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    The paper explore the metaphor of machine as text, set within the context of longstanding problemas in social theory about agency and object.

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    Configuring the User, Steve Woolgar

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    The paper explore the metaphor of machine as text, set within the context of longstanding problemas in social theory about agency and object.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    246 views23 pages

    Configuring The User, Steve Woolgar

    Uploaded by

    Dyanne Alejandra Ortiz Niño
    The paper explore the metaphor of machine as text, set within the context of longstanding problemas in social theory about agency and object.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    The Sociological Review SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW MONOGRAPH 38 A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination Eaited by John Law R London and New York Contents [Notes on contributors Iatrodection: morte, John Law Distributions of power Power technologis snd the Susan Leigh Star ‘Phceomenclogy of conventions fn being alec to onions Ft pied in 101 Configuring the user: the case of Seve Wookgar sas TTechnclogy society made Bruno Latour vn ‘ag Surabe ete i Teehno-sconomie ney Miche Cal Stratis 0 poner Power, dicotion snd strategy Jobe Law teehaoiopies work organisation snd vocal elation cysalsed Config the nse x protection’ In tha case, accesso the products speed way ofpuaratc that nobody ee hasbeen there Before ‘Or like tone warnings on he dks whem you uy 2 package "By opening this scaled dik pckage, You are igo come ound by the term ofthe Microsoft eee at The manufacturers are saying that You shoud only their tex you agre tous tin eran preeibed Configuring the user: the case of usability trials Steve Woolgar i lee nee 9 yo tink your papers ging to work? ow are you geting on with your paper forthe Lancaster eee) me ot sure depen onthe audience. 1 don't rely hve sense of what reaction o expect That's what oe these Dacourse Anatss Workshoym You get a chance to ou th paper before fay going pb. ghes ou the unity to igure ut who the endrs wll lesamess, The usual thing no enough time to ell sort out the tes hore having a send oft, Keep changing ymin shout what are the key things put nt about what he key Prins ofthe argument are So there aes usin the analsion fined now. You'd ike to make it beter, but you've got tose it ‘off $0 suppose youve put he standard warning on the font cose oper explores the mcapor of machines ett within the of onstancing elem in wc thoy aha cay and ‘Thee. prose concern tothe comemtarl es of tone tonal) and press Shot the Sunde fate. Ia pura our preconceptions atthe tee thd tata ot mie ar to show tow the Signal psn fs sen cat ot mcecomputes amano free of Sng "cnigang nls ening the erty 0 pute son onan upon the ily tress Ctigarig soe. ‘coment whee knowlege a experie aoa aus ay ited Ava eft poe the new mute base onhp with ils cntgwred ners In parce decane af crate a wer, the new machines ac provies» poral ofthe boundary teteen nes sn cesses to comp. ats of a and dco ren of way Ws gs the tun of Bouhdary workin Jing te ua of the ip bewocn machine nd et Right Pease do nt quote this preliminary raft permision’ Interesting how people do that 38 ifyou re tying to dent ‘he extent of sess fo your text. On the one hand, writers se ‘aio devices to rat eaders nt the ext, Fr example, The Abstract isa standard aynechdotal device fo sagesting he reader might prot roma closer relationship with the text ‘Wheres The Absrset by the way? Ws jus thereon the next page Oh, right. Andon the other hand, writer ent to control the relationship hetween reader and wat So you encourage render tn late f the ot but spo costaints on how they ‘musi They ean tok, bu ot ouch, 0 o speak Yes: fsa ite that American adver for tamper proof ‘medicines which are ealedim cellophane: "Shenk wrapped for ss » Stove Woolgar 1k should be clear by now that technology, and iormation technology (17) im paula, ja the latest excuse fr Soci sehence. Th 5 obvious inthe prose sense that teen funds are avaiable for socal scentsts (and otets) who can constr thei work a an attempt to situate ecology within Social and cutoral contexts. However, this more than jist a ‘ical comment about funding opportuni The fet that IT hag ‘come a legate foc for rec coucl unig ee fmergence ss 2 sigicant social phenomenon.” Ths i tte, ‘eects widespread perception ofthe potenti eects of hi nw techaolgy. The cureat mood displays concern about the extent ofthese effects and much effort i expended in determining the haute and eapacty of IT “This pape spar of 3 more general project which attempts to ‘capitate on coment eonecrns about the nature of TE order Siew some longwanding questions im soiltheory and the Dhiosophy of sol cence, nlably question about agency and ‘bject In esence, his projet explores these sues by adressing Igresione abo interpretation Wt techasngy For example ot ihoks at ow technology i understood viv the ations and capability of humans and other animate ents; it atempes to ‘understand how our ideas about the diferences between animate fn inanimate entities are modified withthe introduction of ew technology. Above al investigates the structure of douse ‘nich sais and is ase aesumtions abot the feral “apacties ofthe ents with which we pple Our worl. My strategy for atemping to realne these grandiose ations isthe exploration of matpbor: the machine os ext” The dea to pia with the supposition thatthe nature and capacity ofthe Imachine ft asim princi, inferpretiey exile, This heh ‘ete the fem for an examination ofthe pocees of conatation (writing) and we reading) of the machine; te relation betwee reader and writer understood s+ mediate by the machine and by interpretations of what the machine, wht for what tx Configuring the wer gal predicates beeen animate and inanimate ents. We ot therefore unprolematially map sts of predicates on of enti, presely hres predicates canbe used bing ‘or suezes or speak metaphorically about the animate ies of mmimate entities, and vice versa. Fr example, record seas and computers can be ahd to be fempermental ‘pote, a leat unl Challenge, cam be said t0 be ng perfect, and s0.0n. On the oer side of the coin, fe (human) miscronts are sometimes said to have just ed mechani. or 10 ive reacted automata, without cng, and soon. {Gout oor scant of acon and behaviour ae cosine CSrumpons abou the cing entity. But this formation ean Piloting i taken to suggest that ‘assimptons pre-exst, fie antecedent to, descriptions of action and behavout- For There steve Uc betwen the praca desertion of action Ganithe‘wsunions which ts deurptionexibs, Our dsourse Coo sties thus bth presspposes and cxemplifis sumptions out the nature of he enti isa yet further lve of complication which ie worth stressing he peroncs ofthis paper. Im the discussion so fr, we RAVE ed thar cris ae felsic date, dscete and ceri ‘Wehaveopersted, in other words onthe assumption that entities ounded, tht they can be dierentiaed from other enies iEeom the environmen which they are sited. Macho out Sandan dcouse hus preaypose ard exemple the assumption hot the characteris of an entity can be asocated wih & Price bound space. Tne part of wast Wright calls the Ghject hypothesis (Wright 1990). He Suggests that one of the ‘esos which philosophers beg & whether there are bjs ov whother there s continuum. 4 "of arying con’ (Wriph 9800). For Wright. ontologies ereymandesing (Qlgar and Pavlc 1985) bogie with the be ha there are Bendy deli objects im what exis. What i 9% sufcienty Feeagnsed thatthe object hypothesis a convenient tion, 2 Metin! prsuned nosey fr ordre (epresetng, desing, eowntng the wort ‘Are there obese thet &continaum? We do ot need 0 6 Steve Wooear ettes are discrete in te ist place, Clifford's recent (1990) ro ‘eport indicates, Instead, we maybe Yeading the rest of Menteur Joes the origin of deviant behsviour ouside the devant, and Bil beyond the devant’ contol, The fore of resporabiity Bike vo variows circumstances antecedent tothe deviant herell. Per upbcngng, family backround, peer elaonship, From this Montage pont, the devon’ characters donot inhere but are Muted, nied part of socal process. Ava consequence Bliss wre cecicd tore to ropeitny the iver cies of frtecetentcrcumntances (though enuseing eaten han Gemoving © presumaby unchangeable deviant. Siar examples fare found inthe socal prolems Werstue, where diferences fbtwncn signation and Inheencevicws to emerge in dcbates bout various non-human and inanimate object: for example Grae and other substances, coffe, margarine, alcoho and 9 0, Wie sce that we can question hath or asumptions abot the Biber of verte cat's tnd oer nmepton tt coins fre dicrete, bounded thing inthe Bist pace. In ths posmoder eri, then. nothing about ets ted. Wore, nothing about her iscertin. That they ae ahi, that they conte a emty fas problematic as wining certain capabies and harass fo tse thine. This way of puting it plays a Key problem in social theory. Da Five soscsed, oor anower Yo this question his imporant Implications forthe adequacy of explantion and for eves ot Ripa. For camp, the serence ech a shout the diference between social and natural object More {desesly this sae wane aris inthe debate Between fee wl fink deceminism, Are human actions fo be understood pry Ashe exerci f fee wl or asthe result of forces cutie of 30 Tryond the contol finial Bi.3 he mora order ofrepresenton hich Lind of entity one cussing, and according to which About she capability snd boundedness of any one entity ate bound Up with views abou other ens and fie rlalonip tween Seve Woolgar them, For convenience, me can rf to any existing complex of ‘elatonships Bteen ents the moral onde of representation (QWoolgar 1989). Isa world view which embodies notion so the character and capacity of diferent ens, the tlatonshp between them, their relative foundednes, and the sedate pattems of rights and responsiiis. Linking ll these ane Snctioned procedures for representation. Ts, oe KBOW: and Tow lates to and fers om ethers i the mats, "The moral oder of representation changes wth he ntodaction cofanew entity. Ata mero lee, or instance the introduction of few item of apparatus ia the siemie aloestory might have Important consequences for the rights and responses of fxsting pices Of eparats. At amore mocro level, the merpence of machines dubbed articilyitligent can eve sumptions act (astral ntellience in nom machine cies. (Or, ies about what diingshes humans fet ails ca change the result of epsodes such as the apeangage ontoversy. The research cepted nth paper looks im deta st a les cosmic alteration to the moral order: the design and introduction ofa new range of personal computers Not ere at In onder to maintain ambivalence about the appropriate uit of analy, aa way of exploring ssignation of apeney and changes im the moral oner, the stady reported hee i designated. ethnography of computers I cared out an eighteen ont Particpanobserato udy n'a medium-sized company wiih manufactures mrocomputers and ali product, primarily fot Education. (Since certain members of the company. ate sl Sncetin aout the benefits of publicity sing from the kind analysis undertaken inthis pape, cute aly cfer tothe soma nonymously They are a phenomenally successful compan having been founded some Id years prevonly ‘The company ba sont in ty an average of poy 0 ere et eu ‘of abou 35 per cent er yar inthe same period. By he time of Stady they had achieved «postion sah that bah they and thet Configuring heuer aun competitors were claiming in excess of $0 per cent of the pues share” My origin research design wast follow a major project in eta from inception though w launch, st shipment ad ater fies eedbuck, Aer sone negotistion i was agree that | should fein the company part of the newly expanded. project, franagement tei, We fk hie would bea stati postion om fic o ears out the stay sine, a 4 project manger ast Ith resporshity for ison and eo operon Petwecn sire Bietoce within the company, | old beable to enjoy velarely fie access acess Usparate parts of he company In partlar orked as a project manager asstant onthe project designated INS: Tn broad oun, the ai ofthe project ws to produce range of microcomputers uit around the new 28h chip. As fay so0n Secame apparent, this enaied following the ead tsaished by IBM i the proguction of there IBM PS2 standard The DNS cane was the rds vce re of microcompuler pact ranges which bought the company mare ito line with TBM compat standards. The fst ofthese the Strain PC Tid been built around the 186 chip in order to ‘provide an Teucational computer wbich was appropiate fr sch Twa Pres for the Status PC mith some poe, expecially when one Feview went sofa priv the machin by speaking of he IBM I = good Stratis clone. tn fact, the Situs PC was not signed ss TBM compat, and although IBM was nota that Plat scen a he mai competitor a further range the K sere’ Ss developed to compete wth the IBM XT a the high cad of Me market. Subsequent, DNS (eabsequenly marketed under ite name Strats 288) ws developed to fils poston between the 80 previous ranges, combing the educttonal virtues of the Status PC (86) withthe TBM compatibility ofthe K series (286). TV Conigurng the wer “he earlier cussion of strbution and boundedness in ene: Sggets we tart from the positon that he machine (this at, TENS) can only the understood in terms ofits relationship ith Hin isnot snpy call for understnding‘cchaoogy tn ts specially marked. The capacity and boundedness ofthe machine ieee as ence a manic ermtenrginaapat aes senate praseeaie saga aa Bates ike he length of emences, the amount of space devotes Min te text td berween text and reader. Tewtual organisation Peers crtcaly, sar anthems tobe made oft sconcerned, 0 fayord the tox. Certain characters hecome ental to the try fear ptr gr can fun rn wi he Bip: ne actives an achievements of some ae bighlhted. Bnovce. The reader (wh am afraid, the write ofthe txt Maher A simple examples the ivceton of eommunty troup Reo th oyl we (Ofcourse ths san creme wih which areal amar. Do you, enti exer wish ony you ae mot eater, and hence rk big excluded from ov tei?) The txt ight be sso be designed. (ethane impli perhaps sures and expectation) forthe cade What seme wl she ak ofthis (or that) passage a configuring the wer, th acts of DNS, ity hardware feces age, projet omer kapeo Bhd the rst sre ttn combutng to a Jefnion ofthe Tear of Be wicks history of te DNS projec can be comtracd as © Wer These dileret group and indacuas at diferent time fered varying acount cf what te ve ik Knowledge ad Wa Dict of kno ming the wer from within My fs vivid into Biowiedge about wsers occured daring a0 catty meeting Bou of technical wre i the User Products secon, The Hibcusioncensed on plans for carrying out ability tals, Wh Boul be invited to wt a abject for thee rls? The poble subjects who would know nothing bout the mew machine Otto pos offing tr toss omen ewok oe surprised when SallyP turned on me vehemenly. Didnt realog ‘understand what it was reall like to be @wser 10 act like an outsider. : 1.2 Alleged defences in company knowledge about users AS this las anecdote suggest, certain individuals could cam the Fight to speak authoritatively on bel of wer, Atte tame tine ‘twas sid that some of the individuals and goups you would expec to koow about wie were manifest Seat jos th kind of knowledge. For example, one of the tecnica wees spoke of er amazement in disvcing he tase owas ‘You can inthe same hig st Marketing. Ltememmber going markets for ths” you know. And eyed at me, sort of hing. Well alvays hough Marketing had, You know, ike lis of anda target make! woul be daruhrvheh sation, lr oft of generaistons. Noway! Nothing lie that! So {here's no guidance like that. (wsr0:CH). 1 was tld by ong serving member of Techical Suppor hat Bipealy the engineers don't havea cine sbout users Se tk Ube tle ofan carly step by engncering’ to encourage users pislly to cogue their new machines nputang along lin of IGancter: which would hive heen "meanings to your average fever (rer RC). She poured sor n whit se 6 fh Bgineer presumption that users would be happy to have 0.40 oe Stores tous sors, Member ofthe User Product section fet hat their conception of ier was afcted by a wide range of infuence, ranging fron Miron frst time owing computers through to bering ales Iatou wat happens outside (anew 1-CH). Knowledge about wer BESS voted the circulation of slores and tales about the ferns of er. Frequent, snes aot "wi apres Save sections of the company. These secons wee generally Tckoned to represen th sharp end” of dealings with castmer, Bie view was that wheres, for example, the engineering and sin sections work! in some fsolaton from scr. those i Mecha Support ha much more experience of uses since they a with ser omplins and queries tat hand. Some of tose Hares Suppor hed themselves moved out from working in fhe fgneringsetons and ecmed Leen to emphasise their new Boon vesporeiiies in desing wih mes euch in cn ident contrasts’ wha was happen Be td inappenec) “on the outside’ wana rourcen oul THe Irundarieso he company ths playes an ipa pr in he Itling of tes tales. Tor example, one respondent recalled th perience of one paricuaroube itn the folowing way asthought of god idea bt ever real Wook oT ‘ent out once something ike back n 4, ong time ag0 anit Sosscualy.a(ondshow) Because went aptoaschool and] This experience ofan ouside’ wit thus eto the realstion tha in schools someone, perhaps a teacher, had had fons tt one the machine Se xine elated soy pd one he! velo a Tein Sapper " Ano ale remember ergs tat ho! oh ‘chine up ie our mont They wea pe tought wan ahic odo much win Yes mean COD ‘Whereas patcpans often refered othe use inthe sings identical, monte nts of attrbues They eld resco imagine a wide vay of purpones ad wes, they woul have bees wate that Marketing stressed the versity of the machines Niet Promoting the company's products. Clea one eiteron for Scefltext i presiely ts appeal to «wie range af were There's limit how fr you can ake what any wc Fst of Beste or eachers in secondary ters, CAD people Te rk wis noting ost what one Beco that woul cit them al gt the bet, What do you (iLs-110) titers caer nates ees V5 Users dont neces know bes th compa nde sen thang tas have an Wea of who ‘thease ws and what they wanted ae oti, wes io sol pote enpoblenaaly apy The user in necessarily ale o sein clear cnough way each feature at peice that theyre prepared to pay for it ont believe ou cng 3 eran ey ht each of hes fntog fe prepared to py foreach ofthese don't thnk you can sco Stcauon ike tha The sugeton was that design shoul respond instead to shout where the markt was ping ov whore things were ping imo Seay, ah eon ae eu ee india wer! deste for patel leche estes Where the ever it comes ins people the Managing Director] having vision and saying were going todo th nd being able securely to pred ht we don oh we i ‘ithout putting nhs estar which [the ser] ight hae san Sassou which nt ely mat op ton T9119) hemes din Know: According to hs Won urn peoranee atone primarily becawe ase were unawatef ihel Users can ony know about whats available atthe mo Deion twas raiment Wha we Bing to os to make availabe wo them something that nt Poste a tne momen. Which s where te [Manngng Sct] vabvary tea comes: We cught oberg thi Dpcense |ny sand beaten what Tm talking aout (qL9-11%) Bye sce here an effective rationale for not placing £00 much Tepes one, Ascag to hep, niin Bacon of wars Since the crnpany tends to have eter acest Pee frure than users i the company’s view which defies per foturesguremens ATH wily rae WL Backeround Mie usability wats are of course, jst one occasion where tcsaons of vhat the user featured prominently. As we fhe course of the project tncuded aly expist attention tothe festion of the character of the wet More generally of couse terminations ofthe oer could be seen taking pace throughout Bie comsrucon of the machine ext. ths posible to argue Bist percipans’ notions ofthe wer ae avaiable tous, only pei. trough an sspetion fay, the day today work of Hie hardware desiree The interest of the rl, however that Ihy involve expt action of whether or no prevaling eat ow the vce ae covet The matter mode expt, i the ese fie tte, through an smctomcet of the ceent cours of tion which user might engage in We have sleady mentioned that the company encompassed a Darcy of perpectves onthe importance of taking uses views Bo atcoun. This makes ie tobe cea o what exten the shot of thee particular til ad ny consequent ete on Feling the question about the ature ofthe wer. Although there Nes, as we sal sce, sme concession to experimental method in Be design of he wi, he ves were never writen up a al brn, tobe circulated to dougnets and over members ofthe [ojct ca, Instead theres ended 1 fed Pack pecemel Steve Woolar ime the proton pce Ft eam, wh ot oe og subjects had trouble understanding dag om page So Stratus Guide this formation mar quihy passed by word tout to one of the tecleal wer who then reo ‘gram forthe nex dae. Soi elt to discern any deg ‘outcome ofthe tls which right tnd dente milestone the onguing conigratin of te scr. Noetheles. these raat ‘ere thought important, est by members of the Use Produeg Econ ofthe company This section devoted approimatey Person cks 10 crying ot the tia: it would have been xg Bator the delays and tine prewar ea mentioned store VL2 The importance of the crse The star of the tras wat delayed several times. "The User Products section was caught, a i seemed tobe om sera other ‘oceaion, between the need fo ere wait) testing acai ' possi ia the development of the product andthe lie svlabity of "shed product. It was ressone that the mst product in-a form a meat pone f0 that mich Would Be "xpeienced by the user Oneof the main rests fo the delay {he projet ab 2 whole centred onthe way of the ease Members of User Products wok the view tha suit tay could only propery ake place when a cased version of the machine was ‘lable: Some negotiation eased when the fs poy case appeared, but Prodct Engineering args that twas a Fak 1 Toa the ste case Yor purpowes of abi testing Cis sinibeant tht User Product fll the necessity for a syscly Bounded emt for sen ubity testing. The machine ‘ould no be a eal machine unlit was in can. Real in hs Uhage speciclly denotes "the kind of machine a user woud expect This contrasts markedly ‘with what counts a real machine witha the company. Paral within the engineering sections (notably Hardware Design and Enpincering ual) machines were mosly left open on desktop and workbenches ther inards displayed, precy a0 thatthe engineers hd que inde of the machine. In these action, i was Unusual to find machine nie cae “The following contrat between the treatment of computers Configuring te wer + and inside’ the company was provided by one of my apoyed bythe company ors summer work placement joined the compan asst wer (Turkle 198), ag ad hee he comptet wn maa cos eee sehen prs ofa computer ad bl ever seit caingof compote In int had ava teen rom domgso, ower inthe EO [Engrece ig [soaon, nscuch squcaminnes was expected. Saree perched on-brendhards etl anes ror they eve mtsng Ihc top coves.» At school cold tht the el paso computes wa dst ee Pattee tepatacotoaemperstue Inthe Om ern for ope They wre Peetu takcn aan Inac wena machine whch was ints Meiorwort. tn tyes emoned immedi nthe seve jue aroun jot tcheck hat the connections Steph (Dobos 19) ag Fe an cancion in eee 0 Steve Wootgar seyre temo technology. Ros ude my nervous to iy materotfat pater ome of tng exptence wth incedlous newcomer st mover fame dow The That's Hive you got our board Toph Put your fat eee theres That. Sees not nthe Aibugh once int ne of series of evcas designed wo fama ae employees with diferent pars ofthe company. thi “handset ‘perience can te undentood ssa symiuhe welcome i Sompany (machin) by may of do-abng compute pg {ite me) ofthe mystein of computes * Aas teal oe pede, I emerber thinking tat te ea opine {he machine mute eevee, props inthe Pint ea bord. hd penetated the Outre ofthe company Ho ett heart the nity ity of techn Seen enna npc) During he ter apes ptcpant overtone post son of my buying one ofthe fom Statues Ass oe umber ofthe cps fo sch ead contr mye thes purposes 1 wuld be ented 0 buy one dco Bl Acting whether or motto doh wes sk assent of the machine changed aeordng ty (an) ) location On das away tom the sompany Th yo eae st whit the machine could to, a fo. ooked Meet had onfdence init (Hale all very nce mache) nts teeing were ot unconnected wih thet Tht T wa ‘epee on he eT aul al stave omy rane leagues about thew. machin: Tal’ ped istration about. Cea on thse oan the Sachse | new about wat Markings Machine ts wth ome emtores ‘eat pow cecal my eoneratns wih Bathe mace gc for hieheredoction, stout my sounding out the ae or he company's products Brave! There war even an cctean wc Sande ut Statin brochures a pao ata at re By contrast nthe company, often fund tilt 19 imagine how the thing cod ver wok (Calg Maske Yo-3), The et ws delayed apn the toolmakers had ben taken ino recivesip. the cp epes tod welche on tet deinery ates jer nthe waster acces ines wore ma down om tarp Mar had tee ake ‘the projet becuse of problems wth Ib delve so aro ‘When Ted a senior members he Barone team el Confuing the user ai eas 6 month ar asch efor bing wow te in eS sect ear share wth me a he eo the mache nary tt sora acins sll ook olay = peat teal of in on her psc os tig hme se ar examples undescoethe symbolic imporaase is ent) und. Te we vert a te Ie ats stows putative tse oring ou bow ote HO otc’ Herb Yo cnn) 2 ecole rey ett net nm toe aor sents fhe wy asst nok ut sore of te bags de tea hat i tom the machinery. The machin ak 0 Merc ese punive war scar the company in he Bad eston byway of ptered twa) comes Sop pedecmic! seme of Seyoar operations The i rr tsb wening pra on ce Taner roe tr src: gecocton, valli fhe waranty WARNING LIVE PARTS ARE EXPOSED IF COVER 18 REMOVED Guaranes of safety and product warranty vid if sais broke. te’ (ng we alow ours st ot 2 mc cc ml sompnent ofthe PC eis oces thssresung glycan witin edu machine Compo para us makes ca since tayo oom Ursin wine) Warranty voi i his selis broken (UM aks Winchester) “Te HOM Seagate drive bore three Ibe Pret waranty wil be Void if thi label is removed Sieve Woogar Coniring the wer Do not apply pressure to tp cover WINDOWS Gui, The fst tree ofthese items are delat special tothe operation the company and eae ypercaly ata 3. The lar two le 10 bought propictary fiich ace supped wh the machines. It alton egestas ihe mache, ech rar redo see 1 ow te The te documentation was an foc thei Sede wer also hen to cvs the sonst between rem of scorers, Wool wee eae et em of Jocamenaton when armping oe protien? Were he lnsroctons : Mccoy ut ing a hr pre ean co Ney fev winch accompany te wach wich we song Mic over srr eneruodas x Weean thnk of eno ts pri tentsimende cae tb Gate of ran Thy we, rakes en enc fate teem etc ie isc. Thesecaponscoafgre the wet I Delicate Equipment HANDLE WITH CARE DiskHead damage may occur For those modular products suppl! by the company as replace mens or uperades ote machine, wang pote onthe pg ere sometimes accompanied by injunctions 0 conte ae ‘company in ease of doubt For example, the following appeared ‘ack capital eters on glossy yellow stcky label anes pg replacement hard disk dives WARNING STATICSENSITIVE DEVICE FAILURE TO ORSERVE THE FOLLOWING WILL INVALIDATE YOUR WARRANTY + DONOT DISCONNECT THIS HARD DISK DRIVE WITHOUTUSING A WRISTBAND. NEVER DISCONNECT THE CABLE FROM THE Salve above of ein he ret cones of iepeation * NEVER TAKE THE GOLD FINGERS OFF THE DRIVE leon oe totowed. They help guide sree 0 ORCABLE Sot theusabity ta show Tang scons ofthe vdeo roeods son og ek a hme mara an och Boil clea ool, wed ssrcng the tne of ne of the puns intron, in the reponse of the sere To. some oar operation oe Dh ental concern fr testersariipants was wheter el cry were uficieny‘clewr 10 wer. They were Mencincs sd to be clear subjects were Judged 0 have Sotestood a cd ot he nse te Wy he ae Bi moet can ths eve ing eiedoperton of Ihe mactneiex. As ne hal sos, demi of the Ie ely aie ex ere manages consung Eicance between ther, sich tha one was veneas operating Gternt eet trom another. os Merv ny tg hat he ea ic eae Ao win irs he Howe wae ecu ces vers auo iets in tnovng eter the Sbjct hd Ec! ut the task nthe manner a et would have done, The IFIN DOUBT CONSULT YOUR USER DOCUMENTATION OR TELEPHONE [THE COMPANY] TECHNICAL SUPPORT HOTLINE ON 3825299 ‘Here we ee that inthe event of uncertain, wers ure redirected back to sources ether "ner documentation or the copany technical support hotline which can reestabl the soeect fale of ser ation. line with the approved eomfigraios of "he user's relaonshin with the company, V3 The mamas ‘Oxensibly, central concern ofthe sibility tis i which 1 Patcpated was o evaluate the raft documentation which was ‘accompany the michine on as shipment. ‘The: main Body of documentition corpses the Seng Up Cathe Sates 8 380) Guide, the Reference Diskette the MSDOSS Laci Cale Sieve Wooler tril can ths be understood 8 an ocesion where the mac and its documentation confoat (a version ofits) users) 2 jst pecy meres har a hh je, the enya eaacy ofthe Key ees ed ice This means, on he one hand, hat the ep of the han that an do, what, wot rm works nds yet settled. By this, I mean to claim that the trials she Parc eves th ity the mac et) mrking segue tht ngs a ye go wrong to seas, “eed” teers 10 parun projection pata Sts of readies ofthe machine ey Sr launch reds Shipment and om Sint hs stag, te oni of igh etic. Alok pcan an way versions of what ier are lite the erty ofthe sro the ON) Sratus remained essentially uncertain " Ths makes thee a ers epet of in expect of accounting fo intercon betneen machine and tars Whete IT nove stale IT product pal expen that wor the > wrong the fl ly vol withthe wer Convent hte eaperencd ui of FE produc come te conta it ‘machines sil under development, te fultcan be mee realy aid 10 le withthe machine" OF corey she dterminetion of "ings going wrong doesnot rest solely with the human geet Toe ‘machine may declare eto a a iy of ndeating that the uct 3 a fale (Printer Needs Atteton) or the acine may sl agose error CWP SYS fe nt seceses) : la the DNSiStratus usability Was, neither machine nor usc i setledlesperiencedestbished, Consequently. the intracion ‘te arto the proces a exabishing the entity of the meat atts. In other words, in thi sution, te interaction betwee Imochine and user invites assensmet both of whether o bot the ‘machines acting ike a eal machine and whether a ot the ust = sing lke a velar J planning the rls, pareulr atemton was given to the seletion of subjects and to choosing the right lca How ean we fd subject who are most ely tos tke wet? ‘A standard procedure for manutactrers, expecaly i lecronies ‘and TT induc, isto use what are called beta site rs ad Configuring the user Ee Sieve Woolear wee table caps of cfc car tenon, tokahees, {ed onal the various astute of bey oo oa Pine Iniod, the ide fecon! sage tat eae Keaued prominent retest the wer enn The tkphon tine which enable ita phone cl xan oes spay ea alr th tmironment. The kinds of feature presumably mo prset ‘ype mtr urs emtenmen led: he ee (a ‘th hei ip ads, notepadr and os he waco comer {ano} ape recorder and ter machines uth he Powerful K sees compat). Whcn viewed fom a nansp Denpetve, hs coma coneenaon of eae, VAnabsis VILL The form ofthe tas Each ial started along sini lines, nated bythe tran (Gt the suo recording) in-Appendie 1. The sajoet ney Sentomed wit muchas pephals and vumenttn. The ‘Squipmentwvalble. sets tsk and asked the subject to soy ho ‘fhe might go about and to estate the lng of tine teal {ake The blk O he tal comprise the subject then ting to complete the tsk. Filter was post movie whee tee and other obseres wold dus the Wal ih the sje Te whole event was bth vide and suo taped." Inthe pric interaction transibed as Append I, the vido vesord shows ‘ome intial confusion a the vrtous human priipents amp {0 gt ino pion before the stan of the fan, The stueers Sump into each other they move around the ble Tey sive \wahieve what hey regard an heir appropriate junapoiien Vis ‘vs the machine forthe purpose of te ent of te na V1L2 Consouctn natura users The centro prt ofthe als partly intresting. The testes

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