Professional Documents
Culture Documents
gm19 20notes2
gm19 20notes2
http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Commercial_Aviation/Opening_of_Jet_era/Tran6G1.htm
Basic mechanisms:
Fatigue crack initiation: stress cycling drives
dislocations on slip planes. Leads to dislocation pile
up and formation of persistent slip bands
SLH
PSB
Matrix
ys
SRH
1
2
ye
Matrix
Interface
dislocation
B'
B'
A'
A'
S
S
b
B
B
A Descriptions of the critical annihilation distance for screw and edge dislocations.
B Mechanism of extrusion formation by combined glide and dislocation annihilation.
C Irreversible slip in the PSB creating effective interfacial dislocations which put the
slip band in a state of compression.
D The combined effects of applied stresses and internal stresses. Bigger arrows
indicate repulsive forces on interfacial dislocations and smaller arrows denote forces
..
caused by the applied load. (After Essmann, Gosele & Mughrabi, 1981.)
Image adapted from: Suresh, S. Fatigue of Materials. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Slip planes
Stage 1 cracks
Stage 2 crack
How cracks form in low-cycle fatigue.
Image adapted from: Ashby, M. F., and D. R. H. Jones.
Engineering Materials 1. Pergamon Press, 1980.
Kmax
New surface
/2
ry
ary
DsN af = C
Where
(Basquins Law)
Log
TS
Low cycle
fatigue
x
High cycle
fatigue
x x
x
Plastic deformation of
bulk of specimen
x x
x
x x
1/4
102
104
106
Elastic deformation of
bulk of specimen
Basquin's law
Log Nf
Initiation-controlled high-cycle fatigue - basquin's law.
Image adapted from: Ashby, M. F., and D. R. H. Jones.
Engineering Materials 1. Pergamon Press, 1980.
DK = Ds pa .
e.g.
da
= ADK m
dN
(Paris Law)
log da
dN
( (
Fast fracture
Steady state
Threshold
da = A Km
dN
log K
Kmax = Kc
Nf
af
N f = dN =
0
da
m
ADK
a0
where
1 Kc
af =
p s max
K = a
Kmax = max a
Kmin = min a for min > 0
for min < 0
Kmin = 0
max
K
Kmax
min
0
Time
max
Time
K
Kmax
0
Time
Time
Mzmax 6PL
s
==
Max Stress = max
I
h 3
P=
h 3s y
6L
m = rAL = rh 2 L
cross-sectional dimension, h, is a free design
variable, so eliminate between the two equations:
6LP 1/3
h =
sy
2 /3 2 /3 5 /3 r
m=P 6 L
2/3
s y
which is expressed in the form p = f1(F) . f2(G) . f3(M)
Thus the lowest mass beam for a given load carrying
r
capacity will have the lowest value of 2 / 3
s y
2/3
s y
Or the highest value of r
PR
2RLP + 2tLs = 0 s =
t
s =sy
Kc
pac
s=
s y
1 Kc
ac =
p
s y
To maximize ac choose max
K 2
c
s y
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Yield
Fracture
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
K c
I.e. s =
pt
PR
t=
sy
Hence:
2
K2
Kc t
t
1
K
c
P2 = c P =
P=
pR s y
R p
R2 p
K 2
c
s
y