Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Duan Risti
Odsek za sociologiju
Filozofski fakultet
Univerzitet u Novom Sadu
KONSTRUKCIJA SAGLASNOSTI:
SVAKODNEVICA I PROSTORNE STRATEGIJE
NEOLIBERALIZMA
Construction of Consent:
Everyday Life and Spatial Strategies of Neoliberalism
APSTRAKT U ovom radu autori analiziraju neoliberalizam kroz prostorne
strategije koje su vidljive u svakodnevnom ivotu. Polazimo od pretpostavke
da se, uprkos tome to je nemogue pronai konzistentno teorijsko odreenje
neoliberalizma i to ne postoji jedinstvena strategija primene neoliberalnih praksi,
hegemonistiki diskurs neoliberalizma artikulie kroz urbanistike prakse koje se
u svakodnevnom ivotu nameu kao neto prirodno, kao normalizujui diskurs
kao hegemonistiki zdrav razum. U radu zastupamo stanovite da globalna
prisutnost dentrifikacije predstavlja neoliberalistiku strategiju za obnovu
klasne moi, ali i urbanu strategiju koja doprinosi nejednakom geografskom
razvoju i predstavlja pretpostavku za budue klasne sukobe. Takoe tvrdimo da
je neoliberalizam kroz strategije i prakse radikalizovao teorijske pretpostavke
klasinog liberalizma koje se danas reprodukuju na nivou svakodnevnog ivota
u ustaljenim drutvenim odnosima. U zakljuku se istie da je u toj samoreprodukciji, neoliberalizam istovremeno uticao na eroziju klasnog subjektiviteta
i drugih oblika tradicionalnih kolektivnih subjektiviteta i doprineo mogunosti
stvaranja novih subjektiviteta otpora.
KLJUNE REI neoliberalizam, prostor, svakodnevica, urbanizacija, dentrifikacija.
ABSTRACT In this paper the authors analyze the neoliberalism through its
spatial strategies in daily life. We assume that, despite the fact that it is impossible
to find a consistent theoretical determination of neoliberalism and that there is
no unique strategy of the application of neoliberal practices, hegemonic discourse
of neoliberalism is articulated through the urban practices which in daily life are
imposed as something natural, as a normalizing discourse as hegemonic
common sense. Furthermore, the authors provide evidence for the hypothesis
that global presence of gentrification as a key spatial strategy of neoliberalism is
1
ladum@neobee.net
113
a strategy for the renewal of the urban geography of class power as well as the
presupposition for future class conflicts. Neoliberalism signifies radicalization
of theoretical assumptions of classical liberalism and reproduction of them in
everyday life, through the strategies and practices of established social relations. In
conclusion, it is stated that this self-reproduction of neoliberalism has simultaneously
influenced the erosion of class subjectiveness as well as other forms of traditional
collective subjectivenesses and contributed to the possibility of the formation of new
subjectivities of resistance.
KEY WORDS neoliberalism, spaces, common sense, urbanization, gentrification.
Uvod
Globalizovani svet danas ivi u neoliberalnoj stvarnosti koja se vie ne
moe poricati, ignorisati, ulepavati. Uprkos tome to su varijeteti neoliberalnih
praksi u razliitim geografskim, nacionalnim, urbanim, regionalnim i lokalnim
kontekstima raznoliki do te mere da esto ponitavaju mogunost za celovitija
sagledavanja jedinstvenosti ovog ekonomsko-politikog modela, njegovi
praktini uinci imaju svugde neto zajedniko.
U ovom radu diskurs i prakse neoliberalizma bie analizirani u kontekstu
svakodnevnog ivota. Uprkos tome to ne postoji jedinstvena strategija primene
neoliberalnih praksi, u radu polazimo od pretpostavke da su prostorne strategije,
odnosno urbanistike prakse (posebno dentrifikacija) polje u kojem se diskurs
neoliberalizma najjasnije ispoljava. Cilj ovog rada je da pokae da se diskursi
neoliberalizma sve vie reprodukuju na nivou svakodnevnog ivota, odnosno
kroz drutvene odnose kao hegemonistiki oblik prakse, kao globalni zdrav
razum i model samoostvarujueg proroanstva a ne dominantno kao
spoljanji oblik ekonomske prinude.
Navedene pretpostavke u radu e biti potvrivane kroz predstavljanje
klasinih i savremenih teorijskih pristupa kako kategoriji prostora tako i
razliitim aspektima neoliberalizma. U tom smislu posebno su znaajna shvatanja
Anrija Lefevra (Henri Lefebvre), Antonija Gramija (Antonio Gramsci), Miela
Fukoa (Michel Foucault), Dejvida Harvija (David Harvey), Manuela Kastelsa
(Manuel Castells), Kina Bira (Kean Birch), Vlada Mihnjenka (Vlad Mykhnenko)
i Nila Brenera (Neil Brenner) i na neka od njih emo se tokom analize pozivati.
U zakljunom delu istai emo drutvene posledice koje nastaju zahvaljujui
globalnoj hegemoniji neoliberalnog diskursa. Meu tim posledicama izdvajamo
problem erozije klasnog, ali i drugih kolektivnih drutvenih subjektiviteta, to
predstavlja efekat neoliberalne ekonomske politike i prakse, odnosno posledicu
razaranja tradicionalnih oblika drutvene solidarnosti i drutvene integracije.
Upravo je Dejvid Harvi (Harvey, 2005a) skrenuo panju na to da se u
narastajuem kritikom diskursu o neoliberalizmu prostor pojavljuje kao kljuna
re, odnosno da su razliiti modaliteti implementacije neoliberalizma kao
teorijski nejasnog i heterogenog modela oposredovani prostorom da imaju
svoje jasne prostorne dimenzije. Iako su neoliberalni zahtevi za ekonomskom
114
115
Teorijske nekonzistentnosti
i zdravorazumska saglasnost
Sve vie postaje oigledno da nijedan dosadanji oblik kapitalizma nije
bre doiveo svoju istorijsku refleksiju u drutvenim naukama nego to je to
neoliberalizam i kao jedan dugorono tranzitorni oblik kasnog kapitalizma
i kao politiko-ekonomska doktrina i praksa. Moe se rei da je nagli uspon
kritikih refleksija na neoliberalnu stvarnost odgovor ne samo na njegovu
praktinu efektivnost u svim segmentima svakodnevnog ivota u globalizovanom
svetu, nego i odgovor na teorijsku i praktinu fluidnost jednog transgresivnog
oblika kapitalizma (trans-nacionalnog; trans-dravnog; trans-kontinentalnog;
trans-kulturnog; trans-geografskog) i trans-nacionalnog oblika civilnog
drutva (Hinojosa and Bebbington, 2010). Mada ve sada postoje pokuaji da
se teorijska sistematizacija i teorijska konzistentnost neoliberalnog kapitalizma
kao globalnog i istovremeno globalizujueg fenomena (neoliberalni ekonomskopolitiki principi kao kljuni sadraj globalizacije tokom poslednjih trideset
godina) sagledaju kroz njegovu istoriju (Harvey, 2005b), to traganje za teorijskom
konzistentnou ima dominantno kritiki karakter. Radi se kritikoj istoriji
jednog globalizujueg fenomena iji su doktrinarni koncepti, pa i konkretne
ekonomsko-politike prakse kontradiktorne, nejasne, fluidne i difuzne, te se
moe uiniti da je sveobuhvatnija i doslednija teorija neoliberalizma nemogua.
No treba naglasiti da bliskost i povezanost neoliberalizma i globalizacije nije
istovremeno i njihovo poistoveivanje. Globalizacija je mnogo stariji proces
internacionalizacije svetske ekonomije i trita koja je uoena jo kod Marksa
(Marx and Engels, 2008; Dumenil and Levy, 2005: 910), ali sa neoliberalizmom
globalizacija dobija radikalizovane aspekte to je postala njegova sopstvena
globalizacija (Dumenil and Levy, 2005: 910; Dumenil and Levy, 2004: 2) u
poslednjih trideset godina. injenica je, kako istie Harvi (2012: 15) da su
gotovo sve zemlje, od onih novoformiranih, nastalih posle raspada Sovjetskog
Saveza, pa do starih socijalnih demokratija i drava blagostanja, kakve su Novi
Zeland i vedska, prihvatile, nekad dobrovoljno a u drugim sluajevima kao
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
Zakljuak:
Erozija stare subjektivnosti i
normalizacija saglasnosti
Efekti neoliberalne ekonomske politike i prakse sve vie su izraeni u
razaranju drutvene solidarnosti i drutvene integracije, to se najdirektnije
odraava na duboke promene u drutvenoj strukturi. S jedne strane, taj uinak
se jasno moe videti u gubitku subjektiviteta kolektivnih makroaktera kao to su
drutvene klase i slojevi, sindikalni i iri drutveni pokreti.
Upravo je razaranje starih oblika klasnih subjektiviteta (na koje je zapravo
mislila Taer) bio jedan od prvih zadataka neoliberalizma: demontiranje
demokratskih drava blagostanja, za koje se smatralo da poveavaju strukturnu
snagu radnike klase, te su stoga nespojive s dugoronim ciljevima kapitalizma
(Miller, 2010: 51). Kada je neoliberalnim zahtevima za individualnim
postignuima na tritu subjektivitet otrgnut od koncepta solidarnosti (od
drutva), on je ostao ogoljen u svojoj individualnosti i kvazisubjektivnosti. On
vie nije artikulisan ka univerzalnim interesima drutva, ve ka jednom novom
obliku univerzalnosti univerzalnosti individualnosti i usmeren ka onom
obliku (univerzalnosti) partikularnosti na kojem poiva ideja slobodnog trita
126
127
128
Literatura
Anderson, Perry. 2000. Editorial Renewals. New Left Review 1:120.
Balibar, Etjen. 2008. ta je granica? Trei program Radio Beograda 137/138 (1/2):
98106.
Bentam, Deremi. 2014. Panoptikon. Novi Sad: Mediterran Publishing.
Berkhout, Susara, J. 2005. The Decentralisation Debate: Thinking about
Power. International Review of Education Internationale Zeitschrift fr
Erziehungswissenschaft, 51 (4): 313327.
Birch, Kean and Mykhnenko, Vlad. 2010. A World Turned Right Way Up. in:
Birch, Kean and Mykhnenko, Vlad (ed.). The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism:
The Collapse of an Economic Order? 121. London and New York: Zed Books.
129
Birch, Kean and Tickell, Adam. 2010. Making Neoliberal Order in the United
States. in: Birch, Kean and Mykhnenko, Vlad (ed.). The Rise and Fall of
Neoliberalism: The Collapse of an Economic Order? 4259. London and New
York: Zed Books.
Brenner, Neil and Theodore, Nik. 2002. Preface: From the New Localism to the
Spaces of Neoliberalism. in: Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in
North America and Western Europe, Brenner, Neil and Theodore, Nik. (ed.).
v-xi. Malden and Oxford: Blackwell.
Brenner, Neil, Jamie Peck i Nick Theodore. 2014. Zagrobni ivoti neoliberalizma:
Smrt neoliberalizma? Pravo na grad. Internet izvor: http://pravonagrad.
org/zagrobni-zivoti-neoliberalizma/, preuzeto 08.02.2014.
Brown, Wendy. 2005. Neoliberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy. in:
Endgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics. 3759. Princeton and
Oxford: princeton University Press.
Brown, Wendy. 2006. American Nightmare: Neoliberalism, Neoconservatism,
and De-Democratization. Political Theory, 34(6): 690714.
Castells, Manuel. 1977. Urban Question. London: Edward Arnold.
Castells, Manuel. 2000. Space of Flows. in: The Rise of the Network Society, 407
459. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chatterton, Paul. 2010. Do It Yourself: a Politics for Changing Our World. in:
Birch, Kean and Mykhnenko, Vlad (ed.). The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism:
The Collapse of an Economic Order? 188205. London and New York: Zed
Books.
Dean, Jodi. 2009. Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies. Durham and
London: Durham University Press.
Dean, Mitchell. 2002. Liberal Government and Authoritarianism. Economy and
Society, 31(1): 3761
Delez,il. 2010. Pregovori 19721990. Loznica: Karpos.
Dumenil, Gerard, and Levy, Dominique. 2004. Capital Resurgent Roots of the
Neoliberal Revolution. London, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Dumenil, Gerard, and Levy, Dominique. 2005. The Neoliberal (Counter-)
Revolution. in: Saad-Filho, Alfredo and Johnston Deborah (ed.). Neoliberalism:
A Critical Reader, 919. London: Pluto Press.
Durkheim, mile et Mauss, Marcel. 1903. De quelques formes primitives de
classification. Anne sociologique, 4:172.
Dejkobs, Dejn. 2011. Smrt i ivot velikih amerikih gradova. Novi Sad:
Mediterran Publishing.
Foucault, Michel. 1980. Questions on Geography. in: Gordon, Colin (ed.). Power/
Knowledge Selected Interviews and Other Writings 19721977 Michel Foucault,
6377. New York: Pantheon Books.
Foucault, Michel. 1980. The Eye of Power. in: Gordon, Colin (ed.). Power/
Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 19721977 Michel Foucault,
146166. New York: Pantheon Books.
130
Foucault, Michel. 1986. The Care of the Self. New York: Pantheon Books.
Foucault, Michel. 1991. Governmentality. in: Burchell, Graham, Godron, Colin
and Miller, Peter. The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, 87104.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York:
Vintage Books.
Foucault, Michel. 2008. Of Other Spaces, in: Dehaene, Michiel and De Cauter,
Lieven (ed.). Heterotopia and the City: Public Spaces in a Postcivil Society, 13
30. Oxon, New York: Routledge.
Fuko, Miel. 2005. Raanje biopolitike. Novi Sad: Svetovi.
Fuko, Miel. 2010. Intelektualci i mo. u: Mladen Kozomara (Prir). Spisi i
razgovori, 89102. Beograd: Fedon.
Fuko, Miel. 2012. Pitanja Mielu Fukou o geografiji. u: Mo/znanje: Odabrani
spisi 19721977, 6983. Novi Sad: Mediterran Publishing.
Fuko, Miel. 2014a. Oko moi. u: Bentam, Deremi. Panoptikon. Novi Sad:
Mediterran Publishing. 928.
Fuko, Miel. 2014b. Bezbednost, teritorija, stanovnitvo. Novi Sad: Mediterran
Publishing.
Gill, Stephen. 1995. Globalisation, Market Civilisation, and Disciplinary
Neoliberalism. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 24: 399423.
Gramsci, Antonio. 1992. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. International
Publishers: New York.
Gramsci, Antonio. 2000. Hegemony, Relations of Force, Historical Bloc. in:
Forgacsthe, David (ed.). Gramsci Reader, 189221. New York: New York
University Press.
Habermas, Jirgen. 2012. Javno mnjenje. Novi Sad: Mediterran Publishing.
Hall, Stuart, and OShea, Alan. 2013. Common-sense Neoliberalism. Soundings,
55:925.
Hall, Stuart, Massey, Doreen and Rustin, Michael. 2013. After Neoliberalism:
Analysing the Present. Soundings, 53: 822.
Harvey, David. 1973. Social Justice and the City. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Harvey, David. 1990. The Condition of Postmodernity. Cambridge and Oxford:
Blackwell.
Harvey, David. 2005a. Space as a Key Word. U: Spaces of Neoliberalization:
Towards a Theory of Unevan Geographical Development. Hettner-Lecture
2004. Heidelberg: Franz Steiner Verlag. 93115.
Harvey, David. 2005b. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford and New York.
Oxford University Press.
Harvey, David. 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610 (NAFTA), 2244.
Harvey, David. 2010. The Enigma of Capital. Oxford and New York: Oxford
University Press.
131
Harvey, David. 2012. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban
Revolution. London: Verso.
Harvi, Dejvid. 2012. Kratka istorija neoliberalizma. Novi Sad: Mediterran
Publishing.
Harvi, Dejvid. 2013. Pobunjeni gradovi: od Prava na grad do Urbane revolucije.
Novi Sad: mediterran Publishing.
Hinojosa, Leonith and Bebbington, Anthony. 2010. Transnational Companies
and Transnational Civil Society. in: Birch, Kean and Mykhnenko, Vlad (ed.).
The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism: The Collapse of an Economic Order? 222
238. London and New York: Zed Books.
Jessop, Bob. 2010. From Hegemony to Crisis? The Continuing Ecological
Dominance of Neoliberalism. in: Birch, Kean and Mykhnenko, Vlad (ed.).
The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism: The Collapse of an Economic Order? 171
187. London and New York: Zed Books.
Keil, Roger. 2002. Common-Sense Neoliberalism: Progressive Conservative
Urbanism in Toronto, Canada. in: Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring
in North America and Western Europe, Brenner, Neil and Theodore, Nik.
(ed.). 230253. Malden and Oxford: Blackwell.
Keith, Michael and Pile, Steve. 2005. Introduction Part 1: The Politics of Place.
in: Keith, Michael and Pile, Steve (ed.). Place and The Politics of Identity. 122.
London and New York: Routledge.
Larner, Wendy. 2000. Neo-liberalism: Policy, Ideology, Governmentality. Studies
in Political Economy, 63: 525.
Lefebvre, Henri. 1991. The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lefebvre, Henri. 2008. Pravo na grad. in: Operacija grad: Prirunik za ivot u
neoliberalnoj stvarnosti. Zagreb: Centar za nezavisnu kulturu i mlade.
Lefebvre, Henri. 2009. Reflection on the Politics of Space. in: Neil Brenner and
Stuart Elden (edit.). State, Space, World: Selected Essays by Henri Lefebvre,
167185. Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press.
Lefevr, Anri. 1974. Urbana revolucija. Beograd: Nolit.
Lefevr, Anri. 1980. Teorija prostora. Trei program Radio Beograda, 2(45): 513651.
Macleavy, Julie. 2010. Remaking the Welfare State: from Safety Net to
Trampoline. in: Birch, Kean and Mykhnenko, Vlad (ed.). The Rise and Fall
of Neoliberalism: The Collapse of an Economic Order? 133150. London and
New York: Zed Books.
Marinkovi, Duan i Risti, Duan. 2014. Geoepistemologija pogleda. u: Bentam,
Deremi. Panoptikon. 115156. Novi Sad: Mediterran Publishing.
Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich. 2008. Manifest Komunistike partije.
Ekonomija/Economics, 15(3): 565596.
May, Jon, and Thrift, Nigel. (ed.). 2001. Timespace: Geographies of Temporality.
London: Routledge.
Miller, David. 2010. How Neoliberalism Got Where It Is: Elite Planning,
Corporate Lobbying and the Release of the Free Market. in: Birch, Kean and
132
Mykhnenko, Vlad (ed.). The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism: The Collapse of an
Economic Order? 2341. London and New York: Zed Books.
Murdoch, Jonathan. 2006. Post-structuralist Geography. London: Sage.
Nojman, Iver Brinild. 2009. Znaenje, materijalnost, mo: Uvod u analizu
diskursa. Beograd: Centar za civilno-vojne odnose, Alexandria Press.
Paasi, Anssi. 2001. Europe as a Social Process and Discourse: Considerations of
Place, Boundaries and Identity. European Urban and Regional Studies, 8 (1): 728.
Peck, Jamie and Tickell, Adam. 2002. Neoliberalizing Space. in: Spaces of
Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe,
Brenner, Neil and Theodore, Nik. (ed.). 3357. Malden and Oxford: Blackwell.
Philo, Chris. 2003. Foucaults Geography, in: Crang, Mike and Thrift, Nigel.
(ed.). Thinking Space, 205239. London and New York: Routledge.
Routledge, Paul. 2010. Dreaming the Real: a Politics of Ethical Spectacles. in:
Birch, Kean and Mykhnenko, Vlad (ed.). The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism:
The Collapse of an Economic Order? 206221. London and New York: Zed
Books.
Saad-Filho, Alfredo and Johnston, Deborah. 2005. Introduction: in: Saad-Filho,
Alfredo and Johnston Deborah (ed.). Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader, 16.
London: Pluto Press.
Sanders, Rickie. 2009. The Public Space of Urban Communities, in: Public Space
and the Ideology of Place in American Culture, edited by Orvell Miles and
Jeffrey L. Meikle, pp. 263290. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi B.V.
Sassen, Saskia. 1991 [2002]. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
Sheppard, Eric. 2006. David Harvey and Dialectical Space-time. in: Castree, Noel
and Gregory, Derek (ed.). David Harvey: A Critical Reader,121141. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Smith, Neil. 1996. Is Gentrification a Dirty Word? in: Smith, Neil. The New
Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London and New
York: Routledge.
Smith, Neil. 2002. New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global
Urban Strategy. Antipode, 34(3): 427450.
Strassoldo, Raimondo. 1990. The Social Construction and Sociological Analysis
of Space, in: The Social Nature of Space, Hamm, B. and Jalowiecki, B. (ed.). 19
49. Warszawa: Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee for Space Economy
and Regional Planning.
Virilio, Pol. 2011. Kritini prostor. aak-Beograd: Gradac.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1991. The Invention of TimeSpace Realities: Towards an
Understanding of our Historical Systems. Geography, 73 (4): 522.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1998. The Time of Space and the Space of Time: the
Future of Social Science. Political Geography, 17 (1): 7182.