C bn v mng GPON

Thng Mi 27, 2014 by nguyentiensu 1 Phn hi

I. Khi qut chung
GPON hay Gigabit Passive Opticcal Networks c nh ngha bi
ITU-T trong chui cc ti liu t G.984.1 n G.984.6. GPON c th
truyn ti d liu khng ch Ethernet m cn ATM v TDM(PSTN,
ISDN, E1 v E3). Mng GPON cha hai thit b hot ng chnh l
Optical Line Termination(OLT) v Optical Network Unit(ONU). GPON
h tr a dch v, tc cao v khong cch c th ln n 20km.
Hnh 1 ch ra kin trc mng FTTx:

Hnh 1 Kin trc mng FTTx

Mt si quang n ni t OLT n mt thit b quang th ng Optical
Splitter(OS)(th ng y hiu vi ngha l thit b khng cn cung
cp bt c ngun no hot ng), ci m c t gn khu vc ngi
s dng. OS chia tn hiu quang ra thnh N ng khc nhau n N
ngi s dng. Gi tr ca N c th t 2 n 128. T OS, mt si quang
n mode chy n mi user, nh trong hnh 2.

Hnh 2 Kin trc mng GPON

GPON c hai c ch hot ng:
- Hng xung(downstream: t OLT n user): D liu c truyn
broadcast nhng c m ha(AES) trnh b nghe trm.
- Hng ln(upstream: t user n OLT): D liu c truyn trong mt
khe thi gian TDMA.
II. Cc khi nim c bn
2.1 ONU Identifier (ONU-ID)
ONU-ID l mt chui c di 8 bits, dng nhn dng ONU. N
c OLT gn cho mt ONU trong qu trnh kch hot ONU thng qua
bn tin PLOAM.Mi ONU-ID c gi tr duy nht trong mng PON v
c duy tr cho n tn khi ONU tt ngun hoc khng cn lin h g
vi OLT.
2.2 Allocation Identifier (ALLOC_ID)
ALLOC_ID l mt s 12 bit c OLT gn cho mt ONU nhn ra
mt thc th mang d liu theo hng upstream t ONU . Thc th
mang d liu ny c gi l T-CONT.

Mi ONU c gn mt ALLOC_ID mc nh bng vi ONU_ID ca

ONU .
2.3 Transmission Containers (T-CONT)
Mt T-CONT l mt i tng ONU i din cho mt nhm cc kt ni
logical ci m xut hin nh mt thc th n l theo hng upstream
trong PON. i vi mt ONU, s lng T-CONT h tr l c nh.
ONU t ng to ra tt c cc T-CONT c th trong qu trnh kch hot.
OLT cng s nhn ra c s lng T-CONT c h tr ca mi ONU.
kch hot mt T-CONT mang d liu t user, OLT phi thit lp mt
nh x gia T-CONT v mt ALLOC_ID, ci m c gn cho ONU
trc thng qua bn tin PLOAM. Bt k ALLOC_ID no c gn
cho ONU, bao gm ALLOC_ID mc nh, u c th kt hp vi mt TCONT.
C 5 dng T-CONT:
Dng 1: T-CONT c bng thng c nh v ch yu c s dng cho
cc dch v yu cu tr thp v u tin cao, nh VOIP.
- Dng 2 v dng 3: T-CONT c bng thng c m bo v ch yu
c s dng cho cc dch v video v d liu vi mc u tin cao
hn.
- Dng 4: T-CONT c hiu qu nht v ch yu c s dng cho cc
dch v d liu nh Internet v cc dch v c u tin thp, khng
yu cu bng thng ln.
- Dng 5: T-CONT bao gm tt c cc loi bng thng v c th mang
tt c cc dch v.
2.4 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA)
OLT chu trch nhim cp pht bng thng hng upstream cho cc
ONU. Bi v mng truy cp c chia s gia tt c cc ONU, cc lung

upstream t ONU c th xung t nu chng truyn trong nhng khong

thi gian ngu nhin. Do v tr t cc ONU so vi OLT trong GPON
khc nhau nn tr truyn t mi ONU n OLT l duy nht. OLT o c
tr ny v thit lp mt thanh ghi trong mi ONU thng qua bn tin
PLOAM(Physical Layer Operations, Administration and Maintenance)
cn bng tr ca n vi tt c cc ONU khc trn mng. iu ny
c gi l Ranging.
Mt khi tr ca tt c cc ONU c thit lp, OLT gi
mt grants ti tng ONU. Mt grants l s cho php s dng mt chu
k thi gian c nh ngha cho hng upstream. C sau vi
milliseconds, bn grants li c tnh ton li. Bn ny cp pht
bng thng cho tt c cc ONU mi ONU nhn c bng thng m
n cn.
DBA l mt phng php cho php p ng nhanh vic cp pht bng
thng cho mi user da trn yu cu v traffic hin ti.
GPON s dng TDMA qun l lung upstream truy cp bi cc ONU
v ti bt k mt thi im no, TDMA cung cp cc khe thi gian
khng chia s ti mi ONU cho lung upstream.
DBA cho php cc khe thi gian upstream co li v ln thm da trn s
phn phi ca ti d liu upstream. Mt ONU phi c t nht mt TCONT, nhng thng th s lng T-CONT trn mi ONU ln hn 1.
Mi T-CONT c mt mc u tin v lp traffic ca n v tng ng
vi mt khe thi gian upstream c th trong PON. Nu OLT khng s
dng DBA, bng thng upstream c gn tnh ti cc T-CONT v
khng th chia s vi cc T-CONT khc. Bng thng ca mi T-CONT
ch c th thay i bi qun tr h thng.
C hai dng DBA Status Reporting DBA (SR-DBA) v Non-Status
Reporting DBA (NSR-DBA):
- Trong NSR-DBA, mt OLT c cp pht c nh mt lng nh bng
thng m rng cho mi ONU. Nu ONU khng c data no gi, n

s gi cc idle frame. Nu OLT nhn thy rng mt ONU khng gi cc

idle frame, n s tng bng thng cp pht ti ONU . Mt khi ONU
bt u gi cc idle frame, OLT s gim bng thng cp pht xung.
NSR-DBA c li ch l ONU khng cn bit DBA l g. Tuy nhin, im
bt li ca n l khng c cch no OLT bit c lm th no cp
pht bng thng cho vi ONU mt cc hiu qu nht.
- SR-DBA bao gm cc trng thi b m T-CONT c cung cp bi
cc ONU khi OLT poll chng. Theo phng php ny, OLT request
trng thi ca b m T-CONT, v cc ONU respond li vi mt bo
co ring ca mi T-CONT. Bo co c cha d liu hin ti ang ch
trong cc T-CONT trong cc khe thi gian c th. OLT nhn c bo
co ny s tnh ton li bng thng cp pht(BW Map) thng qua thut
ton DBA v gi BW Map mi ti cc ONU trong lung downstream.
ONU nhn c BW Map t OLT s gi li d liu trong cc khe thi
gian mi. Khi ONU khng cn d liu gi, da theo grants nhn
c t OLT, n gi cc idle cell n OLT thng bo rng b m
ca n rng. OLT nhn c thng tin ny s s cp BW Map ca TCONT ny cho T-CONT khc.
3. GPON Transmission Convergence (TC) Layer
ITU-T recommentdation G.984.3 miu t lp GPON TC. Lp ny tng
ng lp Data Link trong m hnh OSI. N c t nh dng bn tin
ca GPON, giao thc iu khin truy nhp, qu trnh x l OAM v
phng thc m ha thng tin. Hnh 3 miu t cu trc khung ca hai
hng download v upload. Khung GTC download cha cc khi iu
khin vt l(PCBd) v GTC payload. Khung GTC upstream cha cc
cm truyn ti. Mi cm cha overhead lp vt l v mt hoc nhiu
chu k cp pht bng thng kt hp vi mt ALLOC_ID c th.
Khung downstream GTC cung cp thi gian tham chiu thng thng
cho PON v tn hiu iu khin thng thng cho lung upstream.

Hnh 3 GTC layer framing

3.1 Downstream GPON Frame Format
Mt khung GTC downstream c khong thi gian 125us v chiu di
38880 bytes, tng ng vi tc d liu l 2.48832 Gbps. Hnh 4 ch
ra chi tit nh dng khung GTC downstream.

Hnh 4 Downstream GTC Frame Format

OLT gi PCBd theo kiu broadcast v mi ONU u nhn c ton b
PCBd. Cc ONU sau s hot ng da trn cc thng tin lin quan
cha trong . Trng Psync ch ra v tr bt u ca frame.. Trng
Ident cha mt trng 8-KHz Superframe Counter ci m c s dng
bi h thng m ha v cng c th c s dng cung cp tc
ng b thp gia cc tn hiu tham chiu. Trng PLOAM thc hin
chc nng nh bo hiu OAM hoc cnh bo ngng. Trng BIP(Bit
Interleaved Parity) c dng c lng t l li bit. Trng Plend
cha chiu di ca upstream bandwidth (US BW) map. Plent c gi
hai ln. Mi thc th trong trng Upstream Bandwidth (US BW) map
i din cho s mt cp pht bng thng ti mt T-CONT c th. S
lng thc th c ch ra trong trng Plent.

Trng ALLOC_ID ch ra cp pht bng thng nhn c cho mt TCONT. Gi tr ALLOC_ID thp nht l 254 thng s dng a ch
ONU trc tip. Trong qu trnh Ranging, ALLOC_ID u tin gn cho
ONU phi l 254 v c coi l ALLOC_ID mc nh. ALLOC_ID ny
cng vi ONU-ID s dng trong bn tin PLOAM. Nu nhiu
ALLOC_ID c yu cu cho ONU, chng s c gi tr ln hn 255.
ALLOC_ID 254 l gi tr ALLOC_ID kch hot ONU, s dng pht
hin nhng ONU cha bit. Trng Slot Start v Stop ch ra bt u v
kt thc ca s upstream. Trng CRC s dng trong vic pht hin v
sa li.
Trng GTC payload cha mt chui cc GEM((GPON Encapsulation
Method) frame. Cc Downstream GEM frame c lc ti ONU da
vo trng Port ID trong header ca mi GEM frame. Mi ONU c
cu hnh c th nhn ra Port-IDs no thuc v n. Port-ID nhn dng
duy nht mt GEM frame.
3.2 Upstream GPON Frame Format
Khong thi gian Upstream GTC frame cng l 125us v chiu di l
19400 bytes, do tc d liu l 1.24416 Gbps. Mi upstream frame
cha mt s cc burst ti t mt hoc nhiu ONU. Mi upstream burst
cha mt PLOu(upstream physical layer overhead) v mt hoc nhiu
on bng thng cp pht cho tng ALLOC_ID ring l. BW Map ch ra
vic sp xp cc burst trong frame v khong thi gian ch nh cho mi
burst. Mi khong ch nh c iu khin bi mt cu trc c bit
ca BW Map. Hnh 5 ch ra nh dng Upstream GTC frame.

Hnh 5 nh dng Upstream GTC Frame

PLOu ti v tr bt u ca ONU upstream burst cha preamble ci m

m bo chnh xc hot ng ca lp vt l ca burst-mod upstream
link. Trng PLOu cha trng ONU-ID nhn dng duy nht mt ONU.
Lp vt l upstream OAM(PLOAMu) chu trch nhim qun l chc
nng Ranging, kch hot ONU v pht thng bo cnh bo