TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THNH PH H CH MINH

VIN CNG NGH SINH HC THC PHM

cco0odd

TIU LUN
Mn: CNG NGH CH BIN THY SN

ti: CNG NGH SN XUT C BASA

PHI L NG LNH

GVBM: NGUYN HUNH .THUN

LP: HTP8A
SVTH:
TRN TH HNG N

12034751

TN N YN NHI

12019711

S CN TC

12010621

NGUYN THU TRANG

12031951

TP.HCM, thng 4 nm 2015

NHN XT CA GV
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MC LC
Phn 1: TNG QUAN V NGHNH THY SN CA NC TA ............................. 1
1.1.c im chung ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2.Tnh hnh ch bin thy sn vit nam .......................................................................... 1
1.2.1.Cc giai on pht trin .......................................................................................... 1
1.2.2. Th trng xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam ........................................................ 2
1.2.3. Sn lng v xut khu thy sn thng 3/2015 .................................................... 4
1.3.c im sinh hc ca c ba sa ..................................................................................... 5
1.3.1 Phn loi c ba sa ................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2.Phn b .................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.3.Hnh thi, sinh l ................................................................................................... 6
1.3.4.c im dinh dng ............................................................................................ 6
1.3.5.c im sinh trng ............................................................................................ 7
1.3.6.Gi tr dinh dng.................................................................................................. 7
Phn 2: QUY TRNH V THUYT MINH QUY TRNH SN XUT C BASA
FILLET NG LNH IQF ................................................................................................ 9
2.1. Quy trnh ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh ............................................................................................... 10
2.2.1. Tip nhn ngyn liu .......................................................................................... 10
2.2.2. Ct tit ra 1 .................................................................................................... 10
2.2.3. Phi l ................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.4. Ra 2 ................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.5. Lng da ............................................................................................................... 13
2.2.6. Chnh hnh .......................................................................................................... 13
2.2.7. Soi k sinh trng ................................................................................................. 14

2.2.8. Ra 3 ................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.9. Quay thuc .......................................................................................................... 15
2.2.10. phn c, loi...................................................................................................... 15
2.2.11. Cn 1 ................................................................................................................. 16
2.2.12. Ra 4 ................................................................................................................. 16
2.2.13. Ch ng .......................................................................................................... 17
2.2.14. Cp ng ............................................................................................................. 17
2.2.15. M bng ............................................................................................................ 18
2.2.16. Ti ng ............................................................................................................ 18
2.2.17. Cn 2 ................................................................................................................. 19
2.2.18. D kim loi ....................................................................................................... 19
2.2.19. Bao gi .............................................................................................................. 20
2.2.20. ng thng .......................................................................................................... 20
2.2.21. Bo qun ............................................................................................................. 21
Phn 3: K THUT LM LNH NG SN PHM ................................................. 22
3.1.Mc ch ngha ........................................................................................................ 22
3.1.1.nh ngha ........................................................................................................... 22
3.1.2.Mc ch lm lnh ng thy sn ........................................................................ 22
3.1.3.Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian lnh ng thy sn ..................................... 23
s3.2.Nhng bin i ca thy sn sn trong qu trnh lm ng lnh. ............................. 26
3.2.1.Bin i vi sinh vt .............................................................................................. 26
3.2.2.Bin i ha hc .................................................................................................. 26
3.2.2.1.Bin i cht m ......................................................................................... 26
3.2.2.2.Bin i cht bo .......................................................................................... 26

3.2.2.3.Bin i gluxit .............................................................................................. 26

3.2.2.4.Bin i vitamin ........................................................................................... 27
3.2.2.5.Bin i cht khong .................................................................................... 27
3.2.3.Bin i l hc ..................................................................................................... 27
3.2.3.1.Tng th tch ................................................................................................. 27
3.2.3.2.Thay i mu sc .......................................................................................... 27
3.2.3.3.Gim trng lng.......................................................................................... 27

Phn 1: TNG QUAN V NGHNH THY SN CA NC TA

1.1.c im chung
Vi ng b bin di hn 3.200 km, vng c quyn kinh t trn bin rng hn 1
triu km2, vng mt nc ni a ln rng hn 1,4 triu ha , v tr a l v iu kin t
nhin thun li gip Vit Nam c nhiu th mnh ni tri pht trin ngnh cng
nghip thy sn. T lu Vit Nam tr thnh quc gia sn xut v xut khu thy sn
hng u khu vc, cng vi Indonesia v Thi Lan. Xut khu thy sn tr thnh mt
trong nhng lnh vc quan trng ca nn kinh t.
1.2.Tnh hnh ch bin thy sn vit nam
1.2.1.Cc giai on pht trin
Ni v thy sn khng th khng nhc n vai tr, v tr ca ngnh ch bin thy
sn. sNhng bc thng trm ca ngnh ny lun gn lin vi nhp sng chung ca nn
kinh t t nc, nht l cng cuc i mi ton din t nc. Bi vy, qu trnh
pht trin ca ngnh ch bin thy sn c th c hnh dung qua cc giai on sau:
1.2.1.1.Giai on 1975-1980
Nm trong tnh trng tr tr chung ca kinh t t nc, ngnh thy sn cng lm
vo tnh trng sa st ko di.
Cc c s ch bin c c ch yu bng ngun vin tr khng hon li ca quc
t. Nm 1980 c nc mi ch c 40 c s ch bin ng lnh vi tng cng sut cp ng
l 172 tn/ngy. Trong khi nhiu nh my xy dng xong nhng khng pht huy c
cng sut, nguyn liu khai thc ch c huy ng cho ch bin t 20 - 30%.
1.2.1.2.Giai on 1981-1994
Trong 13 nm lin tc, ngnh thy sn lun hon thnh vt mc ton din cc ch
tiu k hoch Nh nc giao vi tc tng trng bnh qun 5 - 7%/nm v sn
lng khai thc, 12 - 13% v gi tr kim ngch xut khu.
Ni bt nht trong giai on ny l lnh vc ch bin pht trin rng khp vi tc tng
bnh qun 9 nh my mi nm.
Thm vo cn c h thng cc nh my sn xut nc vi tng cng sut
2.000 tn/ngy... to ra bc pht trin nhy vt v cht trong qu trnh gi gn
ti ca nguyn liu, gim tiu hao, tht thot sau thu hoch, gp phn nng cao gi tr

kinh t ca sn phm. Kt qu l t l sn phm ch bin ng lnh so vi tng nguyn

liu tng nhanh v t 51%/nm vo nm 1994 so vi 11,4%/nm vo nm 1980.
1.2.1.3. Giai on1994 2000
Ngnh ch bin thy sn cng nhn c s ch trng c bit ca cc cp, cc
ngnh v cc a phng. Nhiu chng trnh, d n to bo nh nh bt xa b
c hnh thnh. Xut khu tng mnh.
1.2.1.4.Giai on 2001 n 2014
Ch bin xut khu thy sn l ng lc cho tng trng v chuyn i c cu
trong khai thc v nui trng thy sn. C nc c tng s hn 470 c s doanh
nghip ch bin thy sn. Trong , 248 c s - doanh nghip (chim gn 53%) t
tiu chun ca th trng EU - mt th trng kh tnh vo bc nht th gii; trn 300
c s - doanh nghip c Hn Quc cng nhn tiu chun cht lng
1.2.1.5.Giai on t nm 2014 n nay
Ngnh thy sn tip tc c bc t ph trn cc lnh vc t khai thc, nui trng
n ch bin, xut khu, trong ln u tin gi tr xut khu thy sn t gn 8 t
USD.
Nm 2014, mc d phi i mt vi nhiu kh khn nhng ngnh thy sn vn t
tng sn lng 6,3 triu tn, tng 4,4% so vi cng k nm ngoi. Gi tr xut khu t
7,920 t USD, tng 18% so vi nm ngoi, vt 11,6% so vi k hoch.
Nm 2015, ton ngnh thy sn phn u tng sn lng t 6,6 triu tn, tng
5,5% so vi nm 2014, gi tr xut khu t 8,5 t USD.
1.2.2. Th trng xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam
C cu th trng xut khu thu sn thay i r nt k t nm 2000 n nay. M
v Nht Bn tr thnh th trng tiu th thu sn hng u ca Vit Nam, tip l th
trng EU. Cc th trng chu nh i Loan, Hn Quc c v tr kh n nh.
+ M: l mt trong nhng th trng nhp khu thu sn hng u ca Vit Nam. C tra,
basa phi l ng lnh l mt hng c o ca Vit Nam ti th trng M
+ Nht Bn: l th trng em li hiu qu cao cho xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam. S
thiu ng b trong h thng bo m an ton cht lng sn phm thu sn ca Vit Nam
ang l vn rt ln trong vic duy tr ch ng trn th trng Nht Bn
2

+ EU: l th trng c nhu cu ln v n nh v hng thu sn, nhng li l th trng

c coi l c yu cu cao nht i vi sn phm nhp khu, vi cc quy nh kht khe
v cht lng v an ton v sinh. Vic xut khu sn phm sang th trng EU s gp
phn nng cao uy tn ca hng thu sn Vit Nam trn th trng th gii
+ Trung Quc v Hng Kng: l nhng th trng nhp khu thu sn trung bnh trn th
gii. Trong tng lai, Trung Quc s l th trng tiu th thu sn hng u ca khu
vc chu , vi c im tiu th ca th trng ny l va tiu th cho dn c bn a,
va l th trng ti ch v ti xut.
+ Mt s th trng khc:
Cc th trng khc thuc chu c quan tm ngy mt nhiu hn, nht l Hn
Quc v i Loan. Cc th trng ny ch yu nhp khu c bin, mc, bch tuc.
xtrylia: xut khu sang th trng ny vn c s tng trng tuy nhp khng u
Th trng ng u :mc d kim ngch xut khu cn cha cao nhng y cng l 1 th
trng xut khu y tim nng. s
Top 10 th trng xut khu c tra ln nht trong thng 2/2015 theo lng v t
trng
Th trng
M
Mexico
Colombia
Trung quc
Saudi Arabia
Philippines
H lan
Ty Ban Nha
Thi Lan
Hng Kong
Tng

Lng (nghn tn)

5.415
3.696
2.323
1.925
1.767
1.343
1.277
1.254
1.168
998
36.896

T trng (%)
14,68
10,02
6,30
5,22
4,79
3,64
3,46
3,40
3,16
2,71
100,00

Ngun : AgroMonitor Tng hp s liu ts Tng cc Hi quan

1.2.3. Sn lng v xut khu thy sn thng 3/2015

Tng sn lng thu sn thng 3 c t 1.260 ngn tn, tng 2,9% so vi nm
2014, trong sn lng khai thc c t 750 ngn tn, tng 3,2%; sn lng nui
trng c t 510 ngn tn, tng 2,4% so vi nm 2014.

Gi tr xut khu thy sn c t 417 triu USD, a gi tr xut khu 3 thng u

nm 2015 t 1,27 triu USD, gim 20,6% so vi cng k nm 2014.

Hoa K vn duy tr c v tr l th trng nhp khu hng u ca thy sn Vit

Nam, chim 18,62% tng gi tr xut khu. Trong 2 thng u nm 2015, xut khu thy
sn sang th trng ny t 159,05 triu USD, gim 40,22% so vi cng k nm 2014.
Xut khu sang Nht Bn cng gim ng k vi mc gim l 11,73%. Xut khu tng
trng cc th trng nh Trung Quc (tng 47,3%), Mhic (tng 42,81%), Thi Lan
(tng 8,73%), Hn Quc tng (1,91%).

1.3.c im sinh hc ca c ba sa
1.3.1 Phn loi c ba sa
Theo h thng phn loi Tyson Roberts, c ba sa thuc h Pangasiidae, ging
Pangasius, loi P. Bocourti. Trc y c ba sa c nh danh l Pangasius pangasius
(hamilton).
1.3.2.Phn b
C ba sa phn b lu vc sng M kng, c mt c 4 nc Lo, Vit Nam,
Campuchia v Thi Lan. Thi Lan cn gp c ba sa sng Chaophrava. nc ta
nhng nm trc y khi cha c c sinh sn nhn to, c bt v c ging ba sa c vt
trn sng Tin v sng Hu. C trng thnh ch thy trong ao nui, rt t gp trong t
nhin a phn Vit Nam, do c c tnh di c ngc dng sng M kng sinh sng v
tm ni sinh sn t nhin.

1.3.3.Hnh thi, sinh l

C ba sa (cn gi l c bng) l c da trn, c thn di, chiu di chun bng 2,5 ln
chiu cao thn. u c ba sa ngn, hi trn, dp bng, trn rng. Ming hp, chiu rng
ca ming t hn 10% chiu di chun, ming nm hi lch di mm. Di rng hm trn
to v rng v c th nhn thy khi ming khp. C 2 i ru, ru hm trn bng chiu di
u, ru mp di ti hoc qu gc vy ngc. Mt to, bng to, l m rt ln, phn sau
thn dp bn, lng v u mu xm xanh, bng trng bc. Chiu cao ca cung ui hn
7% chiu di chun.
C basa khng c c quan h hp ph, ngng oxy cao hn c tra, nn chu ng
km mi trng nc c hm lng oxy ha tan thp.C ba sa sng ch yu nc
ngt, chi c nc l nh, nng mui 12%, chu ng c ni nc phn c pH
>5,5. Ngng nhit t 18 40oC, ngng oxy ti thiu l 1,1mg/lt. Nhn chung s
chu ng ca c ba sa vi mi trng khc nghit khng bng c tra, do c c nui
thng phm ch yu trong b trn sng nc chy.
1.3.4.c im dinh dng
C ba sa c tnh n tp thin v ng vt. H tiu ha ca c thc s hon chnh 3
ngy sau khi bt u n thc n bn ngoi. C cng ho n nhng t tranh mi hn so vi
c tra. Sau khi ht non hong , c n ng vt ph du l chnh.
Trong iu kin nui nhn to thc n thch hp giai an u l u
trng Artemia, Moina, t c t l sng ti 91-93%, trong khi dng thc n nhn to
th t l sng ch t 67% v tc tng trng cng km hn. T ngy tui th 7 c th
chuyn sang n thc n nhn to. Nhu cu protein ca c ba sa khong 30-40% khu phn,
h s tiu ha protein khong 80-87% v h s tiu ha cht bo kh cao 90-98%.
Giai on ln c cng c kh nng thch ng nhanh vi cc loi thc n c ngun
gc ng vt, thc vt v d kim nh hn hp tm, cm, rau, c vn v ph phm
nng nghip, do thun li cho ngi nui khi cung cp thc n cho c trong b.
Khi phn tch thc n trong rut c nh bt ngoi t nhin, cho thy thnh phn
thc n kh a dng, c ba sa thin v ng vt v mn b hu c.
C ba sa thnh thc tui 3+ n 4. Trong t nhin vo ma sinh sn (thng 3-4
hng nm) c ba sa ngc dng tm cc bi thch hp v trng. C ba sa khng c c
quan sinh dc ph nn cng kh phn bit c c ci khi nhn hnh dng ngoi. Khi c
giai an trng thnh c th phn bit bng cch vut tinh dch c c v thm trng
c ci. H s thnh thc ca c (nui v trong ao v b) t 2,72 - 6,2%, sc sinh sn tuyt
i t ti 67.000 trng (c 7 kg), ng knh trng t 1,6-1,8 mm. C trng dnh vo
gi th thng l r ca loi cy sng ven sng Gimenila asiatica, sau 24 gi th trng n
thnh c bt v tri v h ngun.
Trong sinh sn nhn to, ta c th nui thnh thc sm v cho sm hn trong t
nhin (t thng 3 dng lch hng nm). Ma v sinh sn c ba sa ngoi t nhin c tnh
chu k r rt.
Vo thng 8, sau khi kt thc ma sinh sn, tip theo l qu trnh thoi ho v c th
s hp thu nhng sn phm sinh dc cn st li, bung trng ch cn l cc nang rng v
vo nhng thng cui nm tr v giai an II. Cc thng tip theo sau l qu trnh hnh
thnh cc ht trng mi, bung trng tng dn kch thc v t ln nht vo thng 4-5(

nm sau). Vo thng 6-7, ng knh trng t 1,5-1,7mm v c bc vo thi k sinh

sn khi ng knh trng t 1,8-2mm.
T thng 7 tr i l thi k c trng. Trong nui v sinh sn nhn to, ma v
thnh thc v ca c ba sa thng sm hn trong t nhin t 2-3 thng, c thnh thc
v bc vo ma v sinh sn nhn to t thng 3 v ko di n thng 7, tp trung vo
thng 4 - 5.
1.3.5.c im sinh trng
c ba sa, thi k c ging cng ln kh nhanh, sau 60 ngy c t chiu di 810,5 cm, sau 7-8 thng t th trng 400-550 gam, sau 1 nm t 700-1.300 gam.
Nghin cu v tng trng c ba sa cho thy trong 2 nm u tin c tng trng nhanh
v chiu di thn, cng v sau tc ny gim dn. Khi t n mt kch thc nht
nh th chiu di thn hu nh ngng tng. Ngc li trong 2 nm u tc tng
trng v th trng chm nhng tng dn v sau. Nui trong b sau 2 nm c th t
ti 2.500 gam. Trong t nhin gp c c c chiu di thn 0,5m.
1.3.6.Gi tr dinh dng

Thnh phn dinh dng trn 100g sn phm n c

Calo

170 cal

Calo t

Tng

cht bo

lng
bo

60 cal

7g

Cht bo

Cholesterol

Natri

Protien

22mg

70,6mg

28g

cht bo ha
2g

Cng nh cc loi c khc, tht c basa l ngun protein ng vt cht lng cao, cung
cp nhiu protein, cc cht khong quan trng v c cha nhiu loi vitamin cn thit rt
tt cho sc khe.
Tht c c hm lng protein t 23-28%, tng i cao hn so vi cc loi c nc
ngt khc (16-17%). Cc protein trong c nhn chung d ng ha, d hp thu hn tht
v cung cp y cc acid amin cn thit cho s pht trin ca c th con ngi.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn nhn thy rng tng lng cht bo c trong tht c thp hn
so vi tht v phn ln chng l cc cht bo c li, c bit l hai cht dinh dng
quan trng DHA v EPA. ng lu , nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy, m c basa
cha mt lng DHA (Docosa Hexaenoic Acid) v EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) (4.74%
DHA v 0.31% EPA) m trc y, loi axit bo quan trng ny c xc nh l ch c
trong m c hi, c ng, c sc, mt s loi c vng bin su. Nhiu cng trnh nghin
cu khoa hc cng chng minh v nhng li ch ca acid bo khng bo ha trong
c vai tr lm gim nguy c bnh tim mch. Nhng acid ny gup h mc cholesterol

ton phn v cholesterol LDL (cholesterol xu) trong mu phng x va ng mnh, nhi
mu c tim. C basa cn c trng bi hm lng cholesterol rt thp (21- 39 mg/100g).
y l c tnh quan trng c khuyn co trong cc ch dinh dng nm lm gim
lng cholesterol tiu th hng ngy trong ba n.
Cho n nay, c basa thc s chinh phc ngi tiu dng trn th gii nh vo gi
tr dinh dng cao, v ngon v vai tr quan trng ca cc thnh phn c trong tht c.

Phn 2: QUY TRNH V THUYT MINH QUY TRNH SN XUT C

BASA FILLET NG LNH IQF
2.1. Quy trnh

Nguyn liu

Tip nhn nguyn

Quay thuc

Ti ng

Ct tit ra 1

Phn c, loi

Cn 2

Phi l

Cn 1

D kim loi

Ra 2

Ra 4

Bao gi

Lng da

Ch ng

ng thng

Chnh hnh

Cp ng

Bo qun

Soi k sinh trng

M bng

Ra 3

Ti ng

liu

Thnh phm

2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

2.2.1. Tip nhn ngyn liu
-Mc ch:
+ Cn v kim tra khi lng nguyn liu u vo.
+ Xc nh trng lng, mc ti n, mu sc, gi tr cm quan ca c theo ng yu
cu m x nghip t ra.
- Thao tc: C sng c vn chuyn t khu vc khai thc n Cng ty bng ghe c
cho c cn sng. T bn c c cho vo thng nha chuyn dng ri chuyn nhanh n
khu tip nhn bng xe ti nh. Ti khu tip nhn QC kim tra cht lng cm quan (c
cn sng, khng c du hiu b bnh).
C nguyn con cn sng, cht lng ti tt. C khng bnh, khng khuyt tt. Trng
lng 500g/ con.
-Yu cu: C tip nhn phi c giy xc nhn:
+ Khng s dng khng sinh cm (CAP, AOZ, MG, LMG) hoc khng sinh c s dng
nhng phi ngng 4 tun trc khi thu hoch.
+ m bo l nguyn liu c nui trong vng kim sot t yu cu v d lng thuc
tr su v kim loi nng.
+ Mi l nguyn liu phi c m s ring. V sinh nh xng, cu cng, bng ti tc v
sau khi tip nhn nguyn liu.
+ Thao tc nhanh nhn, trnh c ln khi mt nc qu lu gy cht trc khi ch bin.
2.2.2. Ct tit ra 1
- Mc ch:
+ Cng on ct tit nhm lm cho mu chy ra, trnh ng mu trong tht lm gim cht
lng cm quan, ng thi lm c cht nhanh.
+ Ra nhm loi b bt tp cht, VSV v mt phn nht c bm trn than c to iu
kin cho cng on sau c sch s v thun li.

10

-Thao tc:
+ C sau khi c tip nhn s c ln bn, sau dng dao ct su vo hu c cho
mu chy ra v chuyn c vo bn inox 500 lt thng qua mng np nguyn liu, cng
nhn x vi nc t vi nc vo bn, mi bn khng qu 1500 kg, sau dng dm
nha khuy o nh, u trnh lm try xc c.
-Yu cu:
+ Thao tc phi nhanh gn, chnh xc.
+ Dng c phi c v sinh sch s trc khi s dng.
+ Cng nhn phi tang b y dng c bo h lao ng v v sinh c nhn sch s.
+ Nc ra phi sch.
+ Thay nc sau mi ln ra.

2.2.3. Phi l
- Mc ch: Tch phn tht ra khi xng c, loi b xng, vy, u. To gi tr cm
quan p cho ming c v theo yu cu cu khch hng.

11

- Thao tc: S dng dao chuyn dng phi l c : Tch tht 2 bn thn c, b u, b
ni tng, di vi nc chy lin tc, thao tc phi ng k thut v trnh v ni tng,
khng st tht trong xng.
- Yu cu:
+ Ming c sau khi phi l khng b b ni tng, rch, vn, st xng, b mt phi nhn,
phng, p.
+ Dng c phi sch s.

2.2.4. Ra 2
- Mc ch: Loi b mu trn b mt ming ct v cht bn ln t ni tng trong qu trnh
phi l. Loi b bt mt phn VSV trn ming phi l, lm trng c tht c v tang gi tr
cm quan cho ming tht.
- Thao tc: Ming phi l c ra qua 2 bn nc sch. Trong qu trnh ra ming phi l
phi o trn mnh loi b mu, nht v tp cht.
- Yu cu:
+ Ra bng nc sch, nhit thng.
+ Ra phi sch mu.
+ Nc ra ch s dng mt ln. Mi ln ra khng qu 50 kg.

12

2.2.5. Lng da
- Mc ch:
+ Lm tng gi tr cm quan cho ming tht.
+ To iu kin cho vic nh hnh d dng hn
+ p ng theo yuc cu ca khch hng.
-Thao tc: Dng dao hoc my lng da lng b da. t ming phi l ln bn my lng
da, b mt da tip xa vi bn my, t t y nh phn da n vo li dao t ui n
ht ming phi l. Sau khi lng xong th phn tht i vo phn r cha nguyn liu v em
cn tnh nng sut, phn da tch i xung khay ph liu t pha di.
- Yu cu:
+ Thao tc nh nhng ng k thut ming phi l sau khi lng da khng c phm
vo tht ming c, khng lm rch tht ming c.
+ Khng st da trn ming phi l.
+ Khng phm tht hoc rch tht.
+ Cc dng c chuyn dng, bn my phi sch s.

2.2.6. Chnh hnh

- Mc ch:
+ Lm theo yu cu ca khch hng,
+ Lm tng gi tr cam quan v g tr dinh dng cho ming c.
+ Nhm loi b tht , m trn ming phi l.
-Thao tc: t ming c ln tht v lng ht phn da cn st li khu lng da. Sau
lt mt trong ca ming c hng ln trn, dng dao lng b ht phn m bng, m lung,
m d v ly ht xng d cn st li.

13

- Yu cu:
+ Ming phi l sau khi chnh hnh phi sch phn tht , m, khng rch tht, khng st
xng, b mt ming fillet phi lng.
+ Khng cn tht , m, xng.
+ Nhit 1500C.

2.2.7. Soi k sinh trng

- Mc ch: Kim tra v pht hin k sinh trng tn ti trong ming c nm loi b chng
m bo an ton thc phm.
- Thao tc:
+ Kim tra k sinh trng trn tng ming phi l bng mt trn bn soi.
+ t ming c ln bn soi kim tra s hin din ca k sinh trng, di nh sang ca
n, nh sang c th xuyn qua ming c gip ta nhn thy s hin din ca k sinh trng
hoc mu bm tn ti trong ming c. Nu pht hin c c k sinh trng th phi tch
ring ming c loi sang bn ph phm.
- Yu cu:
+ Ming phi l sau khi kim tra k sinh trng phi m bo khng c k sinh trng.
Nhng ming fillet c k sinh trng phi c loi b. QC kim tra li vi tn sut 30
pht/ ln.
+ nh sang n c cng 540- lux.
+ Phi soi c 2 mt ca c v thao tc pho nhanh chng, chnh xc.
2.2.8. Ra 3
- Mc ch:
+ Loi b vn c v VSV bm trn b mt ming c.
+ Lm sch ming phi l trc khi x l cng tip theo.
-Thao tc: Sn phm c ra qua 2 bn nc sch c nhit T0 = 80C. Khi ra dng tay
o nh ming phi l.
- Yu cu:
+ Ra khng qu 200kg thay nc mt ln.
+ Nhit nc ra 800C
+ Qu trnh thay nc hp l.
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2.2.9. Quay thuc

- Mc ch:
+ Tng gi tr cm quan cho ming phi l, mu sc ming c ti sng, bng p hn.
+ Tng tng lng ming tht, gim nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu, tng ga thnh sn
phm.
+ To iu kin thun li cho cng on phn c, bt mu, phn loi c.
- Thao tc: Sau khi ra cn c cho vo my quay, s lng c 100 400 kg/ m tu theo
my quay ln hay nh. Sau cho dung dch thuc ( vy, mui + nc lnh nhit 3
7 0C) vo theo t l c: dch thuc l 3 : 1.
- Yu cu:
+ Nhit dch thuc 3- 70C
+ Thi gian quay t nht l 8 pht
+ Nng thuc v mui tu theo loi ho cht ti thi im ang s dng
+ Nhit c sau khi quay 150C
+ T l tang trng t 8 -12 %.
+ Cc ha cht c s dng ng theo tiu chun ca b thy sn.

2.2.10. phn c, loi

- Mc ch:
+ To s ng u v kch c v mu sc ca ming tht.
+ To iu kin cho cng on sau c thun li.
- Thao tc:
+ Phn c ming c theo gram / ming, Oz/ ming hoc theo yu cu khch hng. Cho php
sai s 2%.
+ C c phn thnh cc size nh : 60 -120; 120 -170; 170 - 220; 220 - Up (gram/
ming) hoc 3 5, 5 7, 7 9, 4 6, 6 8, 8 10, 10 12 (Oz/ ming), hoc theo yu
cu ca khch hng.
- Yu cu:

15

+ Phi thng xuyn hiu chnh cn m bo chnh xc ca sn phm.

+ Thao tc nhanh gn trnh ming tht nm lu trn bn.
+ Phn c, loi theo tiu chun ca ngnh v yu cu ca khch hng.

2.2.11. Cn 1
- Mc ch:
+ Cn p ng yu cu ca khch hng, xc nh trng lng ng thi l c s
xc nh nng sut ca cng nhn.
+ Phn sn phm thnh tng phn, to iu kin thun li cho cng on sau, gip tiu
th sn phm d dng hn.
- Thao tc:
+ C c cn theo tng c, loi trng lng theo yu cu khch hng.
+ Thng thng cn theo khi lng 3kg, 4.5kg.
+ Cn xong ghi th size, khi lng cn, ngy sn xut.
- Yu cu:
+ Cn phi c hiuc hnh thng xuyn m bo chnh xc.
+ m bo trng lng tnh trn mi n v sn phm.

2.2.12. Ra 4
- Mc ch: Ra tang gi tr cm quan cho ming tht, loiaj b vn c v VSV bm
trn b mt ming tht.

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- Thao tc: Sn phm c ra qua 1 bn nc sch c nhit 6 - 80C. Thi gian ra 1520 giy. Khi ra dng tay o nh ming phi l.
- Yu cu:
+ Ra khng qu 100kg thay nc mt ln.
+ Ra bng nc sch nhit nc ra phi kim tra thng xuyn.

2.2.13. Ch ng
- Mc ch:
+ Ngn cn s pht trin ca VSV, hn ch s gim khi lng ca sn phm.
+ H thp nhit sn phm, rt ngn thi gian cp ng.
+ n nh cht lng sn phm, hn ch s pht trin ca VSV.
- Thao tc: : bn thnh phm sau khi ra xong c cho vo ti PE (10 kg/ PE) buc kn ming
v c ch ng trong cc bn cch nhit bng cch mui , nhit ch ng duy tr t 0 40C, thi gian ch ng khng qu 4 gi.
- Yu cu:
+ Thi gian ch ng khng qu 4h.
+ Nhit kjo ch ng 1 40C.
+ Kho ch ng phi c v sinh sch s v kim tra nhit thng xuyn.
2.2.14. Cp ng
- Mc ch:
+ nhit thp (-180C), nc trong sn phm gn nh kt tinh hon ton, enzyme b v hotaj,
VSV hu nuhw khng th pht trin, ko di thi gian bo qun ca sn phm.
+To hnh dng c nh cho sn phm v to iu kin thun li cho bao gi, bo qun sn
phm.
- Thao tc: Trc khi cp ng phi chy khi ng t ng n khi nhit t khong 35 n- 40oC, khi mi a hng vo cp ng; thi gian cp ng bng chuyn khng
qu 1 gi. Nhit trung tm sn phm t - 180C.
- Yu cu:
+ Nhit cp ng: -330C
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+ Nhit tm sn phm: -180C

+ Thi gian cp ng: 20 30 pht ty theo c c.

2.2.15. M bng
- Mc ch:
+ Ba v sn phm, tng gi tr cm quan v hn ch mt nc.
+ Gim tn hao nhit trong qu trnh bo qun, lm tng trng lng ca ming c.
+ Gim thiu va chm trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bo qun.
+ Chng qu trnh thng hoa nc trc khi bo qun.
- Thao tc: C sau khi tch ra khi bng chuyn ri xung bng chuyn li. Pha trn
bng truyn li l h thng vi phun dng m bng ngay khi sn phm ri khi bng
chuyn. Vi h thng vi phun ny th sn phm c m bng ng u v hp v sinh
hn.
- Yu cu:
+ Nc m bng phi lnh, sch.
+ Nhit nc m bng t 0 n 30C.

2.2.16. Ti ng
- Mc ch: H nhit sn phm nhm bo qun tt hn
- Thao tc: Sn phm sau khi m bng c a vo bung ti ng m bo nhit
sn phm t -180C.

18

- Yu cu:
+ Ch s dng nhng dng c v sinh sch s.
+ Cng nhn phi lm v sinh sch s v y dng c bo h lao ng trc khi tip
xc vi sn phm.

2.2.17. Cn 2
- Cn theo tng c, loi ring bit.
- Tu theo yu cu tng n hng m c th cn trng lng khc nhau
2.2.18. D kim loi
- Mc ch:
+ Loi b cc ming kim loi trong sn phm.
+ m bo an ton, v sinh thc phm.
-Thao tc:Sn phm sua khi cn t yu cu c thc hin cho vo PE/PA sau
chuyn qua cng on d kim loi pht hin v loi b mnh kim loi hin din trong
sn phm.
- Yu cu:
+ Sauk hi a qua my d kim loi khng cn hin din mnh kim loi no trong sn
phm.
+ Tn sut kim tra my d kim loi vo u ca, cui ca v mi 1 gi/ ln.

19

2.2.19. Bao gi
- Mc ch:
+ Thun tin cho qu trnh ng thng.
+ Tng gi t cm quan cho sn phm, bo v sn phm khi cc iu kin ca mi
trng.
-Thao tc:
+ Bao gi theo tng c, loi ring bit.
+ Tu tng n hng ca khch hng m c th c quy cch ng gi khc nhau.
+ ai np 2 ngang 2 dc. K m hiu bn ngoi thng ph hp vi ni dung bn trong
sn phm.
- Yu cu:
+ Thng tin trn bao b phi theo quy nh hin hnh ca Nh nc Vit Nam hoc theo quy nh
khch hng.
+ Bao gi ng loi, ng c, ng quy cch quy nh ring ca mi khch hng.
+ Thao tc nhanh, nh nhng, trng lm hng c.
+ Cc mi hn phi kn, bao b p, hp dn, d xp, d vn chuyn.

2.2.20. ng thng
- Mc ch:
+ Bo v v thng tin sn phm bn trong.
+ To iu kin thun li cho vic bo qun, vn chuyn, phn phi v lu kho.
+ To v m quan, m bo cht lng theo yu cu khch hng.
-Thao tc: Xp cc gi cng c, cng loi qua my d ki loi vo thng carto. C 10 ti ng
thanhg mt thng, dng bng keo dn kn ming thng. t thng ln my ning, ning 4 dy
quanh thng (gm 2 dy dc v 2 dy ngang).
Cc dy ning khng c qu cht hay qu lng s nh hng n bao b v sn phm bn trong.
ng thng c 10 kin hng th phi em bo qun trong kho lnh.
- Yu cu:
20

+ Cng nhn phi thc hin v sinh c nhn, mang y dng c bo h lao ng.
+ Sn phm su khi ng thng phi a vo kho bo qun ngay.
+ Thit b nh xng v thng carton phi sch s.
2.2.21. Bo qun
- Mc ch:
+ Duy tr nhit sn phm mc thp.
+ Enzym b v hot, VSV b hn ch, ko di thi gian bo qun.
+ Trnh c s ph hoi ca cn trng, ngn cn s ly nhim VSV t bn ngoi.
- Thao tc: Sau khi bao gi, sn phm cui cng s c chuyn n kho lnh v sp xp
theo th t, bo qun nhit -200C 20C.
- Yu cu:
+ Hng xp trong kho phi tit kim din tch.
+ Hng c cht theo tng loi ring.
+ Hng nhp trong kho phi ghi y cc k hiu thng tin v sn phm theo yu cu.

21

Phn 3: K THUT LM LNH NG SN PHM

3.1.Mc ch ngha
3.1.1.nh ngha
Lm lnh ng hay p ng (freezing) thy sn, l qu trnh lm lnh thy sn do
s ht nhit ca cht lm lnh ( bng mi) a nhit ban u ca c th thy sn
xung di im ng ng bng v ti -8-100C v c th xung thp hn na: -180,300 hay -400.
Nh vy phng php lm lnh ng, nc trong thy sn ng ng tng phn
ty theo mc h nhit. im eutecti (eutecti point) l nhit ti thiu ton b nc
trong t bo thy sn ng c, nhit ny l -550-650C v cn gi l im ng bng
tuyt i (absolutefreezing point) . Trong cng nghip ch bin lnh thy sn, ngi ta
khng dng n nhit ny v chi ph qu cao, hn na v phng din k thut, sn
phm thy sn im eutecti s khng t gi tr thm m v bn m ch cn n 400C l m bo cht lng sn phm.
3.1.2.Mc ch lm lnh ng thy sn
Lm lnh ng thy sn l h thp nhit , lm chm s h hng ca thy sn, sao
cho n khi r ng, ta khng th phn bit c thy sn ng lnh v thy sn ti
sng.
Bo qun thy sn bng p ng c mt s ng dng.Nu ni nh bt xa cng c v
vic vn chuyn c ko di nhiu ngy, nn p dng k thut lnh ng trn tu m
bo cht lng m c. Nu t cng v n ch cch khong qu xa, cng nn s dng
lm lnh ng m bo phm cht thy sn qua giai on tn tr, vn chuyn v phn
phi.
V sn lng nh bt khng ng u, c nhng lc thiu ht nn phi lm lnh
ng v tr ng sn phm lc r ma lp thi iu ha v phn phi mi lc, mi ni
cc loi thy sn cht lng cao v gi c n nh. Lm lnh ng v ch bin thy sn
vi mc lng va phi s tt hn l phi lm vi khi lng ln, khng c k hoch,
chng trnh, do s khng s dng tt ngun li ny.

22

Nu xut khu thy sn thng c bo qun ng lnh v tr ng. Xut khu

thy sn ng lnh rt quan trng i vi cc quc gia ang pht trin, v nhng loi thy
sn c gi tr kinh t cao nh tm ng lnh l ngun ngoi t ng k, nn dnh xut
khu hn l tiu dng ni a. R rng l lm lnh ng c u im nhiu mt. V ch
n by gi nhu cu lm lnh ng mi tr nn bc bch cc quc gia ang pht trin
do vic m rng ngnh thy sn. phng php lm lnh ng v tr ng cho php loi
thc phm protein c gi tr cao ny c phn phi n mi th trng trn th gii.
3.1.3.Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian lnh ng thy sn
Gm c:
Loi my ng
Nhit vn hnh my ng
H thng lnh v iu kin vn hnh
Tc gi ca my ng thi khng kh
Nhit sn phm
B dy sn phm
Hnh dng sn phm
Din tch tip xc v mt sn phm
Bao gi sn phm
Loi sn phm
3.1.3.1.Loi my ng
Loi my ng nh hng rt ln n thi gian lnh ng. V d, do c h s truyn
nhit b mt tt hn, mt sn phm s lnh ng trong my ng kiu nhng nhanh hn
trong my ng thi gi khi vn hnh cng mt nhit .
My ng cng lnh c cng mau ng. Khi da sn phm vo my ng, phi vn
hnh my trc cho nhit t ng xung thp (t<200C). nhit t ng cng thp
trc khi a c vo th c cng mau ng.
3.1.3.2.Tc gi ca my thi ng khng kh

23

Tng quan tng qut gia tc

gi v thi gian lnh ng ( hnh bn)
cho thy thi gian lnh ng gim khi
tc gi gia tng.
3.1.3.3.Nhit vn hnh
Tuy nhin mi tng quan ny kh
phc tp v ty thuc mt s yu t. nu
lp khng kh t hm ngn cn truyn
nhit th nhng thay i v tc khng

Tng quan gia thi gian lnh

kh s to nn nhng khc bit c ngha n

ng v vn tc gi trong my ng

thi gian lnh ng. Nhng nu sn phm qu

qut gi

to hay chnh thy sn l i tng cn tr

truyn nhit th nhng tc thay i khng kh s km ngha i. Nhit khng kh,
mt khng kh, m khng kh v hn lon khng kh l nhng yu t khc cng
cn c xem xt khi cp n yu t khng kh i vi thi gian lnh ng, tuy rng
mt s cc yu t ny ch c tc dng nh b m thi.
3.1.3.4.Nhit sn phm trc khi lm lnh ng
Sn phm cng m, thi gian lnh ng cng di. V vy thy sn nn gi lnh
trc khi lm lnh ng duy tr phm cht, ng thi gim thi gian lnh ng v yu
cu lm lnh.
3.1.3.5.B dy sn phm
Sn phm cng dy, thi gian lnh ng cng ko di. i vi nhng sn phm dy
di 50mm, nu tng gp i b dy c th lm thi gian lnh ng tng thm gp
i, trong khi tng gp i sn phm dy 100mm li ko di thi gian lnh ng gp 4
ln. V vy, t sut thay i thi gian lnh ng theo b dy ty vo mc quan trng
tng i ca lc cn ca thy sn i vi s truyn nhit.

24

3.1.3.6.Hnh dng sn phm

Hnh dng thy sn hoc sn phm thy sn nh hng ng k n thi gian lm
lnh ng. Trong mt my ng dng lm lnh ng c ri tng con, loi c trn mnh
lnh ng trong 2/3 thi gian lm lnh ng loi c dp c b mt dy.
3.1.3.7.Din tch tip xc v mt sn phm
Trong my ng bn phng, tip xc km gia thy sn v bn phng lm tng thi
gian lnh ng. Tip xc km do ng trn bn phng, hp cha sn phm chng
chnh khng u, hp sn phm cha y hoc khong trng (l trng) trn mt khi
sn phm, dn n truyn nhit cho sn phm km. Nhng l trng lp mt khi sn
phm thng ko theo nhng l trng bn trong (intrenal voids) lm gim mt sn
phm (hay cht ca sn phm).
3.1.3.8.Bao gi sn phm
Phng php bao gi, loi v b dy vt liu bao gi nh hng ln n thi gian
lnh ng ca sn phm. Khng kh chn gia lp bao b v sn phm thng c nh
hng n thi gian ng lnh ln hn l lc cn ca vt liu bao gi. V d nh c xng
khi cha trong hp g c np y. Chy ng n 15 ting trong mt my ng thi gi.
C xng khi trong hp nhm cng dng, cng c v c np y ch chy ng trong 12
ting, nhng nu c trong hp g c g np th thi gian chy ng cn 8 ting v
khng c lp khng kh chn.
3.1.3.9.Loi sn phm
Hm lng m trong mt loi sn phm cng cao, hm lng nc cng thp. hu
ht nhit lng thi ra trong qu trnh ng lnh l chuyn nc thnh ; v vy, nu
c t nc th yu cu nhit lng tch ra lm ng thy sn s cng t. V hm lng
m ca c c du thay i theo ma nn thng s dng con s nhit lng ca c tht
trong tnh ton m bo an ton. iu ny m bo nng sut my ng ng yu cu,
bt lun ging loi c ng lnh l g.

25

3.2.Nhng bin i ca thy sn sn trong qu trnh lm ng lnh.

3.2.1.Bin i vi sinh vt
Khi thy sn h nhit xung im ng bng, vi sinh vt hot ng chm li. Xung
-100C vi trng cc loi khng pht trin c nhng men mc cha b c ch. Phi
xung n -150C men mc mi ngng pht trin. Do nhit di -150C s ngn
chn c vi trng ln men mc v khong nhit ny m thy sn ch xp x trn
di 10%. Tuy nhin, ngi ta thy rng nhit -200C vn cn vi loi vi trng sng
c.
Ngoi ra, khong nhit -1-50C gn nh a s nc t do ca t bo thy sn
kt tinh thnh . Nu lnh ng chm, cc tinh th nc to, sc lm v t bo vi trng
mnh nht giai on ny. Do phng php lnh ng chm tiu dit vi trng hn l
phng php lnh ng nhanh nhng li gy hi cho th cht ca sn phm.
3.2.2.Bin i ha hc
3.2.2.1.Bin i cht m
-200C cht m b ng li, sau 6 thng bo qun c phn gii nh.
khong nhit -1-50C, protein b bin tnh, c bit myosin b kt ta. thi
gian lnh ng cng ko di( chm) th protein cng b bin tnh. Lm lnh ng nhanh
s b bin tnh protein. Di -200C th protein hu nh khng bin tnh.
3.2.2.2.Bin i cht bo
C bo d b oxy ha cht bo. Cht bo b ha chua ( thy phn) v hm lng axit
bo th t do ph thuc vo nhit v thi gian bo qun. Nu nhit -120C sau 10
tun ch s peroxit tng ln r rt; sau 30 tun ch s ny vt qu quy nh v phm cht
v sinh. Tnh cht ha tan ca vitamin A trong m cng thay i, cht m s c li v
do.
3.2.2.3.Bin i gluxit
Khi lnh ng chm, glycogen phn gi ra nhiu axit lactic nhit thp hn l
trng hp lnh ng nhanh.

26

3.2.2.4.Bin i vitamin
Vitamin t b mt i trong giai on ny, a s b mt trong giai on ch bin, ra.
nhit lnh, vitamin A t ra bn vng. Vitamin B2, PP mt mt t, vitamim C
mt nhiu khi sn phm mt nc, chy lnh. Vitamin E b hao ht ton b.
3.2.2.5.Bin i cht khong
Nhit lnh khng nh hng n khong cht nhng do s bin i c cht sn
phm khi lm ng lnh khin hao ht mt lng ln khong cht tan trong dch t bo
chy ra ngoi khi r ng.
3.2.3.Bin i l hc
3.2.3.1.Tng th tch
Nc trong thy sn ng bng lm tng th tch ln 10%.
3.2.3.2.Thay i mu sc
Do mt nc, cc sc t hemoglobin, mioglobin, hemoxyanin chuyn thnh
methemoglobin, motmioglobin v methemoxyanin lm mu sm li. Ngoi ra cho tc
lnh ng chm hay nhanh, tinh th bng hnh thnh ln hay nh m c tit x quang hc
khc nhau. Tinh th bng nh th thy sn ng lnh c mu nht hn l thy sn lnh
ng chm c tinh th bng to.
3.2.3.3.Gim trng lng
Thy sn lnh ng b gim trng lng do bc hi nc hoc do thit hi l hc
trong qu trnh lm ng lnh.
Thit hi l hc c th do xo ng trong khi lnh ng khin cho nhiu mnh nh
b v vn.
Thit hi l hc trong mt my ng khng ng k v khng hn 1% nu thc
hin lm lnh ng ng cch.
Ring vic gim trng lng do bc hi ty vo yu t nh loi my ng, thi
gian lnh ng, loi sn phm, c dng sn phm, tc khng kh v iu kin vn
hnh my.
27

Hao ht do bc hi trong my ng bn phng khng nhiu bng hao ht trong my

ng qut gi, v my dng hi lnh trc tip nh nit v cacbonic. Tuy nhin vic gim
trng lng sn phm trong my ng nit, cacbonic s thp do thi gian lnh ng qu
ngn.
Mc gim trng lng ca thy sn nh cao hn thy sn ln. T sut hao ht t
l thun vi din tch tip xc b mt, m c nh li c tng din tch tip xc cao hn c
ln. Ngoi ra c ng tng con hao ht nhiu hn c ng lc.
Bao gi c khi ng lnh cng lm gim hao ht rt nhiu; nhng nu bao gi
khng cht, trng lng s dn b hao ht do bc hi b mt bn trong lp bao gi. Gi
sn phm s vn cn nguyn trng lng nhng bn trong lng nc b tch ra bt.

28

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Sch Cng ngh ch bin thc phm, L Vn Vit Mn, NXB HQG TP
H Ch Minh.
2. Sch Cc qu trnh c bn trong sn xut thc phm, NXB Gio Dc, 1996.
3. Sch Qu trnh v thit b truyn nhit, NXB HQG TP H Ch Minh.
4. http://tailieu.vn/tag/ky-thuat-dong-lanh-thuy-san.html
5. http://cnx.org/contents/m30642/latest
6. http://www.ebook.edu.vn/
7. http://www.savame.com/giao-trinh-he-thong-may-va-thiet-bi-lanh/

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