CHNG 1

TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

1.1 Gii thiu chng
Trong chng ny s trnh by mt cch chung nht v tng quan h thng
thng tin si quang, v lch s ra i v qu trnh pht trin cua h thng thng tin
quang, v cc giai on pht trin lin quan n khoa hc cng ngh, nhng u nhc
im cua h thng thng tin si quang, nhng nguyn l c bn cua h thng truyn
dn quang.
1.2 Tng quan
H thng thng tin c hiu mt cch n gin l mt h thng truyn
thng tin t ni ny n ni khc. Khong cch gia cc ni ny c th t vi trm
mt n vi trm kilmt thm ch hng trm ngn kilmt vt qua i dng.
Thng tin c th truyn thng qua cc sng in vi cc di tn s khc nhau. H
thng thng tin quang l mt h thng thng tin bng nh sng v s dng cc si
quang truyn thng tin. Thng tin truyn i trong h thng thng tin quang
c thc hin tn s sng mang cao trong vng nhn thy hoc vng hng
ngoi gn cua ph sng in t. Cng vi s pht trin cua x hi th nhu cu cua
con ngi i vi thng tin ngy cng cao. p ng c nhng nhu cu ,
i hi mng vin thng phi c dung lng ln, tc cao... Cc mng li ang
dn dn bc l ra nhng yu im v tc , dung lng, bng thng... Mt khc,
my nm gn y do dch v thng tin pht trin nhanh chng, thch ng vi s
pht trin khng ngng cua dung lng truyn dn thng tin, th h thng thng
tin quang ra i t khng nh c chnh mnh.
1.2.1 Lch s phat trin cua h thng thng tin quang.
T xa xa con ngi bit tuyn tn hiu thng tin bng khi la, cc hnh
thc...

Qua qu trnh pht trin cc hnh thc truyn thng tin ngy cng pht
trin tr nn phong ph v hin i hn. Ngy nay, thng tin quang ni ln nh
l mt ht hng thng tin tin tin bc nht, n c pht trin rt nhanh
trn mng li vin thng nhiu quc gia trn th gii trong c Vit Nam.
Thng tin quang l k thut truyn tin bng nh sng. Ti my pht, thng tin di
dng tn hiu in c chuyn thnh tn hiu nh sng v pht vo ng
truyn (si quang). Ti my thu, tn hiu quang s c bin i ngc li
thnh tn hiu in. V mt nguyn tc h hng thng tin quang cng tng
t nh cc h thng thng tin khc bao gm cc thnh phn c bn nh
trong hnh 1.1

Ni
Ni tn
tn hiu
hiu
cn
cn truyn
truyn i
i

Thit
Thit b
b
phat
phat

Mi
Mi trng
trng
truyn
truyn dn
dn

Thit
Thit b
b
thu
thu

Ni
Ni tn
tn
hiu
hiu n
n

Hnh 1.1: Cc thnh phn c bn cua mt h thng thng tin

Nh vy, vi vic pht minh ra Laser lm ngun pht quang m ra mt

thi k mi c ngha rt to ln vo nm 1960 v bng khuyn ngh cua Kao v
Hockham nm 1966 v vic ch to ra si quang c tn tht thp. Bn nm sau,
Kapron ch to ra c si quang trong sut c suy hao truyn dn khong
20dB/km. Cho ti u nhng nm 1980, cc h thng thng tin si quang c ph
bin kh rng ri vi vng bc sng lm vic 1300nm v 1500nm. Nhng nm gn
y si quang t ti suy hao rt nh ( gn t c gi tr suy hao theo tnh ton l
thuyt l 0,14 dB/km cua si n mode). Ngy nay cua khoa hc k thu t , cho n nay
h thng thng tin quang tr thnh mng ton cu ni gia cc quc gia, cc chu lc
khc nhau, vi c s dng cng ngh ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng cho php
truyn ti vi dung lng ln, s dng cng ngh EDFA cho php khuych i trc tip

tn hi u quang m khng cn chuyn i quang-i n nhm nng cao hi u sut truyn

dn.
1.2.2 Cac giai oan phat trin cua h thng thng tin si quang
Trn hnh 1.1[1]. Biu din s pht trin cua tch s dung lng vi khong cch
BL qua cc giai on khc nhau t nm 1975 n nm 2000 c thc hi n thng qua
nghi m
[1]. Giai on nghin cu u tin v cc h thng thng tin si quang c
bt u khong nm 1975. qu trnh pht trin trn 25 nm t nm 75 n nm 2000
c chia lm cc th h khc nhau. ng thng biu din tc tng trng BL gp
i hng nm. mi th h BL lc u tng, sau bo ha khi cng ngh t n
im chn mui. Mi m t th h c m t thay i c bn gp phn hon thi n cht
lng h thng sau ny

Hnh 1.1 S pht trin cua tch s BL cua h thng thn tin si quang qua cc giai
on
.
Th h u tin hot n g bc sng 800 nm v s dng Laser bn dn
GaAs. Sau giai on th nghi m
(1977-1979), cc h thng c trin khai vo nm
1980 hot n g vi tc 45 Mb/s v khong l p 45 km. Gi tr ny ln hn rt nhiu
so vi khong l p 1 km cua h thng cp ng trc. y l n g lc quan trng cho

php cc nh thit k gim c gi thnh lp t v bo tr cho cc trm l p . Trong

nhng nm 1970, khong l p tng ln ng k v h thng lm vi c bc sng
1300nm, tng ng vi tn hao si 1dB/km. Hn na ti bc sng ny si tn sc cc
tiu. Cc u im ny thc y vi c pht trin cc Laser bn dn v b tch quang
hot ng bc sng 1300nm.[1]
u nhng nm 1980, h thng thng tin quang th h th 2 s dng Laser
vi bc sng 1330nm c a vo s dng. Thi gian u tc bt B ch
t 100Mb/s do b tn sc trong si a mode. Khi si n mode c a vo s
dng, tc bt c tng ln rt cao. Nm 1987 h thng thng tin quang vi
bc sng = 1330nm, t n tc 1,7 Gb/s, khong l p 50 km c sn
xut v a ra th trng vi suy hao cua si ~ 0,5 dB/km.
Nm 1990 h thng thng tin quang th h th 3 s dng Laser bn dn
bc sng 1550nm vi suy hao trong si quang c 0,2dB/km c thng mi
ha. Tc bt t n 2,5Gb/s v sau t n 10Gb/s. Tuy nhin h s
tn sc trong si quang ti bc sng 1550nm li kh cao (16-18ps/nm.km) do
hn ch khong cch trm lp cua h thng mc d cng sut quang cn cho php
truyn xa hn. c trng khong cch cua th h th 3 l 60 - 70 km ti tc 2,5
Gb/s. giai on ny s dng cc cng ngh b tn sc nh kiu dch tn sc
(DSF) hoc lm phng tn sc (DFF) tng khong cch lp, c th ln n
100km.
Th h thng tin quang th 4 s dng khuch i quang tng khong
lp v k thut ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) trong mt si quang
tng dung lng truyn dn. Khuch i quang pha tp Erbium (EDFA) c kh
nng b cho suy hao quang trong cch khong cch ln hn 100km. EDFA c
nghin cu thnh cng trong phng th nghim vo nm 1987 v tr thnh thng
phm nm 1990. Nm 1991 ln u tin h thng thng tin quang c EDFA c
th nghim truyn tn hiu s tc 2,5Gb/s trn khong cch 21000km v 5 Gb/s
trn khong cch 14300 km. Vi c pht trin WDM nhm nng cao dung lng
yu cu khuch i quang phi c bng thng u r ng c th khuch i tt c

cc knh trong WDM. Nm 2000 m t h thng thc nghi m t c dung lng

3,28 Gb/s gm 82 knh, mi kng c tc bt 40 Gb/s, truyn trn khong cch
3000 km, tng ng vi tch BL khong 10000 (Tb/s).km. Ch trong 1 nm dung
lng c nng ln trn 11 Tb/s (273 knh, mi knh c tc bt 40 Gb/s,
khquaong cc 117 km). Cui nm 2000 cc h thng ng trc trn m t t
t c dung lng 1,6 Tb/s.
Th h th 5 cua h thng thng tin quang da trn c s gii quyt vn
tn sc trong si quang. Khuch i quang gii quyt hon ho suy hao quang
si nhng khng gii quyt c vn tn sc. C nhiu phng n b tn sc
nhng phng n c tnh kh dng cao nht l da trn hiu ng Soliton quang.
Hiu ng Soliton quang l mt hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang, n da trn c
s tng tc b tr tn sc cua cc thnh phn quang trong mt xung quang cc
ngn c truyn trong si quang khng c suy hao.Nm 1994 h Soliton th
nghim truyn dn tn hiu 10Gb/s trn khong cch 35000km v 15Gb/s trn
khong cch 24000km. Bt u t nm 1996 h thng WDM Soliton kt hp vi c
qun l tn sc. Trong nm 2000, m t h thng thc nghi m thnh cng vi
vi c truyn 27 knh WDM, tc mi knh 20 Gb/s, khong cch 9000 km s
dng s khuch i
Nhng nm gn y ngy cng nhiu h thng xuyn quc gia v xuyn
i dng c dung lng ln, ni nhiu quc gia khc nhau c trin khai xy
dng, a vo hot ng v khai thc nhm p ng nhu cu gia tng nhanh
chng, a dng cc loi hnh dch v, thng tin lin lc ton cu. SEA-ME-WE-3
v SEA-ME-WE-4 l hai trong rt nhiu h thng nh v y.

Hnh 1.2 H thng cp quang xuyn bin SEA-ME-WE-3 [1]

SEA-ME-WE-3 l m t h thng cp quang xuyn bin di nht th gii
c hon thnh vo cui nm 2000 [10]. c ko di t pha Bc nc c cho
n Nh t Bn v Uc, c chiu di khong 39000km c 39 trm c p b. Vi t Nam
tham gia vo trm c p b s 30 Ha Hi, thnh ph Nng, nh c m t Hnh
(1.2 ). y l h thng ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM) s dng c n g ngh phn
cp s ng b (SDH) tng dung lng. n thng 5 nm 2007 h thng s dng 2
c p si, mi c p si c 48 knh vi tc mi knh truyn l 10 Gb/s; t dung lng
960 Gb/s (0,96 Tb/s).
Tip theo SEA-ME-WE-3 l h thng SEA-ME-WE-4 c trin khai xy
dng v hon thnh thng 12 nm 2005 [11]. H thng ny di 18800 km ni gia
cc nc ng Nam A n Trung ng m t vi nc Chu Phi v Chu u
vi 17 im c p b. Hai h thng c d nh b sung cho nhau nhng hot n g
c l p SEA-ME-WE-4, truyn ti thng tin thoi, Internet, Multimedia v ngh
ghp knh theo bc sng m t cao (DWDM), s dng 2 c p si quang, mi
c p si truyn 64 knh, tc mi knh l 10 Gb/s nn dung lng hi n nay cua
h thng l 1,28 Tb/s.

Hnh 1.3 H thng cp quang xuyn bin SEA-ME-WE-4 [1].

1.3 Nhng u im, nhc im cua h thng thng tin si quang.
1.3.1 Nhng u im:
Vic truyn tn hiu trong si quang c cc u im chnh sau:
+ Dung lng cc ln. Cp quang c th truyn ti tn hi u c tn s cao
hn rt nhiu so vi cp ng trc v thng tin v tuyn. Bng thng (BW) gp
khong 10000 ln so vi thng tin vi ba (BW thng c chn khong vi % tn
s sng mang (f), f nh ng c 200 THz, f vi ba c 20 GHz).
+ Tn hao rt thp: Tn hao si quang c th t 0,2 dB/km, so vi cp
ng trc t 10 300 dB/km.
+ Kch thc nh, gn nhe: Trong m t dy cp quang c th c nhiu si
quang nh trn (Hnh1.4) ng knh si quang nh trng lng nhe thu n ti n
cho vi c lp t, bo dng si quang.

Hnh 1.4 Cp si quang dng di bin

+ Tnh chng nhiu cao: Si quang c cu to t thuy tinh xit (trong
SiO2 l loi xt thng dng nht to ra si) nn khng b nh hng cua i n
t trng bn ngoi v cc loi nhiu t cc nh my i n nguyn t, sm st....
+ Gi thnh thp: V thch anh l nguyn li u chnh sn xut si quang
c sn trong thin nhin. So vi kim loi th ngun nguyn li u ny di do hn.
+ Khong cch truyn ln: Kt hp kh nng khuch i cua cc b
khuch

i quang trn ng truyn cng vi s suy hao thp v nhy thu

cao cua cc my thu cho php tng khong cch cc ln.

+ Tc cao, hi u sut ln: Cc kh nng iu ch tc cao, kch thc
nh, hi u sut bin i quang i n cao.
+ Kh nng truyn tn hi u vi cc bc sng khc nhau: Thng tin si
quang cng cho php truyn ng thi cc tn hi u c bc sng khc nhau. c
tnh ny gp phn rt ln lm tng dung lng truyn dn.
1.3.2 Nhc im:
Bn cnh nhng u im th vn cn nhng nhc im sau:
- Cc b phn bin i quang - in t tin, kh ch to, kh nng ghp
ni vi si quang kh khn.

- Vic ghp ni si quang i hi thit b c kh c chnh xc cao. Cc

khp cua u ghp ni khng tng hp hay c vt nt trn si quang l nguyn
nhn gy ra suy hao.
- Vic ghp cc knh truyn quang hc gp nhiu kh khn.
- Khi gim kch thc ng truyn dn th d lp t v bo dng, gim
chi ph u ni nhng li gp kh khn khi u ni.
1.4 H thng truyn dn quang
1.4.1 Cac h thng thng tin

Hnh 1.5 Mng thng tin si quang ghp knh theo bc sng vi cc thnh phn
c bn
Mt h thng thng tin quang hay h thng thng tin nh sng l mt h
thng lin lc s dng nh sng mang thng tin si quang. H thng thng tin
l h thng im im, cn mng thng tin c nhiu tuyn c ni vi nhau
bng cc b ghp hoc cc b chuyn mch, cho php lin lc t trm ny n
trm khc. Hinh 1.5 minh ha mng thng tin si quang ghp knh theo bc sng
vi cc thnh phn c bn cua n. Mng cung cp cc ng quang ti ngi s
dng l cc u cui SDH (SONET) hay cc b nh tuyn IP.

Mt h thng thng tin lin lc im im gm ba phn c bn l phn

pht, mi trng truyn dn v my thu. Phn pht c nhim v bin i tn hiu
vo thnh tn hiu ph hp vi mi trng truyn. i vi h thng thng tin si
quang th mi trng truyn ny l cp si quang. Mt yu t quan trng nh
hng xu n cht lng tn hiu truyn dn l nhiu. Nhiu c th xut hin
trong ba phn cua h thng. Khc vi cc h thng thng tin min in nh h
thng thng tin vi ba, v tinh, trong h thng thng tin si quang nhiu t mi
trng bn ngoi tc ng vo si l khng ng k. Tuy nhin, nhiu t ngun
pht v my thu ln lm nh hng n cht lng tn hiu, khi nhiu t cc
ngun ny u ln, tn hiu c th b mo dng, t l li bt (BER) tng ln.
1.4.2 S nguyn l cua h thng thng tin si quang
im khc nhau c bn cua h thng thng tin quang v h thng vi ba di
tn s sng dng mang thng tin khc nhau. Cc tn s sng mang quang tiu
biu khong 200THz , trong khi di tn sng mang vi ba l khong vi GHz
n vi chc GHz. Do dung lng thng tin t l thun vi tn s sng mang nn
sng nh sng c th mang dung lng thng tin gp khong 10.000 ln so vi
sng vi ba. iu ny c gii thch l bng thng cua sng mang iu ch c
rng bng vi phn trm cua tn s sng mang. Chng hn, nu cho rng
tiu biu l 1% th bng thng cua h thng thng tin quang l khong 2 THz,
trong khi cua vi ba c th t khong 200 MHz. Do , thng tin quang c
nh gi l h thng truyn dn v phn phi y tim nng nhm p ng nhu
cu a dng trong tng lai cua x hi.
Thng thng th tn gi cua mt h thng thng tin gn lin vi mi
trng truyn dn. V vy m i vi h thng thng tin si quang th mi trng
truyn dn chnh l cp si quang. S nguyn l hot ng cua h thng c
m t nh hnh di.[1]

Tn hiu
vo

Bin i
E/O

Cap quang

Bin i
O/E

Tn hiu
ra

Hnh 1.6 S nguyn l cua h thng thng tin si quang

Tn hiu in c a vo b bin i in-quang (E/O) bin thnh tn
hiu quang ( y chnh l thit b u cui pht quang ). Sau tn hiu quang
mang thng tin ny c a vo si dn quang truyn n pha thu ( c th
n qua Trm lp khuyt i). pha thu thc hin ngc li, bin i tn hiu
quang thnh tn hiu i n nh b bin i quang-in (O/E)- y l thit b u
cui thu quang.
1.4.3 c im cua h thng thng tin si quang
H thng thng si tin quang c chia thnh 2 loi l h thng di v ngn
ph thuc vo khong cch truyn dn so vi khong cch tiu biu (khong
100km). H thng di thng l cc tuyn ng trc trn mt t c dung lng
ln ni gia cc thnh ph, cc quc gia hoc cc tuyn cp quang bin xuyn i
dng. H thng ngn thng l cc tuyn v cc vng lp trong thnh ph c
dung lng thp hn v khong cch di 10 km. p ng vi cc loi hnh
thng tin s a dng, tc cao, nhiu thu bao nh hin nay v trong tng lai,
cc h thng ny cng thc hin cc k thut ghp knh v khuch i quang nh
h thng ng trc.
Da vo phng php iu ch th c th chia h thng thng tin si quang
thnh hai h thng: H thng u ch cng tch sng trc tip (IM-DD) v h
thng Coherence. Trong h thng IM-DD s dng phng php iu ch s
ASK, cn h thng Coherence s dng thm cc phng php iu ch s khc
nh: FSK, PSK, iu ch phn cc PoLSK...
H thng thng tin si quang IM-DD hin nay c s dng ph bin hn,
bao gm cc thnh phn chnh l phn pht quang, si dn quang v phn thu
quang c biu din nh hnh sau:[1]

phn pht quang

B ni quang
mi hn si

tn
hiu
in
vo

Mch iu
khin

Ngun pht
quang
Trm lp

chia
quang
Thu
quang

Mch in

mi hn si

cc thit b
khc

Pht
quang
Phn thu quang
Khuch i
quang

Mythu
quang

B ni quang

Chuyn i
tn hiu

tn
hiu
in
ra

Khuch i

Hnh 1.7 S khi cua h thng truyn dn thng tin si quang IM-DD [2]
Phn pht quang c cu to t ngun pht tn hiu quang v cc mch in iu
khin lin kt nhau; bao gm cc phn t m ho, iu khin, ngun pht quang.
Ngun pht quang s dng diode pht quang LED hoc LD, cc loi ny to ra tn
hiu quang ra tng ng vi s thay i cua dng iu bin vo. Tuy nhin LED
ph hp vi h thng c c li ngn, dung lng thp, cn Laser Diode dnh cho
cc h thng c khon cch truyn dn di v dung lng cao. Tn hiu in u
vo dng s hoc tng t, thit b pht s bin i thnh tn hiu quang tng
ng.

Mi trng truyn dn l cp si quang. Cc loi si c s dng l si

n mode hay a mode. Khi lp t tuyn quang, tham s quan trng cn ch
n l suy hao tn hiu trn si theo bc sng. c tuyn suy hao cua si quang
theo bc sng c th hin nh hnh 1.8.[3]

Hnh 1.8 Suy hao tn hiu trong si quang theo bc sng qua cc giai on khc
nhau
Theo nh hnh trn th c 3 vng bc sng c s dng ln lc theo
thi gian trong h thng thng tin si quang: l vng 850nm, 1300nm, 1550nm
gi l vng ca s th nht, th hai v th ba tng ng. Giai on u ca s th
nht c s dng. Sau , nh cng ngh ch to si quang pht trin mnh, suy
hao si quang ca s th hai gim nh (khong 0,5 dB/km) cho php tng khong
cch truyn dn. n cui thp nin 70, ngi ta s dng si vng ca s th ba
vi tn hao tiu biu trong si l khong 0,2dB/km.

Cc trm lp hoc cc khuch i quang: Khi h thng cn truyn ti thng

tin vi khong cch ln do suy hao truyn dn gia ngun pht v ngun thu
ln. Do cn phi lp t thm cc trm khuch i b li suy hao sao cho
my thu c u cng sut cn thit tn hiu thu c m bo c yu cu li
bt BER cho trc. Hin nay, hu ht cc trm lp u c thay th bng cc b
khuch i quang do n cng knh, cn h thng cung cp ngun phc tp, bng
thng quang b hn ch v phi thc hin chuyn i quang-in, in quang.
Phn thu quang bao gm cc khi tch quang, cc mch khuch i, iu
khin gii m. Cc b tch quang thng c s dng l Photodiode PIN hoc
diode thc quang ADP, c hai loi u c hiu sut lm vic cao v tc chuyn
i nhanh.
Ngoi ra cn nhiu thnh phn to nn h thng truyn dn hiu qu, chng
hn cc b xen r knh, b chia quang, b ni quang...
1.5 Kt lu n chng
Qua tm hiu ni dung chng 1, n c ci nhn bao qut v h thng
thng tin quang. Ta thy h thng thng tin quang ngy cng c s dng rng
ri vi nhng u th ni bt m cc h thng khc khng c c v c tnh k
thut v hiu qu kinh t. Tuy nhin, nh gi s thnh cng cua mt h thng
khng th khng ni n vai tr cua si quang v cp quang, vn ny s c
trnh by c th chng sau.