Enthalpy Changes

Enthalpy profile diagrams

Breaking bonds requires energy (endothermic)

Making bonds releases energy (exothermic)

If more energy is released in bond making than is taken in for bond breaking the reaction is exothermic

For reactions involving solutions you can use this equation

Energy change = m x c x T
To find the enthalpy change divide the energy change by the number of
moles

Exothermic reaction
Exothermic reactions give out heat. They have NEGATIVE
H values

Standard enthalpy of formation - Hf

Standard enthalpy of combustion Hc

Enthalpy change when one mole of a substanceEnthalpy

is formed
change when one mole of a substance reacts
from its constituent elements under standardcompletely
conditions with oxygen under standard conditions
For water the equation for Hf is H2(g) + These
O2(g) values
H2O(l)are all EXOTHERMIC (have negative values)

Hess Law
For any chemical change the enthalpy change is the same
independent of the route

Endothermic Endothermic
reactions givereaction
out heat. They have POSITIVE
H values
If you have Hc data then draw the
arrows going DOWN. The combustion
If you have Hf data then draw theproducts are written at the bottom
arrows going UP

(usually CO2 and H2O)