3 3 3 :

-.:

&

!
2015 05

( 6 7 ) : / 0
( S1 )
(1
'# %
! # $% ( S0 )
HA
: ( # *
Cn H 2n+1COOH
( 567 ' #8(9 ( p = 98 % ) 01 2 ( d = 1,07 ) '#, -.
V0 = 5, 7 mL
<= 6 ?( 9
@ % : C1 = 1,0101 mol L1 7(. ( S1 ) ( # . :
. *( D= E#

0 1GH IJ V1 = 1000mL A#*@ 6 ?( 2

1
. C0 17,5mol.L : ( S0 )
. HA
: T B, T PV #1 E ? 1 Q 7(. # G #U HA &(

&(

S1
1

C (mol.L
pH
+

1, 0 10

2,87

S2
1

1, 0 10

B, 1:C@ #

B 7(. # M:J(
( 567 8(Q P#1#@(
25 C B, pH ( T1? (2

* X#. . T#W % XY
?
(
. HA (% &? G#
q (%
* T2 IJ T0# T2 [W
(
! 7(. ) H 3O + q ( BV A1 T0# :Y )

3,90

H 3 O (10 mol / L )
q
q ( 0 0 )

. C ( #
B, ( Y.
. q E ? T6T # ( J^ P#1#@ T & .
(

H3O+ (104.mol L1 )

R=

[ AH ]q : `(

A
q

H 3O + = f ( R ) &- 6 &% 0 ( : ( 3
q

R = C.10 pH 1 : M:J(
. Qrq (V A1
B, &? G# Y. :? X#.
(

. AH / A (V 1- pKa P#1#@ . Qrq ( ( (% (? (

44
R
00

20
20

R
A

( 6 7 ):
/0
: ( # 9 1* E ? # B# ( V % AC T (< # , a0 6 :U ? Q B,
. E (V % AC .
'
# B - T
E
.
A R R = 50 A# 0 (
. L A#( ( r = 0 ) (, 9 *(!
L
. . B :A 7# I@ A2 . K * BV 1J 9
M
B
: 6 : 8
R
B :A 7#e I@ ! ! E ? Ad(, t = 0 ms d T1? * 0 a 8
. u R = f (t ) : R 0 B, ( % # ( 8 &- 6 ( <:
3/ 1

. ( : < T W B :A 7#e I@ D%( G(. BV % AC ( # A2 (% (1

B# ( H G# * T2 # a(: #% (2
RI
u R du R
+
= 0 : &CW
u R (t ) A00 6

dt

7 M% J T ?( T*: (& # % (
.
: 0% Y ( H G# & * M:J(

u R (V )

u R = R .I 0 (1 e

I 0 E : &. ( : T2 (3
. L (IVT d1 B, BV % AC ( # T!)
22
t(ms)
0
0

10
10

;
6 : !
. t = 0 ms d T1? * 0 f#G
7 gT% *(! B, 7U
( 8 &- 6 &% 0 ( :
. E b (t ) = g (t )
B, 7U
)E 0 : gT% E b ( t ) :? T2
(1
? t ( t = 0 ms
i ( t ) = I .e
M:J
B, 1
i 06 T: T1?
(2

t
=
.
2
. R ( P#1#@ E 0 : ( : T2
(3

Eb (m J )

t(m s)

G B#

(r
Spot4

T
u

)( 6 6 ): < /0
(3
:#* 7. (2 i2 B,
jQ ) 6 V Y I@ (? 1 9e
. RT
jQ M T A# #. Y # . A
. :C B - 0 m1% . P( Y :#?$% & -
(1
. 7. ( i2 ( ? 2
G E ?T6 m = 2800 kg '# #. Spot 4 B? 1 9
(3
. FT / S ' < 2 0 D0, i U6 ' G h = 8 3 2 K m

. u T !* gT% (? *W A :? X#. FT / S &(

(% (1 B - 0 a(: #% (
. d#1 6 V Spot 4 .
. h RT M T G
gT% T B, B? 1 9e 0 @ ? :? T2 (
3/ 2

RT 2

M:J
? : Y (% 0 T1? (H

(4

T ( R T + h ) 2 : B

g = g0.

A# (, XY P#1#Y
E *6 T :
( T 0#Y (2 6 0 . i . 6 :#
. a0
( (% 0 :C ` -
( @ M T P#1# #C o (:6 0# .

(5

B? 1 9e

Mteosat

GPS

8, 616

2, 880

) T (1 0 4 . s

42, 2

20, 2

) r (1 0 3. K m

* (:
Y f @ E ? (% :

G = 6, 67 . 10 11 N .m 2 .Kg 2

RT = 6400 km
6):
NH 3
(1

(2

3(3
()

.
2
" Cb = 10 mol / l

# # q

g 0 = 9, 80 m.s T T o : Tt = 24 h

[X i ]q

.
q = 10,9ms.m 1

"

' . X &
i

.

.
* )
( ' * +
+
( # # / . NH4 / NH3 * / K a - 0 " . pK a = 9, 2

) " Vb = 20ml NH 3 # #
4 (3 PH
) ( H 3O + + Cl ) ( aq . C a = 2.10 2 mol / l
.
* )
(
( ) 8 4 & .
( ) VaE -

(4

# )

"

> :

-
*
[ NH 3 ]q
NH 4 + q
xq . q

Va = 5ml
. ) # ' #

. 25 0 C

. P H = 9, 2 :

Cb xq . Vb

) = 7,4mS.m 2 .mol 1 OH = 19,2mS.m 2 .mol 1 K e = 10 14 : 25 o C

NH +
4

3 / 3

( 6 7 ):
/0
: 6 : 8
B :A 7#e I@ D%( G(. BV % AC ( # A2
(1 0,25
K

u R
R

R
u
L
u R

= E

du R
dt

du R
+
dt

(2

di
= E
dt

+ L

L
R

du R
dt
R
= E .
L
R I0
+

7 M% J

[ L ] = [U ] . [ I ] . [T
L
[ ] =
R
[R ]
[U ] . [ I ] 1
1

]=

[T ]

0,5

0 = 0

. 00
*
: ( : 6
(3
E = 1 2V
R I 0 = 1 2V I 0 = 0 , 2 4 A
= 12m s
L = R = 0,6 H
;
6 : !
E
E
(
t
)
t 0 : gT% b
:? (1
E
E
t =

(t ) =

1
L i
2

(t ) = E

B, 1

.e

2
0

.e

2 t

2 t

i 06 T: T1?

CH3 COOH : 8(Q M = 14n + 46 n = 1 : '1

0,5

(2
! B5672) BV ( (. : @ 0A B ; C D 0 ? (
. BV ( (. = -. % T0, E ?
AH(aq) + H2O(l ) = A(aq) + H3O+(aq) : H A (% &? G# *

(%

* % #. IJ T0# T2

C V

( 0#

C V x

(V A

C V xf

xf

xf

0,25

'

R = 100 .

&(

C ( m o l.L

0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5

H3O+ (104 mol / L)

q

q ( 0 0 )

2,87

3,90
1, 2 6

1, 3 5

12,5

R = C .10 pH 1 : :J

0,5

R=

. Q

[ AH ]q

A
q

rq

C H 3O +

H 3O
q

(V A1

0,25

C 10 pH
=
= C .0 pH 1
10 pH

Qrq

CH3COO H3O+
q
q
[CH3COOH ]q

( ( :

(
:
( (:
= a.R

0,25

0,5

= Qrq R

Qq = 1, 6 10 5 : '1

: AH / A

(V 1- p K
Ka = Qq

0,25
0,25
0,25

0,5
0,5

: 6 d1

[CH3COOH ]q
CH3COO

* 0,25

0,25

CH3COO
q
+

Qrq = H3O
q CH COOH
[ 3
]q
H3O+ = Qrq

0,25

((*

H 3 O + = 1, 6 10 5 .R '1 a = 1, 6 10
q

0,5

0,75

B, &? G# Y. :? (
Qrq =

( #1#@

(3

H 3 O
q

(3

qCG 6' 1 q 6 E p6 T6T #

: ( :
= 4 m s

0,5

1, 0 1 0

13, 5

:J( 2

m J

x m ax

0,5

H 3 O +
q
=
C

1, 0 1 0

pH

0,25

2E0
E

= 0

'
t

x q

S1

0,5

: T (

0,25

2t

dEb
(t = 0 ) = a
dt
2t

E
dEb
2E0
a = 0 ,
=
.e

t
dt
'

d E b (t = 0 ) = 2 E 0
d t
'
t = '/ 2
E0 = 17,4

0,5

(VT#%

E b ( t ) = E 0 .e

R =

1
L I
2

0,5

:J(

duR
R I 0 t /
=
e
dt

R I 0 t /
RI0
+
e
=

R . I 0 e t /

8(9 #1#@(

CH 3 COOH ( aq ) + H 2 O(l ) = CH 3 COO ( aq ) + H 3 O + ( aq )

u R = R . I 0 (1 e t / )

0,5

10.d . p
10.d . p
C0 =
M =
60 g / mol
M
C0

: C H 3O +

= E

: ( H G# & *

R .I 0

0,5

: T*: (& # %
=

( 6 7 ) : / 0
(1
C0 17,5mol.L1
.
: :J(
C1V1
C0 =
17, 5mol / L C0V0 = C1V1

0,25

A00 6 B# ( H G# *

(t )

+ u

i =

V0

>

: HA

R E
A

#1#@

pKa = log Ka = 4, 8

.
0,25
0,5
0,5

( 3 3 E 6A ( ) 6 6 ) : < / 0 0,25
: B, W1 * % #. (1

NH 3( g ) + H 2 O( l ) = NH 4 + ( aq ) + HO ( aq )
(2

N H

+
4

N H

: (V A1 (

H O

H O

7(. # Y

:?

0,25

(
0,5

0,25
( 6 6 ): < /0
. '(
T : 7. &- 6 P( Y :#?$% (1
0,25
fY X. C t W 7.
(% 9 G * 0 : :C B - 0
. 6 Y# #, B, 6 Y# Y
7. T: : 7. ( i2 j6 * (2
. T(*%
' # J
(3
0,25
: 0 (& (
Spot4
: (? *W A :? 0,25
T
FT / S

= 4,1104 mol / L
NH 4 + q = HO q =
NH + HO
+

[ NH ]

3 q

= C HO q = 9, 6 103 mol / L

H 3 O + q = 2, 44 1011 mol / L
N H 4+ / N H 3
:
(V 1- K a H

0,5

0,5

FT / S = G .

0,5
.

M% J :? (

[ NH 3 ]q H 3O + q
Ka =

pKa = log Ka = 9, 2
NH 4 q

10
Ka = 5,7 10

G.

Fext

m .M

( RT + h ) 2

( 0,25

0,25
0,25
0,25

: I 1 E ? 0@$% %

0,25

= m .a N a N = G .

(VT#%

NH 3( aq ) + H 3O

+ H 2 O(l )

( aq )

C a Va

( 0# C b V b x

C a Va x

Cb Vb x f

Ca Va x f

xf

(V A

C b Vb

= NH 4

( aq )

NH 3( aq ) + H 3O

+
( aq )

= NH 4

+
( aq )

: p, C# T1? V
I
aE

C a V a = C bV b V a =
E

p H = p K a + lo g

[NH ]
3

N H 4 + q

N H 4 q

B T

N H 4 q

0,25
= 1 0 pH + pK a

0,25

=1

C b Vb
= 10 4 m o l
2

0,5
0,25

m.M T

mg = G .
2
(
R

T + h)

mg = G . m.M T
0
( RT ) 2

0,25

x max

x max = C a V a = 10

# ' 1 = 1

mol

RT

( RT + h ) 2

( RT ) 2
g
=
g = 7, 67 m / s 2

2
g
(
R
+
h
)
0

. : H .
(5
mtosat : 0#Y (2 B? 1 @ 0 (
. o T T Y6 T : 6 :#
:a0
:C ` - 0 ( % (

T2
13 2
s / m3
G PS : 3 = 10

T2

= c s te

2
r3
m t o s a t : T
3
13 2
= 10
s /m

r3

0,25
0,25
0,25

#1#@(

GM T
4 2 ( RT + h ) 2
=

T2
( RT + h )

T2
4 2

=
= 1 0 13
( R + h )3
GM T
T

MT =

4 2
G10

13

0,5
0,5
0,25

0,5

GM T
( RT + h )

:J( 4
0 T1? (H( % Y :?

: q Y

x q

d#1 6 V . ' 1
0 @ ? :? (
:h R

: o (:6 0# #C M

xf =

gT% B? 1 9e

. (% T! MQ0 G e

(4
:Y1 Y

C
x q gT% A :?
b
b
[ N H 3 ]q C b V b x f
=
=1
+
xf
N H 4 q

g = g0.

C bV b
= 10 mL
Ca

[NH ]

E ? 0@$% %

0,5

+
N H 4 q

( RT + h ) 2

GM T
v2
=
v =
( RT + h )
( RT + h ) 2

+ H 2 O(l )

: [ N H 3 ]q

[NH ]

0,5

a = a N = c s te

.
+

B,

a T = 0 v = c s te

(3
: 6 * # 2T 1 ( V ( (C *

( RT + h ) 2

(1 B - 0 a(: #% (
: d#1 6 V
= m a F T /S = m a

:J B ( v i2

0,25
0,25

m S .M

= 6 10 24 Kg

0,5