Thit k khng chn

24/08/2009
Thit k khng chn l mt thut ng trong lnh vc thit k xy dng, c hiu nh vic a ra gii php thit k sao
cho cng trnh xy dng m bo kh nng chu lc, khng chu h hi v kt cu cng nh h hng v thit b c
s dng trong cng trnh, tn ti v ng vng di tc dng ca ti trng ng t. Bi vit ny gii thiu mt s gii
php thit k khng chn cho cng trnh xy dng.
Quan nim thit k khng chn truyn thng
Trc y, trong cc tiu chun khng chn ngi ta ch mi xem xt n yu t lc tc ng m cha ch n phng
din nng lng do ng t truyn vo cng trnh. Do , ngi ta ch quan tm n kh nng chu lc ca kt
cu v thng quy nh thit k cng trnh lm vic trong min n hi. Tuy nhin, qua quan st thc t, ni lc xut hin
trong kt cu thng ln hn t ba n bn ln ni lc xc nh theo thiu chun khng chn hin hnh cho mt trn ng
t c cng cng . V mc d ni lc gia tng rt ln nhng cng trnh vn ng vng sau cc trn ng t vt cp
ng t thit k cho php. C th gii thch Iu ny nh sau:

S hnh thnh khp do mt s cu kin chu lc: cc bin dng do khng nhng lm tng chu k dao ng
ring cng trnh m cn hp th phn ln nng lng ng t a vo kt cu.

Kh nng phn tn nng lng vn b b qua khi tnh ton kt cu: chng hn nh kh nng phn tn nng
lng ca cc cu kin khng chu ti (do nt, hoc do ma st); hoc bin dng nn t v s tc dng tng
h gia t nn v cng trnh cng hp th v phn tn mt phn nng lng do ng t truyn vo.

Chnh v mt s yu t nu trn cha c cp n trong thit k khng chn, nn vic quy nh thit k cc cng trnh
ch lm vic trong giai on n hi di tc dng ca ng t l cha hp l v c th xem l khng kinh t.
Quan nim thit k khng chn hin i
Theo quan im thit k khng chn hin i, vic thit k khng chn mt cng trnh xy dng cn m bo hai tiu ch
lin quan cht ch vi nhau:

Bo m kt cu c kh nng chiu lc ln trong min n hi.

Bo m cho kt cu c kh nng phn tn nng lng do ng t truyn vo, thng qua s bin dng do
trong gii hn cho php hoc cc thit b hp thu nng lng.

Mt trong nhng quy nh c bn ca cc tiu chun thit k khng chn hin i l to cho kt cu cng trnh mt
bn ln v mt cng thch hp.

bn ln nhm gia tng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu.

cng thch hp nhm gip cng trnh c s cn bng hi ha v mt ng lc hc. Bi tc dng rung lc ca
ng t lm pht sinh chuyn v v gia tc trong cng trnh. Nu cng trnh c cng qu ln th gia tc sinh
ra s v cng ln, gy ri vi c thit b bn trong nh dn n thit hi v mt kinh t. Ngc li, nu cng
trnh qu mm th chuyn v tng i gia cc tng qu ln, gy bin dng ng k cho c cng trnh, lm h
hi cc nt lin kt ca khung chu lc, nt tng, vnh ca, ngoi ra dao ng ca cng trnh cng pht sinh
ng k gy nh hng n tm l ca ngi sinh sng v lm vic trong ta nh.

Nh vy, quan nim thit k hin i lu thm phng din nng lng do ng t truyn vo cng trnh. Vic thit
k v tnh ton sao cho kt cu c kh nng phn tn phn nng lng ny c mt ngha quan trng nhm gip cng
trnh lm vic hiu qu nht khi c ng t xy ra.

Kt cu c xem l lm vic tt nu m bo c kh nng hp th v phn tn u nng lng do ng t truyn

vo.

Mt cng trnh xy dng b ph hoi trong ng t do hin tng suy yu cc b ti mt tng (weak story mechanism).
Cc gii php thit k khng chn xem xt n vic phn tn nng lng
trnh hin tng suy yu cc b dn n ph hoi cng trnh nh trn, mt s gii php thit k c a ra nhm hp
th bt v phn tn u nng lng ng t cho ton b cng trnh.

(a)-n thun; (b)-Cch chn; (c)-Gim chn

Gii php cch chn (seismic isolated structure): do chn ng lan truyn trong t nn nn phng php hay nht
hn ch tc ng ca ng t l tch ri hn cng trnh khi t nn. Tuy nhin, do khng th tch ri hon
ton, ngi ta b tr lp thit b c bit gia cng trnh v t nn gi l thit b cch chn (isolator). Thit b ny c
cng thp nn khi nn t dao ng, thit b c bin dng ln, kt cu pha trn nh c qun tnh ln nn ch chu mt dao
ng nh. H hi kt cu v thit b trong cng trnh do c gim thiu.

Hiu qu ca gii php cch chn so vi kt cu thng thng.

Bin dng ca kt cu n thun.

Khi cch chn, nng lng ng t c hp th v tiu tn, dao ng ca kt cu pha trn cng c gim ng k.
Phng php cch chn ny khng ch p dng tch ri ton b cng trnh khi t nn, m cn c th p dng theo
nhiu cch khc nh tch ri mt phn thn, nh hoc mi khi phn kt cu pha di, ty thuc c im tng cng
trnh.
Gii php gim chn (damped structure): trong trng hp nng lng dao ng truyn trc tip vo cng trnh do
khng c tch ri, ngi ta c th gia tng cn (damping) ca bn thn cng trnh gii phng nng lng dao
ng ny bng cch lp t cc thit b gim chn (damper) vo cng trnh. C nhiu hnh thc gim chn: th ng, ch
ng hay na ch ng.
Gim chn khng iu khin (passive control): y l hnh thc gim chn m ngun nng lng hot ng ca cc
thit b gim chn c ly t chnh nng lng dao ng ca bn thn cng trnh. Nng lng c th c tiu tn di
dng nhit nng ca hin tng ma st (friction damper), bin dng do ca kim loi (buckling restrained brace, stiffened
shear panel), tnh cn nht(viscous/visco-elastic damper) hoc cn thy lc (oil damper). C nhiu phng thc
lp t cc thit b ny trong cng trnh (xem hnh di).

Cc hnh thc lp t thit b damper trong gim chn khng iu khin (passive control).

H thng tng/khung cng chn khp (rocking wall/frame) cng c kh nng gim chn v phn tn lc cho cng trnh.
Gim chn c iu khin (active control): cc thit b dng ny hot ng c nh vo cc ngun nng lng t bn
ngoi (in, kh nn). Thng qua cc cm bin, thng tin v ti trng, v dao ng ca cng trnh c a v b x l
trung tm. B iu khin trung tm s x l tn hiu v pht lnh cho b phn thi hnh thc hin vic tng cn hay
pht lc iu khin chng li dao ng, chng hn nh cc h thng TMD (Tuned Mass Damper), LTD (Liquid Tuned
Damper)

H thng con lc iu ha (tuned mass damper) lp t trn nh ta nh Taipei 101 i Bc.

Con lc c ghp bi nhiu tm thp dy 125 mm, nng tng cng 730 tn, ng knh 5,5 m, c bin dao ng ti
a 1,5 m theo mi hng.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn s dng kt hp thit b gim chn vi thit b cch chn, cng nh a thm kh nng ch ng
vo h thng tng thm hiu qu khng chn cho cng trnh.

Phi hp cch chn v gim chn (isolator v oil damper) trong mt cng trnh.

Gii php cch chn c iu khin (super-active base isolation) cng trnh Obayashi Techno Station, Tokyo.
Mc tiu c bn ca vic thit k khng chn l bo v tnh mng con ngi v ca ci vt cht x hi. Do vy v nguyn
tc, cc cng trnh xy dng c th b nh hng cc mc khc nhau, nhng quan trng nht l khng c sp
khi c ng t xy ra.
Do nhu cu pht trin, cng ngy cng c nhiu gii php khng chn cho cng trnh da trn cc thnh tu khoa hc k
thut mi. Mc d cn nhiu vn phi gii quyt, song trong mt tng ai khng xa, thit b khng chn s c quan
nim nh mt b phn khng th thiu c trong cc cng trnh cao tng do li ch thit thc v hiu qu ca chng.