Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
Chapters
Chapter-1
Chapter-2
Topic
Page No.
Introduction
Theory at a glance
1.
Local Value
2.
Place Value
3.
Absolute Value
Number Types in Numerical Aptitude Tests
1.
Even Numbers
2.
Odd Numbers
3.
Natural Numbers
4.
Rational Numbers
5.
Irrational Numbers
6.
Real Numbers
7.
Complex Numbers
8.
Whole Numbers
9.
Prime Numbers
10.
Composite Numbers
Prime Numbers
Properties of Prime Numbers
Process to Check A Number is Prime or not
Example 239 is prime or not?
Composite Numbers
Co-Primes
Face value
Tests of Divisibility
Basic Formulae
Division Algorithm
Multiplication by Short Cut Methods
Progression
Problems
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
11
Theory at a glance
Problem
11
11
Aptitude
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Contents
Chapters
Topic
Chapter-3
Partnership
Chapter-4
Chapter-5
Chapter-6
Chapter-7
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Page No.
15
Theory at a glance
Ratio of Division of Gains:
Formulae
Short cuts
Solved Problems
Problems on Partnership
15
15
15
15
16
17
Percentages
23
Theory at a glance
Profit and Loss
Formulae:
Solved Problems
23
30
30
30
Simple Interest
37
Theory at a glance
Important Facts and Formulae:
Compound Interest
Formulae:
Solved Examples
More solved problem
37
37
42
42
42
44
49
Theory at a glance
1.
General Rules
Solved Problems
More Solved Problems
2.
Pipes and Cisterns
Important Facts
Complex Problems
Problems on Time and Work
Answers Key
Exercise on Pipes and Cisterns
Answers Key
49
49
49
51
60
60
61
64
67
68
70
71
Theory at a glance
Solved Problems
1.
Boats & Streams
Important Points
Solved problems
2.
Trains
General Concepts
Solved Examples
More Solved Problems
Problems
Answers
Problems on Boats and Streams
Answers
Problems on Trains
Answers
71
71
74
74
74
75
75
76
77
80
86
87
89
90
94
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Aptitude
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter-8
Chapter-9
Contents
Geometry
95
Theory at a glance
Areas in Geometry
Volumes in Geometry
Surface area in Geometry
Properties of Triangles
Solved Examples
Problems related to Area
95
95
97
99
99
100
102
109
Theory at a glance
Permutation
Examples
Circular Permutations
Restricted Permutations
Restricted Combinations
Restricted Permutations
Restricted Combinations
Chapter-10
Probability
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
119
Theory at a glance
Basic Concepts
Part (1) : Foundation Level
Important types of Events:
Category - B
Category - C
Part (2) : (Total Probability)
Examples
Chapter-11
Reasoning
119
119
120
121
126
130
131
132
135
135
135
137
138
140
144
146
147
150
Theory at a glance
Classification Type
Comparison Type Questions
Selection Based on Given Conditions
Family Based Problems
Coding Decoding
Letter and Numerical Coding
Problems
Answers
Chapter-12
Calendar
151
151
Theory at a glance
Chapter-13
Clocks
159
159
159
159
159
160
Theory at a glance
General Concepts
Important points
Solved Problems
Simple Problems
Chapter-14
Puzzles
165
Theory at a glance
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165
Page-iii
Indias No. 1
Aptitude
IES Academy
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Contents
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Page-iv
Numbers
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
1.
Chapter 1
Numbers
Theory at a Glance (For GATE & PSU)
Introduction
1.
Local Value
A local value of a number is the face value of that number. For example the local value
of 4 in 3248 is 4.
2. Place Value
A place value of a number is the value of the place it occupies times its local value. For
example the place of 4 in 3248 is forty.
3. Absolute Value
The absolute value of a number is the number that remains after neglecting the sign of
the given number. Absolute value of a number x is denoted by |x|. So,
|x|= x if x is positive |x|= - x if x is negative
For example
|35| = 35 and |- 35| = + 35
1. Even Numbers
All numbers which can be divided by 2 are called even numbers.
For example 2, 4, 6, 8 are even numbers.
2. Odd Numbers
All numbers which cant be divided by 2 are called odd numbers, e.g. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, are
called odd numbers.
3. Natural Numbers
The natural flow of numbers starting from 1 are called natural numbers e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 and
so on.
4. Rational Numbers
Any number in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q 0 and p & q are in
lowest terms, is called a rational number. The set of all rational numbers is denoted by Q.
Q = {x:x = p/q; p, q 1, q 0}
Every integer becomes a rational when we write it in the form of p/q. For example 3 = 3/1,
- 8 = - 8/1
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Chapter 1
5. Irrational Numbers
A number which can not be expressed in the form of p/q is called an irrational number.
Numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 etc are examples of the irrational numbers.
6. Real Numbers
When rational and irrational numbers are combined together, the numbers in the series
are called real numbers.
7. Complex Numbers
When you do square root of negative numbers, the resulting numbers are not real
numbers. Such numbers are called imaginary numbers. You can devote -1 by I then:
-5 = -1 5 = i5
-64 = -1 64 = 8i
A number of the form a + ib where i = -1 and a and b are real numbers, is called a
complex number. The a is known as its real part and ib as its imaginary part. Thus,
2-3i is a complex number where real part is 2 and imaginary part is -3i.
8. Whole Numbers
The whole numbers are all numbers in series starting from 0 as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so
on.
9. Prime Numbers
The natural numbers which can be divided by either 1 or themselves only, are called
prime number. For example the numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 17, 19, 23, and so on are
called prime numbers.
Prime Numbers
A natural number larger than unity is a prime number if it does not have other divisors except
for itself and unity.
Note:- Unity i.e. 1 is not a prime number.
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Indias No. 1
Numbers
IES Academy
Chapter 1
Composite Numbers
The numbers which are not prime are known as composite numbers.
Co-Primes
Two numbers a an b are said to be Co-primes, if their H.C.F is 1.
Example: (2,3), (4,5), (7,9), (8,11).....
Place value or Local value of a digit in a Number:
Place value
Example : 689745132
Place value of 2 is (2 1) = 2
Place value of 3 is (3 10) = 30 and so on.
Face value
It is the value of the digit itself at whatever place it may be.
Example : 689745132
Face value of 2 is 2.
Face value of 3 is 3 and so on.
Tests of Divisibility
Divisibility by 2:- A number is divisible by 2, if its units digit is any of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.
Example: 84932 is divisible by 2, while 65935 is not.
Divisibility by 3:- A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Example1. 592482 is divisible by 3, since sum of its digit 5 + 9 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 2 = 30 which is
divisible by 3.
Example 2. 864329 is not divisible by 3, since sum of its digits 8 + 6 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 9 = 32 which
is not divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 4:- A number is divisible by 4, if the number formed by last two digits is
divisible by 4.
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Chapter 1
Example1. 892648 is divisible by 4, since the number formed by the last two digits is 48
divisible by 4.
Example 2. But 749282 is not divisible by 4, since the number formed by the last two digits is
82 is not divisible by 4.
Divisibility by 5:- A number divisible by 5,if its units digit is either 0 or 5.
Example : 20820, 50345
Divisibility by 6:- If the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
Example: 35256 is clearly divisible by 2 sum of digits by 6.
=3 + 5 + 2 + 5 + 21, which is divisible by 3 Thus the given number is divisible.
Divisibility by 8:- A number is divisible by 8 if the last 3 digits of the number are divisible by
8.
Divisibility by 11:- If the difference of the sum of the digits in the odd places and
the sum of the digits in the even places is zero or divisible by 11.
Example : 4832718
(8 + 7 + 3 + 4) - (1 + 2 + 8) =11 which is divisible by 11.
Divisibility by 12:- All numbers divisible by 3 and 4 are divisible by 12.
Divisibility by 7, 11, and 13:- The difference of the number of its thousand and the
remainder of its division by 1000 is divisible by 7, 11, and 13.
Basic Formulae
(a + b) = a + b + 2ab
(a - b) = a + b - 2ab
(a + b) - (a - b) = 4ab
(a + b) + (a - b) = 2(a + b)
a - b = (a + b)(a - b)
(a - + b + c) = a + b + c + 2(ab + bc + ca)
a + b = (a + b)(a+ b - ab)
a - b = (a - b)(a + b + ab)
a + b + c - 3a bc = (a + b + c)(a + b + c - ab - bc - ca)
If a + b + c = 0 then a + b + c = 3abc
Division Algorithm
If we divide a number by another number, then
Dividend = (Divisor quotient) + Remainder
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Numbers
Indias No. 1
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2.
Chapter 1
Multiplication of a number by 5n:- Put n zeros to the right of the multiplicand and
divide the number so formed by 2n.
Progression
A succession of numbers formed and arranged in a definite order according to certain definite
rule is called a progression.
1.
2.
Arithmetic Progression
If each term of a progression differs from its preceding term by a constant. This constant
difference is called the common difference of the A.P.
The n th term of this A.P is
Tn = a(n - 1) + d.
The sum of n terms of A.P is
Sn = n/2[2a + (n - 1)d].
Important Results:
a. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5...................... = n (n + 1)/2.
b. 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52......................=n(n + 1)(2n + 1)/6.
c. 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53......................=n2(n + 1)2/4
Geometric Progression
A progression of numbers in which every term bears a constant ratio with its preceding
term.
i.e. a, a r,ar2,ar3...............
In G.P
Tn = arn-1
Sum of n terms Sn=a(1-rn)/1-r
Problems
1.
2.
5 P Q
3 R 7
2 Q 8
11 1 4
2 + P + Q + R = 11
Maximum value of Q = 11 2 = 9 (P = 0, R = 0)
C. 391
Solution:
A. 241
16 >241. Hence take the value of Z = 16.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13.
241 is not divisible by any of these. Hence we can conclude that 241 is a prime number.
B. 337
19 > 337. Hence take the value of Z = 19.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 and 17.
337 is not divisible by any of these. Hence we can conclude that 337 is a prime number.
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Chapter 1
C. 391
20 > 391. Hence take the value of Z = 20.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and 19.
391 is divisible by 17. Hence we can conclude that 391 is not a prime number.
3.
4.
5.
9.
8.
What least number must be added to 3000 to obtain a number exactly divisible
by 19?
Solution:
7.
What least value must be assigned to * so that that number 197*5462 is divisible
by 9?
Solution:
6.
Divisor = (Dividend-Remainder)/Quotient
= (15968 - 37)/89
= 179.
A number when divided by 342 gives a remainder 47. When the same number is
divided by 19 what would be the remainder?
Solution:
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Numbers
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IES Academy
10.
11.
A positive number which when added to 1000 gives a sum, which is greater
than when it is multiplied by 1000. The positive integer is?
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 7
Solution:
16.
2 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25.......... + 28 = ?
Solution:
15.
14.
13.
12.
Chapter 1
The sum of all possible two digit numbers formed from three
different one digit natural numbers when divided by the sum of the original
three numbers is equal to?
(a) 18
(b) 22
(c) 36
(d) none
Solution:
Numbers
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter 1
= 22(x + y + z)
Therefore sum of all possible two digit numbers when divide by sum of one digit numbers
gives 22.
17.
The sum of three prime numbers is 100. If one of them exceeds another by 36
then one of the numbers is?
(a) 7
(b) 29
(c) 41
(d) 67
Solution:
18.
A number when divided by the sum of 555 and 445 gives two times their
difference as quotient and 30 as remainder. The number is?
(a) 1220
(b) 1250
(c) 22030
(d) 220030
Solution:
19.
The difference between two numbers s 1365. When the larger number is
divided by the smaller one the quotient is 6 and the remainder is 15. The
smaller number is?
(a) 240
(b) 270
(c) 295
(d) 360
Solution:
20.
x + (x + 36) + y = 100
2x + y = 64
Therefore y must be even prime which is 2
2x + 2 = 64 = > x = 31.
Third prime number = x + 36 = 31 + 36 = 67.
Dividend = 12 35 = 420.
Now dividend = 420 and divisor = 21.
Therefore correct quotient = 420/21 = 20.
21.
In a garden, there are some trees arranged in certain number of rows. ist row
has i trees and each tree of that row has i2 flowers. The total number of flowers
in the garden is 55 times the total number of trees in it. Find the number of
rows in the garden.
(a) 9
(b) 10
(c) 11
(d) 12
Ans. (b)
22.
A total of 1540 steel balls are stacked in a pile. The top layer has 1 ball. The
layer below it has 3 balls. The layer below it has 6 balls. The layer below it has
10 balls and so on. How many horizontal layers are there in the pile?
(a) 18
(b) 20
(c) 22
(d) 24
Ans. (b)
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Indias No. 1
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Numbers
Chapter 1
23.
A number between 100 and 5000 has the sum of its distinct prime factors equal
to 10. It has an odd number of factors. If it can be expressed as a product of two
numbers co-prime to each other in the minimum number of ways. How many
values can it assume?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Ans. (b)
24.
A group of 105 childrens are standing in N rows for a group photograph. Each
row had three children less than the row in front of it. Which of the following
cannot be a possible value of N?
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6
Ans. (b)
25.
The cost of 10 biscuits, 12 chocolates and 15 ice creams is Rs. 315. The cost of 12
biscuits, 15 chocolates, 19 ice creams is Rs. 389. The cost of 56 biscuits and x ice
creams is Rs. 1797. Find the value of x for which a unique value for the cost of
each item cannot be determined.
(a) 68
(b) 77
(c) 81
(d) 87
Ans. (d)
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Indias No. 1
Numbers
IES Academy
Chapter 1
Students Notes
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