Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gramatika Engleskog Jezika PDF
Gramatika Engleskog Jezika PDF
Strana
0.1.Alfabet - Alphabet
1. Brojevi - Numbers
1.1.
Glavni (cardinals)
1.2.
Redni (ordinals)
1.3.
Deobni (fractional numerals)
1.4.
Brojevi za ponavljanje (repeating numerals)
1.5.
Brojevi za umnoavanje (multiplicatives)
1.6.
Broj nula (zero)
2. lan - The Article
2.1.
Odreeni lan
2.2.
Neodreeni lan
3. Glagoli - Verbs
3.1.
Pomoni glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)
3.1.1. Pomoni glagol "to be" - Auxiliary Verb "to be"
3.1.2. Pomoni glagol "to have" - Auxiliary Verb "to have"
3.1.3. Pomoni glagol "to do" - Auxiliary Verb "to do"
3.2.
Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs
3.3.
Nepotpuni glagoli - Defective Verbs
3.4.
Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli - Regular and Irregular Verbs
3.5.
Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
3.6.
Povratni glagoli
3.7.
Viereni glagoli - Multi-word verbs
3.7.1. Frazalni glagoli
3.7.2. Predloni glagoli
3.7.3. Frazalni predloni glagoli
3.8.
"-ing" oblici - The "-ing" forms
3.9.
Gerund - The Gerund
3.10. Particip prezenta - The Present Participle
3.11. Direktan i indirektan govor - Direct and Indirect Speech
3.12. Klauze - Clauses
3.12.1. Nezavisne i zavisne klauze
3.12.2. Relativne klauze
3.12.3. Eliptine klauze
3.13. Kondicionali - The conditionals
3.13.1. Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost
(First conditional: real possibility)
3.13.2. Drugi kondicional - nevjerovatna mogunost
(Second conditional - unreal possibility or dream)
3.13.3. Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti
(Third conditional - no possibility)
3.13.4. Nulti kondicional - sigurno ispunjenje uslova
(Zero conditional - certainty)
3.13.5. Kondicionali - ukratko
3.14. Trpno stanje (pasiv) - Passive Voice
3.15. Slaganje vremena - Sequence of Tenses
3.15.1. Slaganje glagolskih vremena
3.15.2. Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima
3.16. Sadanja vremena
3.16.1. Sadanje prosto vreme - Simple Present Tense
3.16.2. Sadanje trajno vreme - Present Continuous Tense
3.16.3. Sloeno sadanje vreme - Present Perfect Simple Tense
3.16.4. Nesvreni perfekt - Present Perfect Continuous Tense
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Sadraj
Strana
3.17. Prola vremena
3.17.1. Prolo svreno vreme - Past Simple Tense
3.17.2. Prolo trajno vreme - The Past Continuous Tense
3.17.3. Pluskvamperfekat (davno prolo vreme) - The Past
Perfect Tense
3.17.4. Nesvreni pluskvamperfekt - The Past Perfect
Continuous Tense
3.18. Budua vremena
3.18.1. Prosto budue vreme - Futur Simple Tense
3.18.2. Budue trajno vreme - Futur Continuous Tense
3.18.3. Sloeno budue vreme - Futur Perfect Tense
3.18.4. Futur Perfect Continuous
4. Imenice - Nouns
4.1.
Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns
4.2.
Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns
4.3.
Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns
5. Pridevi - Adjectives
5.1.
Poreenje prideva - Comparasion
5.2.
Pravopisna pravila pri poreenju
5.3.
Nepravilna komparacija prideva - Irregular comparasion
6. Predlozi - Prepositions
7. Prilozi - Adverbs
7.1.
Poreenje priloga
8. Uzvici - Interjections
9. Veznici - Conjunctions
10. Zamenice - Pronouns
10.1. Line zamenice - Personal Pronouns
10.2. Prisvojne zamenice - Possessive Pronouns
10.3. Povratne zamenice - Reflexive Pronouns
10.4. Pokazne zamenice - Demonstrative pronouns
10.5. Upitne zamenice - Interrogative Pronouns
10.6. Relativne zamenice - Relative pronouns
10.7. Deobne zamenice - Distributive Pronouns
10.8. Neodreene zamenice - Indefinite Pronouns
11. Red rei - Word order
12. Skraenice na internetu
13. Britansko i ameriko pisanje - British and American writing
14. Pisanje velikih slova - Writing of capital letters
15. Znaci interpunkcije - Punctuation
15.1. Taka - The full stop or period
15.2. Zarez - The comma
15.3. Dvotaka - The colon
15.4. Taka-zarez - The semicolon
15.5. Upitnik - The question mark
16. Lista najeih imenica koji imaju nepravilne oblike u mnoini
17. Izgovor (kopirano iz pdf e-knjige)
17.1. Naglasak
17.2. Samoglasnici - Vowels
17.3. Dvoglasnici - Diphtrhongs
17.4. Suglasnici - Consonants
17.5. Vie Suglasnika - More consonants
17.6. Transkripcija izgovora
18. Glasovi engleskog jezika (Fonetika)
18.1. Samoglasnici - Vowels - i primeri
18.2. Dvoglasnici - Diphthongs - i primeri
18.3. Suglasnici - Consonants - i primeri (Primeri - 83 str.)
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(1.)
(ei:)
(bi:)
(si:)
(di:)
(i:)
(ef)
(di:)
(eie)
(ai)
(dei)
(kei)
(el)
(em)
N, n
O, o
P, p
Q, q
R, r
S, s
T, t
U, u
V, v
W, w
X, x
Y, y
Z, z
(en)
(o:)
(pi:)
(kju:)
(a:)
(es:)
(ti:)
(ju:)
(vi:)
(dabl ju)
(eks)
(uai)
(zi, zed)
Brojevi - Numbers
glavni (cardinals)
redni (ordinals)
diobni (fractional numerals)
brojevi za ponavljanje (repeating numerals)
brojevi za umnoavanje (multiplicatives)
broj nula (zero)
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
19
20
21
22
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
101
200
1000
2000
1.000.000
2.000.000
-3-
nineteen
twenty
twenty one
twenty two etc.
thirty
fourty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
a hundred
a hundred and one
two hundred
a thousand
two thousand
a million
two million
Kao to se vidi, brojevi izmeu 13 i 20 obrazuju se kada se broju prve desetine doda sufiks "teen",
izuzev nekih manjih izuzetaka (thirteen umjesto threeteen i fifteen umjesto fiveteen). Brojevi
desetica obrazuju se na slian nain, dodavanjem sufiksa "ty".
Brojevi koji imaju desetice i jedinice prave se kao i u naem jeziku:
25 - twenty five, 71 - seventy one.
Mogu se i jedinice, ali samo za brojeve ispod 40, staviti na prvo mjesto i vezati pomou "and" sa
deseticama:
24 - four and twenty.
Rei hundred i thousand posle kojih dolazi manji broj od stotinu, vezuju se veznikom "and":
328 - three hundred and twenty eight
3.020 - three thousand and twenty.
Hundred i thousand dobijaju "s" u mnoini kada se javljaju kao imenice:
hundreds of men, thousands of insects.
(stotine ljudi, hiljade insekata)
"One" ima mnoinu koja glasi "ones" i upotrebljava se kao imenica, najee da bi se izbeglo
ponavljanje imenice u reenici:
Black gloves are stronger than white ones.
(crne rukavice su jae od belih)
(1.2.) Redni brojevi - ordinals
Prva tri redna broja se tvore nepravilno:first (prvi), second (drugi) i third (trei). Svi ostali redni
brojevi prave se dodavanjem nastavka "th" na glavne brojeve:
seventh (sedmi), tenth (deseti), sixteenth (esnaesti), ninetieth (devedeseti), thousandth (hiljaditi)
etc.
Slova "ve" kod five postaju slovo "f" kod fifth (peti), fifteenth (petnaesti) i fiftieth (pedeseti). Isto tako
kod twelve se menja u twelfth.
Nine u rednom broju gubi krajnje "-e": nine - ninth.
Kod desetica krajnje "y" mijenja se u "ie" pred nastavkom "th": thirtieth (trideseti).
Kod sastavljenih rei nastavak dobijaju samo jedinice: twenty-fourth (dvadeset etvrti).
Redni brojevi se upotrebljavaju umesto glavnih za oznaavanje:
datuma meseca: the nineteenth of May
(devetnaesti Maj);
rodoslovlje vladara: Henry the Sixth
(Henry VI)
poglavlja u knjizi: chapter the tenth
(glava deseta);
posle rei every, kao to su izrazi: every third day
(svakog treeg dana).
-4-
ne
preite na sledee pitanje
mnoini
izostavite lan
Ne
izostavite lan
-5-
uopteno
izostavite lan
Ne
koristite a
(isto i vama);
- ispred imena zgrada, ustanova, brodova i sl: The Houses of Parliament (parlament),
The Ministry of Defence (ministarstvo odbrane), The Majestic (hotel) itd;
- ispred imena listova, asopisa, magazina: the Times;
- ispred linih imena koja se sastoje od prideva i imenice:
The Black Sea (Crno more), The Pacific Ocean (Tihi okean);
- ispred imena naroda u mnoini: the English (Englezi);
- ispred imena posle kojih dolazi "of": we signed the treaty of Locarno
(potpisali smo sporazum u Lokarnu);
- ispred imena reka, plananskih lanaca, jezera i mora:
we climbed the Alps (popeli smo se na Alpe);
- ispred prideva koji su upotrebljeni kao imenice:
the poor of London (sirotinja Londona);
- u nekim stalnim izrazima i frazama:
he made a joke at the expense of this old woman
I don't want to run the risk
-6-
(doi u do ponedeljka);
- imenice kao to su: school, college, market, court, prison itd, idu bez lana ako oznaavaju rad
koji se tamo obavlja:
after school children go home
(posle kole deca se vraaju kui),
he was put in prison
(stavljen je u zatvor);
- uz superlativ priloga lan se ne upotrebljava:
he runs best
she writes quickest
-7-
(maka je ivotinja);
(imati bolove)
(uriti se)
(biti u neprilici)
(po pravilu)
(proseno).
-8-
- kada posle rei "what" koja je upotrebljena kao uzvik, dolazi imenica koja se obino ne
upotrebljava u mnoini:
what wisdom in so young boy
(kakva mudrost u tako mladog deaka)
Sadanja vremena
Sadanje prosto vreme / Simple present tense
Sadanje trajno vreme / Present continuous tense
Sadanje sloeno vreme / Present perfect simple tense
Sadanje trajno sloeno vreme / Present perfect continuous tense
Prola vremena
Prosto prolo vreme / Simple past tense
Prolo trajno vreme / Past continuous tense
Sloeno prolo vreme / Past perfect simple tense
Sloeno trajno prolo vreme / Past perfect continuous tense
Budua vremena
Prosto budue vreme / Simple future tense
Trajno budue vreme / Future continuous tense
Sloeno budue vreme / Future perfect simple tense
Sloeno trajno budue vreme / Future perfect continuous tense
-9-
(ja surfujem);
(most je izgraen).
(on je bolestan)
(njegov brat je bio mornar).
Kada govorimo o osobi kaemo samo broj (She is twenty.) ali kada govorimo o stvari
years i old se ne mogu izostaviti.
Present Simple - Prezent
I am - I'm (ja sam)
you are - you're
he is - he's, she's, it's
we are - we're
you are - you're
they are - they're
- 10 -
am I? (jesam li)
are you?
is he, she, it?
are we?
are you?
are they?
was I?
were you?
was he?
I haven't been
you haven't been
he hasn't been
have I been?
have you been?
has he been?
had I been?
had you been?
had he been?
I shall not be
you will not be
he will not be
shall I be?
will you be?
will he be?
should I be?
would you be?
would he be)
Imperativ
Infinitiv prezenta
Infinitiv perfekta
Particip prezenta
Particip perfekta
Gerund prezenta
Gerund perfekta
be
to be
to have been
being
been - having been
being
having been
- 11 -
(I have spoken)
(I had spoken)
(to have spoken)
(to have spoken)
(having spoken).
do ili
- U toj se konstrukciji moe upitni oblik graditi s pomou do ili inverzijom, a odrini pomou
dodavanjem not, npr:
- Osnovno znaenje glagola have kao glagola punog znaenja jeste posedovati, imati. Npr:
Her brother has a motor-boat.
(njen brat ima motorni amac)
The baby has a blue eyes.
(detece ima plave oi)
- U govornom se jeziku uz have koje znai posedovati esto stavlja got.
I have got znai isto kao i have.
He has got a TV set. (on ima televizor)
Kada have znai posedovati, ne upotrebljava se u nesvrenim vremenima.
- Have se upotrebljava u nekim stalnim izrazima:
to have breakfast
(dorukovati)
to have tea
(popiti aj)
to have a good time
(dobro se zabavljati)
Causative have
Have iza kojeg slijedi objekt i particip perfekta oznaava da neko drugi vri radnju reenice
po elji ili zapovijedi subjekta. Takvo have se u gramatikama obino zove causative have.
Last week I had a new suit made.
(prole sedmice dao sam napraviti novo
odijelo)
You must have your invitation cards printed.
(morate dati tampati pozivnice).
Iz tih prijevoda vidimo da se takvo have prevodi na na jezik glagolom 'dati'.
U ovim reenicama osobito je vaan poredak rei:
HAVE + OBJEKT + PARTICIP PERFEKTA
Ako izmijenimo poredak rei, izmeniemo i znaenje reenice:
I have weeded my garden.
(oplevio sam svoj vrt)
I have my garden weeded.
(dajem pleviti vrt)
- 12 -
I haven't
you haven't
he hasn't
have I?
have you?
has he?
I hadn't
you hadn't
hadn't
had I?
had you?
had he?
have I had?
have you had?
has he had?
had I had?
had you had?
had he had?
shall I have?
will you have?
will he have?
should I have?
would you have?
would he have?
Imperativ
Infinitiv prezenta
Infinitiv perfekta
Particip prezenta
Particip perfekta
Gerund prezenta
Gerund perfekta
have
to have
to have had
having
had - having had
having
having had
- 13 -
(vozi li on auto)
(vi me ne razumete)
(nisu stigli na vreme)
(ta sedi!)
(zaista volim ove kolae)
I do not - I don't
you do not - you don't
he do not - he don't
we do not - we don't
you do not - you don't
they do not - they don't
do I?
do you?
does he?
do we?
do you?
do they?
did I?
did you?
did he?
did we?
did you?
did they?
Imperativ
do
- 14 -
Present Simple
it rains
it hails
it freezes
it snows
it thunders
(izgledati):
(izgledati):
to look
to feel
to make
(izgledati):
(oseati):
(initi):
Glagol "can" se ne moe upotrebiti s etvrtim padeom bez nekog drugog glagola, tako ne
moemo rei:
I can that - ve I can do that
(ja to umem).
Odrini oblik glasi "can not" ili skraeno (saeto, contracted) "can't" i "could not" ili "couldn't".
Umesto glagola "can" u vremenima koje on nema upotrebljava se izraz "to be able" (moi,
biti u stanju):
I shall be able to this for you.
(moi u to da uinim za vas).
Nepotpuni glagol "may" (moi, smeti) oznaava odobravanje, doputanje, verovatnou, mogunost
i elju:
he may come tomorrow
may I go in?
may he join us?
may he rest in peace!
- 15 -
U vremenima koje glagol must nema upotrebljava se glagol to have sa infinitivom bilo kog glagola
sa obaveznim "to":
(morao sam smesta otii)
(moraemo mnogo raditi)
I had to go at once.
We shall have to work hard.
(trebalo je da ode)
Pravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak "-ed". Npr:
play - played, open - opened itd.
Ako se glagol u infinitivu zavrava na "-e" dodaje se samo "-d". Npr:
smile - smiled, hope - hoped itd.
Nepravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta na razne naine.
- 16 -
Past Simple
Past Participle
awake
be
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bid
bite
blow
break
bring
broadcast
build
burn
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
dig
do
draw
dream
drive
drink
eat
fall
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hang
have
awoke
was, were
beat
became
began
bent
bet
bid
bit
blew
broke
brought
broadcast
built
burned/burnt
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dug
did
drew
dreamed/dreamt
drove
drunk
ate
fell
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
awoken
been
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bid
bitten
blown
broken
brought
broadcast
built
burned/burnt
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dug
done
drawn
dreamed/dreamt
driven
drunk
eaten
fallen
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
gotten
given
gone
grown
hung
had
- 17 -
Base Form
Past Simple
Past Participle
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
lay
lead
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
read
ride
ring
rise
run
say
see
sell
send
show
shut
sing
sit
sleep
speak
spend
stand
swim
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
understand
wake
wear
win
write
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
learned/learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
showed
shut
sang
sat
slept
spoke
spent
stood
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
won
wrote
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
learned/learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
showed/shown
shut
sung
sat
slept
spoken
spent
stood
swum
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
won
written
- 18 -
Neprelazni glagoli su oni uz koje ne moe stajati direktni objekt (subject + verb [+indirect object]).
He has arrived.
She speaks fast.
John goes to school.
(on je stigao)
(ona govori brzo)
(John ide u kolu)
to dress oneself
to help oneself
to hurt oneself
to improve oneself
to tire oneself
to excuse oneself
to flatter oneself
to amuse oneself
to warm oneself
to take care of oneself
(obui se)
(pomoi se)
(povrediti se)
(popraviti se)
(umoriti se)
(izviniti se)
(hvaliti se)
(zabaviti se)
(utopliti se)
(obui se)
- 19 -
Znaenje
Primeri
neprelazni
frazalni
glagol
get up
ustati iz kreveta
break down
prestati sa radom
prelazni
frazalni
glagol
put off
odgoditi
the meeting.
turn down
odbiti
my offer.
Direktni
objekat
Kada su frazalni glagoli prelazni (tj. kada imaju direktni objekat), obino ih moemo rastaviti na dva
dijela. Npr:
They turned down my offer.
They turned my offer down.
(obe reenice su tane)
Meutim, ako je direktni objekat zamenica, nemamo izbora, moramo razdvojiti frazalni glagol i
ubaciti zamenicu. Dat je primer sa frazalnim glagolom "switch on":
Tano:
Tano:
Tano:
Netano:
John
John
John
John
switched
switched
switched
switched
the radio
it
on
on
on
on
the radio.
it.
- 20 -
Primeri:
Predloni glagoli
Znaenje
(Primjeri)
Direktni objekat
believe in
look after
talk about
wait for
verovati u postojanje
brinuti se o
razgovarati o
ekati
I believe in
He is looking after
Did you talk about
John is waiting for
God.
the dog
me?
Mary.
Predloni glagoli se ne mogu razdvajati, to znai da ne moemo umetnuti direktni objekat izmeu.
Na primer, moramo rei: "look after the baby" a ne smemo rei: "look the baby after".
Znaenje
(Primeri )
get on with
put up with
attitude.
look forward to
you.
run out of
his wife.
your
oekivati sa zadovoljstvom
I look forward to
seeing
iscrpiti
eggs.
Direktni objekat
Poto se frazalni predloni glagoli tvore sa predlozima, uvijek imamo direktni objekat, i poput
predlonih glagola ne smeju se razdvajati.
We run out of fuel.
We run out of it.
- 21 -
Iako izgleda kao glagol, gerund ima istu funkciju kao imenica, i koristi se:
kao subjekat reenice:
Eating people is wrong.
Flying is dangerous.
posle prijedloga. Ako posle predloga treba doi glagol moramo koristiti gerund:
She is good at painting.
(ona dobro slika);
Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?
(moe li kinuti a da ne otvori
usta);
iza frazalnih glagola koji su stvoreni po principu "glagol + predlog/prilog":
(to look forward, to give up, to be for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on):
She always puts off going to dentist.
(ona uvek odlae odlazak
zubaru);
When you are going to give up smoking?
(kada e prestati puiti);
u sloenim imenicama: a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting;
posle izraza: can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, do you mind, would you mind i
pridjeva "worth" i "busy".
It's no use trying to escape.
(nema koristi pokuavati pobei)
I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams.
(ne mogu podneti kad se zaglavim u saobraaju)
This site is worth visiting.
(ovu stranicu vredi posetiti)
- 22 -
(ja radim)
(on je pevao)
(oni su etali);
da zameni reenicu ili dio reenice. Kada se dve radnje deavaju u isto vreme, od strane
iste osobe ili stvari, koristimo particip prezenta da ih opiemo:
They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went.
They went laughing into the snow.
He whistled to himself. He walked down on the road.
Whistling to himself, he walked down on the road.
Kada jedna radnja sledi odmah iza druge, od strane iste osobe, moemo prvu radnju izraziti
participom prezenta:
He put on his coat and left the house.
Putting on his coat, he left the house.
- 23 -
She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air.
Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air.
Particip prezenta se moe koristiti umesto poetnih as, since, because, i izraava razlog
radnje:
Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
(= because he felt hungry...)
Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes.
Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.
(on ree)
(un upita)
(zapitali smo)
(ona zapovedi)
(verovasmo)
(odgovorih)
(odgovorih) i sl.
Pri pretvaranju direktnog u indirektan govor treba potivati pravila o slaganju vremena:
sva vremena u indirektnom obliku se moraju zameniti odgovarajuim prolim oblicima prema pravilima o slaganju vremena:
Direktni govor
Indirektni govor
Prosto sadanje
Prosto prolo
Prezent perfekt
Davno prolo
Prosto budue
Prosto prolo
Imperativ
Infinitiv
Davno prolo
Sloeno budue
sve rei koje oznaavaju blizinu moraju se zamijeniti reima koje oznaavaju udaljenost;
- 24 -
postaje
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
was
did
should
would
had
could
might
had to
that
those
there
then
that day
the next day
the day before
the night before
Primjeri:
D: She said to her brother: "What are you doing?" (ona ree svom bratu: "ta radi?")
I: She asked her brother what he was doing.
(ona upita svog brata ta radi)
D: They asked me: "Do you speak Spanish."
I: They asked me whether I speak Spanish.
- 25 -
Neophodne klauze su kljune za znaenje reenice i ne mogu se izbaciti, jer bi u tom sluaju
znaenje reenice bilo promenjeno.
All students who do their work should pass easily.
Nebitne klauze nisu neophodne za znaenje reenice i mogu se izbaciti iz nje. Obino se odvajaju
zarezima (ako se nalaze u sredini):
Professor Villa, who used to be a secretary for the President, can type 132 words a minute.
Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be
removed. (neophodna i nebitna klauza)
-Pridevske klauze opisuju imenice ili zamenice, i skoro uvijek dolaze poslije imenica ili zamenica.
Veina pridevskih klauza poinje sa: who, whom, which ili that. Ponekad se ove rei ne moraju
nalaziti u reenici ali se podrazumevaju.
The book that is on the floor should be returned to the library.
(knjiga koja je na podu bi se
trebala vratiti u biblioteku)
The bridge that collapsed in the winter storm will cost millions to replace.
(most koji se
sruio u zimskoj oluji e kotati milione za popravku)
My brother, who is an engineer, figured it out for me.
(moj brat, koji je inenjer, je shvatio to
za mene)
- 26 -
-Priloke klauze obino dopunjuju glagole i mogu se pojaviti bilo gde u reenici. Oni kau zato,
gde ili pod kojim uslovima se radnja odvijala. Za razliku od pridevskih klauza, priloke klauze se
esto mogu pomerati u reenici. Npr:
When the timer rings, we know the cake is done.
We know the cake is done when the timer rings.
Priloke klauze uvek poinju sa zavisnim veznikom, koji uvodi klauzu i izraava njenu vezu sa
ostatkom reenice.
When the movie is over, we'll go downtown.
John wanted to write a book because he had so much to say about the subject.
-Imenike klauze nisu rei koje dopunjuju druge rei za razliku od prideva i priloga. U reenici
funkcioniraju kao subjekat, direktni objekat ili predloki objekat.
Imenika klauza obino poinje sa: that, which, who, whoever, whomever, whose, what i
whatsoever. Takoe, mogu poinjati i sa zavisnim veznicima: how, when, where, whether, why.
What he knows [subjekat] is no concern of mine.
Do you know what he knows [objekat]?
In fact, he wrote a book about what he had done over the years [objekat predloga].
Whoever wins the game will play in the tournament.
(3.12.2.) Relativne klauze
Relativne klauze (relative clauses) se zavisne klauze koje dopunjuju (menjaju) imenice ili
zamenice.
Uvode se relativnim zamjenicama: who, whom, which, that, whose. Mogu biti neophodne
(restrictive or essential) ili nebitne (nonrestrictive or nonessential) klauze.
U relativnoj klauzi, relativna zamenica je subjekat glagola i odnosi se na neto s im je klauza u
vezi.
Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed.
(U ovoj reenici podvuene rei ine neophodnu klauzu, s toga nee biti odvojene zarezima.
Nakoena (italic) slova ine relativnu nebitnu klauzu, zbog ega su odvojene zarezima od ostatka
reenice, a u ovom sluaju dopunjuje re "wart")
Ponekad relativne klauze mogu da se donose na vie od jedne rei u tekstu, tj. mogu da
dopunjuju, opisuju celu klauzu ili ak vie njih.
Charlie didn't get the job in administration, which really surprised his friends.
Charlie didn't get the job in administration, and he didn't even apply for the Dean's position, which
really surprised his friends.
Relativna klauza koja dopunjuje celu klauzu ili vie njih se naziva reenina klauza (sentential
clause).
- 27 -
Sadanji kondicional {
Proli kondicional
uslov posledica
If
y=10
2y=20
ili
posledica
if
uslov
2y=20
if
y=10
To znai ako (if) je odreeni uslov zadovoljen, onda (then) e doi do neke posledice.
Pogodbene reenice se takoe zovu i kondicionalima, a ponekad ih nazivamo "if reenicama", jer
esto (ali ne i uvek) u njima se upotrebljava re "if".
Ovdje e biti obraene tri osnovna tipa kondicionala i tzv. nulti-kondicional.
Prvi kondicional
(First Conditional)
Drugi kondicional
(Second Conditional)
Trei kondicional
(Third Conditional)
Nulti-kondicional
(Zero Conditional)
- 28 -
uslov
it rains
prosto sadanje vreme
posledica
I will stay at home.
budue vreme
Treba primetiti da kia jo nije pala, meutim nebo je oblano i postoji realna mogunost (real
possibility) da e kia pasti. Kao to vidite da bi izrazili mogui uslov koristili smo sadanje prosto
vreme (Present Simple Tense). Za izraavanje mogue posledice koristili smo futur.
Najvanije je zapamtiti da kod prvog kondicionala postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti.
posledica
budue vreme
if
if
uslov
prosto sadanje vreme
if
if
if
I see her.
it rains tomorrow.
they do not pass the exam.
Ponekad moemo koristiti: shall, can ili may umesto will, na primer:
If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight.
veeras)
uslov
prosto prolo vreme
posledica
kondicional sadanji
If
If
If
If
I married Mary
it snowed next July
Ram became rich
I won the lottery
I would be happy.
would you be suprised?
she would marry him.
I would by a car.
Primjetite, da kod drugog kondicionala koristimo prosto prolo vrijeme za izraavanje uslova, a
sadanji kondicional za izraavanje eventualne posledice.
Bitna stvar kod drugog kondicionala je da ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti, tj.
anse su jako male da e se uslov ispuniti.
Ponekad, umesto glagola would koristimo should, could or might:
If I won a million dollars, I could stop working.
(da dobijem milion dolara, mogao bih prestati
raditi)
- 29 -
uslov
sloeno prolo vreme (past perfect)
posledica
kondicional proli
If
If
If
If
If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been sad.
njihov uitelj bi bio tuan)
Da bi smo izrazili uslov u prolosti koji se nije ostvario koristili smo sloeno prolo vreme (past
perfect), dok za izraavanje posledice koja se nee dogoditi smo koristili kondicional proli.
Bitna stvar kod treeg kondicionala je da ne postoji sada nikakva ansa da se uslov i posledica
dogode.
Ponekad umesto would have koristimo should have, could have, might have:
If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won.
uslov
prosto sadanje vreme
posledica
prosto sadanje vreme
If
it melts.
uslov
prosto sadaenje vreme
posledica
prosto sadanje vreme
If
If
If
- 30 -
Tip kondicionala
glavna reenica
"if" reenica
Prvi kondicional
Drugi kondicional
Trei kondicional
Nulti kondicional
budue vrijeme
kondicional sadanji
kondicional proli
prosto sadanje vrijeme
sadanje vrijeme
prosto budue vrijeme
sloeno prolo vrijeme
prosto sadanje vrijeme
Sledea tabela daje prikaz kondicionala po verovatnosti ispunjenja uslova. Naravno, procenti za
prvi i drugi kondicional su dati samo orijentaciono za poreenje.
verovatnoa kondicional primer
vreme
100%
50%
5%
0%
budunost
budunost
prolost
nulti
prvi
drugi
trei
(put je popravljen)
Pasivni oblici se grade tako to se uzme ono vrijeme glagola "to be" koje nam je potrebno i doda
se particip proli glagola kojeg menjamo. To znai, da se pasivni prezent gradi od prezenta glagola
"to be" i participa prolog glagola koji menjamo.
Aktivnu reenicu moemo pretvoriti u pasivnu ako se glagol stavi u trpno stanje, subjekat aktivne
reenice postaje objekat pasivne, i ispred njega se stavlja predlog "by":
A: Everybody drinks water.
P: Water is drunk by everybody.
subjekat
glagol
objekat
aktiv
pasiv
Everybody
Water
drinks
is drunk
water
by everybody.
(ukraden mi je auto)
(dobila je lep poklon za roendan)
- 31 -
ako nije potrebno pomenuti vrioca radnje jer to proizilazi iz konteksta (smisla) reenice ili
nije bitno za smisao da mora biti pomenut:
Mistakes are always made.
infinitiv
to be called
simple
present
past
future
conditional
it is called
it was called
it will be called
it would be called
continous
present
past
future
conditional
it is being called
it was being called
it will be being called
it would be being called
perfect simple
present
past
future
conditional
perfect continous
present
past
future
conditional
- 32 -
Primer
Sadanje prosto
(Simple Present)
(Present Perfect or
Past Perfect)
Budue vreme
(Futur)
Predbudue vreme,
svreni futur
- 33 -
Infinitiv sadanji
Uloga infinitiva
Primer
(Present Infinitive, to
see)
Infnitiv perfekta
(Perfect Infinitive, to
have seen)
Participi
Vreme participa
Prezent participa
Uloga participa
Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava
u isto vreme kada i glagol.
(Present of Participle,
seeing)
- 34 -
Primeri
Working on the
fundamentals, the team
slowly began to improve.
[Unapreujui osnove, tim
je poeo polahko
napredovati, radnja se
deava u paralelno, u isto
vreme]
(Past Participle or
Present Perfect
Participle
- 35 -
present
future
present
future
to call - zvati
I call
you call
he, she, it calls
we call
you call
they call
ja zovem
ti zove
on, ona , ono zove
mi zovemo
vi zovete
oni, one, ona zovu
I do not call
you do not call
he, she, it does not call
we do not call
you do not call
they do not call
do I call?
do you call?
does, he ,she, it call?
do we call?
do you call?
do they call?
I am speaking
you are speaking
he, she, it is speaking
we are speaking
you are speaking
they are speaking
(ja govorim)
Present participle se pravi dodavanjem glagolu nastavka "-ing". Meutim, ponekad moramo malo
promeniti re, verovatno udvostruiti ili izostaviti jedno slovo.
- 36 -
Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokalsuglasnik zadnje slovo se udvostruava:
s
t
o
p
suglasnik
naglaeni vokal
suglasnik
Izuzetak 1
run
stop
begin
>
>
>
running
stopping
beginning
>
opening
>
>
lying
dying
Izuzetak 3
come
mistake
>
>
coming
mistaking
present
future
Knjiga
Svea
Devojka
Meutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i moda e se
deavati poslije trenutka kada o njoj govorimo:
She is reading a book.
past
present
future
- 37 -
- glagoli ula (feel, see, hear, taste,smell) se esto koriste sa glagolom 'can':
I can see... (mogu videti) itd.
- * Ovi glagoli mogu se koristiti u trajnoj formi ali sa drugim znaenjem, npr:
This coat feels nice and warm.
(ovaj brod je lep i udoban, to je naa
percepcija, oseaj kvaliteta broda)
John's feeling much better now.
(Don se osea mnogo bolje sada, njegovo
zdravlje se poboljava);
She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ima tri psa i maku, posedovanje)
She's having supper. (ona veera, ona jede);
I can see Anthony in the garden.
I'm seeing Anthony later.
to call - zvati
I'm calling
you're calling
he, she, it's calling
we're calling
you're calling
they're calling
am I calling?
are you calling?
is he, she, it calling?
are we calling?
are you calling?
are they calling?
- 38 -
da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je rezultat radnje vaan:
I have buoght a car.
(kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada);
uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since,
for:
Have you ever been to Serbia?
(jeste li ikada bili u Srbijii?);
da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''):
The guests have just entered the hall.
(gosti su upravo uli u dvoranu).
Amerikanci ne koriste sloeno sadanje vreme toliko kao Britanci. Amerikanci ee
upotrebljavaju prolo vreme umesto sloenog sadanjeg vremena. Amerikanac bi rekao:
"Did you have lunch?", dok bi Britanac rekao: "Have you had lunch?".
to call - zvati
I have called (ja sam zvao)
you have called
he, she, it has called
we have called
you have called
they have called
I haven't called
you haven't called
he, she, it hasn't called
we haven't called
you haven't called
they haven't called
have I called?
have you called?
have he, she, it called?
have we called?
have you called?
have they called?
present
future
!!!!!
radnja koja se
desila nedavno
sad-imamo
posledicu
- 39 -
radnja poela
u prolosti
present
future
nastavlja se u
sadanjosti
Tara didn't feel well for two weeks, and now she feels well.
dve sedmice, a sada se osea dobro).
Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara, u
petak.
for
since
period vremena
od vremenske take
20 minutes
three days
six months
a long time
ever
itd.
6.15 am
Monday
January
I left school
the beginning of time
itd.
- 40 -
For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi samo sa perfect vremenima.
to call - zvati
I have been calling
you have been calling you
he, she, it has been calling
we have been calling we
you have been calling
they have been calling
infinitiv
preterit
past particip
pravilni
glagoli
work
explode
like
worked
exploded
liked
worked
exploded
liked
go
see
sing
went
saw
sang
gone
seen
sung
Proli oblik
nepravilnih
glagola se ne
gradi po nekom
pravilu i ui se
napamet.
nepravilni
glagoli
Past particip
nam nije
potreban pri
graenju
prolog
vremena.
b) odrina reenica:
subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola
He didn't like the movie.
Mary did not go to work last Monday.
- 41 -
c) upitna reenica:
preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv glavnog glagola
(je si li igrao tenis prole sedmice)
(je li gledao TV prole sedmice)
Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo zamenom subjekta
i glagola.
I, he, she, it was here. - Was I, he, she, it here?
You were here. - were you here?
Ako glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak naglaen vokal, krajnji samoglasnik se
udvostruava:
plan - planned
skip - skipped
Krajnje "l" se uvek udvostruava:
level - levelled
call - called
Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, taj se "y" mijenja u "i":
worry - worried
cry - cried
Prosto prolo vreme koristimo:
a) da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa
sadanjou:
I was in Liverpool last year.
(bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine);
b) da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vreme u prolosti bez ikakve veze sa sadanjou:
We went to school when we were children. (ili smo u kolu kada smo bili deca);
c) kada govorimo o stvarima koje elimo da se dogode ili bi trebalo da se dogode:
It's time they were back.
(vreme je da se vrate)
I wish I had a new computer.
(voleo bih da imam novi kompjuter)
d) u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj prosto prolo vreme (slaganje vremena):
The policeman told me I drove to much.
(policajac mi je rekao da sam previe vozio)
Kada kaemo kada ili gde se radnja dogodila, moramo koristiti prosto prolo vreme,
a ne sloeno sadanje vreme (present perfect tense).
to call - zvati
I called (ja sam zvao)
you called
he, she, it called
we called
you called
they called
I didn't call
you didn't call
he, she, it didn't call
we didn't call
you didn't call
they didn't call
- 42 -
did I call?
did you call?
did he, she, it call?
did we call?
did you call?
did they call?
(deca su se igrala
(znao sam da se sa
to call - zvati
I was calling
you were calling.
he, she, it was calling
we were calling
you were calling
they were calling
- 43 -
was I calling?
were you calling?
was he, she, it calling?
were we calling?
were you callingg?
were they calling?
present
future
3) iza izraza: as if (kao da), if only (kad bi barem), I wish (kamo sree da), past perfectom se
izraava neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti:
I wish I had met you before.
(kamo sree da sam te ranije sreo)
If only you had sent me the SMS.
(da si mi barem poslala SMS)
He played the basketball as if he had played in NBA.
(igrao je koarku kao da je igrao
u NBA)
to call - zvati
I had called
you had called
he, she, it had called
we had called
you had called
they had called
- 44 -
had I called?
had you called?
had he, she, it called?
had we called?
had you called?
had they called?
present
future
Ram je poeo
sa ekanjem u 9
sati.
9
11
- 45 -
will I call?
will you call?
will he, she, it call?
will we call?
will you call?
will they call?
present
future
4pm
U 4 sata biu usred posla.
Kada koristimo budue trajno vreme, na slualac obino zna ili razume u koje vreme se radnja
odvija.
I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. (igrau tenis sutra u 10 sati)
We'll be having dinner when film starts.
(veeraemo kada film pone)
Take your umbrella, it will be raining when you return.
(uzmi kiobran, padae kia
kada se bude vraao)
to call - zvati
I will be calling (ja u zvati)
you will be calling
he, she, it will be calling
we will be calling
you will be calling
they will be calling
I won't be calling
you won't be calling
he, she, it won't be calling
we won't be calling
you won't be calling
they won't be calling
will I be calling?
will you be calling?
will he, she, it be calling?
will we be calling?
will you be calling?
will they be calling?
- 46 -
present
future
- 47 -
to call - zvati
I will have been calling
you will have been calling
he, she, it will have been calling
we will have been calling
you will have been calling
they will have been calling
(ovek),
(grad),
(srea),
(ljubav) itd.
- 48 -
- girl
- mother
- sister
- daughter
- aunt
- niece
- queen
- nun
- mare
- hen
- duck
- goose
deak
otac
brat
sin
ujak
neak
kralj
kaluer
konj
petao
patak
gusak
- devojica
- majka
- sestra
- ki
- tetka
- neaka
- kraljica
- kaluerica
- kobila
- kokoka
- patka
- guska
- abbess
- actress
- countess
- duchess
- empress
- poetess
- princess
- negress
- heiress
- sorceress
- lioness
- heroine
opat
glumac
grof
vojvoda
car
pesnik
princ
crnac
naslednik
arobnjak
lav
heroj
- opatica
- glumica
- grofica
- vojvotkinja
- carica
- pesnikinja
- princeza
- crnkinja
- naslednica
- arobnica
- lavica
- heroina
- dodajemo nastavke:
abbot
actor
count
duke
emperor
poet
prince
negro
heir
sorcerer
lion
hero
- obrazuju se sloenice:
man-servant
cock-sparrow
bull-calf
male-elephant
landlord
- maid-servant
- hen-sparrow
- cow-calf
- female-elephant
- landlady
sluga
vrabac
junac
slon
gazda
- slukinja
- vrabica
- junica
- slonica
- gazdarica
(uenik, uenica)
(prijatelj, prijateljica)
(uitelj, uiteljica)
(roak, rodica)
(uiteljica).
- 49 -
- books
- faces
(knjiga - knjige)
(lice - lica)
Imenice koje se zavavaju na: -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -tch dobijaju nastavak "-es",
koji se izgovara iz:
class - classes
bush - bushes
bench - benches
razred - razredi
grm
- grmlje
klupa - klupe
Imenice na "-o" dobijaju nastavak "-es" ako se "o" nalazi posle suglasnika:
hero - heroes
potato - potatoes
negro - negroes
heroj
- heroji
krompir - krompiri
crnac - crnci
klavir - klaviri
spev - spevovi
oktava - oktave
kukavica - kukavice
- 50 -
Imenice na "y" poslije suglasnika menjaju "y" u "i" i dobijaju nastavak "-es":
country
lady
story
- countries
- ladies
- stories
zemlja
dama
pria
- zemlje
- dame
- prie
ali:
day
boy
toy
- days
- boys
- toys
dan
deak
igraka
- dani
- deaci
- igrake
Imenice na "f" i "fe" menjaju "f" u "v" i dobijaju u mnoini nastavak "-es":
half
calf
knife
wife
- halves
- calves
- knives
- wives
polovina
tele
no
supruga
- polovine
- telad
- noevi
- supruge
- strifes
- fifes
- staffs
- gulfs
borba
svirala
tab
struja
- borbe
- svirale
- tabovi
- struje
Imenice koje zavavaju na "-oof", "-ief", "-ff" ne menjaju u "f" i dobijaju nastavak "-s":
roof
dwarf
chief
cliff
- roofs
- dwarfs
- chiefs
- cliffs
krov
patuljak
poglavica
greben
- krovovi
- patuljci
- poglavice
- grebeni
- oxen
- children
vo
dete
- volovi
- deca
- men
- women
- teeth
- Englishmen
- sportsmen
ovek
ena
zub
Englez
sportista
- ljudi
- ene
- zubi
- Englezi
- sportisti
Roman
Norman
German
- Romans
- Normans
- Germans
Rimljanin
Norman
Nemac
- Rimljani
- Normani
- Nemci
ali:
- 51 -
- brothers
- brethren
(braa po krvi)
(braa u crkvenoj organizaciji, drutvu)
cloth
- cloths
- clothes
(tof)
(odelo)
Latinske imenice na "-us" i "-um" te grke na "-on" i "-is" imaju u mnoini obino svoj
latinski odnosno grki nastavak:
(poluprenik, poluprenici)
(oaza, oaze)
radius - radii
oasis - oases
Sloenice obrazuju mnoinu tako da se nastavak za mnoinu doda glavnoj rei od koje
je sloenica sastavljena, tj. od rei koja nosi smisao. Ako je sloenica sastavljena bez
imenica, onda nastavak za mnoiniu dobija poslednja re:
looker-on
- lookers-on
pick-pocket - pick-pockets
forget-me-not - forget-me-nots
(gledalac, gledaoci)
(deparo, deparoi)
(nezaboravak (cvee), nezaboravci)
(savet)
(nametaj)
(obavetenje)
(napredak)
(ljudi)
(oveanstvo)
(stoka)
Imenica "news" (vest) i "means" (sredstvo) imaju oblik mnoini ali su u jednini:
what is the news
by the means
(kakve su vesti)
(na ovaj nain)
(karte)
(sadrina)
(politika)
(matematika)
(ruka)
(slovo)
(kompas)
(fioka)
arms
letters
compasses
drawers
- 52 -
(ruke, oruje)
(knjievnost)
(estar)
(donje gae)
mnoina:
1. pad. Some teachers had books.
2. pad. The books of the techers were big.
The teacher's books are always big.
3. pad. We went to the teachers.
4. pad. And we asked the teachers.
5. pad. Teachers, are your books big.
6. pad. After the conversation with the teachers.
7. pad. We know more about the teachers.
Prema tome, padei se odreuju prema mestu u reenici (prvi i etvrti), pomou predloga (drugi
pade pomou predloga "of" ili nastavkom kad imamo prisvojni genitiv, trei pade pomou
predloga "to", esti pomou predloga "with", sedmi pade pomoi predloga "about"). Peti pade
izraava se imenicom bez lana.
Drugi pade - Genitive
U engleskom jeziku drugi pade se moe izraziti na vie naina:
Normanskim genitivom (Norman genitive) koji se obrazuje pomou prijedloga "of":
the book of the teacher (uiteljeva knjiga).
Saksonskim genitivom (Saxon genitive), koji se jo zove "prisvojni genitiv"
(Possessive case). Ovaj pade se obrazuje tako da se imenici doda nastavak -'s.
teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga).
Saksonski genitiv se obrazuje nastavkom -'s na imenicu koji se izgovara "z" iza zvunih suglasnika
i samoglasnika, a "s" iza bezvunih suglasnika.
U jednini se dodaje -'s
teacher's book
Peter's toy
boy's eyes
(uiteljeva knjiga)
(Peterova igraka)
(deakove oi)
Ako se osobna imenica zavrava na -s, onda dodajemo samo apostrof, a nastavak
se izgovara kao "z":
Burn's works
(Burnsova dela)
- 53 -
Ako se imenica zavrava na -s ili -ce kao i ispred rei "sake", dodaje se samo
apostrof:
(za Boju volju)
(radi smirenja savesti).
my brothers' wives
Pridev je u engleskom jeziku nepromenljiva re, pa se prema tome pridevom ne moe izraziti ni
rod, ni broj ni pade. Pridev obino stoji ispred imenice.
Pridevi se dijele na:
line (proper), koji se piu velikim slovom: Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, English, German,
Italian;
opisne (descriptive): young, beautiful, green;
koliinske (quantitative): some, few, much, all, enough;
pokazne (demonstrative): the this, that, these, those, such, younder, the same, the order;
neodreene (indefinite): a, an, any, one, certain, another;
deobne (distributive): each, every, either, neither;
prisvojne (possessive): my, your, his, her, its, our, their;
upitne (interrogative): what, which.
(5.1.) Poreenje prideva - Comparasion
Pridevi imaju tri stepena poreenja:
prvi stupanj
drugi stupanj
trei stupanj
- jednakost
- nejednakost
- nadmonost
- positive
- comparative
- superlative.
- 54 -
- the prettiest
(drag),
- the grayest (jer "y" dolazi posle samoglasnika, a ne suglasnika).
Poreenje prideva pomou nastavka "-er" za komparativ i "-est" za superlativ naziva se germansko
poreenje. Na ovaj nain porede se svi jednosloni predevi - sa izuzetkom sledeih:
just,
right,
more just,
more right,
Germanskim nainom poreenja porede se jo i dvosloni pridevi koji se zavravaju na "-y", "-ow",
"-er" ili na slogovno "l", kao i pridev koji imaju naglasak na drugom slogu:
pretty,
narrow,
clever,
simple,
polite,
prettier,
narrower,
cleverer,
simplier,
politer,
the prettiest;
the narrowest;
the cleverest
the simpliest;
the politest.
- 55 -
Poreenje koje se dobiva dodavanjem rei "more" za komparativ i "the most" za superlativ ispred
prideva naziva se romansko poreenje. Ovim nainom porede se svi viesloni pridevi koji imaju
naglasak na prvom slogu, kao i pridjevi koji se zavavaju na "-ed" i "-ing":
famous,
learned,
beautiful,
more famous,
more learned,
more beautiful,
Comparative
Superlative
good (dobar)
bad (lo)
evil (zao)
ill (bolestan)
much (mnogo)
many (mnogo)
little (malen)
late (kasan)
better
the best
worse
the worst
more
less
later (kasniji)
latter (dalji po redu)
nearer
the most
the least
the latest (najnoviji)
the last
(poslednji)
the nearest (najblii)
the next (sledei, do)
the oldest
the eldest
the farthest
the furthest
pnear (blizak)
pold (star)
far (daleko)
older
elder
farther (prostorno dalji)
further (dalji po redu)
- 56 -
d) predlozi za sredstva: by (od, pomou), in (u), with (s, sa), without (bez).
Predlozi mogu biti sloeni, tj. sastavljeni su od vie rei: into (u), upon (na), within (u), outside
(napolju), throughout (skroz).
Posle predloga uvek sledi "imenica", a nikad glagol. Pod "imenica" mislimo na:
imenice
(dog, money, house, love);
line imenice (Sarajevo, Zagreb, Beograd, Edin, Mary);
zamjenice
(you, him, us);
grupne imenice (my first job, your blue book);
gerund
(swimming).
Poto posle predloga ne moe ii glagol, a ako to elimo onda moramo koristiti "-ing" oblik koji je
ustvari gerund ili glagolska imenica.
subjekat + glagol
predlog
"imenica"
The food is
She lives
Mary is looking
The letter is
Pascal is used
She isn't used
I ate
on
in
for
under
to
to
before
the table.
Japan.
you.
your blue book.
English people.
working.
coming .
(odakle ste?)
(od koga ste dobili ovu knjigu)
(preveo sam to sa engleskog na srpski)
(porodica rua)
(ona je kod krojaice)
(on stoji kod vrata)
in - I live in Kragujevac
my money is in my pocket
I'll be back in a minute
(ivim u kragujevcu)
(moj novac je u depu)
(vraam se za minut)
(uao je u sobu)
(stavio sam novac u dep)
(o emu priate)
(hodala je po kui)
(oko sedam je sati)
(upravo sam htio da odem kad je ona dola)
since - I haven't seen you since last Friday (nisam vas video od prolog petka)
- 57 -
except - there was no one at the conference except the president (niko sem predsednika
nije bio na konferenciji)
between - what is between you and her
(ta je izmeu tebe i nje)
there is great difference between words and deeds (velika je razlika izmeu rei i dela)
among - you will find some interesting girls among this students
interesantne devojke meu ovim studentkinjama)
before - she stood before the door waiting
came before eight o'clock
beyond - this is beyond my understanding
his house stands beyond that road
(nai ete
(prili su kui)
Pored ovih predloga u engleskom jeziku imamo i tzv. predlone fraze (prepositional frases):
in spite of
in front of
according to
because of
on account of
by means of
(uprkos)
(ispred)
(prema)
(zbog)
(radi)
(pomou)
uz pridev:
He is really handsome.
She is less beautifull than her sister.
- 58 -
uz prilog:
She drives incredibly slowly.
There is truly quietly.
Meutim, pred ovih funkcija prilozi imaju i druge funkcije, oni mogu:
izmeniti smisao reenice: Obviously, I can't know everything.
znati)
Po svom sastavu prilozi se u engleskom jeziku dele na: proste, izvedene i sloene.
Prosti prilozi su: now (sada), then (tada), fast (brzo), loud (glasno), right (pravo) i dr.
Izvedeni prilozi su oni koji se obrazuju od prideva nastavkom "ly":
beautiful - beautifully
(lep - lepo)
bad - badly
(lo - loe) itd.
Sloeni prilozi su: a great deal (mnogo), at least (bar), at present (sada), at last (najzad) itd.
Po svom znaenju prilozi se dele na:
priloge za vreme: always (uvek), ever (ikad), never (nikad), seldom (retko), often (esto),
soon (uskoro), sometimes (ponekad), early (rano), late (kasno) i dr.
priloge za mesto: here (ovde), there (tamo), in (u), out (iz), near (blizu), far (daleko), down
(dole), up (gore) i dr.
priloge za koliinu: more (vie), no more (ne vie), most (najvie), little (malo), many
(mnogi), less (manje) i dr.
priloge za nain: how (kako), as (kao), so (tako), quickly (brzo), why (zato), truly (zaista),
quietly (mirno), hardly (jedva), usefully (korisno), happily (sreno) i dr. Prilozi za nain se
obino tvore dodavanjem nastavka "-ly" na pridjev.
prilozi stupnja: very (vrlo), too (previe), enough (dovoljno), quite (sasvim) i dr.
- 59 -
(dobro)
(loe)
(mnogo)
(malo)
(blizu)
(daleko)
(kasno)
- better
- worse
- more
- less
- nearer
- farther, further
- later
- best
- worst
- most
- least
- nearest, next
- farthest, furthest
- latest, last
Inae, u poreenju priloga vae sva ostala pravila koja se primenjuju i na prideve.
U engleskom jeziku ima vie prideva koji se upotrebljavaju i kao prilozi:
cheap
dear
fair
false
hard
high
loud
low
near
right
short
wide
(jeftin)
(drag, skup)
(lep, pravilan)
(laan)
(teak)
(visok)
(glasan)
(nizak)
(blizak)
(prav)
(kratak)
(irok)
- to sell cheap
- to buy dear
- to copy fair
- to play false
- to work hard
- to charge high
- to speak loud
- to speak loud
- to draw near
- to sing right
- to stop short
- wide open
(prodavati jeftino)
(kupiti skupo)
(prepisati isto)
(varati u igri)
(naporno raditi)
(propisati visoke ciene)
(govoriti glasno)
(govoriti )
(pribliiti se)
(raditi kako treba)
(iznenada stati)
(iroko otvoren)
Napomena: kada ovi prilozi dobiju priloki nastavak "ly", oni esto menjaju smisao:
hard
near
(teak, naporan)
(blizak)
- hardly
- nearly
(jedva),
(skoro).
- 60 -
obraanje panje: behold! lo! see! holla! help! hark! (uj) hold! I say! attention!
wait! come on! hear, hear! what's the matter!
pretnju: go away! get away! (gubite se) beware! (pazite) off! off! (gubite se)
pozdrav: good-morning! (dobro jutro), good-afternoon! (dobar dan) good-evening! goodnight! welcome! farewell! (zbogom) hail! (zdravo)
(9.) Veznici - Conjunctions
Prema funkciji u reenici veznici se dele na:
dopunske (coordinative): and (i), but (ali), or (ili), yet (ipak) i dr.
zavisne (subordinative): that (da), if (ako), when (kada), though (iako) i dr.
Glavni veznici i njihova upotreba:
before - We saw him before he left his office. (videli smo ga pre nego to je napustio ured)
since - It was a long time since we met.
(odavno se nismo videli)
until, till - We all waited until the rain stopped.
(svi smo ekali dok kia nije prestala)
as soon as - As soon as he came we called his father.
(im je doao pozvali smo
njegovog oca)
as well as - He did it as well as he could.
(on je to uinio onako kako je on mogao)
as long as - You may keep this book as long as you want. (moete zadrati ovu knjigu
koliko god elite)
either...or - Either you or your brother must go.
(ili vi ili va brat morate ii)
neither...nor - Neither he or his sister knew this lesson.
(ni on ni njegova sestra nisu
znali ovu lekciju)
both...and - Both you and I think so.
(oboje mislimo tako)
unless - I am not going to do this unless it is necessary. (neu to da uradim ako nije
potrebno)
in order to - He came in order to hear news.
(doao je da bi uo vest)
as much as - I have read as much I had time.
(itao sam onoliko koliko sam imao
vremena)
though (although) - He knows that I was right, although he wouldn't admit it.
(on zna da sam bio u pravu iako on to ne bi priznao)
whether - I don't know whether to go or not.
(ne znam da li da idem ili ne)
because - I don't like it because it's too tiresome. (ne volim to jer je isuvie zamorno)
- 61 -
Kod glagola "to say" (rei) predlog "to" se mora pisati, bilo da stoji ispred ili iza objekta:
(nisam mu nita rekao)
(nisam mu nita rekao)
etvrti pade line zamenice za prvo lice upotrebljava se umjesto prvog padea u obinom
svakodnevnom engleskom:
Who is there? -Me.
Who is speaking? - Me
etvrti pade line zamenice se takoer upotrebljava umesto prvog padea u poreenju iza rei
"than":
He is taller than me.
(vii je od mene)
Zamenica "it" moe se upotrebiti i kao bezlina zamenica, koja se ne odnosi ni na lice ni na stvar:
It is a cold day, isn't it?
(hladan je dan, zar ne)
It seems to me that we shall have rain.
(izgleda mi da emo imati kiu)
Zamenica "it" se takoer moe upotrebiti da se uvede subjekat reenice:
It was not difficult to understand him.
It is only my brother who is here in time.
- 62 -
Prisvojne zamenice upotrebljavaju se takoer u naroitim izrazima koji prave dvostruki pade:
a friend of mine
(moj prijatelj)
Kad se zamenica eli naglasiti, moe se umesto prisvojne zamjenice "mine", upotrijebiti "my own":
This book is my own.
- pris. pridev;
- prisv. zamenica.
Zamenice za isticanje (emphasizing pronouns) imaju isti oblik kao i povratne zamjenice i
upotrebljavaju se da se u reenici istakne predmet ili objekt:
He himself did this heroic deed.
- 63 -
Zamjenica "the same" moe se pojaati sa "the very same" (ba taj isti).
(10.5.) Upitne zamenice - Interrogative Pronouns
Upitne zamenice su: who, what i which.
Promena zamenice "who":
1. pad. who
2. pad. whose
3. pad. to whom
4. pad. whom
5. pad. with whom
(ko)
(iji, kojega)
(kome)
(koga)
(s kim)
(ta)
(ega)
(emu)
(ta)
(ime)
(koji)
(kojega)
(kojemu)
(kojega)
(s kojim)
- 64 -
Ako se iza "which" i "what" nalazi imenica, onda su to pridevi (which - koji; what - kakav):
(koji od ovih ljudi je va brat),
(koje je boje vaa torba).
- 65 -
posle superlativa prideva: this is most beautiful picture that I have ever seen
(to je
najlepa slika koju sam ikad video);
posle rednih brojeva: this is the first book that I have read with real interest
(to je prva
knjiga koju sam proitao sa stvarnim zanimanjem);
poslije rei: all, everything, anything, nothing, something, some, any, none, much,
little, only, very:
there is much that must be done
(ima mnogo toga to se mora uraditi).
"What" kao odnosna zamenica znai "ono to":
(kaite mi ta elite znati),
(znam ta mislite).
Relativna zamenica "as" upotrebljava se za lica, ivotinje i stvari, i dolazi posle "same" i "such":
bread was given to such as were most hungry
"But" kao relativna zamenica odnosi se na imena lica, ivotinja i stvari, a upotrebljava se
samo iza negacije:
there is no man here but loves his country
good friends always help each other (dobri prijatelji uvek pomau jedan drugoga).
Umesto "each other" moe se upotrebiti "one another":
they help one another
- 66 -
"Either" i "neither" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari, a znae jedan ili drugi
(ni jedan ni drugi) od dvojice:
either of these two pupils will read the story properly
kako treba).
"Either" i "neither" su takoer i veznici, i u tom sluaju upotrebljavaju se sa "or" ili "nor":
either you or your father should pay this money
novac).
ceo, svi
malo
neto, nekoliko
malo
neto malo
mnogo
neki, neto, nekoliko
drugi
(jedan) drugi
neki
nekoliko
oba
drugi
neto
neko
neko
neko, bilo ko
neko, bilo ko
svako
svako
sve
niko
niko
niko
nita
- 67 -
all is correct
the house is empty, all have gone
many people are said to have arrived but I still cannot see any
svijeta stiglo, ali ja jo uvek nikog ne vidim).
(kau da je mnogo
two artists have exhibited their paintings; works of both are of great value (dva slikara su
izlagali svoje slike, radovi obojice su od velike vrednosti).
"Much" se upotrebljava kada je u pitanju velika koliina. Upotrebljava se samo u jednini
(kolektivno):
(mnogo je bilo reeno, ali uzalud).
"Many" se upotrebljava za neodreeni broj lica, ivotinja i stvari. Glagol je samo u mnoini:
(mnogi e doi, ali jo vie njih e otii).
Sve to je reeno za "much" i "many" vai za njihove komparative i superlative (more i most).
"Nobody" i "no one" znae isto i upotrebljavaju se samo u jednini u smislu: niko, nijedna osoba,
nijedno lice:
nobody has come at all
(niko nije dolazio uope),
in this work I had nobody's assistance
(u ovom poslu niko mi nije pomogao).
"Nothing" se upotrebljava samo u jednini u smislu "no thing" (nita):
(nita nije reeno o tome).
"Others" je zamenica koja se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u mnoini:
I suggested to go, others said I should stay (predloio sam da odem, drugi su rekli da
ostanem).
"Another" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u jednini:
one came at once, another after some minutes
nekoliko minuta).
- 68 -
- 69 -
ameriki
centre
theatre
center
theater
analogue
catalogue
nalog
catalog
colour
labour
color
labor
realise, realize
harmonise,
harmonize
realize
harmonize
- 70 -
Taka
Zarez
Dvotaka
Taka-zarez
Upitnik
- 71 -
(ona spava)
(bio sam u Engleskoj)
- Taku koristimo u skraenicama, ako zadnje slovo skraenice nije isto kao i kod skraene rei:
Co.
etc.
(company - kompanija)
(et cetera - i tako dalje)
- Taku ne koristimo kod skraenica kod kojih je zadnje slovo isto kao kod skraene rei:
Ltd
Manchester Utd
St
(Limited)
(United)
(Saint)
Ova pravila o skraenicama ne potuju svi, i ponekad predstavlja pitanje stila. Meutim,
preporuuje se da budete dosledni, ako odluite pisati taku poslije Ltd. i slinih primera, piite je u
celom tekstu.
(15.2.) Zarez - The comma
Zarez se koristi da pri izdvajanju pojedinih rei, fraza i klauza u reenici.
1) Koristimo ga da razdvojimo tri ili vie rei pri nabrajanju. Zarez prije zadnje rei se ne mora
pisati.
(John je igrao u
2) Zarez razdvaja dva ili vie prideva, koji dolaze jedan za drugim, ako oni mogu zameniti
mesta a da se ne promeni znaenje reenice:
The sunny, cool day was perfect for lying in the dark green grass.
vreme je bilo odlino za izleavanje na tamno-zelenoj travi)
(sunano, toplo
Primjetite, da izmeu "dark" i "green" nema zareza, jer ovi pridevi ne mogu zameniti mesta.
Trava nije "zelena" i "tamna", ona je "tamno zelena".
3) Zarez razdvaja uvodni pozdrav (greeting or salutation) od poruke, te se koristi u potpisu
posle rei: Yours truly, Yours sincerly, Best wishes itd.
Dear Jane,
message
message
message
Best wishes,
Jack Brown
- 72 -
5) Zarez iza kojeg dolazi dopunski veznik (coordinative conjunction: and, but, or, for, nor, yet,
so) razdvaja dve nezavisne klauze:
When the meeting was over, the refreshment committee served coffee and cake
before everyone went home.
(kada je sastanak bio zavren, osoblje je
posluilo kafu i kola prije nego su svi otili kui)
Primetite da nema zareza izmeu "coffee" i "cake", zato to zavisna klauza dolazi posle
nezavisne klauze.
7) Zarezom se odvaja uvodna fraza, te izraz ubaen u reenicu koji ne donosi neku presudnu
informaciju:
(teksaani, kao to
- 73 -
People are usually willing to give advice; they are much less inclined to take it.
(ljudi obino rado daju savete; mnogo su manje zainteresirani da ih prime)
2) izmeu dve nezavisne klauze (reenice) koje su povezane sa veznim prilogom (however,
nevertheless, furthermore, then, therefore, moreover, thus, etc.):
Today people can buy what they want from supermarkets, department stores, and
discount stores; but in Colonial days, when such conveniences did not exist, people
depended on general stores and peddlers.
The newly elected officers of the group are Thomas Mann, president; Emily
Dickinson, vice-president; James Joyce, secretary; and Leo Tolstoy, treasurer.
- 74 -
Plural
abyss
alumnus
analysis
aquarium
arch
atlas
axe
baby
bacterium
batch
beach
brush
bus
calf
chateau
cherry
child
church
circus
city
cod
copy
crisis
curriculum
deer
dictionary
domino
dwarf
echo
elf
emphasis
family
fax
fish
flush
fly
foot
fungus
half
hero
hippopotamus
hoax
hoof
index
iris
kiss
knife
lady
leaf
life
loaf
man
mango
memorandum
mess
moose
abysses
alumni
analyses
aquaria
arches
atlases
axes
babies
bacteria
batches
beaches
brushes
buses
calves
chateaux
cherries
children
churches
circuses
cities
cod
copies
crises
curricula
deer
dictionaries
dominoes
dwarves
echoes
elves
emphases
families
faxes
fish
flushes
flies
feet
fungi
halves
heroes
hippopotami
hoaxes
hooves
indexes
irises
kisses
knives
ladies
leaves
lives
loaves
men
mangoes
memoranda
messes
moose
- 75 -
motto
mouse
nanny
neurosis
nucleus
oasis
octopus
party
pass
penny
person
plateau
poppy
potato
quiz
reflex
runner-up
scarf
scratch
series
sheaf
sheep
shelf
son-in-law
species
splash
spy
stitch
story
syllabus
tax
thesis
thief
tomato
tooth
tornado
try
volcano
waltz
wash
watch
wharf
wife
woman
mottoes
mice
nannies
neuroses
nuclei
oases
octopi
parties
passes
pennies
people
plateaux
poppies
potatoes
quizzes
reflexes
runners-up
scarves
scratches
series
sheaves
sheep
shelves
sons-in-law
species
splashes
spies
stitches
stories
syllabi
taxes
theses
thieves
tomatoes
teeth
tornadoes
tries
volcanoes
waltzes
washes
watches
wharves
wives
women
- 76 -
- 77 -
- 78 -
- 79 -
/e/
3
/Q/
4
/:/
5
//
6
/:/
7
/u/
8
/u:/
9
// /:/
10 11
//
12
Znak /:/ iza samoglasnika produava trajanje glasa. Kvalitet samoglasnika najvie odreuje poloaj
jezika u usnoj duplji. Ukoliko se najvii deo jezika nalazi u prednjem delu usne duplje, onda je
samoglasnik prednji, ako je u sredinjem delu samoglasnik je centralni, a ako je u zadnjem delu
samoglasnik je zadnji. U zavisnosti od toga koliko je jezik podignut, odnosno koliko zbog svog
poloaja zatvara usnu duplju, samoglasnici se dele na zatvorene i otvorene.
Poloaj usana je drugi bitan faktor koji utie na kvalitet samoglasnika. Usne prilikom izgovora
samoglasnika mogu biti:
a) razvuene - za samoglasnike: /i:/, /i/, /e/.
b) neutralne - za samoglasnike: /Q/, /:/, //, /:/, //
c) zaokrugljene - za samoglasnike: //, /:/, /u/, /u:/
ENGLESKI SAMOGLASNICI KROZ PRIMERE
1. /i:/
2. /i/
3. /e/
4. /Q/
tea /ti:/ - aj
7. /:/
it /it/ - to
8. /u/
yes /jes/ - da
9. /u:/
10. //
- 80 -
5. /:/
11. /:/
on /n/ - na
6. //
12. //
/ai/
2
/i/
3
/au/
4
/u/*
5
/i/
6
/E/
7
/u/
8
2. /ai/
5. /u/
6. /i/
- 81 -
3. /i/
4. /au/
7. /E/
8. /u/
zvuni bezvuni
/b/
/d/
/g/
zvuni
/p/
/t/
/k/
bezvuni
/dZ/
/tS/
zvuni bezvuni
/z/
/D/
/Z/
/v/
/r/
/m/
/n/
/N/
/s/
/T/
/S/
/f/
/h/
6. POLUSAMOGLASNICI (POLUVOKALI)
/l/
/w/
/j/
Veina engleskih suglasnika je slina ili ista kao srpski, a ovde emo ukazati na one koji se
razlikuju od suglasnika u srpskom jeziku.
/d/
Englesko /d/ je tvri glas od srpskog d. Obrazuje se tako to se vrhom jezika pritisne mesto
neposredno iza prednjih gornjih zuba, pa se onda jezik odvoji i vazduh sakupljen u ustima ispusti.
/t/
Englesko /t/ je za razliku od srpskog t aspirovano. Obrazuje se na isti nacin kao englesko
/d/, s tim to je za razliku od njega /t/ bezvuan suglasnik.
/p//k/ Ovi engleski glasovi su za razliku od srpskih aspirovani i tvri.
/h/
Englesko /h/ je meke i manje ujno od srpskog h. U nekim sluajevima se gotovo i ne uje.
Podsea na snanije disanje.
- 82 -
/r/
Prilikom izgovora ovog glasa vrh jezika je podignut ka tvrdom nepcu, a njegov ostali deo se
dri dosta nisko u ustima. Kod izgovora srpskog r vrh jezika moze da vibrira (treperi), to nije sluaj
sa engleskim /r/.
/v/
Obrazuje se kad se gornjim zubima pritisne spoljni deo donje usne. Trenje je vee nego za
srpski glas v.
/D//T/ Ovi glasovi se obrazuju kad se vrh jezika stavi ovla na samu ivicu gornjih zuba sa
unutranje strane, s tim to se ispod njih ostavi mali prolaz za vazduh. Vrh jezika moze biti i blago
isturen. Ako pri proputanju vazdune struje glasne ice trepere, izgovoricemo zvuni suglasnik
/D/, a ako su glasne ice relativno mirne, izgovoricemo bezvuno /T/.
/S/
/Z/
/l/
U engleskom jeziku postoje dve varijante glasa /l/: svetlo /l/ i tamno /l/. Svetlo /l/ stoji ispred
samoglasnika i ispred /j/. Tamno /l/ stoji ispred suglasnika i na kraju rei. Prilikom izgovora obe ove
varijante vrh jezika se nalazi odmah iza zuba, samo se menja poloaj njegovog ostalog dela. Kod
svetlog /l/, koje je slino srpskom, srednji dio jezika se uzdie prema tvrdom nepcu i nalazi se u
poloaju jedne vrste samoglasnika /u/.
/tS/ Ovaj suglasnik je na pola puta izmeu srpskog i .
/dZ/ Ovaj suglasnik je na pola puta izmeu srpskog d i .
/N/ Najese se javlja ispred glasa /g/ i onda njegov izgovor ne predstavlja tekou jer se i u
srpskom ovaj glas uje kada se n nalazi ispred g i k (npr. tango, banka). Meutim, kada iza /N/ ne
slede ni /g/ ni /k/, ovaj glas je tee izgovoriti isto, bez pojave glasa /g/ na kraju.
/w/ Prilikom izgovora ovog glasa usne su isturene i zokruene kao za srpski samoglasnik u, a
zatim se naglo prelazi na sledei samoglasnik u rei.
ENGLESKI SUGLASNICI KROZ PRIMERE
1. /p/
2. /b/
3. /t/
13. /s/
14. /z/
tea /ti:/ - aj
15. /S/
station /steiSn/ -
- 83 -
4. /d/
5. /k/
6. /g/
7. /tS/
8. /dZ/
9. /f/
10. /v/
11. /T/
12. /D/
16. /Z/
17. /h/
he /hi:/ - on
18. /m/
mouse /maus/ - mi
19. /n/
20. /N/
21. /l/
22. /r/
23. /j/
24. /w/
with /wiD/ - sa
- 84 -