Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. To be pierced in a hygienic environment by a clean, conscientious, sober piercer wearing a fresh pair of disposable medical examination gloves.
2. To be pierced with a brand new, completely sterilized single-use needle that is immediately disposed of in a
medical Sharps container after use on one piercing.
NEW AFTERCARE:
Clear concise instructions on cleaning
"Less is more" message
More information on jewelry issues
Facial piercings now covered in Oral Aftercare instructions
NEW FORMAT/DESIGNS:
Cohesive appearance of all APP brochures
Eye-catching and aesthetically pleasing
Professional image to support APP standards
The new brochures are available for sale on the APP web site
(www.safepiercing.org) for $20 per 100, postage paid.
3. To be touched only with freshly sterilized and appropriate implements, properly used and disposed of or re-sterilized (where appropriate) in an autoclave prior to use on anyone else.
4. To know that piercing guns are NEVER appropriate, and are often dangerous when used on anything
-- including earlobes.
Subjects include:
Aftercare Guidelines for Facial and Body Piercing*
Aftercare Guidelines for Oral Piercing*
Picking Your Piercer*
Troubleshooting for You and Your Healthcare Professional
(with jewelry removal tips and hints)
Oral Piercing Risks and Safety Measures
5. To the peace of mind that comes from knowing that their piercer knows and practices the very highest standards of sterilization and hygiene.
6. To a have a knowledgeable piercer evaluate and discuss appropriate piercings and jewelry for her/his individual anatomy and lifestyle.
7. To be fully informed of all risks and possible complications involved in his/her piercing choice before making
any decisions.
8. To seek and receive a second opinion either from another piercer within the studio or from another studio.
9. To have initial piercings fitted with jewelry of appropriate size, material, design, and construction to best promote healing. Gold-plated, gold-filled or sterling silver jewelry is never appropriate for any new or unhealed
piercing.
10. To see pictures, be given a tour of the piercing studio, and to have all questions fully and politely answered
before making or following through on any decision.
*Available in Spanish
11. To be fully informed about proper aftercare, both verbally and in writing, and to have continuing access to the
piercer for assistance throughout the healing process.
12. To be treated with respect, sensitivity and knowledge regardless of gender, sexual orientation, race, religion,
ethnicity, ability, health status or piercing choice.
13. To change her/his mind, halt the procedure and leave at any point if the situation seems uncomfortable
or improper.
FREE SAMPLES AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST
Order by fax or phone (888) 888-1APP
or visit our website: www.safepiercing.org
This manual was rst published in 1998 and was revised in 2002 and 2005.
Previous edition credits are extended to:
Gahdi Elias, Allen Falkner, Tracy Faraka, Kent Fazekas, Michaela Gray, Drew Lewis, Cheyenne Morrisson, David Vidra,
Dr. Jack Ward [Original Edition]; and to: Elayne Angel, Scott Brewer, Steve Joyner, Lisa Lystad, M.D., Patrick McCarthy,
Sky Renfro, Bethra Szumski, April Williams-Warner, Dr. Jack Ward [2002 Edition].
Contributors to the 2005 edition include: Elayne Angel, Alicia Cardenas, Luis Garcia, Phish Goldblatt, Schane Gross, April
Johnson, Jason King, Paul King, Megg Mass, Christina Shull, Crystal Sims, Bethra Szumski, James Weber, and the intrepid
Caitlin McDiarmid.
Some cover photos courtesy of Evolution Body Piercing, Inc.
Cover design by Paul Romano, www.workhardened.com
Copyright 1998, 2002, 2005. All rights reserved. The goal of the Association of Professional Piercers is to circulate vital
health, safety and educational information to the piercing industry, health care workers and the general public. This manual
is copyrighted under Federal Law. Any reproduction of its contents is prohibited without prior written permission. For specic
reprint permissions, please contact us directly.
THE APP:
Provides a professional association and peer support
for piercers.
Publishes a quarterly newsletter dedicated to piercing-related news, research and information to keep
geographically dispersed individuals current in the
industry.
Standardizes and publicizes industry procedures and
protocols regarding hygiene, quality and education,
and assists piercers in meeting and/or exceeding
these standards.
Provides support and assistance in implementation
of appropriate legislation for the industry.
Provides piercing, business, health and safety education through annual conferences for piercers, health
inspectors, and others related to the industry.
Promotes consumer education and public understanding of body piercing practices through educational lectures, publications, staffed phone and email
lines, a comprehensive website and media relations.
(See the inside front cover of this manual for more
information.)
1
Promotes alliance between the piercing and healthcare industries through cross-attendance at healthrelated conferences and lectures, joint publications and research, resource sharing and ongoing
dialogue.
Does not police the piercing industry or piercers. The
APP will, however, respond to and resolve complaints
against its members and claims of membership which
are invalid.
Does not license or certify piercers. Members do
receive a certicate of membership which must be
renewed annually. Attendees of APP classes receive
a certicate of seminar participation.
Associate Members:
Corporate Members:
Associate Member
Must provide documentation regarding their business, including jewelry samples if applicable.
MEMBERSHIP
The APP has ve types of memberships:
Corporate Member
Patron Member
Are either piercers with less than one year of professional experience, or non-piercing employees in a
piercing studio (owners, counter people);
Patron Members:
Are individuals who work outside the piercing industry
and who support the APP and its goals.
AN INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
FOR THE PROFESSIONAL PIERCER
Although body piercing has historically been considered
a ritual art form, in modern times the practice cannot be
separated from our knowledge of biological science. In
order to be fully educated in the eld, piercers should
have a working knowledge of the science behind the
art. In particular piercers should understand the basics of Microbiology, Bacteriology, Immunology, and
Virology. Scientic facts will provide the professional
piercer with the necessary knowledge to carry out
appropriate hygiene and safety practices in the work
environment and to make informed decisions under
changing conditions.
DEFINITIONS
Cross-contamination is the act of spreading
pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms from one item
or surface to another.
It is the responsibility of the professional piercer to
operate at all times with a high regard for the health
and safety of their customers, their co-workers, and
themselves. Employing appropriate protocols will
minimize the risk of cross-contamination with harmful
microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.
MICROORGANISMS OF
THE SKIN
There are two types of skin microorganisms:
INFECTION CONTROL
HANDWASHING
HOW TO WASH
HANDS PROPERLY:
1. Wet hands thoroughly with tepid water.
2. Dispense a dime-sized amount of liquid soap into
palm and lather.
3. Vigorously scrub all surfaces of both hands up to
mid-forearm.
HAND SANITIZERS
Waterless hand sanitizer gels have become staples
in many piercing shops because they are easy to use
and do not require a trip to the sink. Some piercers
use them in between glove changes, or keep them at
the counter for clients entering the shop.
However, careful consideration should be given as
to when their use is appropriate. While some studies
show these products to be as effective as hand washing
in certain situations, other research indicates that they
do not signicantly reduce overall amounts of bacteria
on the hands, and in some cases may even increase it.
Most tests proving sanitizers germ-killing capacities at
up to 99.9% effective were done on inanimate objects,
not on living skin. Physiological conditions on human
skin may yield far different results.
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers work by stripping the
outer layer of oil from the skin, thereby killing transient
bacteria and delaying regrowth and surfacing of resident bacteria. To use, a dime-sized drop of sanitizer
should be pumped onto the skin and rubbed over all
surfaces until dry. If hands are dry within 20 seconds,
not enough gel was used.
Hand sanitizers are not cleaning agents. They do not
remove surface dirt or visible soil. Dirt, food, lubricant
and other things on your hands will make them less
effective. Therefore, in order for hand sanitizers to
work properly, hands must rst be washed with soap
and water before applying.
9
According to most publications, while hand sanitizers are acceptable for use in addition to a thorough
handwashing, and are certainly better than no cleaning
at all, they are not a substitute for scrubbing with soap
and water. Additionally, they are generally advised for
healthcare workers, but not for food handlers or the general public. Since piercers fall squarely into none of these
groups, each must come to his/her own conclusion.
A nal word of caution: While often advertised as
being less irritating to hands than regular washing,
alcohol-based hand sanitizers can be overdrying, causing cracked skin, contact dermatitis, and accelerating
potential latex sensitivities. If you opt to use these
products for your staff and/or clientele, choose a brand
carefully, consider non-alcohol varieties, and have an
alternative available for clients who cannot or will not
use these products.
GLOVES
Gloves are practically, legally and ethically imperative
for professional piercers. Finding appropriate gloves
and learning how to don them properly will protect the
piercer from potential contaminants and reduce the risk
of disease transmission between client, piercer and
co-workers. It is important to follow the basic rules of
glove use:
1. Wash hands prior to donning gloves and immediately afterwards.
10
STERILE GLOVES
Some piercers choose to use sterile gloves during
piercing procedures; some are required to do so by
state law. There are arguments for and against the
use of sterile gloves. Where the issue is not dictated
by law, a studio should make a research-based decision about whether or not to use sterile gloves in its
practice.
Sterile gloves are not required by APP standards,
though piercers who choose to go beyond the established minimum guidelines may do so.
NON-LATEX ALTERNATIVES
Many piercers opt for latex-free synthetic alternatives
such as Nitrile. While all the options listed below are
12
Vinyl
Vinyl (PVC) gloves are an easily available alternative to
latex. However, they are not as strong as latex and are
more easily punctured. They t loosely, are non-elastic,
and may slip, exposing the piercers skin or interfering
with skilled procedures.
Vinyl gloves are the most porous of exam glove options, and may allow penetration by even large molecules of blood and uids over long exposure. The failure
rate of stressed vinyl gloves is reported at about 51.3%
(compared with 3% for latex and 0% for Nitrile).*
Additionally, vinyl gloves do not necessarily eliminate
the potential for contact dermatitis because many of the
same chemicals used in processing latex gloves are
also used in vinyl gloves. Those reacting to additives
in latex gloves may need to avoid vinyl as well. For
these reasons, vinyl gloves are less than ideal for most
procedural applications in the studio.
Nitrile
Nitrile gloves are a protein-free, low-chemical, synthetic
alternative made from nitrile polymer. They are three
times more resistant to chemicals and punctures than
latex of the same thickness and have a reported stress
failure rate of 0%.*
While nitriles thickness and lack of elasticity require
getting used to after thin latex, many piercers nd these
gloves to be more secure and to allow full dexterity.
They are available with textured ngertips for increased
grip, and can be had in a range of colors to increase
client awareness of glove use.
Although slightly more expensive than latex, nitrile
gloves are reasonable when bought in bulk and offer
an excellent synthetic alternative for those desiring
high quality protection and minimal risk of chemicalor allergen-exposure. Test several manufacturers
products to nd an optimum product for your individual
needs and budget.
LATEX SENSITIVITIES
Since the implementation and recommendation of Universal Precautions by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) and Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) , latex sensitivities have
been on the rise. Estimates suggest 2 - 6% of the general population is latex sensitive. Among healthcare
workers this percentage rises to 8 - 12%. Due to the
extensive exposure many people in the healthcare,
emergency service, body art and other industries have
to latex gloves and protective gear, allergic reactions
among these groups are increasingly common and if
unchecked can interfere with continued employment.
Reactions can range from minor rash to life-threatening respiratory distress. Because latex allergies are
actually sensitization reactions from overexposure to
latex, and because latex is so pervasive in our home
and work environments, prevention through limiting
exposure is crucial. Those who come into frequent
contact with latex through the skin or inhalation become sensitized, and may go on to develop full allergic
reactions. These reactions often occur gradually, but
can also come on quite suddenly. Those who use
gloves at work, have had multiple surgeries, or who
have multiple allergic sensitivities or spina bida are
especially at risk.
In the piercing studio, many items besides gloves
contain latex. Adhesive tape, rubber bands, some
autoclave wrap, CPR masks, and even the handles
of some tools and covering on ballpoint pens may
contain traces of latex. All of these can trigger reactions. Piercers should understand the types of latex
reaction and how to deal with latex-sensitive clients
and coworkers.
The three types of latex hypersensitivity reactions that
occur are classied in order of severity as Irritant Contact
Dermatitis, Type IV Reaction and Type I Reaction.
What To Do
For their own health and that of their clients, it is imperative that professional piercers take these health
concerns seriously. If you suspect you have a latex
sensitivity, consult a doctor or allergist. Because severe reactions can develop suddenly and continued
exposure increases this risk, cease all contact with
latex products. This will often mean making the entire
studio latex-free. The use of low-chemical, low-protein,
low-endotoxin powder free synthetic gloves (such as
nitrile) is recommended in suspected cases of all three
types of hypersensitivity. Question all clients regarding
latex sensitivity prior to piercing and use only non-latex
materials on clients with a history of sensitivity. Hand
sealants, non-latex gloves and avoidance of chemical
triggers may ease dermatitis and Type IV Reactions.
Medications and allergy therapies are available to minimize some symptoms of Type I Reactions, but there is
no clinically recognized treatment or cure.
STERILE CHART
From STERILE to CLEAN to CONTAMINATED
Every piercer should thoroughly grasp how their environment and the tools they use pass through stages from
sterile to clean to contaminated. The chart below should help your understanding. Visualize sterile as white and
contaminated as dark red with several shades in between. Always remember that when a lighter colored item
comes in contact with a darker one it becomes that color, and can pass it on, until it is disinfected or sterilized.
Nothing darker than pale pink should ever come in contact with a piercing, directly or indirectly. Bare hands
should avoid red items. If red items are touched, hands should be immediately washed. Dark red items should
never be touched with bare hands.
RED
PINK
DARK
RED
PALEST
PINK
PALE
PINK
Sterile.
No living matter.
Very clean.
Only very small
quantities of airborne
matter.
Clean.
Only small quantities
of airborne matter.
Not clean.
Normal levels of
airborne matter.
Dirty.
Contaminated.
High levels of
airborne/bloodborne
matter.
Autoclaved
implements, jewelry,
needles, etc. in unopened, sterile bags,
untouched.
Sterile implements
just removed from
their bags.
Presterilized corks,
rubber bands, nonsterile latex gloves,
tissues, cotton
swabs, etc. stored in
protective containers
and only touched with
freshly gloved hands.
Needles, forceps,
corks, rubber bands,
etc.., after extended
exposure to open air
or frequent handling.
High levels of
airborne matter and
possible presence of
bloodborne matter.
WHITE
Surface of sterile
eld, only touched
with freshly gloved
hands.
Needles, forceps,
sterilized jewelry, etc.
after several minutes
in open air, unused.
Surface of skin immediately after aseptic
skin prep.
Hands immediately
after correct hand
washing procedure.
14
Clothing, surfaces,
implements, neither
contaminated with
bloodborne organisms, nor recently
disinfected.
Unused jewelry prior
to sterilization/disinfection. Piercing room
furniture, etc.
Floors, countertops,
sinks, doorknobs,
light switches, and
other areas that may
have been exposed
to bloodborne
contaminants, either
directly or indirectly.
Unbroken, uncleaned
skin.
Frequently handled
display jewelry.
Phones
Money
CLEANING, DISINFECTION
& STERILIZATION
Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization are all part of
the same process, but they differ signicantly in the
number and types of microorganisms killed. Understanding the differences enables the piercer to choose
the correct way to make contaminated items safe to
use. It also determines proper disposal methods for
items that cannot be decontaminated and are unsafe
for use in the studio.
CLEANING
Cleaning is the process that physically removes debris
and reduces many of the microorganisms present on
an object.
Cleaning is the rst step in the decontamination process. It is important to clean items prior to disinfecting
and/or sterilizing them. There are some items that will
not require disinfecting or sterilizing prior to use, and
for which only thorough cleaning with an antibacterial
or antimicrobial soap is necessary.
Washing hands before and after performing piercings, and several times during the day is such a
decontamination process. Of course, even the most
stringent handwashing does not take the place of
wearing gloves.
Tools used in piercing procedures must be thoroughly
cleaned before sterilization in order to remove gross
matter such as body uids and lubricants. Otherwise
the presence of these can keep steam from effectively
reaching all surfaces during a sterilization cycle. In
order to do this thoroughly without the risks of manual
scrubbing, studios should use an ultrasonic cleaner.
For optimal results the technician must carefully follow the manufacturers guidelines for use of solution,
additives, temperature, baskets, lids and timers. For
example, even Stainless Steel forceps may appear corroded if the solution is not properly Ph-balanced. With
bench-top models, soils removed from components
will be suspended in the solution. If all items are not
rinsed immediately after the cycle, the soils in the solution will redeposit themselves on tools during drying.
All forceps and hinged tools must be run with the jaws
open to expose all contaminated surfaces.
There is some controversy regarding the risk of
aerosolized (airborne) contaminants during the running
cycle of an ultrasonic. To be safe, the APP strongly
encourages the use of lids during running cycles. Some
piercers even enclose the ultrasonic unit or add secondary barriers to minimize potential risks from airborne
aerosolized pathogens. A HEPA lter in the cleaning
room is an excellent additional precaution.
DISINFECTION
Disinfection is the process that kills some but not all
disease-causing microorganisms.
Some nonpathogenic microorganisms can remain
on any item that you have disinfected. What kind and
how many of those you might kill depends on what
level of disinfection you use. Bacterial spores and the
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis var. bovis are difcult-tokill, laboratory test microorganisms used to classify the
strength of a chemical disinfectant as follows.
1. Low-Level Disinfection is the least effective process and is what most of us think of when we talk
about clean. It does not kill bacterial spores or
M.tuberculosis var. bovis.
as bacteria, fungi, and viruses (like the one causing Hepatitis B), in addition to the microorganisms
killed at the Intermediate Level. According to the
CDC, High- Level Disinfection can only be achieved
with a chemical solution that can sterilize given
appropriate conditions. However, although HighLevel Disinfection kills the same types of organisms as sterilization, only full autoclave sterilization
renders items that have been contaminated with
Bloodborne Pathogens safe for reuse.
STERILIZATION
Sterilization is the process that kills all microbial life.
In addition to all bacteria, viruses and fungi, sterilization will also kill bacterial spores, which are resilient and
are the most difcult microorganisms to kill. A process
able to eliminate bacterial spores will kill other types of
microorganisms such as fungi and viruses. Sterilization eliminates the organisms that cause Tuberculosis,
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV, as well as all other
infectious agents. When you have sterilized properly,
there will be no microorganisms alive.
Any item or product in your shop that may have been
exposed to bloodborne pathogen contamination must
be sterilized prior to use. This includes reusable items
such as tools, forceps and setup trays. If a contaminated reusable item cannot be sterilized appropriately,
it must be discarded. Single-use, disposable items
such as piercing needles must also be sterilized prior
to use. However, once used disposables must never
be sterilized and reused.
Many piercing studio operators do not yet understand the need to sterilize all jewelry before use in
new piercings. Logically, there is no point of using a
sterile needle just to follow it with non-sterile jewelry.
We can only know how jewelry is handled within our
own shops, and must therefore ensure that no potential contaminants from the manufacturers or shipping
contact our clients. Regardless of the source of their
jewelry, a reputable piercing shop should insert only
high quality body piercing jewelry that is sterilized on
the premises prior to insertion.
It is not a manufacturers responsibility to sell only
sterilized jewelry. At the same time, manufacturers
also must not misrepresent what is being sold by falsely
labelling jewelry as sterile or ready for insertion,
or by making other misleading claims. Best practice
for any shop is to run new jewelry shipments through
an ultrasonic cycle (preferably in a clean ultrasonic
reserved for clean jewelry), and to then autoclave all
pieces prior to use.
16
Statim
Some piercing studios use steam-ushing pressurepulse autoclaves (such as Statim autoclaves) for
sterilization. The sterilization process in this type of
autoclave facilitates air removal and steam penetration, and has an extremely short processing time. The
steam-ush pressure-pulse autoclave is acceptable
for sterilization in the piercing studio as long as certain
guidelines are followed:
The Statim has three sterilization cycles, each designed to sterilize a specic type of instrument.
Unwrapped cycle - 275 F for 3.5 minutes
Wrapped cycle - 275 F for 10 minutes
Rubber and plastic cycle - 250 F for 15 minutes
The following can be sterilized in the Statim 2000:
Nylon, polycarbonate (Lexan), polypropylene, PFTE
(Teon), acetal (Delrin) polysulfone (Udel), polyetherimide (Ultem) silicone rubber, and polyester.
The following cannot be sterilized in the Statim 2000
on any cycle:
Polyethylene, ABS, styrene, cellulosics, PVC, acrylic
(Plexiglas), PPO (Noryl) latex, neoprene, and similar
materials.
If you are not sure, do not load items until you have
checked with the manufacturer. Processing of these materials may lead to instrument or equipment damage.
Do not mix instrument types (i.e. plastics and unwrapped tools) in the same Statim load.
DISINFECTING SOLUTIONS
What can I use as a disinfecting agent in
my shop?
What disinfectants you use will depend on the application and product availability. Appropriate products are
marketed under many names and in several categories.
All require exposure times of at least 10 minutes in order
to effectively disinfect, with the exception of surfaces
already considered clean (See Sterility Chart on page
14 for explanation).
Everything in the immediate piercing environment
should be decontaminated with no less than an Intermediate Level of disinfection.
Note that disinfectants are used only on inanimate
surfaces (objects) and antiseptics are used only on
animate (living) surfaces.
Disinfecting solutions are grouped into families according to similar characteristics and properties. Choose
products proven to be nontoxic, broad spectrum, hospital grade disinfectants, with a narrow efcacy time and
17
Glutaraldehyde - 2% Solutions
Iodophores
These are iodine-based disinfectants that will stain
surfaces and discolor metals. This makes them a poor
choice for soaking jewelry or tools. Additionally these
disinfectants have been shown to potentially contain
high levels of an organism called Pseudomonas, which
grows in the solutions when stored for an extended period of time. Furthermore, many individuals are iodine
sensitive or allergic to these products. Biocide, Microdyne, and Iodove are common product names.
Synergistic Formulas
A synergistic action involves two or more agents cooperating with each other to result in an effect greater
than the additive effect of each agent operating by
itself. These solutions are non-toxic, biodegradable,
broad-spectrum disinfectants that are also non-corrosive and nonstaining. Once opened, the stability of
these solutions ranges from 6 to 10 months maintaining full potency. They do not require special disposal
handling.
Synergistic solutions are available in spray bottles,
liquid pour bottles, foams, and impregnated towelettes.
They can be used as hard surface disinfectants and
for jewelry soaking. (Note that autoclave sterilization
remains the only appropriate way to prepare jewelry
for use in a fresh piercing.) Two of the most common
products used by professional piercers are the synergistic formulas Madacide and Discide.
Chlorine Compounds
Isopropyl Alcohol
18
EQUIPMENT
DISPOSABLE SUPPLIES
To minimize the risk of cross-contamination and to
ensure that the piercing procedure is as clean as
possible, many components of a piercing set-up are
disposable. Unless supplies will be sterilized in a
Statim autoclave immediately prior to the procedure, all
disposables must be individually packaged in autoclave
bags, sterilized, and remain in their pouches stored in
enclosed, nonporous containers until use. Disposable
materials that can and should be autoclaved include
piercing needles, corks, rubber bands, cotton swabs,
toothpicks, and gauze.
When setting up for a piercing or jewelry insertion,
the piercer should rst select and assemble all materials and tools that might be needed for that procedure.
In avoiding cross-contamination, it is entirely unacceptable to reach into the piercing cabinet or drawers
with gloves that have touched a client. Therefore, the
piercer should anticipate possible needs and required
items before the procedure begins. If additional supplies are required, the piercer must don fresh gloves
before accessing any items in the piercing cabinet/
drawers, and must change gloves before touching the
client or sterile tools.
PIERCING NEEDLES
Acceptable piercing needles are hollow and extremely
sharp, with a smoothly sloping cutting edge and no
scratches or surface aws that could damage the tissue. Most piercing needles are sold as super sharp, or
double- or triple-bevelled and come in several lengths.
Piercers should inspect each needle immediately before use to be sure there are no burrs or irregularities.
Should the piercer choose to bend or shorten a needle,
great care should be taken to avoid creating such aws.
Some companies are now manufacturing needles in
different lengths and bent options.
Of course, the true test of needle sharpness and
quality will be in use. Since needle quality will affect
both the comfort and healing of clients, as well as the
smoothness and speed of the piercers technique, the
use of only high quality needles is encouraged.
Piercing needles are available in sizes corresponding
to the gauges of jewelry for fresh piercings. Needles
are commonly used in 18, 16, 14, 12 and 10 gauge.
Most professional piercers agree that needles thinner
than 18 gauge or thicker than 8 gauge are inappropriate for fresh piercings. Thicker needles may damage
tissue, and the excessive weight of metal jewelry thicker
than 8 gauge may result in tissue damage or delayed
healing.
TYPES OF TOOLS
Forceps
Sharps Disposal
Untreated, used Sharps disposal containers may not
be included with ordinary trash. Sharps containers and
waste in red Biohazard liners must be picked up by a
Biohazard waste management company or disposed
of in a manner that does not violate regulated waste
laws. All containers in a studio bearing the Biohazard
label must have the contents disposed of according to
regulated waste laws.
REUSABLE EQUIPMENT
Most professionals will use a wide range of tools to
speed the procedure and maximize the comfort of the
client. Piercing tools come in many styles, qualities
and price levels. Piercers are cautioned that while
inexpensive tools are abundant, the quality of tools is
usually exhibited in their performance and durability.
Tools that work well enhance your individual technique,
rather than complicate it. High quality piercing tools are
made of long-life stainless steel and are designed with
piercing applications in mind. Much like surgical implements, initially they will be costly, but they are intended
and engineered for repeated use over many years.
Following each use, the contaminated tool
should be:
1. Cleaned in an ultrasonic. (See ultrasonic manufacturers instructions for optimal solution and cycle
length.)
2. Rinsed
3. Dried
4. Bagged and labeled with date (as well as batch
number and operator initials if required). To prolong life of instruments with movable parts, many
professionals apply surgical instrument lubrication
(and allow it to dry) prior to bagging.
5. Sterilized in an autoclave
*Note: Steps 1-4 should be performed only in an
area designated as contaminated, and by properly trained personnel wearing personal protective
equipment.
20
Needle Holders
Needle holders are used in surgery for suturing. Their
strong jaws with a central groove make them ideal for
opening and closing small gauge and small diameter
rings.
ous lengths, sizes and modications. They are usually hollow stainless steel tubes with perfectly smooth
openings, often with one ared or angled end. Some
piercers prefer a shatter-resistant, autoclavable, clear
Borosilicate glass NRT, which allows full needle visibility during the procedure.
Pliers
Many kinds of pliers are used in piercing procedures,
and are described below. Optimally pliers should be
made of stainless steel to withstand repeated autoclaving. The obvious exception is smooth brass-jaw pliers,
which have the unique advantage of being unlikely to
scratch the surface of jewelry due to their brass-coated
jaws. Many pliers can be nickel- or chrome-plated
to resist rusting, but will eventually break down and
become unusable. The corroding metal can damage
the delicate components of the autoclave. These tools
must be replaced at the rst sign of rust.
Ring Closing Pliers:
Used to narrow the
gap on captive rings to
create proper tension
for holding the bead.
Ring Opening (or Expanding)
Pliers: Used to remove and insert
captive beads and occasionally to
widen the gap on captive rings for
insertion and removal.
Bending Pliers: Used for custom
bending nostril screws, fishtail
labrets and needles. These are
usually jewelers pliers and are
available with a
number of different head shapes.
The most commonly used are
called double
rounds.
Connecting Snips
Small pieces of wire used to stabilize the jewelry
transfer during the initial piercing when using internally
threaded jewelry. Even experienced piercers nd the
wire connection between the jewelry and needle helpful in maintaining alignment. When nicely nished and
made of titanium or niobium wire in contrasting colors,
connecting snips are easily distinguished on the piercing tray and are safe for re-sterilizing.
Calipers
These instruments are used for measuring the
jewelry gauge
and diameter, or
the distance between markings
for piercing placement. They are available in both standard inch and
metric calibrations, and some offer both units of measurement. Though calipers are available in both plastic
and metal, few styles can be autoclaved. Usually the
fancier and more accurate models cannot be sterilized,
so great care should be taken not to contaminate them.
There are a few simple styles available in autoclavable
stainless steel. Though less accurate and somewhat
harder to read, they have an obvious advantage in the
piercing studio.
Gauge Wheels
Most American body jewelry
manufacturers have standardized measurement of
the thickness of their jewelry
wire with the Browne and
Sharp/American Standard
wire gauge system. In other
industries this system has
been historically used for measuring gold wire. There
are some variances between wholesale companies, so
it is always wise to double-check jewelry gauge to the
wheel and to the needle before the piercing procedure.
Outside the US, manufacturers use metric millimeters
for measuring gauge.
Insertion Tapers
These are tapered pieces of 18g
and larger stainless steel or titanium,
used to gradually expand an existing
piercing channel. Tapers are most
often used to stretch a piercing up to
the next gauge, to locate/stretch a
healed piercing that has shrunk, and
to quickly locate the piercing channel
if a jewelry transfer is lost during the
initial piercing.
Reusable tapers are made of autoclavable materials and are available in many lengths,
slopes and styles. In particular, concave tapers are
used with non-threaded or larger initial jewelry, and
pin-coupling tapers are available for inserting smaller
gauge internal jewelry. When using tapers, understand
21
Piercing Trays
Piercing trays are the basic foundation upon which the
piercing set-up and aseptic eld is laid. All procedures
should be worked from an autoclaved tray set-up or
autoclaved tray liner, rather than a countertop or other
surface. Trays should be made of autoclavable plastic
or stainless steel, and covered with a plastic-backed
dental bib or another impenetrable tray liner. Bagged
equipment can be laid out upon the liner just prior to
a procedure.
Sundry Jars
These autoclavable tempered glass and/or stainless
steel jars are useful for storing individually packaged
sterile items. There are also a few grades of autoclavable plastic available. Sundry jars should not be used
to store bulk sterilized unpackaged items because
they are periodically open to air contact, and because
bulk sterilized items are only sterile until removed from
autoclave packaging. (Again, clean items are not
clean enough for a piercing procedure.) Sundry jars
need to be disinfected daily and sterilized weekly, or
immediately if cross-contamination is suspected.
22
infection because it does not allow for thorough cleaning. Body uids normally discharged during healing
can become trapped around the hole by inappropriately
designed jewelry. Unless this discharge is thoroughly
and frequently removed, it can attract bacteria and
becomes an invitation to secondary infection
FURTHER REFERENCES ON
EAR PIERCING GUNS
1.
2.
3.
23
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
ENVIRONMENT
RECEPTION AND SALES ROOM
Counter
The counter surface should be a nonporous surface
such as glass or metal that can be easily disinfected
as needed throughout the day. An FDA-approved hard
surface disinfectant should be used according to the
manufacturers instructions for this purpose. Glass
cleaner should be used to minimize streaking.
Keep disposable relish cups, sealable plastic
baggies, dental bibs and tissues at the counter to
minimize cross-contamination by customers. Have
clients place previously worn jewelry into relish cups
or baggies, never on the counter. Even new, unworn
jewelry brought in by a client must be handled as if it is
contaminated. It very well might have been just tried
on for a second, which is reason enough to treat it as
contaminated. Throw away contaminated disposable
items once they have contained a clients own jewelry,
whether they report it was previously worn or not.
It is extremely common for customers to touch their
jewelry and piercings when they are at the counter,
even when they are asked to refrain from such activity.
Keep a close watch on your customers and politely but
rmly insist that they not handle their own jewelry and/or
piercings on the premises. Fully explain your concern
for their safety and the reasons behind the rule, and
do not tolerate this potential for cross-contamination in
the studio. If a client does touch their own jewelry or
piercing (whether new or healed), immediately require
them to wash their hands or provide germicidal hand
wipes for their use to prevent cross-contamination of
the studio. Be consistent with requiring hand sanitizing
after each and every such contact. A posted sign at
the front counter can explain:
For your health and that of others, please do
not remove, insert, or handle your jewelry in the
store. We will do it for you.
With the possible exception of a welcoming handshake, touch pierced clients only with freshly gloved
hands. Many piercers feel that wearing gloves for
contact of even non-pierced areas establishes a level
of professional detachment between the piercer and
the client.
Dial calipers, gauge wheels, ring expanding pliers,
and other tools that are used at the counter should be
used for new, unworn jewelry only.
Disinfect or sterilize the front counter tools as necessary. Should contamination occur, items that cannot
be autoclaved must be disposed of.
Display
Display jewelry should be protected from potential contamination. Customers should not be allowed to touch
display jewelry to any part of their skin, piercing, or
own jewelry. When in doubt, handled items should be
autoclaved before being returned to the display case.
Sterile jewelry used for initial piercings should not
be kept in the display case. If jewelry from the display
case is to be used for an initial piercing, the item must
meet all criteria for initial piercing jewelry and must be
sterilized before use. If display or stock jewelry cannot be autoclaved, contact the manufacturer for proper
handling, care and maintenance. Whenever possible,
handle display jewelry with gloved hands.
Furniture
Storage units and medical supply cabinets should be
of a nonporous, easily disinfected surface material, and
have several drawers for storing air- and light- sensitive
supplies. Furnishings should be disinfected no less
than once daily and whenever cross-contamination
occurs.
Mayo stands are portable tray holding devices.
These stainless steel rolling carts must be disinfected
before and after each use. Any stand or surface used
as a procedure surface must also be disinfected.
Client seating is available in a wide variety of styles.
The most commonly used types are dentists chairs,
massage tables, and gynecological exam tables.
Choose your furniture for comfort, adjustability, and
ease of disinfection.
Seating covers should be of a nonporous material
26
General Guidelines
The sterilization room(s) should be as far from client
trafc as possible and should be labeled to keep clients
from entering the room:
Warning: Biohazard! Employees Only
Remember that once an item is used in the biohazard area, it cannot be used for any other purpose or
in any other room unless it can be autoclaved. This
includes tissue and glove boxes, paper towel rolls,
pencils, tape, etc.
THE RESTROOM
Restroom sinks should have hot and cold water, a
paper towel dispenser, and liquid antibacterial soap
in a pump dispenser. A trash can with liner must be
provided. The toilet, sink, doorknobs, lights witches,
and other frequently-handled surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned daily, and disinfected throughout the
day as needed.
It is also appropriate to include signage such as:
For your own health and that of others, please
do not remove, insert, or handle your jewelry in
our bathroom. We will do it for you.
28
SKIN PREPARATION
The Purpose of Skin Preparation
The purpose of skin preparation (skin prep) before
a piercing is to render the surface of the area to be
pierced as free as possible from oil, perspiration, dirt,
and transient and resident bacteria.
Antiseptic Solutions
The client should be given a small amount of antimicrobial mouthwash in a disposable cup. He/She should
rinse thoroughly with the mouthwash for a minimum of
thirty seconds and should not rinse with water or touch
the lips or mouth surfaces thereafter.
Betadine
Linear Alcohol
Techni-Care
3.5
11
.5
Dermatitis Potential
30%
30%
High
<1%
Amount Needed
10 ml
10 ml
N/A
2.5 ml
PH Measurement
5.86
4.0
6.8
7.2
Tissue Contraindications
Yes
Yes
Yes
None
Eyes, Ears
Genitals
Skin
Eyes
Non-Toxic
Transdermal Penetration
No
Unknown
No
Yes
Occular Irritation
Yes
Yes
Yes
Minimal
Any skin prep product selected must be used according to manufacturers guidelines. Applicator options
include presoaked swabs, towelettes, and products
such as Techni-Care dispensed from a pump apparatus
onto sterile gauze or swabs.
Client Cooperation
Once the skin is prepped, the client must be directed to
keep unwashed, ungloved hands away from the area.
If the client touches on or near the prepped skin, the
procedure for aseptic cleaning must be repeated.
ANESTHETICS
A skilled, experienced piercer should work quickly and
gently so that anesthesia is unnecessary. Whatever
sensations a piercee encounters should be momentary
and are part of an honest piercing experience. There
is no doubt that the worst part of a piercing for most
piercees is the mental aspect of worrying, imagining,
and fearing the unknown. The physical reality of it
should be easy by comparison.
Anesthetics effective for prevention of all sensation
during a piercing would require a prescription and/or
need to be administered or applied by a licensed
medical professional. The majority of piercers are not
licensed medical practitioners and therefore cannot
legally provide these medications. Medical professionals who are also trained and experienced piercers are
generally not piercing within the scope of their medical
practice. They should advise against anesthetics for
29
Injectable Anesthetics
These are illegal unless administered by a licensed
medical practitioner. Using an injectable product such
as Lidocaine or Xylocaine is ill-advised and inappropriate. The injection would be more uncomfortable and
take longer to administer than the piercing itself. Fluid
injected into tissue also distorts the area and causes
additional trauma. This can hamper accurate piercing
placement and is likely to result in additional discomfort
as the anesthesia dissipates.
Serious complications such as an allergic reaction
may be caused by the anesthetic as well. All else aside,
there is little sense in sticking a client with a needle and
injecting their body with a foreign substance in order
to perform a piercing.
Topical Anesthetics
The use of over-the-counter topical anesthetics such
as creams is not necessary for body piercings. These
products are ineffective for minimizing sensation to the
area that will be pierced. An effective topical anesthetic
only numbs the upper layers of tissue and, as with
injectable agents, the potential for allergic reactions
exists.
A prescription-strength topical anesthetic is illegal
unless prescribed by a licensed medical professional.
These may induce tissue edema (swelling), alter skin
texture and affect accurate jewelry placement. These
effects make the piercing procedure itself more challenging for the piercer to perform. It is difcult to be
sure of the ultimate appearance of the piercing when
tissue is distorted. The tissue will only resume normal
shape gradually as the effects of the product on the
tissue are diminished.
Ethyl Chloride is a prescription-only freeze spray.
When sprayed on tissue, it can result in frostbite damage and can complicate and delay healing. It is quite
painful to have applied, and takes much longer to
administer than a simple piercing.
Every effort should be made to discourage clients
who have access to anesthetics from using them prior
to piercing. While the client may have legal access to
these medications and take full responsibility for their
own actions, you are responsible for the quality and
safety of the work you perform. Some piercers refuse
to pierce clients who have used anesthetics until after
the chemicals have dissipated from the site.
Ice is another method of supercial freezing. Like
ethyl chloride, it may result in tissue damage. All of
30
AFTERCARE
Client education and continued care are essential
services every piercer should provide. Clients need
to understand the importance of maintaining a clean
environment, and be given full written instructions for
appropriate piercing care during healing. A well-placed
piercing tted with high quality jewelry performed under
hygienic conditions can still go awry if proper aftercare
procedures are not observed.
Many misconceptions still exist about what products
and methods are most effective for piercing care. The
APP has established an industry standard of suggestions for piercing care. While we recognize the fact that
each human body is unique, we have found that the
following guidelines are optimal for uneventful, timely
healing for the vast majority of piercees. Even clients
with prior experience healing piercings should receive
complete instructions every time, as is now required by
many local laws. Many suggestions have changed over
time, and it is important to impart the most recent care
guidelines available. The following care instructions
should be provided to each piercee both verbally and
in a written format to take home with them.
Preprinted tri-fold pamphlets containing these written
care guidelines are available from the APP. See the inside cover of this manual or website for more details.
AFTERCARE GUIDELINES
FOR BODY PIERCINGS
Cleaning Solutions
Use either one or both of the following solutions for
body piercing:
Packaged sterile saline solution with no additives
(read the label) or non-iodized sea salt mixture.
Dissolve 1/8-1/4 teaspoon of non-iodized (iodine
free) sea salt into one cup (8 oz) of warm distilled
or bottled water. A stronger mixture is not better!
Saline solution that is too strong can irritate the
piercing.
Liquid anti-microbial or germicidal soap.
What Is Normal?
Initially: Some bleeding, localized swelling, tenderness, or bruising.
During Healing: Some discoloration, itching, secretion of whitish-yellow uid (not pus) that forms
crust on jewelry when dried. The tissue may tighten
around jewelry as it heals.
Once Healed: Jewelry may not move freely in the
piercing. That is okay. DO NOT force it. If you fail
to clean the piercing as part of your daily hygiene
routine, smelly (but normal) secretions may accumulate. Continue cleaning piercing in the shower
after healing.
A piercing may seem healed before healing is complete. Piercings heal from the outside in and, although
it feels healed, the tissue on the inside remains fragile
longer. BE PATIENT and keep cleaning throughout
the entire healing period.
Even healed piercings can shrink or close in minutes
after having been there for years! This varies from
person to person. If you like your piercing, leave the
jewelry in place.
What To Do
Wash hands prior to touching the piercing. Leave
it alone except when cleaning. It is not necessary
to rotate the jewelry while healing except possibly
during cleaning.
31
Leave Jewelry In At All Times. Even old, wellhealed piercings can shrink or close in minutes after
having been there for years! Reinsertion can be
difcult or impossible.
What To Avoid
Avoid Undue Trauma such as friction from clothing,
excessive motion of the area, playing with jewelry and
vigorous cleaning. These activities can lead to unsightly and painful scar tissue, migration, prolonged
healing, and other complications.
Avoid Chemicals such as alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, Betadine, Hibiclens or ointments.
Avoid Over Cleaning. This can delay healing and
irritate the piercing.
Avoid All Contact. Oral contact, rough play, and
contact with others bodily uids on or near your
piercing during healing can irritate your piercing and
expose you to infection.
Avoid Stress and Recreational Drug Use including
excessive caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol.
Avoid Submerging Piercing in bodies of water
such as lakes, pools and jacuzzis. You could also
protect the piercing with waterproof bandages such
as Tegaderm, available at drugstores.
Avoid Cosmetics. Keep all beauty and personal
care products away from the area on or around the
piercing -- including cosmetics, lotions, and sprays.
Avoid Accessories. Do not hang charms or other objects from jewelry until the piercing is fully healed.
Jewelry
Nipple
32
Genital
Wash hands before touching on or near the piercing.
1. WASH hands thoroughly prior to cleaning or touching on or near your piercing for any reason.
AFTERCARE GUIDELINES
FOR ORAL PIERCINGS
Cleaning Solutions
Use either one or both of the following cleaning solutions for inside the mouth:
Antimicrobial or antibacterial alcohol-free mouth
rinse *
Packaged sterile saline solution* with no additives
(read label) or Non-iodized Sea Salt Mixture:
Dissolve 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoon of Non-iodized (iodinefree) Sea Salt into one cup (8 oz) of warm distilled or
bottled water. A stronger mixture is not better! Saline
solution that is too strong can irritate the piercing.
Note: Those with high blood pressure or a heart
condition should check with a doctor before using a
saline product inside the mouth as the primary cleaning solution.
What Is Normal?
For The First Three To Five Days: Signicant swelling, light bleeding, bruising, and/or tenderness.
After That: Some swelling, light secretion of a whitish-yellow uid (not pus).
A piercing may seem healed before healing is complete. Piercings heal from the outside in, and although
it may feel healed, the tissue remains fragile on the
inside. BE PATIENT, and keep cleaning throughout
the entire healing period.
Even healed piercings can shrink or close in minutes
after having been there for years. This varies from
person to person. If you like your piercing, leave the
jewelry in place.
What To Do
Help Reduce Swelling: Dissolve small pieces of
ice in the mouth.
Take an over the counter, nonsteroidal anti-inammatory such as Ibupron or Naproxyn Sodium* according to package instructions.
Sleep with your head elevated above your heart for
the rst few nights.
Maintain Good Oral Hygiene: Use a new softbristled toothbrush and keep it clean (put it through
the dishwasher).
Soak in saline solution and/or wash with liquid antimicrobial or germicidal soap* as described below:
What To Avoid
DO NOT PLAY WITH THE JEWELRY. Long-term
effects of playing with and clicking the jewelry against
the teeth can result in permanent damage to teeth
and other oral structures. See the APPs Brochure:
Oral Piercing Risks and Safety Measures for more
information.
Eating
Chew Slowly.
DISCLAIMER
These guidelines are based on a combination of vast
professional experience, common sense, research and
extensive clinical practice. This is not to be considered
a substitute for medical advice from a doctor. If you suspect an infection, seek medical attention. Keep in mind
that the removal of jewelry can lead to further complications. Be aware that many doctors have not received
specic training regarding piercing. Your local piercer
may be able to refer you to a piercing friendly medical
professional. See the APP Brochure Troubleshooting
For You And Your Healthcare Professional.
Ampallang
Labia (outer)
Apadravya
Labret
Cheek
Lip (side)
Clitoral Hood
Lorum
Clitoris
Navel
Conch
Daith
Nipple
(female)
Dydoe
Nipple
(male)
Prince Albert
Ear Cartilage
(all variations) 6-9 Months or longer
Earl (Bridge)
Pubic
Earlobe
Rook
Eyebrow
Scrotum
Foreskin
Septum
Fourchette
Surface
Frenum
Tongue
Guiche
Tragus
Labia (inner)
Triangle
6-8 Weeks:
3-4 Months:
6-9 Months:
35
36
JEWELRY
STANDARDS AND
CERTIFICATIONS
Of the countless metals and alloys available, few have
been proven safe and effective for initial wear in body
piercings. To nd the most acceptable materials for
internal wear, our industry utilizes material guidelines
used for medical implants, as dened by the ISO and
ASTM.
ISO
The International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) is a worldwide non-governmental federation
of national standard bodies from over 140 countries.
The mission of ISO is to promote the development and
distribution of international standardization for scientic
and technological practices, including medical, metal,
and chemical activity.
ASTM
The American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM)
is a not-for-prot organization that provides a global forum for the development and distribution of consensus
standards for materials and testing. Despite its name,
ASTM standards are accepted and used internationally in scientic and medical research, development
and testing.
Use of ISO and ASTM standards are voluntary and
only become legally binding when a governmental body
makes them so, or when they are cited in a contract.
Manufacturers in a variety of industries will sometimes
state a product has been tested according to ASTM or
ISO standard by citing the applicable code number on
the product label or packaging. In the case of metals
this will appear on the mill sheet.
Mill Sheet
Also referred to as a mill certicate or material certicate, this is a document created by a metal foundry,
provided to the wire mill, and then to the manufacturer.
It guarantees the specications of the alloy and is your
proof of content quality.
On request, any manufacturer producing body jewelry
should produce the mill certicates obtained from the
wire mill where their raw material was purchased. If a
jewelry manufacturer is unwilling or unable to produce
this certication, their steel and titanium jewelry cannot be considered to meet ASTM or ISO standards
Niobium
Niobium is very similar to titanium but does not have
a set ASTM standard. It is used extensively in the
medical industry for implant components and has
been the subject of thorough biocompatibility testing.
37
Platinum
This very heavy and expensive precious metal is extremely inert and is therefore ideal for body jewelry. It
is a brilliant white color and is harder to work than other
precious metals. Styles may be limited as a result of both
its high cost and greater difculty in manufacturing.
PTFE
This inert plastic comes as a solid rod and uses tapped
balls. When a ball is twisted onto the end of the rod,
the existing pattern inside the ball effectively threads
38
the post, keeping the ball in place. PTFE is quite useful in medical situations where metal jewelry cannot
be worn.
Tygon
This micro-bore tubing is used in many medical applications because it is USP Class 6-compliant. Male
balls can be threaded into the hollow center, creating
barbell-style jewelry that can be cut to custom size.
Because of changes in the material over use time,
Tygon should be changed every two months. Additionally, the manufacturer does not recommend it for
long-term use.
High-Density, Low-Porosity
Nontoxic Plastics
There is some controversy surrounding the long-term
wear of acrylic jewelry. While a clean piece of FDA
approved acrylic is an acceptable choice for a healed
piercing for some clients, its chemical components are
less biocompatible than many other materials. Some
grades are more likely to cause reactions than others
and should be chosen with caution. Acrylic cannot be
autoclaved or disinfected and should therefore be considered appropriate for single person use only. Acrylic
can crack, shatter or cloud when coming in contact with
alcohol or alcohol-based disinfectants, hair products
and mouthwashes. Petroleum-based lubricants can
cause plastics to break down, potentially releasing
chemical irritants into the skin. Acute sensitivities to
acrylic can develop suddenly even in those who have
worn it comfortably in the past. Therefore care should
be taken when choosing and using acrylic jewelry.
JEWELRY TO AVOID
Aluminum
Aluminum resembles niobium in appearance and
is similar to titanium in weight. However, it is never
appropriate for body jewelry. Long-term aluminum
exposure has been connected to neurological damage,
Alzheimers Disease and metal sensitivities.
Conventional Jewelry
Jewelry designed specically for earlobe piercing or
purchased at a conventional jewelry store is never appropriate for use in body piercings. The materials and
workmanship are seldom of implant quality, and the
styles may involve sharp edges and/or details that may
trap bacteria. Earring wires and posts are also much
too thin, which can cause discomfort and potentially cut
into a piercing. Ear studs with buttery closures trap
excreted body uids and bacteria.
Silver
Silver is an unstable alloy that oxidizes (tarnishes) easily and is not biocompatible. Many piercees nd that
Polish
High quality piercing jewelry must be polished to a
mirror nish. Jewelry that is not highly polished will
be more porous, potentially causing discomfort and
delayed healing. Poorly polished jewelry may also
have compromised biocompatibility.
Piercing jewelry must be free of all polishing compounds. These may appear as deposits near a xed
bead or in the threading. All jewelry must also be free
of nicks, scratches and burrs.
39
Annealing
Annealing is a heat treatment that tempers metal,
making it more pliable and easier to open and close.
Annealed jewelry does not need to be opened forcefully
with pliers, reducing the risk that it will be scratched during procedures. Jewelry that is well annealed should
be able to be opened with only nger pressure in sizes
such as 14 gauge 1/2 diameter and 12 gauge 5/8
diameter. There will still be more than enough tensile
strength to hold in a captive bead.
Curved jewelry such as captive rings or xed bead
rings is made from wire that is wrapped in the manufacturing process. This wrapping can change the molecular structure of the metal. It should be annealed
to restore it to its pre-wrapping grade.
Threading
The United States APP membership elected to require
internally threaded jewelry for initial piercings. External
threads may tear new tissue, trap bacteria and release
polishing materials into the initial piercing.
Balls for tapped/threaded jewelry thicker than 16
gauge should be countersunk so that the bead ts onto
the end of the jewelry more closely, thus minimizing
accumulation of excreted matter.
Non-Threading
Threadless (press-t) barbells and balls are a new
jewelry option in the industry. Well made jewelry of
this type is an acceptable alternative to traditional
threaded jewelry.
Machining
Many people currently manufacturing body piercing
jewelry are amateurs who do not have the knowledge
or skill to produce well-machined jewelry. Piercers must
therefore carefully check all pieces prior to use.
Beads and posts should be drilled to match, and
should not be off-center.
Check for gaps between the ball and post that could
retain bacteria and signify poor drilling.
Ends of rings and posts should not be blunt or sharp,
but smoothly rounded for painless insertion.
JEWELRY STYLES
Captive Bead
Ring
This ring is the most commonly
used type of body jewelry. It
consists of a gapped ring with
a bead held captive in the gap
by the tension of the ring. The
ring is opened by removing
and replacing the bead (popping the bead in and
out). This style may not be appropriate for jewelry of
very thin sizes, particularly in softer gold, when there
is not enough pressure/tension to keep the bead from
falling out.
Barbell
This piece of jewelry is a straight post
with one threaded ball on each end. It
is most commonly seen in tongue piercings, but can be used in many other
piercings in which a ring is not suitable,
or when jewelry needs to lie close to the
body with a minimal prole.
Curved Barbell
These are similar to barbells with two threaded
balls, but have a shaft that
curves in a uniform arc like
a crescent moon. They are
most commonly associated
with navel piercings, but are also appropriate in other
areas where friction from protruding jewelry is problematic, but a straight barbell is unsuitably shaped.
J Barbell
The J Barbell is a curved barbell
whose shaft is shaped like a J.
These are used in navels for which
the J curve more closely mimics
the piercees anatomy than does
the crescent curved barbell.
Circular Barbell
This is similar in shape
to a ring, but with more
versatility of a barbells
screw-on balls. The
threaded balls allow it
to be easily removed and reinserted. A circular barbell
is especially suitable when the look of a large gauge
ring is desired without the difculty of opening and
closing a ring of such thickness.
Surface Barbell
This staple shaped barbell
was developed specically
for use in surface piercings. The theory is that the staple shape helps coax
the body into healing by minimizing upward pressure
on the tissue over the piercing and allowing blood to
ow freely in the local tissue, thereby minimizing the
chances of migration.
Nostril Screw
Nostril screws are based on an
old East Indian design. The
screw allows the stud to hug
the inside of the nostril without
injuring the septum or falling
out easily. It does not require a backing (which can
trap bacteria) as a regular stud earring does. This is
more attractive, safer, and superior for comfort.
Labret Stud
A labret stud is essentially a minibarbell with a small, at disc on one
end. These are most commonly
used for labret piercings and in
places where a at back ts most
comfortably with anatomical structures on one side of the piercing
(e.g. against teeth, some inner ear
cartilage). They often come with both ends threaded so
that ball and disc sizes and shapes can be customized
to the clients individual anatomy and preferences.
Fishtail Labret
The shtail is an alternative to the labret stud for
lip piercing. Its shape resembles a nostril screw,
but it is longer and often thicker to suit the thick and
soft lip tissue. After allowing sufcient length to wear
through the lip, the post is bent at a right angle, and the
tail is worn resting along the bottom of the gumline
inside the lip on one side. These are most comfortable
when t and custom bent to the clients mouth.
Threadless
Barbell
This has the same shapes
and uses as the barbell,
curved barbell or labret
post, except that instead
of the usual screw-on
ball(s), a snap together
ball is pressed into the
post.
Septum Retainer
Retainers are specialized pieces of
jewelry, used only in septum piercings and often shaped like a staple
or U. They are useful for clients
41
Plugs and/or
Eyelets
These styles can be worn
in healed stretched or
enlarged piercings, most
often in ear lobes. They can be made of a variety
of materials, including stainless steel, glass, wood,
stone, horn, bone, amber, and gold. They are often
ared at one or both ends to keep the jewelry in place.
Plugs that are not ared are often kept in place with
small o-rings of high-grade silicon or latex. O-rings
should be worn slightly away from the skin to allow
air to contact the piercing, let moisture escape, and
minimize potential reactions. Silicon is best for those
with latex sensitivities.
42
PERSONAL BOUNDARIES
In localities where shop personnel are extremely visible or well-known, these expectations may extend
into off-work hours outside the studio. You may
want to consider how you want to be perceived by
clients who meet or observe you when you are not
at work.
APPROPRIATE PLACEMENT
For thousands of years, tribal people around the world
have made similar choices in piercing placements.
This is not because of a lack of creativity, but because
of long-term experience with the superior stability of
certain anatomy. As piercing has resurfaced in the
globalized community, new information on anatomy,
jewelry, and asepsis have made possible some piercing
placements not previously considered.
TECHNIQUES
OFF-SITE PIERCING
44
COMPETITIVENESS
The rapid rise of popularity in piercing has led to an
increased competitiveness between piercers. In some
cities, two or more piercing studios operate on one
block. Competing studios often have different levels
of health and safety awareness and may be inclined
to share these details with clientele. It is easy to become frustrated and engage in negative interactions
with competitors, especially if you feel that you are the
more informed, conscientious piercer, or when they are
bad-mouthing you.
To induce _________ (company or piercers name) to pierce my __________ (name of piercing/anatomical region of piercing) and in consideration of doing so, I hereby release _________ (company or
piercers name) from all manner of liabilities, claims, actions, and demands, in law or in equity, which I
or my heirs might have now or hereafter by reason of complying with my request to be pierced.
I have provided accurate information on any medical conditions I may have that could affect the outcome
of this procedure. These include, but are not limited to, allergies (such as iodine, latex and metals),
diabetes, anemia, hemophilia, high/low blood pressure, heart disease (including any condition that may
require prophylactic antibiotics), swelling, rash, lumps or discoloration of the area to be pierced, and
any immunosuppressive disorder.
I have provided information on any medications I am currently taking, and on any piercings, tattoos,
surgeries or serious illnesses or injuries I have experienced in the past 90 days.
I certify that I am not pregnant or nursing.
To ensure proper healing of my piercing, I agree to follow the written aftercare guidelines until healing
is complete.
I understand that this type of piercing usually takes _______ (healing time) or longer to heal.
I recognize that the suggestions and aftercare given to me by _________ employees or agents are based
upon their experience in this eld and current industry standards. Employees of __________ are not
doctors, and their suggestions, whether written or verbal, stated or implied, are not meant to be taken
as medical advice. In the event of a serious medical concern I should see my physician.
I have signed this release on ________ (date).
The signature of the client must be at the end of this statement, not prior to it.
46
MINORS
She/he may not be able to communicate vital information to the piercer or follow important instructions
from the piercer;
She/he may move suddenly, endangering the piercer
and her/himself;
She/he may become belligerent, physically or verbally inappropriate, emotional, dishonest or unmanageable;
She/he may later have inaccurate recollections of the
piercing encounter, thus putting the piercers reputation and legal integrity at risk.
Allowing clients to get pierced after drinking or taking drugs also validates the idea that piercing pain is
beyond normal tolerance and denies clients the opportunity to fully engage in their piercing experience.
Getting and healing a piercing requires being aware of
and responsible for ones body. Therefore, a piercee
who is not ready to get a piercing done while sober is
not ready to get a piercing.
48
5. An explanation of the appropriate methods for recognizing tasks and other activities that may involve
exposure to blood and other potentially infectious
materials
6. An explanation of the use and limitations of methods that will prevent or reduce exposure including
appropriate engineering controls, work practices,
and personal protective equipment
7. Information on the types, proper use location, removal, handling, decontamination, and disposal of
personal protective equipment
8. An explanation of the basis for selection of personal
protective equipment
9. Information on the Hepatitis B vaccine, including
information on its efcacy, safety, method of administration, the benets of being vaccinated, and
that the vaccine and vaccination will be offered free
of charge to employees covered by the standard
10. Information on the appropriate actions to take and
the persons to contact in an emergency involving
blood or other potentially infectious materials
11. An explanation of the procedure to follow and actions to take if an exposure incident occurs including the method of reporting the incident and the
medical follow-up that will be made available
12. Information on the post-exposure evaluation ad
follow-up that the employer is required to provide
for the employee following an exposure incident
13. An explanation of the signs, labels, and/or colorcoding required
14. An opportunity for interactive questions and answers with the person conducting the training
session during and after training session.
PIERCER TRAINING
The APP does not have any ofcial requirements in this
particular area, since there are many different ways to
develop prociency in piercing. Some piercers learn
to pierce by trial and error, by observation of a video,
studying a magazine, and/or by attending a seminar or
training class. However, this approach alone is limited
49
What is an Apprenticeship?
An apprenticeship is dened as a specic period of
guided progress through the basic, intermediate, and
advanced levels of piercer training.
Before undertaking an apprenticeship, you should
consider the following:
What is your motivation for wanting to become a
piercer? If you are hoping for quick money, a hip and
easy job, or stable, guaranteed, lifelong employment,
think again.
As should be obvious from reading this manual,
pursuing a professional piercing career is a long-term,
labor intensive and costly endeavor. In the past few
years, a proliferation of studios and piercers combined
with a slowdown in the economy has resulted in a
shrinking job market. Even if you undertake a high
quality apprenticeship, there is no guarantee of future
or continuous employment.
Apprentice Training
An apprentice will probably interpret your methodology and techniques as the right way to pierce. If you
are producing the next generation of professionals,
be sure to pass on current and correct information.
Master Piercer
This is an honorary title and should never be self-appointed. Unfortunately, over the past few years it has
been abused to the extent of near meaninglessness.
A Master Piercer is an individual with more than ve
years of full time piercing experience, who has been
acknowledged by the piercing community for a substantial contribution to the eld of piercing. S/he is
comfortable enough with his/her abilities that s/he has
no need to rely on the title, and so ironically, rarely
claims it. The prociency that makes one a Master
Piercer requires constant diligence and a relentless
pursuit of excellence.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
TITLES
Establishing standard job titles related to levels of piercing expertise is difcult because misunderstanding and
abuse of titles is widespread. The denitions commonly
used in the piercing industry are as follows:
Apprentice
During the rst year of training, all individuals are
considered to be apprentices. During this time, the
individual is learning basic concepts and skills that set
a rm foundation for the future.
Piercer
A Piercer is an individual who has pierced full time
for a minimum of one year and can condently and
accurately perform most common piercings. Having
52
EMERGENCIES
BEING PREPARED IN THE
STUDIO
All piercing shops should have at least one rst aid kit
that is well stocked, familiar and available to all staff,
and that is used for emergencies only.
At a minimum, the kit should contain;
Antiseptic ointment
Gloves
Plastic Bags
Triangular Bandage
Blanket (emergency type)
Candy, glucose tablets
Scissors and Tweezers
Hand Cleaner
Small Flashlight with extra batteries
Band Aids (assorted sizes)
CPR mask
Cold Packs
Adhesive Tape
Gauze pads (2x2 & 4x4 )
Roller Bandage
Roller Gauze (1 and 2 are good sizes)
NEEDLESTICK ACCIDENTS
One of the risks faced by professional piercers is the
possibility of an accidental exposure to blood or other
potentially infectious materials (OPIM). This could
happen by a needlestick with a contaminated piercing
needle or exposure through splashing, spraying, or
other contact with contaminated materials, objects, or
surfaces.
Every action in a piercing procedure should be deliberate and intended to minimize the risk of a needle
accident. A professional piercer who remains focused,
alert and in control of the environment will greatly minimize the possibility of this event.
To reduce the likelihood of a needlestick incident:
Dispose of used needles in Sharps containers immediately
Know the location of all needles at all times. Once
removed from the sterile package and used, never
set down or lose sight of the needle.
Dont clutter your tray. Dispose of any necessary
gauze, paper products, and packaging before piercing
53
BLEEDING
Emergency Bleeding
Piercers are not to treat bleeding emergencies, so
the client should be brought to the emergency room
immediately.
Examples of emergency bleeding are:
Profuse bleeding that does not stop after several
minutes of pressure, particularly from oral, surfaceto surface or genital piercings, excluding the normal
bleeding of a Prince Albert or apadravya
Signicant bleeding that persists several days after
the piercing excluding the normal bleeding of a Prince
Albert or apadravya.
FAINTING
It can happen occasionally that a customer will pass
out or faint before, during, or after a piercing. For some
people, even the lling out paperwork at the counter and
picking out jewelry results in their feeling faint.
Answers to a question on the release form regarding
whether a client has a history of fainting can be very
helpful to the piercer in preparing for that possibility.
It is important to understand why some people lose
consciousness (pass out). A common misconception
is that low blood-sugar levels are the only cause of
this reaction.
Fainting is frequently caused by a loss of blood ow
to the brain. Most often this is a response triggered by
the Pneumogastric or vagus nerve, called a vasovagal
response. The occurrence of fainting is more likely if
the client has consumed excessive caffeine, or certain
prescription drugs. Also, if the client has not eaten a
meal within 4 hours and the stomach is empty; if the
weather is very hot and/or humid, if the client stands
up too soon after being pierced, the client has not slept
well, has a high anxiety level, or any combination of
the above.
A client may faint or become light headed at any time.
It could happen while browsing at the front counter, being marked for the piercing, during the actual piercing
or several minutes after the piercing.
Beware that a clients companion may also faint!
Keep watch on all people who come into your business and maintain control of the environment so that
a fainting person will not surprise you.
Observant employees and piercers can often spot
a person who is having trouble. Symptoms that are
frequently seen are:
Pale complexion
Headache or blurred vision
White or blue lips
Crying
Nausea
Trembling
Inability to concentrate, irritability or confusion
Excessive perspiration
Drowsiness, dizziness, or lack of coordination
LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Special Circumstances
The types of client reactions most often handled in a
piercing studio are in no way life-threatening. There are,
however, certain circumstances in which the symptoms
discussed above including a loss of consciousness may
be the result of a more serious physical condition.
The knowledge gained through the required First
Aid/CPR courses will increase the piercers awareness
of appropriate steps to take in an emergency, and
thereby increase the condence level of the individual
should an emergency occur. The following are a few
potentially more serious conditions about which all
piercers should be aware:
Diabetes is not an infectious disease. It is a condition that has to do with the bodys inability to effectively
produce insulin in response to blood sugar. Some
diabetics can control their diabetes by diet and others
require medication.
Insulin reactions occur when the blood sugar level
is too low. This could be caused by nervous or emotional tension, strenuous exercise, too little food or a
delayed meal. Consumption of food will raise blood
sugar levels.
Customers should be asked to record on the release
form whether they have eaten within the previous 4
hours. Should the symptoms (listed under the Fainting section above) appear, it is critical that the diabetic
receive immediate assistance. If no treatment is given,
this becomes a life-threatening event.
Most diabetics are aware of their blood sugar levels
and will ask for assistance when needed. Provide the
customer with some form of sugar. This can be fruit
juice, several pieces of candy, sugar, or soda pop
(not diet). Improvement should be seen within about
10 minutes. If the condition does not improve, call
Emergency Medical Services (EMS).
Heart disease aficts an estimated 70 million Americans. Of the nearly one million deaths annually attributed to cardiovascular disease, more than half result
from heart attacks. A person is just as likely to suffer
a heart attack in your studio as anywhere else. CPR
training courses outline the proper procedures for a
person suspected of suffering from a heart attack.
Seizures involve convulsions and intense shaking of
the body with aggressive, jerky outward movements.
This is much more serious than simply passing out and
you should call 911. The affected party may also urinate, defecate, or vomit. This is uncommon, but natural.
Maintain professionalism and try not to make the client
feel embarrassed about such an occurrence. Seizures
may be caused by an acute or chronic condition. One
chronic condition is known as epilepsy. Epilepsy is usually controlled with medication. Still, some people with
epilepsy may have seizures from time to time. Just as
with someone who has merely fainted, make the area
safe for the client, removing any nearby objects that
may cause injury. Place a thin protective cushion or
article of clothing under the head and try to turn them
onto their side. DO NOT attempt to hold or restrain the
person or place anything in his/her mouth. Again, CPR
/First Aid courses will outline in detail the proper steps
to take if this occurs.
57
AFTERWARD
Merely reading this manual has not in any way endowed you or anyone else with the ability to pierce or provided
the knowledge to do so safely. If you plan to offer piercing services, it is your professional and ethical responsibility
to seek out a highly skilled, experienced professional piercer and undertake an apprenticeship. Only after extensive hands-on training and expert supervision will you be able to provide high quality professional services.
This manual has attempted to provide details of acceptable safety and hygiene standards, and appropriate
piercing practices. Reputable piercers will work diligently to meet all relevant documented procedures and to
uphold the standards described within this manual. There are equivalent methods, products and equipment that
may be acceptable, if they meet the criteria of minimal customer discomfort, maximum safety and zero risk of
cross-contamination.
Meeting all of these standards is not quick and easy; it takes a great deal of time, effort and money to create a safe working environment with all required equipment and supplies, training and preparation. A piercer
who upholds all of the standards described herein should feel very proud to be a reputable, respectable and
responsible piercer. If you can honestly say you do everything appropriately as described in this manual, you
should pat yourself on the back and congratulate yourself! Keep up the good work and also keep up with new
information as it becomes available. There is always more to learn.
The industry is continuing to develop and mature. The APP is always acquiring new information, so it is likely
that no matter how often we update this manual, some of the information contained within has already become
obsolete. Whether you are a professional piercer, a serious piercing enthusiast, a piercing-friendly medical
professional, a public health ofcial or a concerned legislator, it is your responsibility to keep up with the latest
techniques, products and other piercing information.
Readers are encouraged to contact the APP by email at secretary@safepiercing.org or visit our website at
www.safepiercing.org with any suggestions, comments, criticism or contributions.
58
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Acute: Short term or temporary; often severe but
quickly resolved.
AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, a
disease that may result from HIV infection causing
breakdown of the immune system.
Airborne: Capable of being transmitted by air particles.
Anaphylaxis: A hypersensitive (allergenic reaction)
state of the body to a foreign protein or drug. Latex,
iodine and other chemicals commonly found in the
piercing studio can cause this reaction. Reactions
are sudden in onset and can include increased irritability, cyanosis, convulsions, unconsciousness and
even death. Death generally occurs due to spasms
of the bronchioles in the lungs.
Anesthetic: A drug or other agent used to produce
insensibility to pain or touch. Most anesthetics are
available by prescription only and are not legal for
piercers to use on clients. Many can cause complications in the piercing procedure.
Anesthetic, Injectable: A drug or other agent applied
subdermally by use of a syringe or other injection
device. Only trained, licensed medical professionals are legally qualied to administer this class of
prescription-only anesthetics.
Anesthetic, Topical: A drug or other agent applied
to the surface of the skin with the intent of providing
relief from pain. Topical anesthetics include ice, ethyl
chloride (spray freeze), EMLA and the xylocaine
family of topical creams and ointments. Most topical
anesthetics are available only by prescription and
most are not intended for use in or near puncture
wounds. These can irritate skin and complicate
piercing procedures and should not be used.
Antibacterial: Destroying or suppressing the growth
or reproduction of bacteria.
Antibiotic: A chemical substance produced by a living organism that has the capacity to destroy and/or
suppress the growth of other microorganisms.
Antibodies: Infection-ghting proteins released by
white blood cells.
Antigen: A substance that causes antibody formation.
Antimicrobial: Capable of killing or suppressing the
growth of microorganisms.
Sporicidal: Kills mold and other spores. Spores, especially TB, are generally very hard to kill, so sporicidal
61
62
CHEMICAL PRODUCT
INFORMATION
HAZARDOUS IDENTIFICATION
INFORMATION
Toxicology Information
This section provides information on toxicity testing of
the material and/or its components. The information
in this section is intended for medical professionals,
occupational health and safety professionals, and
toxicologists.
Ecological Information
This section assists you in evaluating the effect a
chemical may have if its released into the environment.
64
Disposal Considerations
This section provides proper disposal information for
environmental professionals or individuals responsible
for waste management activities. Information may
include special disposal methods or limitations per Federal, state, or local regulations, and waste management
options, such as recycling or reclamation. It may also
include RCRA waste classications and EPA waste
identication numbers and descriptions.
Transport Information
This section provides shipping classication information
for the employer, distributor, emergency responders,
and transport/shipping departments. If regulated,
shipping information includes U.S. Department of
Transportation (DOT) hazardous materials description/
proper shipping name, hazard class, and identication
numbers (UN or NA numbers).
Regulatory Information
This section provides regulatory information for employers and regulatory compliance personnel. U.S. Federal
regulations such as OSHA, TSCA, SARA, CERCLA,
and CWA are addressed. Reportable quantities (RQ)
for spills or discharges and threshold planning quantities (TPQ) for hazardous materials stored at facilities
are listed.
Other Information
This section provides a location for additional information, such as a list of references, keys/legends, or
preparation and revision indicators. Hazard ratings
dening the acute health, ammability, and reactivity
hazards of a material may also be included.
APPENDIX A
FULL TEXT OF BLOODBORNE
PATHOGENS STANDARD
1910.1030
(a) Scope and Application. This section applies
to all occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials as dened by paragraph (b)
of this section.
ignated representative.
Engineering Controls means controls (e.g., sharps
disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, safer
medical devices, such as sharps with engineered
sharps injury protections and needleless systems)
that isolate or remove the bloodborne pathogens
hazard from the workplace.
Bloodborne Pathogens means pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can
cause disease in humans. These pathogens include,
but are not limited to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeciency virus (HIV).
Clinical Laboratory means a workplace where diagnostic or other screening procedures are performed
on blood or other potentially infectious materials.
Contaminated means the presence or the reasonably
anticipated presence of blood or other potentially
infectious materials on an item or surface.
Contaminated Laundry means laundry which has
been soiled with blood or other potentially infectious
materials or may contain sharps.
Contaminated Sharps means any contaminated
object that can penetrate the skin including, but not
limited to, needles, scalpels, broken glass, broken
capillary tubes, and exposed ends of dental wires.
Decontamination means the use of physical or
chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy
bloodborne pathogens on a surface or item to the
point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is
rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal.
Director means the Director of the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, or des-
(d)(2)(iii) Employers shall provide handwashing facilities which are readily accessible to employees.
(d)(2)(iv) When provision of handwashing facilities
is not feasible, the employer shall provide either an
appropriate antiseptic hand cleanser in conjunction
with clean cloth/paper towels or antiseptic towelettes.
When antiseptic hand cleansers or towelettes are used,
hands shall be washed with soap and running water
as soon as feasible.
(d)(2)(v) Employers shall ensure that employees
wash their hands immediately or as soon as feasible
after removal of gloves or other personal protective
equipment.
(d)(2)(vii) Contaminated needles and other contaminated sharps shall not be bent, recapped, or removed
except as noted in paragraphs (d)(2)(vii)(A) and
(d)(2)(vii)(B) below. Shearing or breaking of contaminated needles is prohibited.
(d)(1) General. Universal precautions shall be observed to prevent contact with blood or other potentially
infectious materials. Under circumstances in which
differentiation between body uid types is difcult or
impossible, all body uids shall be considered potentially infectious materials.
(d)(2) Engineering and Work Practice Controls.
(d)(2)(i) Engineering and work practice controls shall
be used to eliminate or minimize employee exposure.
Where occupational exposure remains after institution
of these controls, personal protective equipment shall
also be used.
(d)(2)(ii) Engineering controls shall be examined and
maintained or replaced on a regular schedule to ensure
their effectiveness.
(d)(3) Personal Protective Equipment (d)(3)(i) Provision. When there is occupational exposure, the employer shall provide, at no cost to the
employee, appropriate personal protective equipment
such as, but not limited to, gloves, gowns, laboratory
coats, face shields or masks and eye protection, and
mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, pocket masks, or
other ventilation devices. Personal protective equipment will be considered appropriate only if it does not
permit blood or other potentially infectious materials to
pass through to or reach the employees work clothes,
street clothes, undergarments, skin, eyes, mouth, or
other mucous membranes under normal conditions of
use and for the duration of time which the protective
equipment will be used.(d)(3)(ii) Use. The employer
shall ensure that the employee uses appropriate personal protective equipment unless the employer shows
that the employee temporarily and briey declined to
use personal protective equipment when, under rare
and extraordinary circumstances, it was the employees
professional judgment that in the specic instance
its use would have prevented the delivery of health
care or public safety services or would have posed
an increased hazard to the safety of the worker or coworker. When the employee makes this judgement, the
circumstances shall be investigated and documented in
order to determine whether changes can be instituted
to prevent such occurrences in the future.
(d)(3)(iii) Accessibility. The employer shall ensure
that appropriate personal protective equipment in the
appropriate sizes is readily accessible at the worksite
or is issued to employees. Hypoallergenic gloves, glove
liners, powderless gloves, or other similar alternatives
shall be readily accessible to those employees who are
allergic to the gloves normally provided.
(d)(3)(iv) Cleaning, Laundering, and Disposal. The
employer shall clean, launder, and dispose of personal
protective equipment required by paragraphs (d) and
(e) of this standard, at no cost to the employee.
(d)(3)(v) Repair and Replacement. The employer
shall repair or replace personal protective equipment
as needed to maintain its effectiveness, at no cost to
the employee.
(d)(3)(vi) If a garment(s) is penetrated by blood or
other potentially infectious materials, the garment(s)
shall be removed immediately or as soon as feasible.
(d)(3)(vii) All personal protective equipment shall be
removed prior to leaving the work area.
(d)(3)(viii) When personal protective equipment is removed it shall be placed in an appropriately designated
(d)(4)(iii)(A)(3) When moving containers of contaminated sharps from the area of use, the containers
shall be:
(d)(4)(iii)(A)(3)(ii)(A) Closable;
(d)(4)(iii)(A)(3)(ii)(B) Constructed to contain all contents and prevent leakage during handling, storage,
transport, or shipping; and
70
(d)(4)(iv) Laundry.
(e)(2)(ii)(D) When other potentially infectious materials or infected animals are present in the work area or
containment module, a hazard warning sign incorporating the universal biohazard symbol shall be posted on
all access doors. The hazard warning sign shall comply
with paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this standard.
(e)(2)(ii)(E) All activities involving other potentially
infectious materials shall be conducted in biological
safety cabinets or other physical-containment devices
within the containment module. No work with these
other potentially infectious materials shall be conducted
on the open bench.
(e)(2)(ii)(F) Laboratory coats, gowns, smocks, uniforms, or other appropriate protective clothing shall be
used in the work area and animal rooms. Protective
clothing shall not be worn outside of the work area and
shall be decontaminated before being laundered.
(e)(2)(ii)(G) Special care shall be taken to avoid
skin contact with other potentially infectious materials.
Gloves shall be worn when handling infected animals
and when making hand contact with other potentially
infectious materials is unavoidable.
(e)(2)(ii)(H) Before disposal all waste from work areas and from animal rooms shall either be incinerated
or decontaminated by a method such as autoclaving
known to effectively destroy bloodborne pathogens.
(e)(2)(ii)(I) Vacuum lines shall be protected with liquid
disinfectant traps and high-efciency particulate air
(HEPA) lters or lters of equivalent or superior efciency and which are checked routinely and maintained
or replaced as necessary.
(e)(2)(ii)(J) Hypodermic needles and syringes shall be
used only for parenteral injection and aspiration of uids
from laboratory animals and diaphragm bottles. Only
needle-locking syringes or disposable syringe-needle
units (i.e., the needle is integral to the syringe) shall be
used for the injection or aspiration of other potentially
infectious materials. Extreme caution shall be used
when handling needles and syringes. A needle shall
not be bent, sheared, replaced in the sheath or guard,
or removed from the syringe following use. The needle
and syringe shall be promptly placed in a punctureresistant container and autoclaved or decontaminated
before reuse or disposal.
(e)(2)(ii)(K) All spills shall be immediately contained
and cleaned up by appropriate professional staff or
others properly trained and equipped to work with potentially concentrated infectious materials.
(e)(2)(ii)(L) A spill or accident that results in an exposure incident shall be immediately reported to the labo71
(e)(4)(iv) Access doors to the work area or containment module shall be self-closing.
(e)(4)(v) An autoclave for decontamination of regulated waste shall be available within or as near as
possible to the work area.
(e)(4)(vi) A ducted exhaust-air ventilation system
shall be provided. This system shall create directional
airow that draws air into the work area through the
entry area. The exhaust air shall not be recirculated to
any other area of the building, shall be discharged to
the outside, and shall be dispersed away from occupied
areas and air intakes. The proper direction of the airow
shall be veried (i.e., into the work area).
(e)(5) Training Requirements. Additional training
requirements for employees in HIV and HBV research
laboratories and HIV and HBV production facilities are
specied in paragraph (g)(2)(ix).
(g)(1)(ii)(B) These signs shall be uorescent orangered or predominantly so, with lettering and symbols in
a contrasting color.
(h) Recordkeeping
(i) Dates
(i)(1) Effective Date. The standard shall become effective on March 6, 1992.
(i)(2) The Exposure Control Plan required by paragraph (c) of this section shall be completed on or before
May 5, 1992.
(i)(3) Paragraph (g)(2) Information and Training and
(h) Recordkeeping shall take effect on or before June
4, 1992.
(i)(4) paragraphs (d)(2) Engineering and Work Practice Controls, (d)(3) Personal Protective Equipment,
(d)(4) Housekeeping, (e) HIV and HBV Research
Laboratories and Production Facilities, (f) Hepatitis B
Vaccination and Post-Exposure Evaluation and Follow-up, and (g)(1) Labels and Signs, shall take effect
July 6, 1992.
APPENDIX B
HEPATITIS B VACCINE
DECLINATION (MANDATORY)
I understand that due to my occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials I may be
at risk of acquiring Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. I have been given the opportunity to be vaccinated with
Hepatitis B vaccine, at no charge to myself. However, I decline the Hepatitis B vaccination at this time. I understand that by declining this vaccine, I continue to be at risk of acquiring Hepatitis B, a serious disease. If in the
future I continue to have occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials and I want to
be vaccinated with Hepatitis B vaccine, I can receive the vaccination series at no charge to me.
Employee Signature __________________________________
Date ______________________________________________
Employer Signature __________________________________
Date ______________________________________________
77
78
APPENDIX C
MEMBERSHIP DUES:
Professional Business Member & Professional Member At Large
Associate Member
Patron
Dues are billed upon acceptance. DO NOT SEND them with your application; DO SEND a non-refundable $25.00
processing fee per video. One video is required per studio.
The Association of Professional Piercers
Attn: Secretary
2132 A Central Ave SE #285
Albuquerque, NM 87106
If you have any questions about your application, the current Secretary can be reached at
secretary@safepiercing.org, or call 1-888-888-1APP or 1-505-242-2144.
PLEASE ALLOW 6-8 WEEKS FOR PROCESSING
03/05
79
Name _________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Business (if applicable)____________________________________________________________
Address_______________________________________________________________________________
City, State, Zip__________________________________________________________________________
Phone________________________________________ Fax_____________________________________
Email_________________________________________________________________________________
04/05
80
Name of Company______________________________________________________________________
Name of Contact ________________________________________________________________________
Company Address_______________________________________________________________________
City, State, Zip__________________________________________________________________________
Phone________________________________________ Fax_____________________________________
Website _______________________________________________________________________________
Email__________________________________________________________________________________
Would you like your email address on our website? qYes qNo
Please include the following documentation:
q
Letter of intent, requesting membership and outlining in what way your company is relevant to body piercing.
Business documentation: business license or other items verifying the company or group as an entity.
Signed logo usage agreement. (The term license in this agreement refers only to the use of the logo, your
company may not claim to be APP licensed).
continued
81
Catalog or brochure.
Mill specs for all gauges of steel and Titanium wire, balls, and bar.
Results of extensive clinical studies performed by one or more independent laboratory or other documentation
may be requested.
THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA MUST BE INCLUDED FOR EDUCATORS:
q
*Certicates distributed for piercer training must state the number of hours or days the course took to complete,
and that completion of the course does not claim that the participant is certied or licensed to pierce.
OTHER INDUSTRY SPECIFIC CRITERIA MAY BE REQUESTED ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS.
04/05
82
q
q
Name of Applicant________________________________________________________________________
Studio & Address_________________________________________________________________________
City__________________________________________ Country __________________________________
Studio Phone___________________________________ Fax _____________________________________
Home Address___________________________________________________________________________
Phone_________________________________________ Website _________________________________
qYes qNo Would you like your email address on our website? Email_______________________________
THE FOLLOWING PERSONAL CRITERIA MUST BE INCLUDED FOR EACH PIERCER APPLYING:
q
A copy of current Bloodborne Pathogen Training Certicate or equivalent training (to be renewed annually regardless
of expiration date).
Proof of how long piercer has been piercing professionally. A notarized statement,* dated business document, or newspaper article are examples of appropriate proof.
*If a notarized statement is submitted as proof, it must come from a party other than the applicant.
A walk through 360 degree video of applicants entire studio including store front, foyer, piercing room(s), biohazard
area, sterilization area, restroom, inside all drawers, closets, and all other spaces. Narration is appreciated.
$25 processing fee per video. One video is required per studio. VHS or DVD (region 1) are the preferred video formats.
Other video formats may require additional time to process and any fees incurred for video transferring will be charged
to applicants. Please contact the current Secretary for more information.
Photograph of all applicants autoclaves with make, model and serial number printed on the back of photo Autoclaves
should be medical grade with a dry cycle.
Copy of two most recent spore test results from all autoclaves in use.
Copies of all release forms in use at applicants studio.
Copies of all aftercare information distributed at applicants studio.
Copy of studios business license.
Business card.
One or more samples of applicants advertising.
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
**Any and all materials should be updated voluntarily by the member if signicant changes are made in the environment, advertising, equipment, aftercare etc. These updates to the members
le should be done at the time any changes are made.
As an Applicant to the Association of Professional Piercers (APP), I understand that my video tape (and other materials) becomes the property of the APP. I hereby release the APP and/or its
legal representatives and assigns, the irrevocable and unrestricted right to use these materials for education, training, and for any other purpose and in any manner and medium. I hereby release
the APP and its legal representatives and assigns from all claims and liability relating to said tapes and materials.
83
REQUIRED FOR MEMBERSHIP: The counter surface should be glass, metal, or other non-porous surface
that can be disinfected several times each day.
Gloves and disposable products to prevent cross-contamination should be kept at the front counter area.
BIOHAZARD/STERILIZATION ROOM(S)
q
REQUIRED FOR MEMBERSHIP: A completely separate and enclosed biohazard room for processing used implements,
jewelry and supplies is crucial to your health and safety and that of your clients.
REQUIRED FOR MEMBERSHIP: All ooring in the piercing room/s and biohazard room must be non-porous and easily
disinfected.
REQUIRED FOR MEMBERSHIP: There must be clear delineation between clean and dirty areas. Biohazard areas
should be labeled as such. The ultrasonic unit and the sink used for rinsing contaminated tools should be positioned as
far away from sterilizer as possible to reduce the risk of contaminating freshly autoclaved items. If space is a problem,
one solution would be to install a Plexiglas barrier to divide clean and dirty areas.
There should be at a minimum one ultrasonic cleaner to process contaminated items. Failure to remove debris from
instruments or jewelry prior to sterilization can negatively affect the efcacy of the autoclave. The Center for Disease
Control considers manual scrubbing of instruments to be an act that will actually increase the likelihood of exposure,
due to pathogens on the equipment becoming airborne. Many studios have a second ultrasonic cleaning unit used only
to process new jewelry.
PUBLIC/EMPLOYEE RESTROOM
q
REQUIRED FOR MEMBERSHIP: No sterilization equipment may be housed in the public restroom.
The restroom used by employees should have liquid soap in a pump or wall-mounted dispenser and a paper towel
dispenser with easy, one-handed access.
PIERCING ROOM
q
REQUIRED FOR MEMBERSHIP: A completely separate enclosed piercing room with walls and door(s) is a required.
No other services such as tattooing, hair styling, or retail sales should take place within this room.
REQUIRED FOR MEMBERSHIP: All ooring in the piercing room/s must be non-porous and easily disinfected.
REQUIRED FOR MEMBERSHIP: All surfaces in the piercing room that could potentially be contaminated during a
procedure must be non-porous to allow for proper cleaning. This includes piercing table, mat and base, shelving, and
counters.
REQUIRED FOR MEMBERSHIP: Pre-sterilized piercing implements should be kept in enclosed and non- porous containers, drawers or cabinets.
It is strongly suggested that there be clearly visible delineation between clean and dirty areas. The Sharps container
and contaminated-tools tray should not be close to sterilized piercing implements and supplies. One solution would
be to install a labeled biohazard shelf above the trashcan for the contaminated materials, thereby establishing a single
contamination area in the room.
Used piercing implements should be kept in a lidded, non-porous tray or container that is marked Biohazard.
84
The Sharps container should be secure to avoid accidental spillage. In the United States, NIOSH suggests that the
Sharps container be mounted with the opening 56 from the oor and OSHA requires that operators have reasonable
access to it. Additionally, the Sharps container should be located such that it can be easily utilized by the piercer in all
phases of a procedure without putting clients or observers at risk.
All biohazardous waste containers should be marked as Biohazard, be lidded and have foot operation. It is appropriate
to label your other lidded trashcans Do Not Touch. These should be placed in low or no trafc areas to avoid accidental
exposure.
A HEPA air lter or other air purication system located in the piercing room is extremely benecial, especially if other
services are offered within the studio.
As many surfaces as possible in the piercing room should be non-porous. All pictures, posters, and wall hangings should
be framed.
As many products as possible should be sterile and single use. This includes the marking implement.
All packaged equipment, sundry jars, or other materials and equipment used during a piercing should be handled
only with clean freshly gloved hands.
REQUIRED FOR MEMBERSHIP: Reasonable access to a sink used for hand-washing is mandatory. In-room prep
sinks are preferable.
Optimally, the sink used for pre and post-piercing hand-washing should operate via a hands-free method.
Wall-mounted or pump liquid soap dispensers and paper towel dispensers should have easy, one-handed access. This
will greatly reduce the likelihood of cross-contamination.
85
Date _____________________
Witness______________________________________________
Date _____________________
86
1. To be pierced in a hygienic environment by a clean, conscientious, sober piercer wearing a fresh pair of disposable medical examination gloves.
2. To be pierced with a brand new, completely sterilized single-use needle that is immediately disposed of in a
medical Sharps container after use on one piercing.
NEW AFTERCARE:
Clear concise instructions on cleaning
"Less is more" message
More information on jewelry issues
Facial piercings now covered in Oral Aftercare instructions
NEW FORMAT/DESIGNS:
Cohesive appearance of all APP brochures
Eye-catching and aesthetically pleasing
Professional image to support APP standards
The new brochures are available for sale on the APP web site
(www.safepiercing.org) for $20 per 100, postage paid.
3. To be touched only with freshly sterilized and appropriate implements, properly used and disposed of or re-sterilized (where appropriate) in an autoclave prior to use on anyone else.
4. To know that piercing guns are NEVER appropriate, and are often dangerous when used on anything
-- including earlobes.
Subjects include:
Aftercare Guidelines for Facial and Body Piercing*
Aftercare Guidelines for Oral Piercing*
Picking Your Piercer*
Troubleshooting for You and Your Healthcare Professional
(with jewelry removal tips and hints)
Oral Piercing Risks and Safety Measures
5. To the peace of mind that comes from knowing that their piercer knows and practices the very highest standards of sterilization and hygiene.
6. To a have a knowledgeable piercer evaluate and discuss appropriate piercings and jewelry for her/his individual anatomy and lifestyle.
7. To be fully informed of all risks and possible complications involved in his/her piercing choice before making
any decisions.
8. To seek and receive a second opinion either from another piercer within the studio or from another studio.
9. To have initial piercings fitted with jewelry of appropriate size, material, design, and construction to best promote healing. Gold-plated, gold-filled or sterling silver jewelry is never appropriate for any new or unhealed
piercing.
10. To see pictures, be given a tour of the piercing studio, and to have all questions fully and politely answered
before making or following through on any decision.
*Available in Spanish
11. To be fully informed about proper aftercare, both verbally and in writing, and to have continuing access to the
piercer for assistance throughout the healing process.
12. To be treated with respect, sensitivity and knowledge regardless of gender, sexual orientation, race, religion,
ethnicity, ability, health status or piercing choice.
13. To change her/his mind, halt the procedure and leave at any point if the situation seems uncomfortable
or improper.
FREE SAMPLES AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST
Order by fax or phone (888) 888-1APP
or visit our website: www.safepiercing.org