )!40 i_ - 1
56
www.efrin.net
3
_^ ]
( 1500 1210 )
A.R % >( EBO )bI E*e P1! |
/ s
t=B % (!_ x % !_: |
5 L Pj' . j.
P g 6/4 ? %#2
2 4M
57
www.efrin.net
(
R) !_ '( X &de cT0 , 4-4/
1 &A,
t
' =8 1! &'Z, X ! I Z,_
.EBO
h0 (3 1502 1260) >A x, >0! E*e
1405 1387) *4 t! >A0' SG EBO _/
0# %'L (!_ s <b0 X 3
0# c9e (3
!; = 0' aR) 8#! s / % ? s >,C
&4 X b % >0! h &j,O X !. %'L (A?
hd? w hdO i/d ..
D Z'
d 6L Z0 - 1
.[!O 657 &,. X &[*T >W*. 6A %
58
www.efrin.net
+,
A' Ad? _T # )bB &d X
\ k0#
X &A ),. X P, P b (
AA
A' !(
&jAT &O k0# j. QAT t(] 34, h
.&'!.
59
www.efrin.net
.+!
3-4' Y !
9 U<V
( 3 1890 1514 )
60
www.efrin.net
1
3-4'! S
3
a! X
'
[
Z
t(*AO ! (T ! &'
s
(* k: ab8 !Z % (3 1502 639) ! &T
61
www.efrin.net
62
www.efrin.net
63
www.efrin.net
64
www.efrin.net
X
h_ &W ZT0 &' W k0# (3 1566
.
(!_ Du X k: ^!? C/ : L % *
- C:
P[ ; % -A8 >j, >A 0# (!_
Ad
a/ /* QAT t(!_ Ab : 5 k /
&O y X &A( &8_ (/ ^ ( bA8' P# h9T
] ^!? >K &4/* X h' Z: $ % (!_
65
www.efrin.net
&'
z? % . V Z'
( ] V &A( &B _
# >/ X D"_ &A! &A. )(!O % &A!
/*O 6 cT,[ w &A8O )'_5 s8' cT0 t(!_
.+.
/ P. ! ! X
[
+ X &'
) 0 =!K &A08" A k0# L s
! sT ! (T >0! 3 % D"# E*e
: (* .&A08" A 3
s %
! k0#
Je ZT0 &4:U kj.
: &A08" &
% &'!
X }8" 3
!u ZT0 ! DI .&
Qje
(
: 'b A ? &/! &A ? )" k
AjT' sA:! m 3O Z!/ Z9]
'b
.^!?
1 &A8
T c
'
q &A &'D )"
k0# 6 % A,
% )O G .^!
1
'
[ &AAd & % &A. :
T %
EW 3A -' &TO &A )!#LO &A,A ? )WjO
X &A08" ) 0] c#! tL JA8 !u !Z4 ! 6
.&A! E !B
(3 1628 1585) ]^ A i
,
^! & X
'
[ &U
: (* ! cW, !O
= P. A; > &8AO =y SG N #
&' W s8 k0# &8A4 h' sjT'
sF 6L &' &'(!_ h9 % D# +b[ &0 hC &A08"
66
www.efrin.net
(* (
tL P_=? A &/W % %_8A A i #
.j. A.R % -( P! 8 T X :
6=? A i ZA: sCe &4 P: L s
,2I t(!_ 6O :# g? +/ (!_ SG i0
cW 6=?
1 )
e % c 3
Ardawan
.c
c &A. (AT !]
<1 ! mL X &'(!_ /*O 2
/G k840
6 ( Dim Dim (;[ Z ;[ Z ) & &8 VG !uy j &8O
67
www.efrin.net
3 +
&
[ 3 % g' O ! s: -De
j < % >_Z, & he( +T, E[! # De?
X %ZT0 >' %_: 2 L )A &'Z, / / Z,_
he( % , %ZT0 %' & &jAU &A8 a(,;
.^!5 % -b[ #
, s:
!eR )
& bB
68
www.efrin.net
2
)
!b
( 1779 -1715 )
69
www.efrin.net
70
www.efrin.net
c: &' [ &*T g.y , VW SG . , cM
.cA,A s
(3 1793) E? 0# /8T'( X
X : (* ,[ X
'
[ &'(!# &CV |0 % &Ae
+!? &'C SG [ ^
8 t A P1 .
: T ? , P &*. % %'
,O )A
71
www.efrin.net
3
]
4H ' 3
'
K ( - ! L L &A#! &_ -B -
: (* &O &A8 &A! )'] X &' ( )8AT
.A.
(!_ )F 0 A
'
&' ( JW,O 3_/ !
|*u SG &jT 8T: >A08" )W 3_/ (! SG Z'K
+]y # 3!1 !_ '( (
B X >A08" )F
k0# <jTO
}8" hd % S? &!O % )F
4%P t(!_ i Pd? %WO ;44 C (
B &'F
8# : (
/ / &A )!O >AF_ H &
72
www.efrin.net
([ # ^, &'! h9 : h !. 3' E5 k0#
.&A# -0A/ -A9b[ -0A/ &A Z X hT
&" !4, i/d Carsten Neabuhr 4A? P G
1764 1763) 3 !_ '( hdO (
B SG !:.
#
h % -_ # Kala Cholan ] & AG h. (3
!9 *9 % Sohran d &9 % (!_ )F
/
] & -D"# =! Z F AG D_ &A0
(!_ () m ( ) +8b -! C 8A: k0# Gulamber
i0[ SG L Z9! -, 1!' 0# %'L >A +8b
JW, X &ATA9! a!j &A08" &' _0] &A5 !jA.
J. 8A: &' &'(!_ !9 # 6L (!_ )F
.T ) X i0[? (, f sC
73
www.efrin.net
.( !'b[)
&'(!# G 9( h_ 8
' 0# >A08" )F %_
)*9 +, > Q: gA &.AT mL . 0# 2!e?
1
X L _5 hd? X > 0# %'L 6 &Au
)F E' &/! &'! h9 > -C' h \W
.2 d SG &'!j mL &,jT A V A08"
W '( X &A, ? &'(!_ &'(b' )8 k0#
&A A. ( & kA .>5 ZO -!40 -4/ !: Q.?
W h[ &8 % .(3 1938) 3 / &bZ DI &T
( I )
, (b'bR) )!e &,'
&jO
DI h9 kA (> :A) > : dd SG ( I
.P1O ! % )A,Au*" / -*WG &=
74
www.efrin.net
.&'(
5 !5 E*e !'
[
a!j xe \
AT &'(!_ )* )
E/ &'
F &8d `*e %/ G .(3 1750) 3
&ATA9! &'!_T
t!! ' & (! }" ! X A,A ^) %
kF* 9,2 D &A8 W EW Z# s Bergri
75
www.efrin.net
(A. &' -
! , @ a &9 !jA. kK k0_:
.2!e
3 &*. k8_/ (gA
) gA P: D !I
6A0F &AW!. ? &A, ? &9 %
,O !9 (K ,
qA/ &'F &de &A] &A/, % k0# Reshtunik
% &'!O &j,O h# k8_/
g0 %'
+* &*. k0#
_5 9( > % # ()! !Z, P! <!) d (! !V
X % ? +!? (!_ ) m ( : )'F &A..? L
! / -
/ -A#!
' %'L Khuyt k'e dd
.q'
5
76
www.efrin.net
77
www.efrin.net
! 6
4 9
c
)( 3 1847 1830
www.efrin.net
78
1
= X
9 V
79
www.efrin.net
80
www.efrin.net
81
www.efrin.net
82
www.efrin.net
,D A
F !# !9 A P
4 cA/ E SG T0* !jCA # D
83
www.efrin.net
PT#!F O
9 -e %A tL D )o #
Z' _: -A= # c0 jT ! X <!! hd?
&'(!_ h9 > a q
c! h# h8. (!_ &AW
EFG X -[0 # P#! i0 SG ZT_A ( Z,
D , ) +]y > % _ (!_ +8= > g:, D0
84
www.efrin.net
2
- +
( 1836 )
=
0 t
X
'
F &d ' }8" A #
&WO 6 7(4eP Z#) i - Z # D XI t(b'
XI # &A0!' (
5 (1)D_ b !V > & &A
&[( %
cj. k0# E? m
Z X (!8
9 !F D
h# cA1 J5
# &A0!' A X Ashnu ,F SG
.e= &'(8 X &'(!_ <*
m(
[ ( Rawadi t( D % D XI
,'
(b' #
(2)
85
www.efrin.net
>A08" )F -
C{ % ? (!_ +]y G
)!( (!_
' &A#! &A:
O %_ }8" (?
A08" h ( SG Z/ Z8# 2! k!/ Z*
.0 (!_ (
86
www.efrin.net
D )o 3
c:*. ( .! %W % -:( &
< D
@ U2 >* # 78 "
." (>A08") ;2
# ;? QD 4j
87
www.efrin.net
3
b+ +
(1)
% Z+ ^ 3
( 1847 -1842 )
:
, D =! E*.] hA. X (!_ # % &A0" &/!O X
SG -0R 0!F
!4,
A -8A_/ &( h[ -F - D
.t([ h[ SG cT0 }8" A m 0
t
' # D ,D % i# xd h8# J5
&) Der gul h ( X m b' c, W %'L >A, ? %'!
O
PA1 0# : (* % !:. %'L >A, ? %'L G 7( =?
:P' (3 1846) &,. !'b/ X # Ab 6
9
D k lC cF
r # i G?h (D M "
G#F8
U4# (0e [ a ) J?P 9GMC 7
f4A
# GMMF f# 6d kMD 78 9D ,D
J?P .4C 0AC q M '!2 _
# G*A+
88
www.efrin.net
89
www.efrin.net
90
www.efrin.net
7&
3A X t(!_ i % D_ ( P.AT P
L SG x1 '( (1)b t!V > & E &T. X t
:
, m'0 SG FG E % !
D ,D
91
www.efrin.net
c, iW
, 3!1 SG L :
D ,D #
SG '
h. c0G h jT &A! cA % ! c,_ 6
>A08" >8 8T J: >! ^! )F
.}8" A X (!_ % (
(
A,
F
, ]- }8" A SG 38C0] <1 %_'
X &j %#? X !5 A5 %'L +'? >A (!_
&'!_T ),_" X &
; [ %'L 6 G E
(ZF !# .A % !: G H!? G +O &A#!
SG T' E*I?
A' +d? (!_ F V A
92
www.efrin.net
93
www.efrin.net
J )+
, 6 : &A0 .? 3 &AW # +. .t(!_
JW, X 8A' 0# %'L >AATO >/* 2
&AId -0R
. z (!_
/ )1O )+
, 2
[ 3
D ,^ s,
,
# E8 X .]- X -,[ !_ '( D# )
&[( 1 EW g# t _ x/b' cA[
t ! )! m , 4 Q 4? ) ( !' !"'
% h# J'j
6 !_ '( X , A ZnZ' P#
94
www.efrin.net
9 SG
m8. %'L >"88 cT0 . E %
.}8"
, 4 .
: )08C &4AB ? % I!
!F SG mj!: a=F ^! !#T SG !ZA # tL
cZ[ hT _. $ cA m
[ &A,F &'!j
.>W! m
' k0# 8,A cA L s8A
+T, - &WO h# V ^! !#T i.
A4 @' s8 k0# 5 <* )
EW?
95
www.efrin.net
96
www.efrin.net
1 k0#
? %_ .( &A#! a! [: '(
97
www.efrin.net
98
www.efrin.net
4
*0!- ' g
( 1890 -1848 )
99
www.efrin.net
100
www.efrin.net
5
K+ 3
9
( 1881 -1880)
101
www.efrin.net
;
o2 ,8 ... U w!Fe 2 ,2> #Y 67&D
,
2 9 M ;I M 4?PI 4 9, P
4(I2 2K F 9'u># ;I 4?P 'M># , P
'#4
_ f =# ! - JD 4# ,I M
-2 9# c %6 ,I 2 d
#2 9G 2 GP
JK2 9*dF GD2 f#4
_ J:) ,I (D
.G> *o
#
0P ,) -82 ...*I g *?2. ,4
,I ? *?8
M kF V c/2 9:I g # =d 34 , P
</2 9GM4+ k i @ </ 0%K g -
G) V f*D ,#4
_ ,/ S < :!z-
."
-C c/ Q A i sn
: -!uy L m
'
\ _' P#
x ) m -( h_F -O
X (!_ +8= sF %
.D ,D DZ Ab % }D c' T > % (t(!_
hA &A; % &!: c,
A @A h.
.(1)a].
X &'(!_ &#! b#!8# a]. )=! (3 1946) &,. h9 X 1
s[!' &' t!# h9 &'
O %
/ VG A
ZA8T' t(TO ! yO .0! &'
SG h? Z{
!e .
% ?
, ZAG ' # %_ .(![O
.xyO A D ,[ &j, ,_T'
102
Makhrton
www.efrin.net
6
(9 Si H
: 6 %
,DD D ,D +! h" ZC
&'(!_ &Ad )
d &'!T'T &AT0! ) X \. (
Jo# D? ! # (.(!#) , ! X &A!
103
www.efrin.net
% (,
8T k0# Z,_ &,'
O X &8A >D =
>D > &8A &
d k
.!_ '( ,[ / E
4, D k0# 8# 8Z,A E(O Nb 3:
'
),T
.Eb % ? (!_ >/* PF j &#! ) I
? (3 1910) &,. sA X >D > <b0 i0 :
hAe a. X E[ D E ) k -T :
104
www.efrin.net
105
www.efrin.net
6F ] .(!_
'
[
Z a!F E*.] h[? Q A i
m* ! s. ! % )A,A08" X &A, ? " `0
.%' ,O (!_ ( ]- " -:( #
X &,W ^_F Taguri t [
A/ h9 +8= G
% ? SG &.? i'!\ X >: 0# D P!F E E
106
www.efrin.net
107
www.efrin.net
7
9) !
jS
( 1891 1889 )
tL 94P ,4) }O? E' O SG A4, &A &j; iT, 1
&A5 h# mL kTA (3 1882) 3 L, A#! &
e X #
108
www.efrin.net
109
www.efrin.net
3
T/ x ]^ _ A }8" jT h8
3A JW, % % (
De: t!_
A (!_
&'(!_ &B A G .&de
X 8A E0.G SG Le
(&'!!) &A9
&B V b ZA - 4 # &Ad? ZB
# G (!_ A G sj &A#! A ( k0#
mL )!Z 6 s +PF] % )!O ) hC: &A#! &B
.&'
&'(!_ h9 P#! !_O &b0 &.AT
Ce %'L : Z# &_O h +![ L
a! a] V_
d P#! A X &'!_T &
N! &'!F &A. h? 6 k0# ZW, X &A;
!8T < -. i9!C &AC kA %_ &_O %
(!_ tL !Z % !' -
/ ]- " !#L0 P_'
.Z# LO
P#! # -
'
\ )jT kZ[ (3 1899) &,. P:
G jT h % (!j d t ! X PU
(!# % 3,I &'!C# tbA_0G cA,[ (1500) E(' -B s8~
LA, c b'b c:! kK -A40 -. : ! s1 &WO
s8 i9!C [ % &T c:!'
, hA0# Jj0 .&8ZO
.PFO +*A.] i9!C
X ,K i9!C s:( X %'((!O (!_ SG ; hd
,
% >,u
&A#! &jT E[ sAn JA1 ! he
&B &! W #!: , % ,_8' %'L i9!C [
110
www.efrin.net
111
www.efrin.net
0!
9
4H
( 3 1908 )
112
www.efrin.net
1
9 4
( 1908 )
# -1!
F (&A08" &
) '!O h[ %_'
(3 1909 1876) ]^ _ A jT _/ +,u cA
),T 6 X )(. 1 % T0 h_ , (.
]R & c k0#
: E?
ATO cT0 jT #
X ] %'O gA. <? )F %
'
!
SG &:1G P. A; SG 6A' (? ! %
&.F &' WG
.A#! &'!
9 ) &A ? '
)
,.
k0# -'! &,. h# X &A.
, )A ((b' ! #
'!F T %'!eR (!_ >A0
O ? !
1 !5
N ; he
X ^! "O
d &W g,[ h_ A5
0G jT &/W &A#! DI &' " '
.> AV]
% &A08" &' W
A P1 ?
P.! !A =D> 28 A0j'! 6 '= G :hA
mL G 7A#! AT P8 <! Z, (3 1907) &,. -4?
^!
, !O % )(= A#! D &O )F
xAd A0
X b#!8O P#! A (! X -D )
[
.&jT SG ( A#!) b/ (!8 6 hd
(3 1908)
113
www.efrin.net
>O +
d? s &ZT h (
3_5 <j.
.-C' &8d ! D_ b#!O X E0.G &8d X jT
2 X W !I= E[ X - # !? %_
)+![G ( A#!) &_/ )L S? &,T P: 7&A!
jT s e ( k0# &'(!_ h9
1 &'!_T
D 6/ D8
1 &'(b' (}!Z ) P D
1 &de <O
114
www.efrin.net
t(,
# (3 1847 1842) u ( tL D
%W &? A4, _K i~ &A..? (O &. (
.(t(!_ P! )
&Ad )
d
,DD h" +8= b# &A 6 S? &A (
? X
A i P ( cwo 08
C -/ _ T#
A[ &B %'_
t(!_ (? t(!_ _ I
#y hAd )!0
8# &A,W
/ P, X ZT mLZ# ). ( t
115
www.efrin.net
116
www.efrin.net
117
www.efrin.net
&TA9! a!j %
A )WO X &b,O &'(? X iT
9b s -(!W Eb >/*
9 &AFO j i. ((=
. X &A#!
.(!#) F
'
[ &A.A. &BAd cT0 k X )!Z
!eR @AF &A_ SG @AF &A_ % -Tr mL k0 ((!_
> &9 | _ % k0 &A08" &' W sA8
E[! }.O t(5 c[ iT (3 1913 1912) ,.
.( A#!) b/
.t " h8 X (O 3= A,A (!# Le (#
( (, EO SG &[5 g
&A#! )jT k0#
&
\T/ SG k[!: !B X &__O &,O ZFA[ +,
-[ gA
# .(, E8
'
[ ( #]
L x# Pj. &AT0! O 0. P#!
i &9 s:
&A1O &,. %'! X c0 (3 1913) sA X
t 3
i9!C % -
/ -T: t(!_ bAe @AF cM (
.)O ' (
# %'L Z9, % t
,[
'
T &LZ &'!j c, iW @A cAK h. :
:*
- 9 cA ( 6L# @A (!: &
cA &TO )!eO
&A_ <
c0 &.F &j,O P/! gA9! c:*. h"
' c0
c0
' %'(!O '
+! %'!:TO ]R :
)! 8# 0 3j 2O % c0[
118
www.efrin.net
119
www.efrin.net
120
www.efrin.net
2
9 U<V
= ' H
( 1918 1914 )
121
www.efrin.net
122
www.efrin.net
123
www.efrin.net
i % >O h#
0 7-'! w ? i x0 i. h
.(1)0D E0.G X 0# %'L 6
A#! X w ?
)L = t(!_ i hA8K SG &A, ? )Z <!T 1
x, c E' ] L %'! ! h9 X A#! X % ? k/
:&u*u .? h m!' ]
b/ ] &A'! )T.y ] &( ] (!_ %_ c0? -r 2I
&A#! &
>1e (!_ # G ) ! L Z" &A.A.
X k# F V E' (!_ % &yO &'
A85 a! G $
!d, # }8" A % -+b[ k0# G 9! 6
&yTO P &A#! &
: L - (!_ % ? >jT
.% ? h / 8
h9 +, (!: 9! 6 X # F %'L (!_ r?
s T0 ZA -8A # tL hZ &A0 6 : (
.% ?
1 &A#! &
Z,F _ &
6 : 9! 6 X # F %'L (!_ +]y r^
124
www.efrin.net
125
www.efrin.net
-
A Vj \_8 K!' (!_ #
X
SG / hdO !_ '( h"
SG >Z ,
&'(? %'( 0# (!_ .cA0 )!e h" !B
Q. a!j i0[ )O j. %' : A,A X (
X ' *8 &, &A! EZT X
'
a! (* !/
.E10?
Z:! %_ ] !5 +,u &'(!_ !9T &An 3 ? G
126
www.efrin.net
3
9& /
K0 l 3
( 1920 -1919 )
H!A
'T X A#! -D. k 6 / # tL (2)A. (
.g' X &'(!_ &AC
127
www.efrin.net
128
www.efrin.net
(1)
3A
129
www.efrin.net
!_ '( X m(= F hA8 &u*" E? -C' +]y %
C) ,T -C' Z, t
!8 3!#
(3 1925) &,. ^!? c,F tL wW (
A. (O
6 P D &A08AT % F j 6 A.
.`C ( +*, % !eR D"#
A X E0.G &8d X -d &A:u
(!_ 0
Z8(
X A00?
A, (!_ h9 +8= ((!'
D"# !eR +8= s1 ('e) SG A8d %
^! X !TO a!
&A,W &_5 ! kK \A0_G
130
www.efrin.net
t
0= e !# %'
*d jT (1) Viceroy Gobaru
7%W &'!/ h[ % q'
5 ! X (!_ +
ZF e
D?
.&O X ZA. -An +]y G
'
wW b#!8 X c0 (!_ ( ^ (
34, L !8. G ]- P 34,
' &AO 1
0 h c0 /*0 PB,' .sA8 ( SG t(yA. c0:
L, .
'
.?
P E*] # h'W k !5
+8b > ((b DB )
(3 1891) &,. G_ hA_
' %'L 6 .! +]y
A, De %'L >A
: +] % h, k0# &A!: h9 &,A &A G . Ae
'
. & P!O mAO E
[ ZA: &j, &' X !T
.)T0] mL xe k0#
X hT ([ JAK &A0_ (] P b5 G
-
'
[ -8A= s' L # &
&j,O % &, &j,
+,?
/ -0A/ 6 + # .! a!: X
A,
c= !_' (!8
A: Z9R )jT >,O DI %'!BO
131
www.efrin.net
132
www.efrin.net
4
= 9 4 c! -m
( 1925 )
7&A[ )
e &A08" &' W t(!_ i +, 3
`C &
E[ (= Z, -:( +( VG
t(!_ >! > &Aj ku
/ &=* !d, }
O
A
8Z,A &. !B" '! ^ ( (!
'
F +Q P#!
.-' -= kT# &#!5 k T
1915) E*e A#! &A.! A k
8,A/
#5 ,!M> ( A#!) E[
(3 1916
X !5 )Z[ % t(!_ i D\ , &Au sA
&T, &A!B E10? X ^! > V_.G .(!# A,A
3 +] (!_ %' ^! % (100) SG (!_ % (10)
}" t(!_ hA
' qA &A#! _ 8I!' &
.6'! &.A.
J 3 h_ -A#!
+*, % &8 &'
X ^!? 0 & &8, ]
h" Z'L !_' (!_ &8A4 &
# (!_
133
www.efrin.net
X .(!#
: D @ *B :! &=? PZ,
,
k/(# X -W!F ^, cAC H!
3*T !y
..(!# X (
E*.]
2!e 3*.
H!: X ^! cA:
tL k X %_
(3 1923) &,. &# O 2 x E( = X
T' ' (3 1918 1915) E*e _' ^! &A5 _ 1
>T, *# % % ? % A s 8I h &A, ? &?
% ]f ) n VG -#! ' \
A !_,'
^! i. i~ f -#! [ A % ? EW?
.xyO P8 ^T L
134
www.efrin.net
mj
&0
h# % ]- / (!_ m Z !AI
J9u P/ G (3 1922 1918) Z1 &/! E*e
!_T h# X >B 0# Q, % >"/ >BTO i0[?
& h (hdO Q0) A#! s a! &A8 (
5 . G
.xA,[ X ?
A,W (!_ ( sjT' !4 mL +=G
t(!_ |DO &A_ gA_ + )=,O
A
)/T k0# .-0! > EW -_ # tL t Ff
&A#! &A! (
5 &A#! &' T (
5 0[ &.F
>jA, E >U (!_ %W P &A#! &A. (
5
(Z[ kL
A#! X -AA/ -!je _' +]y # +'?
.!Z &"A"/
40
: >1I 3? % !K
(!_
Z4/ ] E*.] h[ % A#!
1 &' u -!/ (!_ (
! DeL )(T !: >_,U `C % &
1925) &,. R % %'! t(5 X & &'(!# &10
..(!# N e ^!? (!W
(3
&j, &A.. hC &10] 6 ^!? Q/ %_
135
www.efrin.net
'
5 &_.
'
[ JA: i[ SG ^!
8 6 -(
) !ey SG m. PT0!
0] kK k0# &' T
% ' (!_ # L_ %' 0 > )!d/ &'(!_
!V SG E
.&AA!.G s SG T,' Z
&,A/ & c
, h_ tL ) R h[ SG &[(
X &A? `j; X &'(!_ ) %
A[ !d, k
,
&A, ? >' Z8 ( P 8# ZA/,[ P8K ) R
.&A0A ?
&Z[ SG &A. &!1 A#! kZ[ (3 1926) &,. E*e
x 2![ &A,W \ # ? -! (!_ Z[ ) R
1928 1927) !: E*e >:!j > &A, )Z[ E(
136
www.efrin.net
&'(!_ )
1 &' 2 ^!? 3
. (3 1928) &,. h9 X 1
.xyO >!9W
: ) R &Z[ X
4? ,>o8 " t!_T
9 () R) t!IR u `.
2
] m D. |(/ &A0 !ZW X c h !'G SG D
.xyO ZA: h &,T !#
137
www.efrin.net
138
www.efrin.net
5
-4 9 4 H
( 1932 -1930 )
E*. k0 84 &A ? 2 k0# 8,A Z8=
.&A#! &' Z8 G % ! )8# % q .(!#
139
www.efrin.net
SG A/*d ^!?
(3 1915) &,. % -+
VG 0A % ? 8 &A/ &A0jA )+![
SG > ! +'!? (!_ EW? +T, = _
+!C; Z'( \A ^! &# h9 [ &A!B E10?
Q.? a! X ' *O &AO h/T SG x/b &A
!8 != X 0# %'L EW? +T, )A
.
mL &'j h: -,8AZ i H!O < # ]f
a(,; k0# O q" 3# G b[ &'! ),9_
+A/ ZZ[ SG +T +]y x0 / h' a!j
.P#! .? C5 P mLZ:
&de (!_ J k_ &A/ s94 mL hAd G
h ] g, =b 'e &Ad \!0 )A +T,
!V P!F A? ( _T
'! G ., !#L0 g,
\_ i. % ? h (3 1915) &,.
tL )!
(!_ h (3 1932 1925) ),. E*e -'! h8#
.Z.
% _'
'
^! .! # )A,Au*" E*e
0] s.
% E0.G X Zd SG &A! A?
A#!
xA5 84 A0j'! : 6 s tL !;
P1 ? (AT P.AT E*.] :K iI! k0#
.&A#!
140
www.efrin.net
6
" "
) ) '
44 9 H
( 1928 -1927 )
>A !9. i_ Z, Jj,' &' W &'l! -. ,1
% -+b[ A,A ? &O &'(!_ JW,O % -D"#
' 8,A/ % ?
141
www.efrin.net
142
www.efrin.net
2 ." k4C4# 6 ( R " :!, (0 k,I
A.R % 3( t
i 6 ^! )
.
: &A ?
!
A 7&.? &'(O h9. \
. VG j.
A k mL % ? >' Ff (!_ h" &Ad?
.h? &,. ]R & (4000) L, VW X
mL A ? <
e 2!e &A/0 % &A/0 % L
! % *
- A G .&O &'Z, mL SG !? Z0: 0e
) O % *
- A &A &T )8# &A0T0 T/
.D"# < ( EA. # &A*e?
.[!O
%'L % 1
A. @A # 1
143
www.efrin.net
7
9 3
0 .
144
www.efrin.net
145
www.efrin.net
146
www.efrin.net
0 8 . (1)!: &A08AT X m(= h" 7t(!_
:h9 & !b h8K D"_ 2!e? h9 [
.&A#! (
5 % >'! >A0= >F c# t
0
% !'b[ / t([ h[ % T )
,O X
@' X &:!O kT !9 A &A#! (
5 (2)!8
&T, (k :) ,
DD I }.T 68 t
X
A# #L Z: ( =) P H % , T
. FR ^ )A/
X Eb,O h) ,. X D_ t(b' s8 P
sAn G &A.AT )W, % -
A (a! % !B E8
A,A .(!# X >'(b' %'L >A ? &/!
< i L % 0 + (= u
K Z, &A &:
&:!O _ &j.O &:" t % &/! 6 X iT
)]]( -
[ &
&A,'
9 &.
Z &A:_ &A{
.Z.W
147
www.efrin.net
8
S<
3
9
( `C (
&A{ (O % !0 hATO %
:
2!e? &' T
O X i/ J( X !.
t
A
#y &' 8TO )/ % &( ^, jT
(1)
' . a!
X 8' 0# 3A % +! !
.> %'=e >A0T >A,Z8#
% (!_ J:
&'(!_ !9 P#! (Zj1] L,
&AF > b 8 ,W. qA/ ' . SG A#!
&'b X &de t T i0 % (
B
'
/ &_. EW
.(2)A#! % &A! &A, a! % &A! &A8
X >] %'L E( & %_ c0: ]G &"'
5 &A.AT )8AT J: 1
k0# P 3A kjT E
i' ]
Z 6
.[!O
X
A# ZA >A !.
, "'
/ ( ' . A#! i_ % I xA# t ( ] 2
&A S? &AO !5
&A08" &
AT N0 % r
A#! > &A5 (
5 k P &AT0! &'bA_0 _A g_'.
! A' = (
5 mL . h (!_ # .' .
148
www.efrin.net
9
3
9 9(
c A#!
h# &A8 &A.AT !4 !I %
ij i0[ S: (A#!) H X D# DBd &A8AG ij
% ? (!_ >' T % h_ &,A &A( ij & E(
.(A#!) %
'
A X >A[
FR '( # [>9( #] '( 3A G
(
H ) &A{ + Z# ' . (1)'D'G A,A
_A g_'. &A %_ (!_ (* t (.(!#) 8T' tL wW
!ef ZC k[ P#! , %81 (!_ k[ P
P#! i0 % ,' 0# %'L (!_ : L 7t T , %81
0_' (.(!#) wW ! %81 ,' 0# G ' . SG
mL ! a! &de H SG P#! a! &de H % ,'
JW,O 4 ,_T' (!_ 6 hA(
1 &A{ &A/
SG ( ] JW,O mL X ,_. G $ &' T &A#! (
5 0[
D"# ! SG ( G Q: _A g_'.
Z %'! ! &'
.[!O &.
.[!O A[
.] 1
149
www.efrin.net
150
www.efrin.net
+ !, &AO )
A uG Zj. (!_ ku
.(
/
0 D G 7A#! X (!_ &A( &A0_. )+/G hT
# tL Gabriel Effendi Ngora Dunghian ,j?2 4j? *)I
&A[ -!'= (-90) - ,. % -! -A00 - T
&,. h c0 }e (3 1913 1912) ,. E*e A#! X
&:1G )+/ hAT X sO P#!
O # (3 1914)
(
% (% 25) 0 ^! PA5 (
SG (% 25)
c' % c. .&' W X &A#! DI 2!e? ,[ PA5
_: (3 1927) &,. &' Z8 A#! cL0 tL E? +/ X
&,. (3 1911) &,. D# !9Te )
_
A#! c[
,[ (
0 !O mL ^!? (
1 L (3 1923)
.(% 50) &T, 2!e?
&Ae
!'= }O T m!0 A#! % JA( # X
X (!_ _T P ! +[ (3 1915) &,. P#!
&8T0 x & (800000) h. 8# &A08" &' W
h# X D_ &'(!_ (
? 0
, -/ , ! L
t!T hA/! )A8
.-C' &8 ' . a! %
%
' &' " )10] X P.O E/ = _
.i'! c[ (!_ (
-Ad -8 Pj0 -
[ i
+,u (3 1925) &,. -A k, ? & &# G
:(!_ h_ (
% &Af 3 ? k
hdO (
/ <
151
www.efrin.net
152
www.efrin.net
10
oV 9
153
www.efrin.net
154
www.efrin.net
11
(SX <( )%) %
9^ ('&
155
www.efrin.net
156
www.efrin.net
157
www.efrin.net
12
9 /
,S -9
158
www.efrin.net
(A*A) (A"5)
' iF
[' ] 3A:
= ((!_)
' iF
[' %_ (A0.T)
L, A (!_ Z,_T' # ZT0 &A:!B &j,O X A'
.kC &,. ]R & (4000)
&Z 0 iF JT X 0# 8# 3A (!_
Z' !u t % - e -A/ -A8T[ +d
sAjT' ), %ZO X <' )]f t( t(!_
.&_ &' hAd &ZT iB'
sAO ? !5 cT0 t(!_ :/ ! EW
&,=? X &A cF !Z4 k0# &.? mL AT
Dj s h % %_8A. c0 Ju &
.2!e? # +A8A_
a*e? %_T8' )jAT )AAW %Z: )'(!_ +T,
t C5 aL 4, % )80 %T %V % I! D#
/ SG
<0 G - % bA8 &* t
T E8 ]G ?
%( . Z,,' )=!jO g*O hA8 (T
).T/ %[ h" % %"'
, %Z SG *
- T
.! A.8 s8T )! -
[
0AC
. , [ACa GMAF E[ c,_T' tL (1)=b X
A 2
/G X -'!I -!4, )
F ( 3!1 >) @4Yj*[ D
.[!O -Ad Vj (!_ m(!' tL P !O == 1
159
www.efrin.net
ZA: i/ &
,' t!' t(!# !F & # 7!8O
c.! % <:
h[ % -nZ ! &u*u
/
A F
h . D"# !z iAd De? cdd JW
(O
t
cA k, c.! iW{ & )8_ m!,e
8 )8_
0 ! )d s xO L
, c/![
&8A; X 0# ! *
- [ >u*u / !u E5 X D#
.+_ Z[
&!T +#L (!_ c8' X +PF
[' ] &A5 X
(!_
, t!j (
.] L %'!ef VD[ h"
!'
, 8A. ] !"#: !"# P.AT 1! 3
SG Z:
A.
X / &A,W Z/ ZA !_,' %'L D > -8T Z,W
.&A!B A.R >'!F X 0* & ( %8_ , L _5
X L[ ZB X D"# )8# & &' R &B (!_ _'
(3 1927) &,. ,4A4 lo 2(0
&A
, )8_
. &8d (
R) !_ '( L .(!# E*.
160
www.efrin.net
.(!# (
/ (3 1920) &,. k/(# k
@' .&A5 &'(] &A! J9 -W
Ad h_
( Z8
&jA0 &- [ -0! > @' G _/
t(!_ i s,' s _ & % h~ D: &AAW
.3A cT0 ZA:
~ &AT !4 mL
6 wW ! X &. L[ :!' (!_ G
ZA!F X .(!# !I X
[ k,# c0 I -A( !
Je X iT
'
EA[ E*e k0# )' WG
.t(!_ i
&AT0 &A.A. h#
*
- Ad -F G D# 38 !'
[ .(!# h" -8Z -
G
(!_ @' G m' hC: & JT' t(!_ i h"
~
, !WO 8' Zj. c0
#y' q'
5
&AO !4 h X &A,W &A.AT Z/ h[ % E
.&A!B A.R (
/ + +
d
~ %_ &A5
161
www.efrin.net
$K
162
www.efrin.net
$K
3-4!
: 1
163
www.efrin.net
164
www.efrin.net
JW,O
1 h (# % h_ 34 ^O m
tL 3 s !"#
.&[( P!F X & &A
F# Markhashi PFe P1 &* &:! %_ ]
% .3A H Zamwa = Lulubi Kashshu
&/!O X &
bAA %_ ] )*e
%
'
&
1
X &
68O &, &:!O mL q % &A5
165
www.efrin.net
%81 &[
3A (] (T' L m! 6 'P2
-3
166
www.efrin.net
*/ >
d
: 7(1)P1O ! % )A,AT8; !: E*e
&' 8TO &_ )
g &' 8TO =! 6
: tL ,4>*2
.
>' F
'
s X ZA !" 6
&' 8TO =! % (
&8 X j{ U (
A,A 4 -/ h8 k0# H ? . Kur- ti # h"
' Kurd (!# s je +!O .] L k:* c .&A!
D &j, )uG X I %'L 6 h# )DT '
c0#
E. Forrer : .G d
: E/ &' Kurti # P
.(2)(31928) &,. j; L
:#(# ()2 3 !% 4'!% 4
167
www.efrin.net
-
' h 8_/ %'L >A ^O +]y
/
00
8A: kA
Innini wA0G >'!T &G
.Sin >. !8 cG Anahita
:35(!%
0I :>AF_ ^O +
... Khrabe - Shipak ^AF !e Kashtiliash AAF#
&'(#? &'!T +? % - & bA &AF# + VG G
# h'W k 6 h .&A +? h" 6 X Z"
# - ]- 8 Zd &AZT h
X !.
AF_
E* X T >AF_ Q: c[ gA S? &A &*T
, % >( >'!T &Z[ C' ZA # h &A!
>A"5
' .(*AO h ! sT ! % E? s! /
Z. )! !V EW 2!B A.R %
%'L Hitties
.h _/ X >AF_ &8Z
Agom
3IR
-5
Gandash
Sina
&'b#!O &,'
O s a! % 3A h"8O ,-I 5
168
www.efrin.net
)*9 3
G .3A P 8# Sine = Senne c,.
%_T Eb &'(!_ h9 2 &'(!_
.&A. L, ](
&,'
h"
Shasili PA.F Sasili PA.. &,'
A# >. (70)
& Chamchamal E8
(^#!#) %I % PTA9! J'!j (
B P!F -!
.3A &8d %_ &A08AT SG
.] P{ tL .] Zukushki P_F#= H N
(* %
E &T. P !Ib PA5
.&A,A ? W SG &A!B &A, :
&' Ff Gular ] s Jj %_ Lalar ]] h (
> (
5 h_ P ( ] 3A
De?
(Z SG ( &' 8TO )A5 X .A0 (
A
>A
1 !5 1e %'L %'!eO FR ^
s Jj %_ &,_? + &AF_ &A !9
&[( P!F & .(!# X &A5 2!
O +
Pd? %W k" P m* #LO &A &"?#
.!F h P!F E E s' t(!_ i
: # -#'!% 5:% ,('92%
7
169
www.efrin.net
-8
-9
Z # J'!I cAG b tL t j.? i
.&8A4 &' WG
170
www.efrin.net
171
www.efrin.net
iF JT X
[' 6L &A0 (# !. 3' X (T
.(1)3A
[' ] '
A ] t
A
824 858) ^ "?M h" 34 FR ^ G
'P2 (3.a 728 747) ^ D fj (3.a
WG % N!{ i_ &' W )'!#L !jAT 8,A/ 1
: &A{ J9u )AjO h_ &/W -
[ h8' &A1O
G .-"'
/ -
!B a! X U "/ cA J h#
(!_ > 9 *; P i_ Z, Jj,' &A{ &A;
_T: (A#! P!F) &A8 .(!# X &.F JW, E/ % ?
%81 k0# &A, k0# V ' % ? %_ (!# JW,O mL
-. ,0
-. &A, ? &' W ZA k P1 ?
mL h" X k
&AA# &' W ijO mL h" X j; c[
.&A{ ):*;
P @' % 3 +bz &/W SG P!' i_ i'!B %_
i (
[ =! % (
AO) ([ X 6A_
0 t(!_
f22/ P'!I yO !# &A{ )O -C: t(!_
&A:!B[ &j, (() . (O # G .>e yO % mDI
&j,O %_. tL i . :f EyT ' iF . gA
6 % Jj0 tL i % ('
A) . -A{ k:!
>A s xK &' Ff &' W c[ X ('
A) &j,O
] .c, &[ i_ E ] L &' W 6 `.
('
AO) &j,O 6 _. @' x, h# cA: 6'
.[!O ' f ] % ? ] ! gA (!_ (
[
172
www.efrin.net
!#L'
'
)! (() bI tL (3.a 705 722) ]^
V
Ad !# J. A? X 3A s D"# &,_ +
+
' 0# Z,_ ZA &'b H!: (() !Z .
'
A/ (H ?) ( k0# !# %#?
.ZA: )A8
P Omman- Manda
0 -I kA h9 G
&/W >A )
. P (() .] !eR (!
] : (* Q. % h9 k0# (3.a 606) &,. >' Ff
X L &A'!I )A_A.*_ ZAG ) F %'L ! +]y &*
tL (3.a 624 668) 0(A?D 4W t Ff 6O
>/
F > >A !#L' h 6 'P4#4 # me #
.De? L &A/ k0# 2!e
:9(?!% ((=!%) (+(#;'!% -10
A,A bAA DI % f22/ s8~ &A. )'] &89 X
s Euxsin Sea (%'b !) wAT#? ! /
'
-F
ZAG O Babkhi P H &A5 X P pactyice gA#
() P % 3A &W P &' 8TO )_ X
( ) (k ) &:!O &'(!_ h9 (K 0
X*
- d k,_. h9 mL G .(,'() B X!B .]
] qA/ (. ) &[( P!F b t!V > & &j,O
!Z
, c0 J. 8A: , %A
.& &A + kK A Eb
173
www.efrin.net
174
www.efrin.net
$K
W4!
:!% ( # B!% 1
(1)
Sghert
175
www.efrin.net
X (1)
! w ca# D i t(!_ !_ '( D
.
:(%'C!% 2
176
www.efrin.net
177
www.efrin.net
&A, )
,O SG P. A; % &'F mL )
kolaman ]# hd % +j, )F .&A, ? j
(, i9!C E A,A / 0 jT' 0#
! +8= % &y (
B X A ]# &_/ k0# h?
.+!" X -8W , X
/
= >A[ [ g#!F
:3(#(# K%5/ @$9% 7
&,'
b#! &A !F? +8b # iB X
A J. (3 1806) &,. X hT 8_ (&A08A.)
> 3( :_ DI <!d
&A#! N:? ,DD D
X
178
www.efrin.net
,DD D XI c, QT (3 1812) &,. X .T. &0A &A0
.(
B 3 SG m0
179
www.efrin.net
$K
.+!
:L# 3(.#! 3('(H!% 3(?C!% 1
180
www.efrin.net
:M(5!% F!(?!% 2
.[!O &'
A85 a! 1
181
www.efrin.net
4~ :)
4z4+
Gu "
5
7
.
. p(i G xoI :@2 0"
20
. c sAjT0 1
.3! h/!' i~ 2
13
21
.
p(iM %?+ S4i :]^ 0"
56
.)'
SG &/ :(!_ 1
23
.h X S? &A&'(!_ &_8O 2
31
.h AF_ 3
35
182
www.efrin.net
57
75
.G
0NA2 ]^( q :=D 0"
94
77
85
89
.&"'
5 X .(!# &A:!B[ 3
95
. z G
f4^ :#5 0"
134
97
183
www.efrin.net
.=
0 F
u 2
103
.6 e
D? u 3
107
.cT0
A' @' 4
119
. : (* X (!_ u 5
123
.&'(!_ &A,W &#!5 +0 6
125
.(!_ .! A4, 7
131
135
.G^_ P 2
:> 0"
188
.(!_ &A#! " 1
137
.S? &AO !5 &'(!_ h9 2
145
184
www.efrin.net
165
169
173
175
179
181
185
189
.o+
212
191
205
209
213
.4~ :)
185
www.efrin.net