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Lectures 4 and 5
Lectures 4 and 5
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
What is an organization?
Organization is essentially a formal structure of people, which is set
up to achieve some defined goals. Commonly we use following
terms to define any organization.
Attributes of a System
The system is goal oriented.
The whole is more than the sum of all parts in a
system.
A system is engaged in processing or
transformation of inputs into output.
Various components of a system are interrelated
and interdependent.
They interact with each other.
A system acts upon its environment and is also
acted upon by the environment.
people in the operating core part of the organization are involved in the production of goods
and services.
The strategic apex part of the organizations is involved with controlling.
The middle line managers aligns strategic apex with the operating core.
People at the techno-structure core, designs, plan, change or train the operating core. The
support staff provides support to the organization, which is outside of the operating core.
Finally ideology is the traditions and beliefs that make one organization distinctly different
Standardization of work
Centralized decision-making
Limitations of behaviour and procedures for members
Polarization of status (maintaining hierarchies)
Enforce internal and external control on stakeholders
Organizational Effectiveness
Effectiveness is the extent of an activity that helps in achieving the long-term goals.
Since we measure effectiveness for specific activity, we can define activity specific
effectiveness is the outcome that support the broader goals of an organization.
To measure the effectiveness, we can use both the qualitative and quantitative tools.
Behavioural parameters like; values, attitudes, skills and behaviour are measured using
qualitative tools.
Value and volume of output changes, customer satisfaction, changes in the
profitability, etc. are measured using quantitative tools.
Organizational effectiveness is the extent to which the organization, as a whole,
achieves its goals optimizing its resources. It depends on the degree of interpersonal
skills, positive attitudes, technical competencies, small group activities, etc., which
together contributes to the achievement of organizational goals and objectives.
Organizational effectiveness refers to the corporate management systems that
produce development results of an organization. Among others, an effective
organizational structure helps in achieving organizational effectiveness.
5
Identity
Total Environment
The
Future?
4
Intelligence
Meta
System
3
Control
Audit
Coordination
3*
Env
A
1
Op A
Env
B
1
Op B
Viable System
Operating
System
Viable systemcontd.
As per the model, System 5 represents the identity, i.e., the total system
purpose and the measures of success. System 5 passes down to System
3, i.e., the policies and authority, which govern the overall system
outcomes. System 5 balances the present and the future, external and
internal perspectives, moderating its relationship between systems 3 and
system 4. Change in System 3, influence System 1 (operational systems,
i.e., A and management function, i.e., B). System 3 and each of System 1
(A and B) through interactions establish agreements, i.e., managed by
System 2. System 4 examines the external environment and gains the
intelligence about the totality and the future.
Therefore, in VSM, any of the six systems operate with a cybernetic
intervention at any point in time, and in the process ensure that the
organisation become a self-controlling system.
Orchestra Organization
The term orchestra organization is used in open system perspective, as like an open
system organization, an orchestra organization is a complex set of interdependent subsystems.
An open system organization takes input from the environment, processes those, and
produces output.
Efficient interactions with the environment and various subsystems, in an open
system, determine the success of an organization.
When the organization is efficient, it not only considers relationships and reciprocal
influences between the organization and its environment, it even considers extending
its sphere beyond the formal boundary, through an efficient boundary spanning sub
systems.
Boundary spanning subsystems play the buffering role to account for external
organizational uncertainty.
Processes or throughput, in a typical orchestra organization are specialized functions,
which are distinct and interdependent. Even the coordinating function is considered as
throughput, as it helps in the goal of achieving the output. The job of coordinating in
orchestra organization could be both formal and informal.
Depending on its structure and the use of physical space, an orchestra organization
may emphasize more on informal coordination. It, however, depends how they organize
their human resources.
Chaos Theory
Chaos theory studies the complexity of world to identify principles to understand the
organizations.
The theory of chaos deals with the structure of turbulence, i.e., study of unpredictable
complex systems. Edward Lorenz of MIT (quoted in Hilborn, 2004), a meteorologist,
simulating the weather pattern given a visual presentation to explain the theory of chaos
as under:
The picture resemble to a butterfly, hence it is also known as the `Butterfly effect.
"The Butterfly Effect" refers to the discovery that in a chaotic system, it is theoretically
possible that slight change would make no difference whatsoever, but when the system
is unpredictable at a certain stage, the future may unfold quite differently, depending
upon what little difference occurred.
The application of chaos theory to management depicts organizations as complex and
unpredictable because of the relations among constituents of a system.