TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

H CH MINH
VIN KHOA HC CNG NGH V QUN L MI TRNG
ThS, NCS V NH LONG, ThS NGUYN VN SN

TP BI GING

QUN L CHT THI RN V

CHT THI NGUY HI
(Dnh cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh mi trng)

TP.H Ch Minh, thng 09/2008

MC LC
CHNG 0. M U. ............................................................................................................ 7
0.1. KHI NIM CHT THI RN ..................................................................................... 7
0.2. S LC LCH S PHT TRIN V QUN L CTR.......................................... 7
CHNG 1: NGUN GC, THNH PHN, TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN.... 9
1.1. NGUN GC PHT SINH CTR.................................................................................... 9
1.2. THNH PHN CA CTR .............................................................................................. 9
1.3. TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN.......................................................................... 12
1.3.1.Tnh cht vt l ca cht thi rn.............................................................................. 12
1.3.1.1 Khi lng ring................................................................................................ 12
1.3.1.2. m................................................................................................................ 13
1.3.1.3 Kch thc v cp phi ht................................................................................ 15
1.3.1.4. Kh nng gi nc thc t ............................................................................... 16
1.3.1.5. thm (tnh thm) ca cht thi c nn............................................... 16
1.4. XC NH KHI LNG CTR.................................................................................. 16
1.4.1.Tm quan trng ca vic xc nh khi lng cht thi rn .................................... 16
1.4.2. Cc phng php tnh ton khi lng cht thi rn............................................... 17
1.4.2.1. Phng php khi lng - th tch ................................................................... 17
1.4.2.2.Phng php m ti......................................................................................... 17
1.4.2.3. Phng php cn bng vt cht ....................................................................... 18
1.5. CC YU T NH HNG N THNH PHN V KHI LNG CHT THI
................................................................................................................................................ 21
1.5.1. nh hng cc hot ng ti sinh v gim thiu khi lng cht thi rn ti ngun:
............................................................................................................................................ 21
1.5.2.nh hng ca lut php v thi ca cng chng............................................... 22
1.5.3. nh hng ca cc yu t a l v t nhin .......................................................... 22
CHNG 2: H THNG THU GOM, TRUNG CHUYN V VN CHUYN CHT
THI RN................................................................................................................................ 24
2.1. CC LOI H THNG THU GOM............................................................................. 24
2.2. CC LOI DCH V THU GOM CHT THI RN ................................................ 24
2.2.1 H thng thu gom cht thi rn cha, khng phn loi ti ngun............................ 24
2.2.2.H thng thu gom cht thi rn phn loi ti ngun:........................................... 26
2.2.3.H thng container di ng: (HCS - Hauled Container System) ............................. 26
2.2.4. H thng container c nh: (SCS - Stationnary Container System) ...................... 26
2.3. PHN TCH H THNG THU GOM .......................................................................... 27
2.3.1.nh ngha cc thut ng .......................................................................................... 27
2

2.3.2.H thng container di ng: ..................................................................................... 28

2.3.3.H thng contianer c nh:...................................................................................... 31
2.4. VCH TUYN THU GOM........................................................................................... 33
2.4.1.Thit lp vch tuyn thu gom: .................................................................................. 33
2.4.2.Thi gian biu:.......................................................................................................... 35
2.5. S CN THIT CA HOT NG TRUNG CHUYN VA VN CHUYN ........ 36
2.5.1.Khong cch vn chuyn kh xa: ............................................................................. 36
2.5.2.Trm x l hay bi t xa ................................................................................. 38
2.5.3.Trm trung chuyn kt hp vi trm ti thu hi vt liu:......................................... 38
2.5.4.Trm trung chuyn bi chn lp v sinh(landfill) ................................................. 38
2.6. CC LOI TRM TRUNG CHUYN......................................................................... 39
2.6.1.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip: ....................................................................... 39
2.6.2.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng cng sut ln khng c my p:............ 39
2.6.3 .Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut ln c my p: .............................. 40
2.6.4. Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut trung bnh v nh c my nn: ..... 40
2.6.5.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut nh s dng vng nng thn: ..... 40
2.6.6.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut nh s dng bi chn lp v sinh:
............................................................................................................................................ 41
2.6.7.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu (storage-load transfer station) .............................. 41
2.6.8.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu cng sut ln khng c my nn: ........................ 41
2.6.9.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu nng sut trung bnh c thit b nn v x l....... 41
2.6.10.Trm trung chuyn kt hp va cht ti trc tip va cht ti tch lu (combined
direct-load and discharge-load) ......................................................................................... 42
CHNG 3: TI CH V X L CHT THI RN ..................................................... 43
3.1. KHI QUT V CC PHNG PHP X L CTR ............................................... 43
3.2. TI CH CHT THI RN (CTR) ............................................................................. 45
3.2.1. Nhu cu ca vn ti ch rc thi ......................................................................... 45
3.2.2.Cc hot ng ti ch, ti sinh v thu hi cht thi .................................................. 45
3.2.3.Thu hi v ti ch cht do ....................................................................................... 46
3.2.4.Vn tp trung thu hi v x l cc cht thi polyme cht do i hi phi gii
quyt ngay trong iu kin sn xut ni c nhu cu cht do, c hai hng: ................... 47
3.2.5. Thu hi v ti ch cc sn phm cao su................................................................... 47
3.2.6. Hot ng thu hi v ti ch cht thi ti Vit Nam................................................ 48
3.3. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP C HC.......................................................... 48
3.3.1. Gim kch thc ...................................................................................................... 48
3.3.2. Phn loi theo kch thc ........................................................................................ 50
3

3.3.3. Phn loi theo t trng khi lng ........................................................................... 50

3.3.4. Phn loi theo in trng v t tnh....................................................................... 50
3.3.5. Nn cht thi rn ...................................................................................................... 50
3.4. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP NHIT............................................................. 51
3.4.1. H thng thiu t ................................................................................................... 51
3.4.2. H thng nhit phn................................................................................................. 51
3.4.3. H thng ha hi thnh kh (bc kh) ...................................................................... 51
3.4.4. Cc h thng kim sot nhim mi trng khng kh cho cc qu trnh nhit .... 52
3.4.5.Cng ngh t........................................................................................................... 53
3.5. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP CHUYN HA SINH HC V HA HC. 54
3.5.1.Qu trnh phn hiu kh ......................................................................................... 54
3.5.2.Qu trnh phn hy cht thi ln men k kh............................................................ 54
3.5.3.Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc .................................................................................. 55
3.6.CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RN....................................................... 55
3.6.1.Cc phng php x l tng qut.............................................................................. 55
3.6.1.1. Phng php c hc......................................................................................... 56
3.6.1.2.Phng php nhit............................................................................................. 58
3.6.1.2.Phng php tuyn cht thi............................................................................. 58
3.6.1.3.Phng php ha l ........................................................................................... 60
3.6.1.4.Cc phng php ha hc................................................................................. 65
3.6.1.5. Cc phng php sinh ha............................................................................... 66
CHNG 4: THNH PHN, TNH CHT V PHN LOI CHT THI NGUY HI
.................................................................................................................................................... 67
4.1. MT S KHI NIM V CTNH................................................................................. 67
4.1.1. Mt s khi nim ..................................................................................................... 67
4.1.2.nh ngha cht thi nguy hi................................................................................... 68
4.2.PHN LOI CHT THI NGUY HI......................................................................... 69
4.2.1. Cc cch phn loi ................................................................................................... 69
4.2.2.Cc h thng phn loi: ............................................................................................ 69
4.2.2.1. Phn loi theo UNEP ....................................................................................... 69
4.2.2.2. Phn loi theo TCVN ..................................................................................... 71
4.2.2.3.Phn loi theo ngun pht sinh ......................................................................... 73
4.2.2.4. Phn loi theo c im cht thi nguy hi ..................................................... 73
4.2.2.5. Phn loi theo mc c hi ......................................................................... 73
4.2.2.6. Phn loi theo mc gy hi ......................................................................... 74
4.2.2.7. H thng phn loi k thut .............................................................................. 74
4

4.2.2.8. H thng phn loi theo danh sch .................................................................. 75

4.3. NGUN GC CHT THI NGUY HI ..................................................................... 76
4.4. NH HNG CA CHT THI NGUY HI ........................................................... 77
4.4.1. Anh hng n mi trng ..................................................................................... 77
4.4.2. Anh hng n x hi.............................................................................................. 79
CHNG 5: VN AN TON TRONG LU TR, VN CHUYN V QUN L
CHT THI NGUY HI ....................................................................................................... 80
5.1. VN QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI ........................................................... 80
5.1.1.Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun.................................................................................. 80
5.1.2. Thu gom, lu gi v vn chuyn Cht Thi Nguy Hi ........................................... 81
5.2.AN TON TRONG LU GI CHT THI NGUY HI............................................ 81
5.2.1 ng gi CTR nguy hi ........................................................................................... 81
5.2.2. Dn nhn CTR nguy hi.......................................................................................... 82
5.2.3 Thao tc vn hnh an ton kho lu tr ..................................................................... 82
5.2.4. Yu cu v kho lu tr ............................................................................................ 83
5.2.5. Cc k thut lu tr ha cht................................................................................... 84
5.3. AN TON TRONG VN CHUYN V QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI ....... 84
CHNG 6: TI CH V X L CHT THI NGUY HI ......................................... 86
6.1. CC PHNG PHP TI CH CHT THI NGUY HI ....................................... 86
6.2 CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI NGUY HI ........................................... 86
6.1.1. Tng quan v cc phng php x l Cht Thi Nguy Hi .................................... 86
6.1.2. Phng php x l CTNH Vit Nam ................................................................... 88
6.1.2.1. Cng ngh x l Ho - L................................................................................. 88
6.1.2.2. Cng ngh thiu t.......................................................................................... 90
6.1.2.3. Cng ngh Chn Lp ........................................................................................ 92
6.1.3 Cc c s c kh nng x l CTNH trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh.............. 96
CHNG 7: S C V NH GI, PHNG TRNH S C VI CHT THI
NGUY HI ............................................................................................................................... 99
7.1.S C MI TRNG DO CHT THI NGUY HI................................................. 99
7.2. NH GI S C DO CHT THI NGUY HI...................................................... 99
7.2.1. Tc ng tc thi ..................................................................................................... 99
7.2.2.Tc ng lu di...................................................................................................... 101
7.2.2.1. S tip xc v tch ly CTNH i vi con ngi ............................................ 101
7.2.2.2. S bin i CTNH vo mi trng................................................................. 103
CHNG 8: CNG C PHP L V CHNH SCH QUN L CHT THI RN
V CHT THI NGUY HI .............................................................................................. 106
5

8.1 CC CNG C PHP L QUN L CTR V CHT THI NGUY HI............. 106
8.1.1. Cc phng php qun l ...................................................................................... 106
8.1.2. C cu lut mc ch l to nn c s php l thng nht, m bo mi trng
cng bng vi cc i tng............................................................................................ 106
8.1.3. Cng c hnh chnh mc ch l thc hin v h tr vic thi hnh c cu lut v c
cu chnh sch.................................................................................................................. 106
8.1.4. Gio dc cng ng mc ch l nng cao nhn thc, nhim v v trch nhim ca
cng ng v qun l cht thi. ....................................................................................... 107
8.1.5. C cu kinh t mc ch l to tnh trng kch thch v kinh t cng nh s n nh
v th trng..................................................................................................................... 107
8.1.6. H thng k thut mc ch m bo tch cht thi khi dng lun chuyn v a
v trng thi t c hi sau s c thi b................................................................. 107
8.2. CC C CH, CHNH SCH QUN L CTR V CTNH...................................... 108
8.2.1.Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun................................................................................ 108
8.2.2. Cc phng php phc hi cht thi v phm vi ng dng: ................................. 110

CHNG 0
M U
0.1. KHI NIM CHT THI RN
Cht thi rn (CTR) c hiu l tt c cc cht thi pht sinh do cc hot ng ca con
ngi v ng vt tn ti dng rn, c thi b khi khng cn hu dng hay khi khng
mun dng na.
Thut ng cht thi rn c s dng trong ti liu ny l bao hm tt c cc cht rn hn
hp thi ra t cng ng dn c th cng nh cc cht thi rn c th t cc ngnh sn
xut nng nghip, cng nghip, khai khong ... Ti liu ny c bit quan tm n cht thi rn
th, bi v s tch lu v lu ton cht thi rn c kh nng nh hng rt ln n mi
trng sng ca con ngi.
0.2. S LC LCH S PHT TRIN V QUN L CTR
Cht thi rn c t khi con ngi c mt trn tri t. Con ngi v ng vt khai thc
v s dng cc ngun ti nguyn trn tri t phc v cho i sng ca mnh v thi ra cc
cht thi rn.Khi y, s thi b cc cht thi t hot ng ca con ngi khng gy ra vn
nhim mi trng trm trng bi v mt dn c cn thp. Bn cnh din tch t cn
rng nn kh nng ng ho cc cht thi rn rt ln, do khng lm tn hi n mi
trng.
Khi x hi pht trin, con ngi sng tp hp thnh cc nhm, b lc, lng, cm dn c
th s tch ly cc cht thi rn tr thnh mt trong nhng vn nghim trng i vi cuc
sng ca nhn loi. Thc phm tha v cc loi cht thi khc b thi b ba bi khp ni
trong cc th trn, trn cc ng ph, trc l giao thng, cc khu t trng to mi trng
thun li cho s sinh sn v pht trin ca cc loi gm nhm nh chut ... Cc loi gm nhm
l im ta cho cc sinh vt k sinh nh l b cht sinh sng v pht trin.Chng l nguyn
nhn gy nn bnh dch hch.Do khng c k hoch qun l cht thi rn nn cc mm bnh
do n gy ra lan truyn trm trng Chu u vo gia th k 14.
Mi n th k 19, vic kim sot dch bnh nhm bo v sc khe cng ng mi c
quan tm.Ngi ta nhn thy rng cc cht thi rn nh thc phm d tha phi c thu gom
v tiu hu hp v sinh th mi c th kim sot cc loi gm nhm, rui, mui cng nh cc
vect truyn bnh.
Mi quan h gia sc kho cng ng vi vic lu tr, thu gom v vn chuyn cc cht
thi khng hp l th hin r rng. C nhiu bng chng cho thy cc bi rc khng hp v
sinh, cc cn nh chut, cc ni cha thc phm tha l mi trng thun li cho chut,
rui, mui v cc vectors truyn bnh sinh sn, pht trin.
Vic qun l cht thi rn khng hp l l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy
nhim mi trng (t, nc, khng kh).V d cc bi rc khng hp v sinh lm nhim
bn cc ngun: nc mt, nc ngm bi nc r rc, gy nhim khng kh bi mi hi. Kt
qu nghin cu khoa hc cho thy gn 22 cn bnh ca con ngi lin quan n vic qun
l cht thi rn khng hp l.
Cc phng php ph bin nht c s dng x l cht thi rn t u th k 20 l:

Thi b trn cc khu t trng

Thi b vo mi trng nc (sng, h, bin )

Chn lp
7

Gim thiu v t

Hin nay, h thng qun l cht thi rn khng ngng pht trin, c bit l M v cc
nc cng nghip tin tin.Nhiu h thng qun l rc vi hiu qu cao ra i nh s kt hp
ng n gia cc thnh phn sau y:

Lut php v quy nh qun l cht thi rn

H thng t chc qun l

Quy hoch qun l

Cng ngh x l

S hnh thnh v ra i ca cc lut l v quy nh v qun l cht thi rn ngy cng

cht ch gp phn nng cao hiu qu ca h thng qun l cht thi rn hin nay

CHNG 1: NGUN GC, THNH PHN, TNH CHT CA

CHT THI RN
1.1. NGUN GC PHT SINH CTR
Ngun gc pht sinh, thnh phn v tc pht sinh ca cht thi rn l c s quan trng
trong thit k, la chn cng ngh x l v xut cc chng trnh qun l cht thi rn thch
hp.
C nhiu cch phn loi ngun gc pht sinh cht thi rn khc nhau nhng phn loi
theo cch thng thng nht l:
1. Khu dn c
2. Khu thng mi
3. C quan, cng s
4. Khu xy dng v ph hy cc cng trnh xy dng
5. Khu cng cng
6. Nh my x l cht thi
7. Cng nghip
8. Nng nghip.
Cht thi th c th xem nh cht thi cng cng, ngoi tr cc cht thi t qu trnh
ch bin ti cc khu cng nghip v cht thi nng nghip.
Cht thi rn pht sinh t nhiu ngun khc nhau, cn c vo c im cht thi c th
phn chia thnh 3 nhm ln: Cht thi th, cng nghip v cht thi nguy hi. Ngun thi
ca rc thi th rt kh qun l ti cc ni t trng (open area), bi v ti cc v tr ny s
pht sinh cc ngun cht thi l mt qu trnh pht tn.
Cht thi nguy hi thng pht sinh ti cc khu cng nghip, do nhng thng tin v
ngun gc pht sinh v c tnh cc cht thi nguy hi ca cc loi hnh cng nghip khc
nhau l rt cn thit. Cc hin tng nh chy trn, r r cc loi ho cht cn phi c bit ch
, bi v chi ph thu gom v x l cc cht thi nguy hi b chy trn rt ton km. V d, cht
thi nguy hi b hp ph bi cc vt liu d ngm nc nh rm r, v dung dch ho cht b
thm vo trong t th phi o bi t x l. Lc ny, cc cht thi nguy hi bao gm cc
thnh phn cht lng chy trn, cht hp ph (rm, r), v c t b nhim.
1.2. THNH PHN CA CTR
Thnh phn ca cht thi rn biu hin s ng gp v phn phi ca cc phn ring bit
m t to nn dng cht thi, thng thng c tnh bng phn trm khi lng. Thng tin
v thnh phn cht thi rn ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic nh gi v la chn nhng
thit b thch hp x l, cc qu trnh x l cng nh vic hoch nh cc h thng, chng
trnh v k hoch qun l cht thi rn.
Thng thng trong rc thi th, rc thi t cc khu dn c v thng mi chim t l
cao nht t 50-75%. Phn trm ng gp ca mi thnh phn cht thi rn Gi tr phn b s
thay i tu thuc vo s m rng cc hot ng xy dng, sa cha, s m rng ca cc dch
v th cng nh cng ngh s dng trong x l nc. Thnh phn ring bit ca cht thi
rn thay i theo v tr a l, thi gian, ma trong nm, iu kin kinh t v ty thuc vo thu
nhp ca tng quc gia
9

Bng 1.1. Ngun gc cc loi cht thi

Ngun pht sinh

Ni pht sinh

Cc dng cht thi rn

Khu dn c

H gia nh, bit th, chung Thc phm d tha, giy, can nha,
c.
thu tinh, can thic, nhm.

Khu thng mi

Nh kho, nh hng, ch, khch Giy, nha, thc phm tha, thy tinh,
sn, nh tr, cc trm sa cha kim loi, cht thi nguy hi.
v dch v.

C quan, cng s
Cng trnh
xy dng v
ph hu
Khu cng cng

Trng hc, bnh vin, vn Giy, nha, thc phm tha, thy tinh,
phng, cng s nh nc.
kim loi, cht thi nguy hi.
Khu nh xy dng mi, sa Gch, b tng, thp, g, thch cao,
cha nng cp m rng ng bi,...
ph, cao c, san nn xy dng.
ng ph, cng vin, khu vui
chi gii tr, bi tm.
Rc vn, cnh cy ct ta, cht thi
chung ti cc khu vui chi, gii tr.

Nh my x l nc cp, nc
thi v cc qu trnh x l cht Bn, tro
thi cng nghip khc.

Cng nghip xy dng, ch

Nh my x l cht to, cng nghip nng, nh, lc
thi th
du, ho cht, nhit in.
ng c, ng rung, vn Cht thi do qu trnh ch bin cng
nghip, ph liu, v cc rc thi sinh
cy n qu, nng tri.
hot.
Cng nghip
Thc phm b thi ra, sn phm nng
nghip tha, rc, cht c hi.
Nng nghip
Ngun: Integrated Solid Waste Management, McGRAW-HILL 1993
Bng 1.2. Thnh phn cht thi rn th (TPHCM)
Phn loi bc 1
1. Giy

Phn loi bc 2
Giy loi tr bo v tp ch

V d
Giy photocopy

Bo
Tp ch v cc loi c in n khc

Cc t ri qung co

Giy ba c lp sn gn sng

Ba c ph sp
10

2. Cht do

Giy ba khng c lp sn gn sng

Hp ng dy

Giy ba dng ng cht lng hoc c

nhiu lp

Ti cha sa, nc gii

kht

Khn giy v giy v sinh

T lt tr em

PET

Chai nc khong

HDPE
LDPE
PVC

3. Hu c

Khc

Phim nh

a thnh phn

Nha ABS

Xc gia sc, gia cm

Cht thi t qu trnh lm vn: l cy, c v
cc cht thi khc t qu trnh ct ta
Thc phm
Phn gia sc, gia cm
Ph thi t cc nng sn
Vi v cc sn phm dt may
Sm, lp v cc sn phm cao su
Da
G

4. Kim loi en

St
Bao b thic

5. Kim loi mu

6. Thu tinh

Bao b g, pallet, mt ca

V lon

Kim loi mu
Bao b nhm

V lon

Chai thu tinh c th ti ch

V chai bia, nc gii

kht

Chai thu tinh trong

Chai thu tinh mu
11

Knh
7. Xa ban

Gach ngoi
Be tong
at
Gach cao su va cac san pham dung
trong xay dng khac

8. Khc, nguy hi
tim tng

Ci cht thi nguy hi dng trong gia nh

Sn, cc bao b cha ho

cht gia dng

Tro
Cht thi y t
Cht thi cng nghip
Khc
1.3. TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN
1.3.1.Tnh cht vt l ca cht thi rn
Nhng tnh cht vt l quan trng nht ca cht thi rn th l khi lng ring, m,
kch thc, s cp phi ht, kh nng gi m thc t v xp ca CTR
1.3.1.1 Khi lng ring
Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn c nh ngha l trng lng ca mt n v vt
cht tnh trn 1 n v th tch cht thi (kg/m3). Bi v Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn thay
i tu thuc vo nhng trng thi ca chng nh: xp, cha trong cc thng cha container,
khng nn, nn nn khi bo co d liu v khi lng hay th tch cht thi rn, gi tr khi
lng ring phi ch thch trng thi (khi lng ring) ca cc mu rc mt cch r rng v
d liu khi lng ring rt cn thit c s dng c lng tng khi lng v th tch
rc cn phi qun l.
Khi lng ring thay i ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: v tr a l, ma trong nm,
thi gian lu gi cht thi. Do cn phi thn trng khi la chn gi tr thit k. Khi lng
ring ca cht thi th dao ng trong khong 180 400 kg/m3, in hnh khong 300
kg/m3.
Phng php xc nh khi lng ring ca cht thi rn
Mu cht thi rn c s dng xc nh khi lng ring c th tch khong 500 lt
sau khi xo trn u bng k thut mt phn t. Cc bc tin hnh nh sau:
1. nh mu cht thi rn vo thng th nghim c th tch bit (tt nht l thng c
th tch 100 lt) cho n khi cht thi y n ming thng.
2. Nng thng ln cch mt sn khong 30 cm v th ri t do xung 4 ln.
3. nh mu cht thi rn vo thng th nghim b vo cht thi nn xung.
4. Cn v ghi khi lng ca c v thng th nghim v cht thi rn.
12

5. Tr khi lng cn c trn cho khi lng ca v thng th nghim thu c khi
lng ca cht thi rn th nghim.
6. Chia khi lng CTR cho th tch ca thng th nghim thu c khi lng ring ca
cht thi rn.
7. Lp li th nghim t nht 2 ln v ly gi tr khi lng ring trung bnh.
1.3.1.2. m
m ca cht thi rn c biu din bng mt trong 2 phng php sau: Phng php
khi lng t v phng php khi lng kh.
Theo phng php khi lng t: tnh theo khi lng t ca vt liu l phn trm
khi lng t ca vt liu.
Theo phng php khi lng kh: m tnh theo khi lng kh ca vt liu l phn
trm khi lng kh vt liu.
Phng php khi lng t c s dng ph bin trong lnh vc qun l cht thi rn.
m theo phng php khi lng t c tnh nh sau:
a= {(w d )/ w} x 100
Trong : a: m, % khi lng
W: khi lng mu ban u, kg
d: khi lng mu sau khi sy kh 105oC, kg

13

Bng 1.3. m ca cc thnh phn trong CTR th

Thnh phn

% khi lng

m (% khi lng)

Thc phm tha

9,0

70

Giy

34,0

Giy carton

6,0

Nha

7,0

Vi vn

2,0

10

Cao su

0,5

Da

0,5

10

Cht thi trong vn

18,5

60

2,0

20

Thy tinh

8,0

Can thic

6,0

Nhm

0,5

Kim loi khc

3,0

Bi, tro,

3,0

Cht hu c

Cht v c

100,0
Ngun: Integrated Solid Waste Management, McGRAW-HILL 1993
Bi tp v d 1.1: c tnh m (%) ca CTR t khu th khi bit thnh phn khi
lng ca n.
Gii p:
1. Thit lp bng tnh da vo d liu v cng thc 2-1

14

Thnh phn

% khi lng

m,
(% khi lng)

Khi lng kh
(kg)

Cht hu c
2,7

Thc phm tha

9,0

Giy

34,0

70

32,0

Giy carton

6,0

5,7

Nha

7,0

6,9

Vi vn

2,0

1,8

Cao su

0,5

10

0,5

Da

0,5

0,4

18,5

10

7,4

2,0

60

1,6

Cht thi
vn

trong

20

Cht v c

8,0

Thy tinh

6,0

5,8

Can thic

0,5

0,5

Nhm

3,0

2,9

Kim loi khc

3,0

2,8

100,0

78,8

Bi, tro

7,8

Xc nh m ca cht thi s dng cng thc 2-1

m ca mu cht thi rn (%) = (100 78,8)/100 = 21,2%
1.3.1.3 Kch thc v cp phi ht
Kch thc v cp phi ht ca cc thnh phn trong cht thi rn ng vai tr rt quan
trng trong vic tnh ton v thit k cc phng tin c kh nh: thu hi vt liu, c bit l
s dng cc sng lc phn loi bng my hoc phn chia loi bng phng php t tnh. Kch
thc ca tng thnh phn cht thi c th xc nh bng mt hoc nhiu phng php nh
sau:
SC = l

(2-2)

SC = (l + w)/2

(2-3)

SC = (l + w + h)/3

(2-4)

1/2

SC = (l x w)

(2-5)

SC = (l x w x h)1/3

(2-6)

Trong : SC

: kch thc ca cc thnh phn

15

: chiu di, (mm)

: chiu rng, (mm)

: chiu cao, (mm)

Khi s dng cc phng php khc nhau th kt qu s c s sai lch. Do tu thuc

vo hnh dng kch thc ca cht thi m chng ta chn phng php o lng cho ph hp.
V d: tnh ton kch thc cp phi ht ca can nhm, can thic, thu tinh da vo phng
trnh 2.5
1.3.1.4. Kh nng gi nc thc t
Kh nng gi nc thc t ca cht thi rn l ton b lng nc m n c th gi li
trong mu cht thi di tc dng ca trng lc. Kh nng gi nc ca cht thi rn l mt
ch tiu quan trng trong vic tnh ton xc nh lng nc r r t bi rc. Nc i vo mu
cht thi rn vt qu kh nng gi nc s thot ra to thnh nc r r. Kh nng gi nc
thc t thay i ph thuc vo p lc nn v trng thi phn hu ca cht thi. Kh nng gi
nc ca hn hp cht thi rn (khng nn) t cc khu dn c v thng mi dao ng trong
khong 50-60%.
1.3.1.5. thm (tnh thm) ca cht thi c nn
Tnh dn nc ca cht thi c nn l mt tnh cht vt l quan trng, n s chi phi
v iu khin s di chuyn ca cc cht lng (nc r r, nc ngm, nc thm) v cc kh
bn trong bi rc. H s thm c tnh nh sau:
K = Cd2

=k

Trong : K: h s thm, m2/s

C: hng s khng th nguyn
d: kch thc trung bnh ca cc l rng trong rc, m
: trng lng ring ca nc, kg.m2/s
: nht vn ng ca nc, Pa
k : thm ring, m2
S hng Cd2 c bit nh thm ring. thm ring k = Cd2 ph thuc ch yu vo
tnh cht ca cht thi rn bao gm: s phn b kch thc cc l rng, b mt ring, tnh gc
cnh, rng. Gi tr in hnh cho thm ring i vi cht thi rn c nn trong bi rc
nm trong khong 10-11 10-12 m2/s theo phng ng v khong 10-10 theo phng
ngang.
1.4. XC NH KHI LNG CTR
1.4.1.Tm quan trng ca vic xc nh khi lng cht thi rn

16

Xc nh khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh v thu gom cht thi l mt trong nhng im
quan trng ca vic qun l cht thi rn. Nhng s liu v tng khi lng pht sinh cng
nh khi lng cht thi rn thu hi ti tun hon c s dng :
- Hoch nh hoc nh gi kt qu ca chng trnh thu hi, ti ch, tun hon vt
liu.
- Thit k cc phng tin, thit b vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn.
Vic thit k cc xe chuyn dng thu gom cc cht thi rn c phn loi ti
ngun ph thuc vo khi lng ca cc thnh phn cht thi ring bit. Kch thc ca cc
phng tin ph thuc vo lng cht thi thu gom cng nh s thay i ca chng theo tng
gi, tng ngy, hng tun, hng thng. Tng t, kch thc ca bi rc cng ph thuc vo
lng cht thi rn cn li phi em b sau khi ti sinh hon ton.
1.4.2. Cc phng php tnh ton khi lng cht thi rn
Cc phng php thng c s dng c lng khi lng cht thi rn l:
- Phng php phn tch khi lng - th tch
- Phng php m ti
- Phng php cn bng vt cht
Cc phng php ny khng tiu biu cho tt c cc trng hp m phi p dng n tu
thuc vo nhng trng hp c th.
Cc n v thng c s dng biu din khi lng cht thi rn l:
- Khu vc dn c v thng mi: Kg/(ngi.ngy m)
- Khu vc cng nghip: kg/tn sn phm; kg/ca
- Khu vc nng nghip: Kg/tn sn phm th;
1.4.2.1. Phng php khi lng - th tch
Trong phng php ny khi lng hoc th tch (hoc c khi lng v th tch) ca
cht thi rn c xc nh tnh ton khi lng cht thi rn. Phng php o th tch
thng c sai s cao.
V d 1m3 cht thi rn xp (khng nn) s c khi lng nh hn 1m3 cht thi rn
c nn cht trong xe thu gom v cng c khi lng khc so vi cht thi rn c nn rt
cht bi chn lp. V vy nu o bng th tch th kt qu phi c bo co km theo mc
nn cht ca cht thi hay l khi lng ring ca cht thi rn iu kin nghin cu.
trnh nhm ln v r rng, khi lng cht thi rn nn phi c biu din bng
phng php cn khi lng. Khi lng l c s nghin cu chnh xc nht bi v trng ti ca
xe ch rc c th cn trc tip vi bt k mc nn cht no ca cht thi rn. Nhng s
liu v khi lng rt cn thit trong tnh ton vn chuyn bi v khi lng cht thi rn vn
chuyn b hn ch bi ti trng mt cho php ca trc l giao thng. Mc khc phng
php xc nh c th tch v khi lng rt quan trng trong tnh ton thit k cng sut bi
chn lp rc, trong cc s liu c thu thp trong khong thi gian di bng cch cn v
o th tch xe thu gom.
1.4.2.2.Phng php m ti
Trong phng php ny s lng xe thu gom, c im v tnh cht ca cht thi tng
ng (loi cht thi, th tch c lng) c ghi nhn trong sut mt thi gian di. Khi lng
17

cht thi pht sinh trong thi gian kho st (gi l khi lng n v) s c tnh ton bng
cch s dng cc s liu thu thp ti khu vc nghin cu trn v cc s liu bit trc.
1.4.2.3. Phng php cn bng vt cht
y l phng php cho kt qu chnh xc nht, thc hin cho tng ngun pht sinh
ring l nh cc h dn c, nh my cng nh cho khu cng nghip v khu thng mi.
Phng php ny s cho nhng d liu ng tin cy cho chng trnh qun l cht thi rn.
Cc bc thc hin cn bng vt liu gm nhng bc thc hin nh sau:
Bc 1: Hnh thnh mt hp gii hn nghin cu. y l mt bc quan trng
bi v trong nhiu trng hp khi la chn gii hn ca h thng pht sinh cht
thi rn thch hp s a n cch tnh ton n gin.
Bc 2: Nhn din tt c cc hot ng pht sinh cht thi rn xy ra bn trong h
thng nghin cu m n nh hng n khi lng cht thi rn.
Bc 3: Xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn lin quan n cc hot ng nhn
din bc 2.
Bc 4: S dng cc mi quan h ton hc xc nh cht thi rn pht sinh,
thu gom v lu tr.
Cn bng khi lng vt liu c biu hin bng cc cng thc sau:
a. Dng tng qut:
cc
Khi lng vt
liu tch ly bn
trong h thng
(tch lu)

Khi lng vt
liu i vo h
thng
(nguyn + vt
liu)

cc

Khi lng
vt liu i
ra khi h
thng
(sn phm,
vt liu)

Khi lng
cht thi pht
sinh bn trong
h thng
(cht thi rn +
kh + nc
thi)

b. Dng n gin
Tch ly = vo - ra - pht sinh
c. Biu din di dng ton hc

d
= Mvo - Mra - rw x t
dt
Trong :
dM/dt

:
: Tc thay i khi lng vt liu tch ly bn trong h thng nghin
cu (kg/ngy, T/ngy)

Mvo : Tng cng khi lng vt liu i vo h thng nghin cu (kg/ngy)

Mra

: Tng cng cc khi lng vt liu i ra h thng nghin cu (kg/ngy)

rwcc

: Tc pht sinh cht thi (kg/ngy)

Trong mt s qu trnh chuyn ho sinh hc, v d: sn xut phn compost khi lng
ca cht hu c s gim xung, nn s hng rw s l gi tr m. Khi vit phng trnh cn bng
khi lng th tc pht sinh lun lun c vit l s hng dng.
18

Trong thc t, kh khn gp phi khi p dng phng trnh cn bng vt liu l phi
xc nh tt c cc khi lng vt liu vo v ra ca h thng nghin cu.
Bi tp v d 1.2: c tnh lng cht thi pht sinh bnh qun trn u ngi t khu
dn c da vo cc d liu sau:
- Khu dn c gm 1.500 h dn
- Mi h dn gm 6 nhn khu
- Thi gian tin hnh gim st l 7 ngy
- Tng s xe p rc: 9 xe
- Th tch mt xe p rc: 15m3
-

Tng s xe y tay: 20 xe

- Th tch xe t nhn: 0,75m3

- Bit rng khi lng ring ca rc trn xe p rc l 300kg/m3 v xe y tay l
100kg/m3
Gii p:
Xc nh lng CTR thu gom trong 1 tun ti khu dn c
Phng tin
-

Xe p rc

Xe t nhn

Th tch (m3)

Khi lng ring

(kg/m3)

khi lng (kg)

15

300

40.500

0,75

100

1.500
42.000

tngs, kg/tun
Xc nh lng rc pht sinh tnh trn u ngi:

42.000kg / tuan
n
1.500 6 7 ngay/tua

= 0,67 kg/(ngi.ngy)
Bi tp v d 1.3: c tnh lng cht thi pht sinh da vo cn bng vt cht:
Mt nh my ch bin hp nhn 12 tn nguyn liu th sn xut: 5 tn can cha
cc sn phm, 0,5 tn giy carton lm thng cha cc sn phm v 0,3 tn cc loi nguyn
liu khc.
Trong s 12 tn nguyn liu th th lng sn phm c ch bin l 10 tn; 1,2 tn ph
thi c s dng lm thc n gia sc v 0,8 tn c thi b vo h thng x l nc thi.
Trong s 5 tn can c nhp vo nh my th 4 tn c lu tr trong kho s dng
trong tng lai, phn cn li c s dng ng hp; trong s can c s dng c 3% b
hng v c tch ring ti ch.
Lng giy carton nhp vo nh my c s dng ht, trong s c 5% b hng v
c tch ring ti ch.
19

Trong s cc loi nguyn liu khc c nhp vo nh my th 25% c lu tr v s

dng trong tng lai; 25% thi b nh cht thi rn, 50% cn li l hn hp cc loi cht thi
v trong s c 35% c dng ti ch, phn cn li c xem nh cht thi rn em i
thi b.
- Thit lp s cn bng vt liu da vo cc d kin trn
- Xc nh lng cht thi pht sinh khi sn xut 1 tn sn phm?
Gii p:
1.

u vo ca nh my sn xut hp

- 12 tn nguyn liu th
- 5 tn can
- 0,5 tn giy carton
- 0,3 tn cc loi nguyn liu khc.
2.

Cc dng lun chuyn trong qu trnh sn xut:

a. 10 tn sn phm c sn xut; 1,2 tn c lm thc n gia sc; 0,8 tn c thi

vo h thng x l nc thi.
b. 4 tn can c lu tr trong kho; 1 tn c s dng ng hp; 3% trong s c
s dng b hng v c dng ti ch.
c. 0,5 tn carton c s dng v 5% trong s c s dng b hng v em i ti ch.
d. 25% cc loi nguyn liu khc c lu tr; 25% thi b nh l cht thi rn; 50%
cn li l hn hp cc loi cht thi v trong s th 35% c dng ti ch,
phn cn li c xem nh cht thi rn em i thi b.
3.

Xc nh s lng cc dng vt cht

a. Cht thi pht sinh t nguyn liu th

+

Cht thi c s dng lm thc n gia sc: 1,2 tn

Cht thi c a vo h thng x l nc thi: 12 - 10 -1.2 = 0,8 tn.

Can b hng v s dng ti ch: 0,03. (5-4) = 0,03 tn

S dng ng hp: 1 - 0,03 = 0,97 tn

b. Can

c. Giy carton
+

Giy b h hng v s dng ti ch: 0,05 x 0,5 = 0,025tn

Giy c s dng ng thng: 0,5 - 0,025 = 0,475tn

d. Cc loi vt liu khc

+

S lng lu tr: 0,25 x 0,3 = 0,075 tn

Giy c ti ch: 0,5 x 0,35 x 0,3 = 0,053 tn

Hn hp cht thi: (0,3 -0,075 - 0,053) = 0,172 tn

Tng khi lng sn phm: 10 + 0,97 + 0,475 = 11,445 tn

Tng khi lng vt liu lu tr: 4 + 0,075 = 4,075 tn
20

4 Chun b bng cn bng vt liu

a. Tng khi lng cc vt liu lu tr = Vt liu vo - vt liu ra - cht thi pht sinh
b.

Cn bng vt liu

- Vt liu lu tr = (4 + 0,075) tn = 4,075 tn

- Vt liu u vo = (12 + 5,0 + 0,5 + 0,3) tn = 17,8 tn
- Vt liu u ra = (10 + 1,2 + 0,97 + 0,03 + 0,475 + 0,025 + 0,053) = 12,753 tn
- Cht thi pht sinh = (0,8 + 0,172) tn = 0,972 tn
- Kim tra cn bng vt cht: 17,8 - 12,753 - 0,972 = 4,075
c.

Thit lp s cn bng vt liu

12 tn nguyn liu
th
5 tn can
0,5 tn giy carton
0,3 tn cc loi vt
liu khc

Vt cht lu tr
trong h thng
4,075 tn

0,8 tn cht thi

a vo h thng
x l nc thi

11,445 tn sn phm
1,2 tn ph thi lm
TAGS
0,03 tn can ti ch
0,025 tn carton ti ch
0,053 tn cc loi vt liu
khc ti ch

0,172 tn hn
hp cht thi rn

5 Xc nh lng cht thi pht sinh khi sn xut 1 tn sn phm

a.

Vt liu ti ch = (1,2 + 0,03 + 0,025 + 0,053) tn/11,445 tn = 0,11 (T/T sp)

b.

Hn hp cht thi rn = (0,8 + 0,172) tn/11,445 tn = 0,08 (T/T sp)

1.5. CC YU T NH HNG N THNH PHN V KHI LNG CHT

THI
Cc yu t nh hng n khi lng cht thi rn bao gm:
Cc hot ng gim thiu ti ngun v ti sinh
Lut php v thi chp hnh lut php ca ngi dn
Cc yu t a l t nhin
1.5.1. nh hng cc hot ng ti sinh v gim thiu khi lng cht thi rn ti
ngun:
Trong sn xut, gim thiu cht thi rn c thc hin xuyn sut t khu thit k, sn
xut v ng gi sn phm nhm gim n mc ti thiu vic s dng ho cht c hi,
nguyn nhin liu u vo v to ra sn phm c thi gian s dng lu hn. Gim thiu cht
21

thi rn ti ngun c th thc hin bng cch thit k, sn xut v ng gi cc sn phm bng
cc loi vt liu hay bao b vi th tch nh nht, hm lng c t thp nht, hay s dng cc
loi vt liu c thi gian s dng lu di hn.
Gim thiu ti ngun c th thc hin ti cc h gia nh, khu thng mi hay khu cng
nghip (through selective buying patterns and the resue of products and materials).
Gim thiu ti ngun ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong qun l cht thi rn bi v
gim thiu ti ngun ng ngha vi gim thiu mt lng ng k cht thi rn
Sau y l mt vi cch c th p dng nhm mc ch lm gim cht thi ti ngun:
- Gim phn bao b khng cn thit hay tha
- Pht trin v s dng cc sn phm bn v c kh nng sa cha
- Thay th cc sn phm ch s dng mt ln bng cc sn phm c th ti s dng (v
d cc loi dao, na, da c th ti s dng, cc loi thng cha c th s dng li)
- S dng tit kim nguyn liu (v d: giy photocopy 2 mt)
- Gia tng cc sn phm s dng vt liu ti sinh cc vt liu ti sinh cha trong cc sn
phm
- Pht trin cc chnh sch khuyn khch cc nh sn xut gim thiu cht thi.
- Chng trnh ti ch thch hp, hiu qu cho php gim ng k lng cht thi cn
phi chn lp.
1.5.2.nh hng ca lut php v thi ca cng chng
- Thi , quan im ca qun chng: khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh ra s gim
ng k nu ngi dn bng lng v sn sng thay i mun c nhn, tp qun v
cch sng ca h duy tr v bo v ti nguyn thin nhin ng thi gim gnh
nng kinh t, iu ny c ngha quan trng trong cng tc c lin quan n vn
qun l cht thi rn. Chng trnh gio dc thng xuyn l c s dn n s
thay i thay ca cng chng.
- Lut php: yu t quan trng nht nh hng n s pht sinh v khi lng cht thi
rn l s ban hnh cc lut l, qui nh c lin quan n vic s dng cc vt liu v
b ph thi, V d nh: qui nh v cc loi vt liu lm thng cha v bao b,
Chnh nhng qui nh ny n khuyn khch vic mua v s dng li cc loi chai, l
cha
1.5.3. nh hng ca cc yu t a l v t nhin
Cc yu t t nhin nh hng n cht thi rn bao gm:
- V tr a l
- V tr a l nh hng n c khi lng cht thi pht sinh cng nh thi gian pht
sinh cht thi. V d: tc pht sinh rc vn thng khc nhau nhng vng c
kh hu khc nhau. Min nam nc ta c kh hu m p v ma nng (growing
season) di hn so vi min bc, khi lng v thi gian pht sinh rc vn thng
nhiu hn.
- Thi tit
- Khi lng pht sinh cht thi rn ph thuc rt nhiu vo thi tit. V d: vo ma
nng cht thi rn l thc phm tha cha nhiu rau v tri cy.
22

- Tn xut thu gom cht thi

- Cng c nhiu dch v thu gom, cng nhiu cht thi rn c thu gom, nhng khng
biu hin c rng tc pht sinh cht thi rn cng tng theo.
- c im ca khu vc phc v.
- Tnh c th ca khu vc phc v nh hng nhiu n tc pht sinh cht thi
trong khu vc. V d: tc pht sinh cht thi tnh theo u ngi khu vc ngi
giu thng nhiu hn so vi khu vc ngi ngho. Nhng nhn t khc nh hng
n rc vn bao gm: din tch t, tn sut sa cha (the frequency of yard
maintenance), cnh quang khu vc (the degree of landscaping).

23

CHNG 2: H THNG THU GOM, TRUNG CHUYN V

VN CHUYN CHT THI RN
2.1. CC LOI H THNG THU GOM
Thu gom cht thi rn l qu trnh thu nht rc thi t cc nh dn, cc cng s hay t
nhng im thu gom, cht chung ln xe v ch n a im x l, chuyn tip, trung chuyn
hay chn lp.
Thu gom cht thi rn trong khu th l vn kh khn v phc tp bi v cht thi rn
khu dn c, thng mi v cng nghip pht sinh t mi nh, mi khu thng mi, cng
nghip cng nh trn cc ng ph, cng vin v ngay c khu vc trng. S pht trin nh
nm ca cc vng ngoi ln cn trung tm th lm phc tp thm cho cng tc thu
gom.
Khi cht thi rn pht sinh phn tn (khng tp trung) vi tng khi lng cht thi rn
tng cng gia tng th cng tc thu gom tr nn kh khn phc tp hn bi v chi ph nhin
liu v nhn cng cao. Trong ton b tin chi tr cho cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn v b
cht thi rn, chi ph cho cng tc thu gom chim khong 50-70% tng chi ph v thu gom h
thng qun l. y l mt vn quan trng bi v ch cn ci tin mt phn nh trong hot
ng thu gom c th tit kim ng k chi ph chung. Cng tc thu gom c xem xt 4 kha
cnh nh sau:
+ Cc loi dch v thu gom.
+ Cc h thng thu gom, loi thit b s dng v yu cu v nhn cng ca cc h thng
.
+ Phn tch h thng thu gom, bao gm cc quan h ton hc c th s dng tnh
ton nhn cng, s xe thu gom.
+ Phng php tng qut thit lp tuyn thu gom.
2.2. CC LOI DCH V THU GOM CHT THI RN
Thut ng thu gom khng nhng bao gm vic thu nht cc loi cht thi t cc ngun
khc nhau m cn vn chuyn cc cht thi n cc v tr m cc xe thu gom rc c th n
mang rc i n ni x l. Trong khi cc hot ng vn chuyn v b rc vo cc xe thu
gom tng t nhau trong hu ht cc h thng thu gom th vic thu nht CTR bin i rt ln
tu thuc rt nhiu vo loi cht thi v cc v tr pht sinh. H thng dch v thu gom c
chia ra lm 2 loi: l h thng thu gom cht thi cha c phn loi ti ngun v h thng thu
gom cht thi c phn loi ti ngun.
2.2.1 H thng thu gom cht thi rn cha, khng phn loi ti ngun
Phng php p dng cho cc khu dn c bit lp thp tng bao gm:
1.

L ng.

2.

Li i, ng hm.

3.

Mang i - Tr v.

4.

Mang i.
24

Dch v cc thu gom l ng (Curb): nhng ni dch v thu gom kiu l ng

c s dng, Ngi ch nh chu trch nhim t cc thng y rc l ng vo ngy
thu gom v chu trch nhim mang cc thng c b tr v v tr t chung tip tc
cha cht thi.
Dch v thu gom li i - ng hm (Alley): nhng khu vc li i v ng hm l mt
phn ca s b tr thnh ph hoc khu dn c, th cc thng cha rc t u cc li i,
ng hm.
Dch v thu gom kiu mang i - tr v (Setout - setback): Trong dch v kiu mang i
- tr v, cc thng cha rc container c mang i v mang tr li cho cc ch cc s hu ny
sau khi rc chung c b bi cc i tr gip. i tr gip ny s lm vic kt hp cng
vi i thu gom chu trch nhim v vic d ti t cc thng cha rc ln xe thu gom.
Dch vu thu gom kiu mang i (Setout): Dch v kiu mang i v c bn ging nh
dch v kiu mang i - tr v, nhng khc ch ch nh chu trch nhim mang cc thng
cha rc tr v v tr ban u.
Phng php thu gom th cng thng c p dng thu gom CTR trong cc h dn
c bao gm: (1) Trc tip mang cc thng y cha rc n ln xe cc ni thu gom; (2) Cc
thng y rc c gn bnh xe n ni xe thu gom v b rc thi vo cc xe nh v khng
n ni thu gom b; (3) S dng xe rc nh thu gom d ti t thng rc vo xe thu gom v
mang cc thng cha n ni thu gom rc thi.
Phng php p dng cho cc khu dn c thp tng v trung bnh:
Dch v thu gom l ng l phng php ph bin cho cc khu dn c thp tng v
trung bnh. Nhng ngi i thu gom t cc cn h c trch nhim vn chuyn cc thng
cha y rc t cc h gai nh n cc l ng bng phng php th cng hoc c kh tu
thuc vo s lng rc cn thit phi vn chuyn.
Phng php p dng cho cc khu dn c cao tng:
i vi khu chung c cao tng cc loi thng cha ln c s dng thu gom CTR.
Tu thuc vo kch thc v kiu ca cc thng cha c s dng hoc l p dng phng
php c kh vi xe thu gom c trang b cc thit b thu gom cho ph hp hoc l cc xe thu
gom c b phn nng cc thng cha d ti vo xe thu gom, v thi b chung hoc l khng
cc thng cha n cc ni khc (ni ti ch) thi b d ti.
Phng php p dng cho cc khu thng mi-cng nghip:
C 2 phng php th cng v c kh c s dng thu gom CTR t khu thng mi.
trnh tnh trng kt xe vo thi im ban ngy, CTR c thu gom vo ban m hoc vo
lc sng sm. Khi p dng phng php thu gom th cng th cht thi rn c t v cc
thng bng plastic hoc cc loi thng giy v c t dc theo ng ph thu gom. Vic
thu gom cht thi thng thng c thc hin bi 1 nhm c 3 ngi, trong mt vi trng
hp c th n 4 ngi: gm 1 ti x t 2 n 3 ngi mang rc t cc thng cha trn l
ng ni thu gom vo xe thu gom rc.
Nu s hn n tnh trng n tc giao thng khng phi l mt vn chnh v khong
khng gian lu tr cht thi ph hp th cc dch v v thu gom rc ti cc trung tm
thng mi - cng nghip c th s dng cc thng cha rc c gn bnh xe, container c th
di chuyn c, cc thng cha rc c th gn kt li trong trng hp cc xe p rc c kch
thc ln, v cc thng cha c dung tch ln. Tu thuc vo kch thc v kiu thng cha
rc m p dng phng php c kh d ti ti ch hay khng cc thng cha rc n ni khc
25

 d ti. hn ch vic tc nghn giao thng, d ti bng phng php c kh thng c

p dng khi thu gom rc vo ban m.
2.2.2.H thng thu gom cht thi rn phn loi ti ngun:
Cc loi vt liu c phn chia ti ngun cn phi c thu gom s dng cho mc
ch ti ch. Phng php c bn hin ti ang c s dng thu gom cc loi vt liu ny
l thu gom dc theo l ng, s dng nhng phng tin thu gom thng thng hoc thit k
cc thit b c bit chuyn dng.
Cc chng trnh thu gom cht thi ti ch thay i tu thuc vo qui nh tng cng
ng khc nhau. V d nh, mt vi chng trnh yu cu nhng ngi dn phn chia cc loi
vt liu khc nhau nh giy bo, nha, thu tinh, kim loi v cha trong cc thng khc nhau.
Cc chng trnh khc th ch s dng mt thng lu tr cc loi vt liu ti ch hoc l, 2
thng: 1 dng ng giy, thng cn li dng cha cc loi vt liu ti ch nng nh: thu
tinh, nhm v can thic. Ring cc hot ng thu gom cc loi vt liu khc nhau s nh hng
trc tip n vic thit k cc phng tin thu gom.
2.2.3.H thng container di ng: (HCS - Hauled Container System)
Trong h thng container di ng th cc container c s dng cha cht thi rn v
c vn chuyn n b , b cht thi rn v mang tr v v tr thu gom ban u hoc v
tr thu gom mi.
H thng container di ng thch hp cho cc ngun pht sinh cht thi c khi lng ln
(trung tm thng mi, nh my) bi v h thng ny s dng cc container c kch thc
ln. Vic s dng container kch thc ln gim thi gian vn chuyn, hn ch vic cha cht
thi thi gian i v hn ch cc iu kin v sinh khi s dng container kch thc nh, thch
hp vi hu ht cc loi cht thi rn. Theo l thuyt, h thng ny ch cn mt ti x ly
container y ti t ln xe, xe mang container ny t ni thu gom n b , d ti v mang
container rng tr v v tr ban u hay v tr thu gom mi. Trong thc t, m bo an ton
khi cht ti v d ti thng sp xp 2 cng nhn cho mi xe thu gom: 1 ti x c nhim v ly
xe v 1 ngi ph c trch nhim tho lp cc dy buc container. Khi vn chuyn cht thi
c hi bt buc phi c 2 cng nhn cho h thng ny.
Trong h thng ny, cht thi vo container bng th cng nn h s s dng
container thp. H s s dng container l t s gia th tch cht thi rn chim ch v th
tch ca container.
2.2.4. H thng container c nh: (SCS - Stationnary Container System)
Trong h thng ny, container c nh c s dng cha cht thi rn vn gi v tr
thu gom khi ly ti, chng ch c di chuyn mt khong cch ngn t ngun pht sinh n
v tr thu gom d ti. H thng ny ph thuc vo khi lng cht thi pht sinh v s im
ly ti (im pht sinh cht thi thu gom) .
H thng ny chia ra thnh 2 loi chnh: 1) H thng thu gom ly ti c gii; 2) H thng
thu gom cht ti th cng. Hu ht cc xe thu gom s dng trong h thng ny thng c
trang b thit b p cht thi lm gim th tch, tng khi lng cht thi vn chuyn. V
vy, h s s dng th tch container trong h thng ny rt cao. y l u im chnh ca h
thng container c nh so vi h thng container di ng. Trong h thng ny xe thu gom s
vn chuyn cht thi n b sau khi ti c cht y nn h s s dng th tch container
rt cao so vi h thng container di ng.

26

Nhc im ln ca h thng ny l xe thu gom c cu to phc tp s kh khn trong

vic bo tr. Mt khc h thng ny khng thch hp thu gom cc cht thi c kch thc
ln v cht thi xy dng.
Nhn cng trong h thng thu gom ph thuc vo vic ly ti c kh hay ly ti th cng.
i vi h thng container c nh ly ti c kh, s lng nhn cng ging nh h thng
container di ng l-2 ngi. Trong trng hp ny, ti x li xe c th gip ngi cng
cch ly ti trong vic di chuyn cc container y ti n xe thu gom v tr container v v tr
ban u. nhng ni c v tr t container cha cht thi xa v tr thu gom nh cc khu
thng mi, khu dn c trong nhiu hm nh s lng cng nhn s l -3 ngi, trong c
2 ngi ly ti. i vi h thng container c nh ly ti th cng s lng nhn cng thay
i t 1 n 3 ngi. Thng thng s gm 2 ngi khi s dng vo thu gom kiu l ng v
kiu li i - ng hm. Ngoi ra, khi cn thit i ly ti s tng hn 3 ngi.
2.3. PHN TCH H THNG THU GOM
tnh ton s lng xe thu gom v s lng nhn cng cho cc loi h thng thu gom,
thi gian n v thc hin cho mi loi hot ng phi c xc nh. Bng cch chia hot
ng thu gom thnh cc hot ng n v, chng ta c th nghin cu v thit lp cc biu
thc tnh ton s dng cho trng hp chung, ng thi nh gi c cc bin s lin
quan n cc hot ng thu gom.
2.3.1.nh ngha cc thut ng
Trc khi thit lp cc cng thc tnh ton cho cc h thng thu gom, cc hot ng n
v phi c m t. Cc hot ng lin quan n vic thu gom cht thi rn c th c chia
thnh 4 hot ng n v sau:
Thi gian ly ti (pickup)
Thi gian vn chuyn (haul)
Thi gian b (at-site)
Thi gian ph -Thi gian khng sn xut (off-route)
Thi gian ly ti (P): ph thuc vo loi h thng thu gom
i vi h thng container di ng: hot ng theo phng php c in th thi gian ly
ti (Phcs) l tng thi gian xe thu gom n v tr t container k tip sau khi mt container
rng c th xung, thi gian nhc container y ti ln xe v thi gian th container rng
xung sau khi cht thi trong c ln xe. i vi h thng container di ng hot ng
theo phng php trao i container th thi gian ly ti ln thi gian nhc container y ti v
th container ny v tr k tip sau khi cht thi trong c ln xe.
H thng container c nh (Pscs): Thi gian ly ti l thi gian cht ti ln xe thu gom:
Bt u tnh t khi xe dng v ly ti ti v tr t container u tin trn tuyn thu gom v kt
thc khi container cui cng ca tuyn thu gom c d ti. Thi gian ly ti trong h thng
container c nh ph thuc vo loi xe thu gom v phng php ly ti.
Thi gian vn chuyn (h): cng ph thuc vo loi h thng thu gom
H thng container di ng: Thi gian vn chuyn l tng thi gian cn thit i n v
tr d ti (trm trung chuyn, trm thu hi vt liu, hay b ) v thi gian bt u sau khi mt
container y ti c t ln xe vo thi gian sau khi xe ch container rng c d ti ri
27

v tr d ti t trn xe ti n khi xe n v tr m container rng c th xung. Thi

gian vn chuyn khng tnh n thi gian b hay trm trung chuyn
H thng container c nh: Thi gian vn chuyn l tng thi gian cn thit i n v tr
d ti (trm trung chuyn, trm thu hi vt liu, hay b ) bt u khi container cui cng
trn tuyn thu gom c d ti hoc xe y cht thi v thi gian sau khi ri khi v tr d
ti cho n khi xe n v tr t container u tin trn tuyn thu gom tip theo. Thi gian vn
chuyn khng k thi gian b hay trm trung chuyn
Thi gian b (s)
L thi gian cn thit d ti ra khi cc container (i vi h thng container di ng)
hoc xe thu gom (i vi h thng container c nh) ti v tr d ti (trm trung chuyn, trm
ti thu hi vt liu, hay b ) bao gm thi gian ch i d ti v thi gian d ti cht thi
rn t cc container hay xe thu gom.
Thi gian ph - Thi gian khng sn xut (W):
Bao gm ton b thi gian hao ph cho cc hot ng khng sn xut. Thi gian hao ph
cho cc hot ng khng sn xut c th chia thnh 2 loi: thi gian hao ph cn thit v thi
gian hao ph khng cn thit. Tuy nhin trong thc t, c hai loi thi gian c xem xt cng
vi nhau bi v chng phi c phn phi u trn hot ng tng th. Thi gian hao ph cn
thit bao gm: thi gian hao ph cho vic kim tra xe khi i v khi v vo u v cui ngy,
thi gian hao ph cho tt nghn giao thng v thi gian hao ph cho vic sa cha, bo qun
cc thit b, Thi gian hao ph khng cn thit bao gm thi gian hao ph cho ba n tra
vt qu thi gian qui nh v thi gian hao ph cho vic, tr chuyn tn gu,
2.3.2.H thng container di ng:
Thi gian cn thit cho mt chuyn vn chuyn, cng chnh l thi gian b mt
container bng tng cng thi gian ly ti, bi , vn chuyn. Thi gian cn thit cho mt
chuyn c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Thcs = (Phcs + s + h) (3.1)
Trong :
Thcs: Thi gian cn thit cho mt chuyn, i vi h thng container di ng gi/ch.
Phcs: Thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
S:Thi gian bi , gi/ch.
h: Thi gian vn chuyn cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
Trong h thng container di ng th thi gian ly ti v thi gian b l 1 hng s.
Trong thi gian vn chuyn ph thuc vo tc xe thu gom v khong cch vn chuyn.
Qua nghin cu phn tch mt s cc d liu v thi gian vn chuyn ca nhiu loi xe thu
gom, ngi ta thy rng thi gian vn chuyn (h) c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc sau:
h = a + bx (3.2)
Trong :
h: thi gian vn chuyn, gi/km
a: hng s thi gian theo thc nghim, gi/km
28

b: hng s thi gian theo thc nghim, gi/km

x: khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu trung bnh km/ch

Hnh v 3.1: Biu biu din mi quan h gia tc vn chuyn trung bnh v
khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu cho xe thu gom cht thi rn.
Hng s tc vn chuyn a,b cho trong bng sau:
Tc gii hn
(km/h)

a (h/ch)

b
(h/km)

88,5

0,016

0,01119

72,4

0,022

0,01367

56,3

0,034

0,01802

40,2

0,050

0,02860

24,1

0,060

0,04164

Khi s v tr thu gom trong khu vc phc v c xc nh, khong cch vn chuyn 2
chiu trung bnh c tnh t trng tm ca khu vc phc v n bi v cng thc (3.2) c th
p dng trong trng hp ny.
Thay th biu thc h cho phng trnh (3.2) vo (3.1) ta c thi gian cn thit cho mt
chuyn c th biu din nh sau:
Thcs = (Phcs + s + a + bx) (3.3)
i vi h thng container di ng, thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn s c tnh theo cng
thc:
Phcs = pc + uc + dbc(3.4)
Trong :
Phcs: thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
pc:cc thi gian hao ph cho vic nng container, gi/ch.
29

uc:cc thi gian hao ph cho vic th container rng ( d ti) xung, gi/ch.
dbc: cc thi gian hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t container, gi/ch.
Nu khng bit thi gian trung bnh hao ph li xe gia cc container (dbc) th thi
gian ny c th tnh theo cng thc (3.2). Khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu thay bng khong
cch gia cc container v hng s thi gian vn chuyn c s dng tng ng vn tc ta c
l 24,1km/h.
i vi h thng container di ng, s chuyn thu gom cho mt xe trong mt ngy hot
ng c th c tnh ton bng cch a vo h s thi gian khng sn xut W, cng thc
tnh ton nh sau:

Nd =

[H (1 W ) (t1 t 2 )]

(3.5)

Thcs

Trong :
Nd: s chuyn trong ngy, ch/ngy.
H:cc s gi lm vic trong ngy, gi/ngy.
W:cc h s k n cc yu t khng sn xut, biu din bng t s.
t1: thi gian li xe t trm iu vn n v tr t container u tin trong ngy, gi.
t2: thi gian li xe t v tr t container cui cng trong ngy v trm iu vn, gi.
Thcs: thi gian cn thit cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
Trong phng trnh (3.5) gi thit rng cc hot ng khng sn xut c th xy ra
bt k thi im no trong ngy hot ng. H s k n cc hot ng khng sn xut trong
phng trnh (3.5) thay i t 0,10 - 0,40 trung bnh l 0,15.
S chuyn c th thc hin trong ngy tnh ton t phng trnh (3.5) c th so snh vi
s chuyn yu cu trong ngy (trong tun), c tnh bng cch s dng biu thc sau:
Nd =

Vd
(3.6)
(cf )

Trong :
Nd:

S chuyn trong ngy, ch/ngy.

Vd: Th tch cht thi rn thu gom trung bnh hng ngy, m3/ngy.
c: Th tch ca container, m3/ch.
f: H s hiu dng trung bnh ca container (h s s dng container trung bnh)
H s s dng cotainer c th c nh ngha l t s (t l) ca th tch container b
cht thi rn chim ch vi th tch hnh hc ca container. H s ny thay i theo kch thc
ca container nn phng trnh (3.6) phi dng h s s dng container c cht ti. H s
c cht ti c th tm bng cch chia gi tr tng cng (c c t vic nhn s container ng
vi tng kch thc vi h s s dng tng ng) cho tng s container.
k

f =

f 1 n1 + f 2 n2 + f 3 n3 + ... + f k nk
n1 + n2 + n3 + ... + nk

f
i =1

ni

n
i =1

30

Trong :
fi: h s s dng ca container loi i
ni: s lng container loi i.
2.3.3.H thng contianer c nh:
Do c s khc bit gia vic ly ti c kh hay th cng, nn cc loi h thng container
c nh phi c xem xt ring bit.
i vi h thng s dng xe thu gom cht ti t ng, thi gian cho mt chuyn biu din nh
sau:
TSCS = (PSCS + s + a + bx) (3.7)
Trong :
TSCS: thi gian cho mt chuyn i vi h thng container c nh, gi/ch.
PSCS: thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
s: cc thi gian ly ti bi , gi/ch
a: cc hng s thc nghim, gi/ch.
b: cc hng s thc nghim, gi/km.
x: khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu trung bnh, km/ch.
Ging nh h thng container di ng, nu khng c s liu khong cch vn chuyn
2 chiu trung bnh th khong cch ny ly bng khong cch t cc trng tm ca khu vc
phc v n b .
Ch c s khc nhau gia phng trnh (3.7) v (3.3) i vi h thng container di
ng l s hng thi gian ly ti.
i vi h thng containe c nh, thi gian ly ti c tnh theo cng thc:
PSCS = Ct (uc) + (nP - 1)(dbc) (3.8)
Trong :
PSCS: thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
Ct: s container b (d ti) trong mt chuyn thu gom, container/ch.
uc:thi gian ly ti trung bnh cho mt container, gi/container.
np:s v tr t nht container trn mt chuyn thu gom, v tr/ch.
bc:cc thi gian trung bnh hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t container, gi/v tr.
S hng (nP - 1) biu th cho s ln xe thu gom s i gia cc v tr t container v bng
s v tr t container tr i 1. Ging nh trng hp h thng container di ng, nu khng bit
thi gian hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t cc container, th thi gian ny c tnh ton bng
phng trnh (3.2), trong thay th khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu bng khong cch gia cc
container v cc hng s thi gian vn chuyn tng ng vi 24,1 km/h
S container c b trn mt chuyn thu gom t l thun vi th tch ca xe thu
gom v t s nn bung cha ca xe thu gom. S container ny c tnh theo cng thc:

Ct =

vr
(cf )

(3.9)
31

Trong :
Ct: s container b trn mt chuyn, container/ch.
cc th tch xe thu gom, m3/ch.
r: t s nn.
c: th tch ca container, m3/container.
f : h s s dng container c cht ti.:
S chuyn phi thc hin trong ngy c th tnh ton theo biu thc sau:

Nd =

Vd
vr

(3.10)

Trong :
Nd:cc s chuyn thu gom thc hin hng ngy, ch/ngy
Vd:cc khi lng trung bnh ngy ca cht thi thu gom, m3/ngy.
Thi gian cng tc trong ngy khi tnh ton n h s k n cc yu t khng sn xut
W c th tnh nh sau:
H=

(t1 + t 2 ) + N d (TSCS )
1W

(3.11)

Trong :
t1:cc thi gian li xe t trm iu vn n v tr t container u tin ly ti trn tuyn
thu gom u tin trong ngy, gi.
t2:cc thi gian li xe t "v tr t container cui cng" trn tuyn thu gom sau cng ca
ngy cng tc n trm iu vn, gi.
Cc k hiu khc c quy c ging nh c s dng trong cc cng thc trn.
Trong nh ngha t2, thut ng "v tr t container cui cng" c s dng bi v trong
h thng container c nh, xe thu gom thng li (trc tip) v trm iu vn sau khi cht thi
thu gom trn tuyn cui cng c b ti b . Nu thi gian i t b (hay im trung
chuyn) v n trm iu vn nh hn mt na thi gian vn chuyn hscs 2 chiu (ton tuyn)
trung bnh, t2 c gi s bng 0. Nu thi gian i t b (hay im trung chuyn) n v
trm iu vn ln hn thi gian i t v tr thu gom cui cng n b , th thi gian t2 c
gi s bng s chnh lch gia thi gian li xe t b n v trm iu vn v 1/2 thi
gian vn chuyn hscs ton tuyn (2 chiu) trung bnh.
ni c s chuyn thu gom mi ngy l mt s nguyn, s kt hp chnh xc hay ng
s chuyn trong ngy v kch thc xe thu gom c th c xc nh bng phng trnh (3.11)
v cc phn tch kinh t. xc nh th tch xe thu gom, thay th 2 hoc 3 gi tr trong
phng trnh (3.11) v tnh ton xc nh thi gian ly ti s dng trn chuyn thu gom.
Sau bng bi ton th dn, s dng cc phng trnh (3.8), (3.9) xc nh th tch xe thu
gom cho mi gi tr Nd. T nhng kch thc xe thu gom xc nh trn, la chn mt gi tr
gn vi gi tr tnh ton nht. Nu kch thc xe thu gom nh hn gi tr chn, tnh ton
thi gian cng tc thc t trong ngy. Sau c th la chn xe trn c s kt hp vi chi ph
hiu qu.

32

Khi kch thc xe thu gom c c nh, v s chuyn thu gom trong mi ngy l 1 s
nguyn, th thi gian cng tc trong ngy c tnh ton bng phng trnh (3.8), (3.9) v
(3.11).
Mt khi nhn cng yu cu cho mi xe thu gom v s chuyn thu gom trong mi ngy
c xc nh, vic la chn xe thu gom c th kt hp vi chi ph hiu qu nht. V d,
nhng khong cch vn chuyn, vic s dng xe thu gom ln v thc hin 2 ch/ngy s hiu
qu kinh t hn l s dng xe thu gom nh v thc hin 3 ch/ngy trong sut thi gian cng
tc (mc d thnh thong cui ngy c th khng hot ng).
2.4. VCH TUYN THU GOM
Khi thit b v nhn cng c xc nh, tuyn thu gom phi c thit lp sao cho c 2
yu t nhn cng v thit b c s dng mt cch hiu qu nht. Thng thng, b tr tuyn
thu gom l bi ton th dn, khng c nhng qui lut chung p dng cho tt c cc trng
hp. V vy, bi ton vch tuyn thu gom hin nay vn l mt qu trnh tm ti, ch yu s
dng kh nng phn on.
Mt s nguyn tc chung hng dn khi vch tuyn thu gom nh sau:
y

Xc nh nhng chnh sch, ng li v lut l hin hnh lin quan n h thng

qun l cht thi rn, v tr thu gom v tn sut thu gom.

Kho st c im h thng thu gom hin hnh nh l: s ngi ca i thu gom, loi
xe thu gom.

nhng ni c th, tuyn thu gom phi c b tr ni bt u v kt thc gn

ng ph chnh. S dng nhng ro cn a l v t nhin nh l ng ranh gii
ca tuyn thu gom.

nhng khu vc c dc cao, tuyn thu gom phi c bt u nh dc v i

tin xung dc khi xe thu gom c cht ti nng dn.

Tuyn thu gom phi c b tr sao cho container cui cng c thu gom trn tuyn
t gn b nht.

Cht thi rn pht sinh nhng v tr tt nghn giao thng phi c thu gom vo
thi im sng sm nht trong ngy.

Cc ngun c khi lng cht thi pht sinh cht thi rn vi khi lng ln phi
c phc v sut nhiu ln vo thi gian u ca ngy cng tc.

Nhng im thu gom nm ri rc (ni c khi lng cht thi pht sinh nh) c cng
s ln thu gom, nu c th phi sp xp thu gom trn cng 1 chuyn trong cng 1
ngy.

2.4.1.Thit lp vch tuyn thu gom:

Thng thng thit lp tuyn thu gom bao gm cc bc sau:
1. Chun b bn v tr trn biu din cc d liu v thng tin lin quan n cc
ngun pht sinh cht thi.
2. Phn tch cc d liu v chun b cc bng biu tm tt thng tin.
3. B tr s cc tuyn thu gom.
4. c tnh cc tuyn thu gom s b v t a ra cc tuyn thu gom chnh xc bng
phng php th dn.
33

Bc 1 v c bn ging nhau cho tt c cc loi h thng thu gom, cn cc bc 2,3,4 th

khc nhau cho tng loi h thng thu gom nn s phn tch ring cho tng h thng. Ch
rng cc tuyn thu gom chnh xc chun b trong vn phng c a n nhng ngi li
xe thu gom, h thc hin cng vic thu gom trn thc a. Da trn c s kinh nghim thc
t ca ngi li xe thu gom, mi tuyn thu gom c iu chnh cho ph hp vi hon cnh
ring ca v tr. Trong th ln, nhng ngi thu gom chu trch nhim chun b (sp xp) v
vic ln lch cc tuyn thu gom. Trong nhiu trng hp, tuyn thu gom c da trn kinh
nghim iu khin hot ng ca ngi thu gom, thu thp c nhiu nm cng tc trong cng
mt khu vc ca thnh ph. Cc iu tho lun sau y c trnh by xc nh s lng
trn l thuyt c hu ht nhng ngi thu gom lm trong u h.
Bc 1: B tr tuyn thu gom:
Trn bn t l ln ca khu vc phc v (khu thng mi, khu cng nghip, hay khu
vc nh dn c), cc d liu sau y phi c ghi cho mi im thu gom cht thi: v tr,
tn sut thu gom, s container. Nu khu thng mi hay khu cng nghip phc v s dng h
thng container c nh cht ti c kh th khi lng cht thi c tnh thu gom mi
v tr thu gom cng phi ghi ln bn . i vi ngun dn c th thng gi nh rng khi
lng cht thi thu gom ti mi v tr s xp x bng nhau v bng khi lng cht thi trung
bnh. Thng thng i vi cc ngun pht sinh t khu dn c ch c mt s nh trn khi
c th hin ghi chp.
Bi v b tr cc tuyn thu gom lin quan n mt chui cc bi ton th dn nn bn
v nhp phi c s dng trc khi cc s liu c bn c ghi ln bn v cng tc. Ph
thuc vo ln khu vc phc v v s im thu gom, m c th chia khu vc phc v ra
thnh nhng khu vc nh tng i ng nht ng vi cc khu t s dng nh ln: khu
dn c, khu cng nghip, khu thng mi. i vi nhng ni c s v tr thu gom nh hn 30
th bc ny thng b qua. i vi nhng khu vc ln hn, bc ny cn phi thc hin chia
ra thnh nhng khu cng loi (nh khu dn c, thng mi, khu cng nghip) nh hn v a
vo cc h s tnh ton nh l tc pht sinh cht thi v tn sut thu gom.
Bc 2, 3, 4: i vi h thng container di ng
Bc 2: Trn t ghi chng trnh phn phi, u tin ghi tn cc tiu nh sau: tn sut
thu gom, ln/tun; s v tr thu gom, tng s container; s chuyn thu gom, chuyn/tun; v
mt ct tch ri ghi cc ngy trong tun trong sut thi gian cht thi s c thu gom. Th
hai, xc nh s v tr thu gom yu cu thu gom nhiu ln trong tun (v d: t th 2 n th 6
hoc th 2, 4 v 6) v ghi nhng thng tin ln t chng trnh phn phi. Bt u bng danh
sch vi nhng v tr thu gom c s ln thu gom cao nht trong tun (v d: 5ln/tun). Th ba,
phn phi s container yu cu ch 1 ln phc v trong tun s container b trong mt
ngy c cn bng i vi mi ngy thu gom.Tuyn thu gom s b c th c b tr khi
nhng thng tin ny c bit.
Bc 3: S dng cc iu kin cho bc 2, vic b tr tuyn thu gom c th c
pht tho nh sau: Bt u t trm iu vn hoc b u xe thu gom, mt tuyn thu gom s
c b tr ni tt c cc im thu gom phc v trong sut ngy cng tc. Bc k tip l
sa i tuyn thu gom c s k c cc container thm vo s phc v cho mi ngy thu gom.
Mi tuyn thu gom hng ngy phi c b tr ni bt u v kt thc gn trm iu vn.
Hot ng thu gom phi din ra mt cch logic.
Bc 4: Khi nhng tuyn thu gom s b c b tr, khong cch trung bnh di
chuyn gia cc v tr t container phi c tnh ton. Nu cc tuyn thu gom ny khng cn
bng v phng din khong cch vn chuyn (15%) th chng phi c thit k li mi
tuyn thu gom khng ch trong khong cch xp x ging nhau. Thng thng, mt s tuyn
34

thu phi c lm th trc khi nhng tuyn quyt nh sau cng c la chn. Khi tnh ton
vi lng xe thu gom ln hn 1 th tuyn thu gom cho mi khu vc phc v hay phi c b
tr v cng vic d ti cho mi li xe phi cn bng.
Bc 2, 3, 4: i vi h thng container c nh vi xe thu gom cht ti c kh
Bc 2: Trn t ghi chng trnh phn phi, u tin ghi cc tiu nh sau: tn sut thu
gom, ln/tun; s v tr thu gom; tng khi lng cht thi v mt ct tch ring ghi cc
ngy trong tun trong sut thi gian thu gom cht thi.
Th hai, xc nh s lng cht thi thu gom t nhng v tr thu gom yu cu thu gom
cht thi rn nhiu ln trong tun (v d: th 2 n th 6; hoc 2, 4, 6) v ghi cc iu kin
cho thng tin bit ln t chng trnh phn phi. Bt u danh sch bng cc v tr yu cu
s ln thu gom cao nht trong tun (v d: 5ln/tun).
Th ba, s dng th tch hu ch ca xe thu gom (th tch xe thu gom danh ngha xem t
s nn). Xc nh s lng cht thi tng thm c th c thu gom mi ngy t nhng v tr
nhn ch 1 ln thu gom trong tun. Phn phi s lng cht thi thu gom s lng cht thi
thu gom (v s container b) trn mt chuyn c cho bng mi tuyn thu gom. Khi
nhng iu kin ny bit th tuyn thu gom s b c th c b tr.
Bc 3: Khi bit cc thng tin ni trn, th vic b tr cc tuyn thu gom c th tip
tc nh sau: Bt u t trm iu vn (hay ni xe hi u), mt tuyn thu gom phi c b tr
ni vi tt c cc im thu gom phc v sut mi ngy thu gom, ph thuc trn khi lng
cht thi phi thu gom c th b tr tuyn thu gom.
Bc k tip l sa i tuyn c bn bao gm c cc im thu gom thm vo s phc v
hon thnh vic cht ti. Vic sa i ny phi c thc hin cho khu vc pht sinh
ging nhau c phc v vi cng mt tuyn thu gom. i vi cc khu vc ln c chia
nh v cc khu vc chia nh ny phi c phc v thu gom hng ngy, th cn phi thit lp
cc tuyn thu gom c s cho mi khu vc chia nh. Gia nhng khu vc chia nh ny,
trong mt vi trng hp c s ph thuc vo s chuyn thu gom c thc hin mi ngy.
Bc 4: Khi cc tuyn thu gom c b tr th khi lng cht thi rn v khong
cch thu gom cho mi tuyn phi c xc nh. Trong mt vi trng hp c th iu chnh
li cc tuyn thu gom cn bng cng vic cht ti cho mi nhn cng. Sau khi cc tuyn thu
gom c thit lp v tnh ton, chng phi c v ln bn chnh.
Bc 2, 3, 4: i vi h thng container c nh cht ti th cng:
Bc 2: c tnh tng khi lng cht thi c thu gom t nhng v tr ly mi ngy v
hot ng thu gom c ch o hay iu khin. S dng th tch hu ch ca xe thu gom (th
tch xe thu gom danh ngha l t s nn), xc nh s h c dn trung bnh cht thi t cc h
ny c thu gom trong sut mi chuyn thu gom.
Bc 3: Khi bit cc s liu ni trn, vic b tr tuyn thu gom c th tin hnh tip
tc nh sau: Bt u t trm iu vn (hay garage) b tr hay vch nhng tuyn thu gom phi
bao thm hay i qua tt c cc im thu gom m c phc v trong sut tuyn thu gom. Cc
tuyn ny phi c b tr cho v tr thu gom cui cng gn b nht.
Bc 4: Khi tuyn thu gom c vch, s lng container v khong cch vn chuyn
ca mi tuyn phi c xc nh. Cc s liu trn v nhu cu nhn cng trong mt ngy phi
c kim tra li so vi thi gian cng tc c th s dng trong mt ngy. Trong vi trng
hp n c th cn thit iu chnh li tuyn thu gom cn bng khi lng cng vic cht
ti. Sau khi thit lp tuyn thu gom, th v chng ln bn a chnh.
2.4.2.Thi gian biu:
35

Mt bng thi gian biu iu khin cho mi tuyn thu gom phi c chun b bi phng
k thut v ngi iu hnh vn chuyn. Phi chun b cho mi ngi ti x mt bng thi
gian biu m trong c ghi v tr v trnh t im thu gom. Thm vo , mt quyn sch ghi
l trnh phi thc hin bi ti x li thu gom. Nhng ti x s dng quyn s ghi l trnh ny
kim tra cc v tr thu gom v khng khai bng thanh ton tin, mc khc quyn s ny
cng ghi chp li bt k vn no xy ra khi thc hin qu trnh thu gom. Cc thng tin ghi
trong quyn s l trnh rt hu dng khi iu chnh hay sa i tuyn thu gom.
2.5. S CN THIT CA HOT NG TRUNG CHUYN VA VN CHUYN
Hot ng trung chuyn v vn chuyn l cn thit khi khong cch vn chuyn n
trung tm x l hay bi ln, m nu vn chuyn trc tip th khng kh thi v mt kinh t
do chi ph vn chuyn kh cao. Hot ng trung chuyn l mt hot ng cn thit trong tt c
cc trm ti thu hi vt liu. Cc yu t nguyn nhn dn n s cn thit s dng cc trm
trung chuyn:
1. S xut hin cc bi rc h khng hp php bi v khong cch vn chuyn kh xa.
2. V tr ca bi cch xa tuyn thu gom (thng > 10 mile 16,09 km).
3. Vic s dng cc loi xe thu gom nh (thng < 20 yd3 15m3).
4. S hin hu ca khu vc phc v c mt dn c thp.
5. S dng h thng container di ng vi dung tch container nh thu gom cht thi
rn t cc ngun thng mi.
6. S dng h thng thu gom thy lc hoc kh nn
2.5.1.Khong cch vn chuyn kh xa:
Trc y vo thi k u, khi nhng xe nga c s dng thu gom cht thi rn,
cht thi rn sau c sang cc xe tr gip ln hn v vn chuyn n im trung
gian no x l hoc b ni x l. Tuy vy, khi cng ngh khoa hc pht trin cng
vi s xut hin ca cc loi xe ti hin i ra i v chi ph nhin liu thp, hot ng trung
chuyn hu nh khng tn ti nhiu thnh ph v cht thi rn c vn chuyn trc tip
n bi . Ngy nay, vi s gia tng ca chi ph nhn cng, vn hnh, nhin liu v khng
cho php b tr cc bi cht thi rn gn khu vc phc v th khuynh hng din ra ngc
li, tc l cc trm trung chuyn tr nn thng dng hn.
Thng thng, quyt nh s dng hot ng trung chuyn c cn c trn vn
kinh t. C th pht biu n gin nh sau: Chi ph vn chuyn mt th tch cht thi rn
vi s gia tng ln trn mt qung ng di s r hn l vn chuyn mt th tch cht thi rn
c s gia tng nh trn mt qung ng di.
V d: Trn c s chi ph vn hnh, xc nh im giao nhau 2 ng cong chi ph ca 2
h thng container di ng v h thng container c nh vi ng cong chi ph ca mt h
thng s dng hot ng trung chuyn v vn chuyn vn chuyn cht thi c thu gom t
khu th n bi san lp. Bit rng cc d liu sau y c p dng:
a. H thng container di ng s dng xe ti thu gom c th tch container 6m3 vi chi
ph vn hnh l 25.000/h.
b. H thng container c nh s dng xe ti c trang b p (my nn rc) c th tch
thng cha 15m3 vi chi ph vn hnh l 40.000/h.
c. Hot ng vn chuyn s dng xe ko rmooc vi th tch ca thng cha 80m3 vi
chi ph vn hnh l 40.000/h.
36

d. Chi ph hot ng trm trung chuyn: 2.750/m3.

Gii p:
a. Chuyn i cc s liu chi ph vn hnh thnh n v ng/(m3.h)
b. H thng container di ng:cc(25.000/6 ) = 4.166/(m3.h)
c. H thng container c nh:cc (40.000/15) = 2.666/(m3.h)
d. Chi ph vn chuyn s dng xe ko rmoc:cc(40.000/80) = 500/(m3.h)
e. V ng biu din chi ph cho mt m3 theo thi gian li xe ton chuyn (2 chiu)
biu din bng gi cho 3 h thng la chn. th biu din nh sau:
12000

Chi ph (/m3)

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0

1,066
1
Hethong container di ong
0

0.5

1,72
1.5

2.5
Th
i gian (h)

Hethong container conh

1.T hnh v xc nh c cc im giao nhau gia cc hot ng trung tuyn v h

thng la chn.
a. H thng container di ng: 64 pht
b. H thng container c nh:cc103 pht
Nhn xt: Nu h thng container c nh c s dng v thi gian li xe ton tuyn n
bi ln hn 103 pht th bt buc phi u t trm trung chuyn.
Khi vn chuyn cht thi rn vi nhng khong cch xa th chi ph vn chuyn c biu
din bng n v: USD/tn x pht hoc USD/tn x mile v VN/ tn x km. n v biu din
ny c s dng rng ri phn tch trm trung chuyn bi v khi lng l mt tiu chun
quan trng nht i vi khi vn chuyn trn ng st hay ng t. Tuy nhin, n v biu
din chi ph ny c th dn n tnh ton sai khi khi lng ring ca cht rn thay i ng k
t ni ny n ni khc hoc t container ny n container khc.
V d: Xc nh thi gian giao nhau gia hai h thng thu gom rc s dng xe p rc v
h thng trung chuyn, vn chuyn. Gi s cc s liu sau y c p dng:
Xe p rc c th tch l 23m3
Khi lng ring ca rc trong xe ti p rc l 35 kg/m3.
Xe ti ko rmooc vn chuyn c th tch l 80m3.
Khi lng ring ca rc trong xe ti ko rmooc l 200kg/m3.
Chi ph vn hnh ca xe p rc l 40.000/h.
Chi ph vn hnh ca xe ti ko rmooc l 60.000/h.
37

 Chi ph vn hnh ca trm trung chuyn l 3.650/tn.

Gii p:
Xc nh khi lng rc vn chuyn cho tng h thng
H thng xe p rc:
23m3 x 350kg/m3 = 8.050 kg
H thng xe ti ko rmooc:
80m3 x 200kg/m3cc= 16.000 kg
Xc nh chi ph vn hnh trn 1 tn rc
H thng xe p rc:
40.000/h/8.050kg = 4,969/(kg.h) = 4969/(tn/h)
H thng xe ko rmooc ti:

60.000/h/16.000kg = 3,750/(kg/h) = 3750/(tn.h)

Lp phng trnh xc nh thi gian giao nhau gia hai h thng:

4.969x = 3.750x + 3.650
2.5.2.Trm x l hay bi t xa
T phng trnh trn xc nh thi gian giao nhau ca 2 h thng l: x = 2,99 gi =
179,65 pht.
Hot ng trung chuyn phi c s dng khi trm x l hay bi t ni qu xa,
nu vn chuyn trc tip trn ng quc l th khng kh thi. V d: trm trung chuyn phi
c s dng khi t hay x lan i bin c dng vn chuyn cht thi n im b
cui cng. Nu cht thi rn c vn chuyn bng ng ng th cn thit phi c mt trm
x l kt hp vi trung chuyn.
2.5.3.Trm trung chuyn kt hp vi trm ti thu hi vt liu:
Khuynh hng qun l CTR hin nay l kt hp gia nh my thu hi vt liu vi trm
trung chuyn. Mt xu hng gn y trong lnh vc qun l cht thi rn l s pht trin ca
trm lin hp trung chuyn - ti sinh vt liu quy m ln. Trm lin hp loi ny l mt trm
a mc ch m n c th bao gm:
1)Vng nhn cht thi, chc nng ca trung tm
2) Phn loi,
3) phn, chuyn ho sinh hc,
4) S sn xut nhin liu t rc,
5) Vn chuyn.
Vic kt hp nh my thu hi vt liu vi trm trung chuyn quy m ln s tit kim
c chi ph v c th kt hp nhiu hot ng qun l CTR trong mt c s n gin.Vic s
dng cc trm lin hp trung chuyn - ti sinh vt liu quy m ln c p dng v tit kim
chi ph do kt hp nhiu hot ng trong mt trm.
2.5.4.Trm trung chuyn bi chn lp v sinh(landfill)
38

 m bo an ton Do tnh an ton v khc phc nhng nhiu hn ch trong hot ng kh

khn ti ca bi chn lp, nhiu nh vn hnh cc bi chn lp xy dng nhng khu cha tm (gi
l trm trung chuyn bi chn lp) cha cht thi t cc xe vn chuyn nh v ring l d ti
cht thi t xe vn chuyn t nhn hay cc xe ti nh. Bng cch ny tc l tch ring trm trung
chuyn cho xe vn chuyn t nhn v xe ti nh,cc nh vy nguy c kh nng xy ra tai nn cc
khu vc cng tc ca bi chn lp gim i ng k.
2.6. CC LOI TRM TRUNG CHUYN
Trm trung chuyn c s dng thc hin chc nng chnh l chuyn cht thi rn t
cc xe thu gom v cc xe vn chuyn nh sang cc phng tin vn chuyn ln hn. Chi tit
trm trung chuyn xem hnh 10-1.
Ph thuc vo ty theo phng php s dng cht ti vo ln cc xe vn chuyn ln,
C th phn loi cc trm trung chuyn thnh 3 loi thng thng nh sau:
1. Cht ti trc tip
2. Cht ti lu tr t khu vc tch lu.
3. Kt hp va cht ti trc tip vi va cht ti thi b khu vc tch ly.
Trm trung chuyn cng c th c phn loi theo cng sut (lng cht thi c trung
chuyn v vn chuyn) nh sau:
4. Loi nh (cng sut < 100tn/ngy).
5. Loi trung bnh (cng sut khong 100-500 tn/ngy).
6. Loi ln (cng sut > 500 tn/ngy).
2.6.1.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip:
ti trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip, cht thi t xe thu gom c chuyn trc tip
sang xe vn chuyn hoc chuyn sang thit b p p cht thi vo xe vn chuyn hoc p thnh
tng kin cht thi chuyn n bi chn lp. trong cc xe thu gom nh c trc tip
vo trong cc xe ln vn chuyn cht thi rn n ni b cui cng hoc vo thit b
nn cht thi, t y cht thi c nn vo cc xe vn chuyn v chng c vn chuyn n
bi . Trong nhiu trng hp, cht thi rn c th c ra b trn mt nn d ti v sau
c y vo cc xe trung chuyn sau khi tch loi cc vt liu c th ti ch tun hon
c loi ra. Khi lng Th tch cht thi cha tm thi trn nn d ti thng c nh
ngha l cng sut tch lu tc thi hay cng sut lu tr khn cp ca trm trung chuyn.
2.6.2.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng cng sut ln khng c my p:
mt Ti trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip cng sut ln, cht thi trong cc t xe thu
gom thng c b trc tip vo cc xe vn chuyn. thc hin cng vic ny, cc trm
trung chuyn thng c xy dng vi 2 cao khc nhau theo cu trc hai bc. Sn d ti
(hay b d ti) c nng cao c th d ti t xe thu gom xy dng trn cao s dng
d cht thi t cc xe thu gom vo cc rmooc vn chuyn hoc xy dng sn d ti nghing
cng c xy dng v cc rmooc vn chuyn u v tr dc di thp c t di.
mt vi s trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip, cht thi rn ca t xe thu gom c th c
tm thi trn cc sn d ti khi rmooc vn chuyn y hay ang trn ng vn chuyn
cht thi rn n ni thi b. Sau , cht thi ny s c y vo xe vn chuyn. Cht thi
trn tm thi sau c y vo trong cc toa rmooc vn chuyn. Hnhcc10-2, 10-3,
10-4.

39

Hot ng ca trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip biu din c th c tm tt nh sau:
Khi n trm trung chuyn, tt c cc xe vn chuyn thu gom cht thi c cn ti cu cn v
xc nh v tr d ti. Sau khi hon tt vic d ti, cc xe ny c cn li mt ln na v tnh
l ph. i ln sn d ti cht thi vo toa rmooc bn di. Khi cc toa rmooc y, cht
thi trong s c gu ngom ca mt xe ngom lun phin nn li. Khi cc toa rmooc
y ti v t n ti trng cc i cho php, chng c vn chuyn n bi . Th tch v
khi lng cht thi trn xe vn chuyn phi c kim tra li trc khi ra khi trm trung
chuyn.
2.6.3 .Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut ln c my p:
Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut ln c my p l mt bin th ca trm
trung chuyn cht ti trc tip ch nh m t trn, c c trang b cc phng tin nn
thit b p c dng p trc tip cc cht thi vo thng xe, toa rmooc kn hoc to thnh
kin cht thi. Hot ng ca cc trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip c thit b nn c bn
ging nh hot ng ca trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip khng c my nn vi cc toa
rmooc h nhng ch khc l cht thi c nn vo cc toa rmooc kn nh cc my nn t
c nh. Trong mt vi trng hp cn thit, cht thi c vn chuyn ti n cc thit b nn
nh bng ti.
2.6.4. Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut trung bnh v nh c my nn:
cc trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip c thit b p cht thi thnh nhng kin cht
thi ln, cht thi t xe thu gom c trc tip ln b d ti hoc trc tip vo phu ca
hm p. Sau khi phn loi cc vt liu c kh nng ti sinh, cht thi c y vo my p.
Kin cht thi p c chuyn sang cc xe c toa ko mt cu (semitrailer) vn chuyn
n BCL. Vi cch to thnh kin cht thi c kch thc nh hn kch thc bn trong ca
cc xe vn chuyn c toa ko mt cu mui trn, chi ph vn chuyn c th gim n mc thp
nht
V mt hot ng, sau khi xe ti c cn, n s i vo trm trung chuyn v n trc
tip ni d ti. Sau khi cn, xe thu gom i vo trm trung chuyn v cht thi trn c
trc tip vo mt trong cc phu ni lin vi my p hoc vo mt h cha cht thi hnh ch
nht.V tr d ti c th l mt ci phu a vo mt my nn hoc l mt hm (h) nhn cht
thi hnh ch nht. Mi mt h c trang b mt b phn vch ngn (pittng) thu lc y
cht thi vo n phu ca cc my p t pha cui h i din. Nu khng c xe vn
chuyn bn rmooc cht ti, cht thi c tm thi trn nn d ti, t y chng s
c a vo phu my p nh xe xc bnh hi. Hnh 10-6, 10-7, 10-8.
Container c vn chuyn n bi nh xe ti c khung nng. Ph thuc vo thi gian
cn thit vn chuyn contianer y n bi v quay v, m mt container rng c th
c gn vi my nn trc khi container y c vn chuyn n bi .
2.6.5.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut nh s dng vng nng thn:
Vng nng thn v ni vui chi gii tr, trm trung chuyn cng sut nh c thit k
sao cho cc thng cha cht thi c trc tip vo xe thu gom vn chuyn thng n
container y c vo trong mt xe thu gom v vn chuyn bi . Trong vic thit k
v b tr trm trung chuyn loi ny, iu cn ch nht ct yu cn xem xt l tnh n gin.
Nhng h thng c kh phc tp khng thch hp nhng ni ny.S container s dng ph
thuc vo phm vi cc khu vc phc v v tn sut thu gom. d dng d ti, nh ca
container phi c t cao hn nh ca nn d ti khong 0,33m.

40

2.6.6.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut nh s dng bi chn lp v sinh:
Trm trung chuyn loi ny thng c s dng ti thu hi vt liu c kh nng th
ti ch tun hon. Sau khi vt liu c kh nng ti ch c phn loi ra, bt k nhng vt
dng c th tun hon no c ln lt loi b, vt liu thi cc toa rmooc trung chuyn
c s dng cha phn cc cht thi rn cn li, c vo trong 2 toa rmooc trung
chuyn, mi mt ci trong hai c vn chuyn n bi v d ti ti bi v em tr li
trm trung chuyn.
2.6.7.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu (storage-load transfer station)
Trong trm trung chuyn cht ti lu gi, cht thi c trc tip vo h cha. T
h ny, cht thi s c chuyn ln xe vn chuyn nh cc thit b ph tr khc. Trm trung
chuyn cht ti lu gi cc khc bit so vi trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip ch n
c thit k sao cho c th cha cht thi trong khong 1 3 ngy.
2.6.8.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu cng sut ln khng c my nn:
Trong trm trung chuyn ny, tt c cc xe thu gom n trm u c hng dn i
theo mt tuyn nht nh n trm cn in t. Tt c cc s liu ca cc xe thu gom c vi
tnh ho. Thm vo , nhng thng tin v tn ca c s thi cht thi, c im xe thu gom v
thi gian n trm trung chuyn u c. Ngoi ra, nhn vin ca ngi iu hnh trm cn
ghi li ca cng ty b cht thi rn, l lch ca tng xe ti ring bit v thi gian xe vo.
Sau , nhn vin trm cn- ngi iu khin s hng dn ngi li xe i vo trm. Khi
vo trong trm trung chuyn, ngi li xe s lui xe thu gom 1 gc khong 50o so vi ra ca h
cha cht thi vo cc h cha cht thi. Khi d ti xong, xe thu gom di chuyn ra khi
Cht thi c vo trong h v xe thu gom s i ra trm trung chuyn.
Trong h cha cht thi, 2 xe i c s dng dng p vn CTR v y cht thi rn,
i chng v pha phu nhp liu cui mi h vo trong cc phu cht ti ln xe trung chuyn
t cui h cha. Hai cn trc dng gu ngom xc c khp ni c lp t pha bn kia
t trn 2 cnh ca phu cht ti np liu s dng c dng loi tr nhng cht thi c
kch thc ln th lm hng xe trung chuyn v nn p cht thi vo xe. Cht thi i qua phu,
vo xe vn chuyn ch sn trn cn v tr thp hn.
Khi t khi lng cho php, nhn vin vn hnh s ra hiu cho ngi li xe bit. Xe
y ti c vn chuyn ra khi khu vc cht ti v c ph li bn trn trnh hin
tng giy v cc cht thi nh b thi bay theo gi trn c vn chuyn. ri vo gu i vo
cc toa rmooc t trn mt bn cn cao thp hn nn hm cha.
Khi t n trng lng cho php, ngi iu khin cn trc s ra hiu cho ti x trung
chuyn. Cc toa rmooc y cht thi rn sau c mang ra khi khu vc cht ti v cc
li kim loi c ph pha trn ming cc toa rmooc trnh giy hay l cc ming cht
thi rn bay ra trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn.
2.6.9.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu nng sut trung bnh c thit b nn v x l
i vi trm trung chuyn loi ny, cht thi u tin c b vo trong cc h cha
(cng ging nh h cha tc thi). T h cha ny, cht thi c y ln h thng bng
chuyn vn chuyn n my ct, x. Sau khi ct v x, kim loi c cha st c tch ring
mu c loi b v cht thi cn li c nn vo trong cc toa rmooc trung chuyn vn
chuyn n bi .

41

2.6.10.Trm trung chuyn kt hp va cht ti trc tip va cht ti tch lu (combined

direct-load and discharge-load)
mt s trm trung chuyn, c 2 phng php cht ti trc tip v cht ti thi b kiu
tch lu c s dng kt hp. Thng y l nhng trm trung chuyn c nhiu chc nng,
hot ng thu hi vt liu cng c th kt hp vi trm trung chuyn loi ny (A multipurpose
transfer can also house a materials recovery operation) Mt trm trung chuyn a nng cng
c th l mt nh ti thu hi vt liu. Hnh 10-15.
Hot ng ca trm trung chuyn loi ny c th c m t nh sau: Tt c cc xe vn
chuyn cht thi, mun s dng n cc trm trung chuyn th phi c u phi qua khu
kim tra ti cu trm cn. Cc xe thu gom s c cn, sau tip tc n sn d ti v
cht thi trc tip sang xe vn chuyn, tr li trm cn, cn xe v tnh l ph thi b, b cht
thi rn bn trong xe thu gom trc tip vo cc toa rmooc vn chuyn. Sau khi d ti xe thu
gom, ngi ti x li xe quay tr li trm cn cn li trng lng xe (cn b). Trong khi cn
trng lng xe, ph b cng c tnh ton.
i vi t nhn cng nh hay nhng ngi vn chuyn phi thng mi (khng phi l
nhm thu gom dch v) c lp nh vn chuyn mt khi lng ln rc vn, cnh cy, v
cht thi ln (l sy, my ct c, t lnh,) n trm trung chuyn, u c kim tra ti trm
cn, nhng khng phi cn v cht thi c cn ti nh bi cc nhn vin phc v v nhn
vin phc v s a cho h t ho n (attendant). Tuy nhin, ngi s dng trm trung
chuyn vn phi tr ph thi b cn c s liu ghi trn ho n. Nhn vin phc v (ngi iu
hnh trm cn) y s kim tra bng mt xem cht thi c cc cha cc vt liu c kh nng
tun hon hay khng thu hi ti ch hay khng. Nu c, ngi iu hnh s hng dn ti x
li xe n vt liu khu vc thu hi vt liu ti ch tun hon vt liu trc khi n khu vc
d ti chung. Mt cng nhn trm trung chuyn s h tr gip trong vic thu hi cc vt
liu c th kh nng ti sinh.
Nu c th d on c lng vt liu c kh nng ti ch, li xe s c cp giy vo
ca min ph. Sau khi thu hi ht cc vt liu c th ti tun hon kh nng tun hon,
ngi ti x tip tc li xe n nn d ti d ti cc cht thi cn li.
Nu khng c cc vt liu c th kh nng ti ch ti thu hi, cc ti x s vn chuyn
thng n hng v khu vc d ti chung. Khu vc ny c t tch ring khi khu vc d
ti trc tip dnh cho cc xe thu gom thng mi dch v, y c hai ming phu np liu
vo xe rmooc. Cht thi tch lu trn khu vc d ti s c y theo chu k vo xe vn
chuyn. bi hai phn cht ti ln toa rmooc khong 40ft. Cht thi tch lu trn khu vc d ti
c y tng t vo trong phu cht ti (toa rmooc) nh xe i bnh hi. Nn d ti c
ty ra nh k.

42

CHNG 3: TI CH V X L CHT THI RN

3.1. KHI QUT V CC PHNG PHP X L CTR
Mc ch ca cc phng php x l cht thi rn ni chung l nhm vo:
- Tng cao hiu qu ca vic qun l CTR
- Thu hi vt liu ti s dng, ti ch
- Thu hi nng lng t rc cng nh cc sn phm chuyn i
- Cc gii php qun l, x l cht thi rn theo trnh t u tin

Gim pht sinh

Ti s dng
Ti ch v

Chn
`

43

Cc phng php x l cht thi rn

Nhit - c

C hc

Nhit

Ha l

Tuyn t

To khi
H ta

Phn loi,
chn lc

Tuyn

Sinh hc

Trch ly

Nghin

Ha hc

To ht
nhit
cao

Kt tinh

Tuyn trng
lc
Ra

Tuyn ni

Tuyn in

Tuyn
trong
huyn ph,
cht lng
nng

44

3.2. TI CH CHT THI RN (CTR)

3.2.1. Nhu cu ca vn ti ch rc thi
Ti ch l hot ng thu hi li t cht thi cc thnh phn c th s dng ch bin
thnh cc sn phm mi s dng cho cc hot ng sinh hot v sn xut.
Ti ch vt liu: bao gm cc hot ng thu gom vt liu c th ti ch t dng rc, x l trung
gian v s dng vt liu ny ti sn xut cc sn phm, mi hoc sn phm khc.
Ti ch nhit: bao gm cc hot ng khi phc nng lng t rc thi.
Hot ng ti ch nh hot ng ti sinh li cht thi thng qua:
Ti sinh sn phm chuyn ho ha hc
Ti sinh sn phm chuyn ho sinh hc
sinh nng lng t cc sn phm chuyn
Hot ng ti ch mang li nhng li ch sau:
Tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin bi vic s dng vt liu c ti ch thay cho vt liu
gc;
Gim lng rc thng qua vic gim chi ph thi, gim tc ng mi trng do
thi gay ra, tit kim din tch chn lp;
Mt li ch l c th thu li nhun t hot ng ti ch; hot ng ti ch lc ny s
mang tnh kinh doanh v v th c th gii thch ti sao cc vt liu c th ti ch hin c thu
gom ngay t ngun pht sinh cho ti khu x l v tiu hu cui cng.
3.2.2.Cc hot ng ti ch, ti sinh v thu hi cht thi
Hot ng ti ch
Hot ng ti ch v thu hi cht thi c thc hin thng qua h thng thu gom cht
thi rn thao mng li 3 cp gm: Ngi thu gom, ng nt v bun bn ph liu.
Cng nghip thu hi c 3 cp c chia lm 6 nhm ngh:
Cp th nht (ngi ng nt v ngi nht rc)
Cp th 2 (gm nhng ngi thu mua ng nt v ngi thu mua ph liu t ngi
thu nht ti bi rc, ngi ng nt v ngi nht rc trn va h trong ton thnh
ph).
Cp th ba, gm nhng ngi bun bn hot ng kinh doanh vi quy m ln hn
nhiu a im c nh v cc i l thu mua.
Vic ch bin li cht thi ly li mt vt liu th s khai trc y gi l s tn dng
li ph thi (salvage) v hin nay c gi l ti sinh (recycling). mc thp nht ca n v
phn ln cch tip cn cng ngh, cc vt liu thi i hi phi c phn loi ngay ti ngun
bi chnh ngi tiu th. y l mc tip cn ln nht bi v n i hi ph tn nng lng
nh nht. Vi cc yu cu nghim ngt i vi vic ti sinh, cc th cn phi xem xt chi
tit cc gii php ti sinh.
Hot ng ti sinh
Ti sinh cht thi c coi nh l cc hot ng nhm thu hi li cc thnh phn c ch
trong rc m chng c th s dng ch bin thnh cc sn phm mi di dng vt cht
hoc nng lng phc v cho sn xut v tiu dng. Cng vic ny i hi phi c qu trnh
phn loi tch ring cc thnh phn rc thi. Sau , i vi mt s cht thi c kh nng ti
45

sinh nh giy, nilng, nha, cao su, thy tinh, kim loi s c thu gom li v chuyn n
c s ti sinh cht thi lm nguyn liu u vo cho vic sn xut ra cc phm mi.
Ti sinh vt liu thi bao gm cc hot ng thu gom vt liu c th ti sinh t dng rc
thi (giy, nilon, nha, cao su, thy tinh, kim loi,), x l trung gian (lm sch cc cht bn
bm theo) v s dng cc vt liu ny ti sn xut ra cc sn phm mi (giy ti sinh, nha
ti sinh,) hoc phi hp cng vi mt s nguyn liu khc sn xut ra cc sn phm hon
ton mi (v d cn bn t nh my x l nc cp c trn vi t st sn xut ra gch
ng c cht lng tt).
Cch thc u tin ca vic ti sinh cht thi l phn loi ti ngun. C 2 dng thc c
bn ca vic phn loi ti ngun ti sinh. Th nht, tng h gia nh c ban pht cho mt
s thng cha hoc bao cha cht thi rn. Ngi ch nh c trch nhim phn loi rc c th
s dng li c v t n vo trong thng cha thch hp. Trong ngy thu gom quy nh,
thng cha rc c a ra ngoi l ng. Bt li u tin (c bn) ca vic cung cp cc
thng cha rc ti nh l chi ph, m n c th biu hin mt s u t ng k. Dng th hai
ca vic phn loi ti ngun l cung cp cho ch nh vi ch mt thng cha m n c th
cha tt c cc vt liu c kh nng ti sinh trong . Ngi thu gom rc sau phn chia
cc loi vt liu ring ra theo tng loi, t n vo trong cc ngn cha ring bit trn xe ly
rc.
Mt dng chnh yu th hai ca vic ti sinh cht thi l cc c s ti ch cc vt liu.
Trong trng hp ny, vt liu c kh nng ti ch c a ti mt c s trung tm m
vt liu c phn loi bi cc bin php c kh v cn nhiu nhn cng
3.2.3.Thu hi v ti ch cht do
vit Nam cc sn phm cht do bt u thm nhp vo cuc sng t nhng nm
1960. Mt s gia nh trc y ch to t te, na, si t nhin ln lt c thay
th bng nha.
Trong cng nghip v xy dng, vt liu Plastic cng chim lnh th trng trong
nhiu lnh vc nh cp thot nc, trang tr
Vt liu Plastic gp phn nng cao mc vn minh ca cuc sng nhng cng
t ra khng t nhng vn rc ri lin quan n cng tc bo v mi trng.
Tuy nhin d b ch trch rt nhiu nhng Plastic vn c s dng ng ri do tnh u
vit ca n c v mt kinh t ln mt k thut. Vi nhng tnh nng u vit , Plastic
dn u vi nhng vt liu cnh tranh vi n trong trong lnh vc bao gi.
Cht nhim

Cht do

Giy

SO2

100

284

NOx

100

159

COx

100

159

100

640

nhim khng kh

46

 nhim nc
COD

100

21560

BOD5

100

21500

Tnh bn vng ca cht do dn n ton ti dai dng ca n trong thin nhin sau khi s
dng. phn r sinh hc hon ton cht Plastic c ngun gc t ha du
Nhng vn t ra khi thu gom v ti ch vt liu cht do:
o Mc d cht do hin ang vt liu c a chung v c nhiu ha hn nhng
chng cng ng thi b cc nh mi trng phn i do mc gy nhim trong qu
trnh ch to, s dng v thiu hy. Cc nh mi trng phn i vt liu Plastic v
nhng l do sau y:
o Cht c thi ra trong qu trnh ch toPlastc
o Cht c do phn hy nhit gy ra khi t rc
o Lm gim cht lng cht thi rc, c bit l cht lng phn compost ch to
t rc.
3.2.4.Vn tp trung thu hi v x l cc cht thi polyme cht do i hi phi
gii quyt ngay trong iu kin sn xut ni c nhu cu cht do, c hai hng:
1. X l ch bin li tng loi cht do polyme ngay trong iu kin sn xut, y ch
yu i vi cc loi cht do dng phn ng nhit.
2. Thu hi tp trung cc cht thi v vn chuyn ti nh my c bit ch bin sn
phm xc nh. Vn s dng cht thi l vt liu polyme vi cng ngh v tnh kinh t cng
tr nn phc tp khi phi k n vic ci thin tnh cht ca vt liu cht do nh: bn vng
i vi qu trnh oxy ha, bn vng sinh hc, c hc Nhng vt liu ny khng phn hy t
nhin (thi ra, phong ha, tan trong) m dng bin php phn hy cng bc (t, sy nng,
tng tr mt ni) th li gy nhim bn mi trng v do gi thnh ph hy li cao hn
nhiu t 6 8 ln so vi chi ph x l v ph hy cc cht thi ca a s cc x nghip cng
nghip khc.
Khi gii quyt vn s dng li vt liu polyme phi chia ra nhiu bc sau y:
1. T chc tp trung thu hi cc ph thi polyme trong cng nghip
2. Nhn dng chnh xc v nhanh chng cc loi ph thi ny nhm mc ch thu thp ph
thi ph hp vi chng loi vt liu ban u
3. To lp s mi v hon thin cc s cng ngh c sn, ch bin li ln hai
4. Phn tch kinh t mt cch cn thn v cc phng php gia cng ch bin khc nhau.
3.2.5. Thu hi v ti ch cc sn phm cao su.
Trong cng nghip ch to my, vic s dng cc sn phm cao su k thut rt a dng.
Trong phc tp ch yu nht l gii quyt vn s dng cc sn phm b i v c khng
dng na. Mc d cao su c s dng cc thit b cng ngh cc loi nhng t l v lng
th rt thp so vi khi lng cc sn phm.
47

Hon nguyn cao su l mt hng c bn v c li nht trong vic gia cng li cc sn

phm b i bi v cho cao su hon nguyn vo ln vi hn hp cao su th s tit kim c rt
nhiu cao su mi v cc thnh phn ph khc, ta bit trong cc loi cao su c ti 5 6 n 20
thnh phn cht liu khc nhau.
Qu trnh hon nguyn bao gm:
Cng on chuyn cao su thnh vt liu n hi do
X l k thut
Qu trnh lu ha.
Trc khi a cao su vo hon nguyn ngi ta phi phn loi theo sn phm,
theo dng v lng. Sau khi loi cc kim loi v cc tp cht khc khi cao su,
ngi ta nghin n thnh bt ti mc nht nh no v gii phng ra cc mu
kim loi en.
Thc tin cho thy tt nht nn nghin s b trong mi trng nit lng vi nhit
30 v 600C. Cao su tr nn gin v d tch khi kim loi
Mc ch

Cng ngh

Gim khi lng

t rc

thu hi nng lng (nhit v in)

t rc c ti ch nhit

Gi n nh cc cht c hi trong rc t rc c h thng nung chy gim th tch

(cng ngh mi)
thi
Gi v sinh, an ton cho sc kho cng t kh c h thng nung chy (mi c s
ng
dng Nht)
Ti ch

To ngun nng lng mi t rc thi (RDF)

Gim kch thc bng cc phng php Ch bin phn compost; ct nh v phn
nn, p
loi(phng php x l trung gian)

3.2.6. Hot ng thu hi v ti ch cht thi ti Vit Nam

o

Tnh trng thu gom v x l cht thi rn th v cng nghip cha p ng yu cu

hin nay cng l mt nguyn nhn quan trng gy nhim mi trng.
o

Theo con s thng k t cc tnh, thnh ph, t nm 1996 n nm 1999 lng cht thi
rn bnh qun khong t 0,6 kg/ngi ngy 0,8 kg/ngi ngy.

mt s th nh, lng cht thi rn pht sinh dao ng t 0,3 kg/ngi ngy n
0,5 kg/ngi ngy.

Lng rc thi th cng nh cng nghip ngy cng tng, tnh cht c hi ca rc
thi cng tng..
3.3. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP C HC
3.3.1. Gim kch thc

Phng php gim kch thc c s dng nhm mc ch l lm gim kch thc ca
cc loi vt liu CTR trong rc thi th. Cc vt liu CTR c lm gim kch thc c th
48

s dng trc tip nh l lm lp che ph trn mt t hay l s dng lm phn compost hoc
mt phn c s dng cho cc hot ng ti sinh cht thi rn. Thit b thch hp s dng
trong vic gim kch thc CTR ty thuc vo loi, hnh dng, c tnh ca CTR v tiu chun
la chn thit k nhng thit b cho ph hp.
Cc thit b
Cc thit b thng s dng l: 1) ba p, rt c hiu qu khi i vi cc vt liu c c
tnh gin - d gy; 2) khoan ct bng thu lc, dng lm gim kch thc ca cc vt liu
mm hn so vi dng ba p; 3) my nghin, c u im l di chuyn d dng c, c th
s dng lm gim kch thc cho nhiu loi CTR khc nhau nh l cc nhnh cy, gc cy,
hay l cc loi CTR rn t qu trnh xy dng.
S hnh thnh cc c tnh (performance characteristic):
Vi phng php ny, kch thc CTR thay i ng k. Nu dng ba p th kch
thc phn cht thi sau khi p khng ng nht. Cc vt liu gin, d gy nh thu tinh,
c kch thc to hn cc kim loi cha st v khng cha st. tng hiu qu, kt hp li
chn vi ba p loi thy tinh ra khi cht thi rn.
Tiu chun thit k:
Thit b lm gim kch thc cht thi rn c thit k da vo ti trng CTR (tn/h) v
nng lng tiu th.
La chn thit b lm gim kch thc cht thi rn.
Cc yu t cn xem xt khi la chn thit b
Yu t

Nhn xt

1. Loi cht thi rn cn gim kch

Tnh cht c hc ca CTR cn quan
thc
tm nh: gin hay mm
2. Kch thc yu cu

Ba p lm gim kch thc CTR

khng ng nht, khoan ct th ngc li

3. Phng php nhp liu

Cng sut bng ti nhp liu phi

ph hp vi thit b

4. c tnh vn hnh

Nng lng yu cu (Hp.h/tn), ch

bo tr, vn hnh n gin, ng tin
cy v kim sot c ting n, kh thi
v nc thi

5. V tr

Sn hay nn xi mng v tr cao,

khng ng nc

6. Yu cu v lu tr v vn chuyn

Vt liu sau khi gim kch thc

cn c lu tr v chuyn n cui dy
chuyn
49

Bi v cc thit b lm gim kch thc CTR c sn xut t nhiu hng khc nhau, nn
ngi thit k phi la chn sao cho thit b to ra thch hp vi mc tiu thit k v hiu qu
kinh t.
3.3.2. Phn loi theo kch thc
Phn loi theo kch thc hay sng lc l mt qu trnh phn loi mt hn hp cc loi
vt liu CTR c kch thc khc nhau thnh 2 hay nhiu loi vt liu phn c cng kch thc
bng cch s dng cc loi sng c kch thc khc nhau. Qu trnh phn loi c th thc hin
khi vt liu cn t hoc kh, thng thng qu trnh phn loi gn lin vi cc cng on ch
bin cht thi tip theo. Cc sng lc c s dng trc v sau khi nghin rc, sau cng on
tch kh t qu trnh thu hi nng lng (after air clasification in the processing of refuse
derived fuel (RDF)). i khi cc loi sng lc cng c s dng trong qu trnh ch bin cc
sn phm phn compost vi mc ch l tng tnh ng nht ca cc loi sn phm.
Cc thit b thng c s dng nhiu nht l cc loi sng rung, sng c dng trng
quay v sng a. Loi sng rung c s dng i vi CTR khi cc vt liu tng i kh
nh kim loi, thy tinh, g vn, mnh v trong CTR xy dng. Loi sng trng quay dng
tch ri cc loi giy carton v giy vn, ng thi bo v c tc hi my nghin khi h
hng do CTR c kch thc ln. Loi sng a l mt dng ci tin ca sng rung vi nhng
u im nh c th t lm sch v t iu chnh cng sut.
3.3.3. Phn loi theo t trng khi lng
Phn loi bng phng php khi lng t trng l mt phng php k thut c s
dng rt rng ri dng phn loi cc vt liu c CTR da vo kh ng lc v s khc nhau
v khi lng ring khc nhau. Phng php ny c s dng phn loi CTR th tch
ri cc loi vt liu t qu trnh tch nghin thnh 2 phn ring bit loi khc nhau: dng c
khi lng ring nh nh giy, nha, cc cht hu c v dng c khi lng ring nng nh l
kim loi, g v cc loi vt liu CTR v c c khi lng ring tng i ln nng.
K thut c s dng rng ri nht dng phn loi cc loi vt liu da vo s khc
nhau v khi lng ring l p dng vic phn loi da vo kh ng lc khng kh. Nguyn
tc ca phng php ny l dng khng kh i t di ln trn v cc vt liu nh s c tch
ri khi cc vt liu nng hn.
3.3.4. Phn loi theo in trng v t tnh
K thut phn loi bng in trng v t tnh da vo tnh cht in t v t trng ca
cc loi vt liu c trong thnh phn cht thi rn. Phng php phn loi bng t trng c
s dng ph bin khi tin hnh tch ly cc kim loi mu ra khi kim loi en (separating
ferrous from nonferrous metals). Phng php phn loi bng tnh in c p dng tch
ly nha v giy da vo s khc nhau v s tch in b mt ca 2 loi vt liu ny. Phn loi
dng in xoy lc l k thut phn loi trong cc dng in xoy c to ra trong cc
kim loi khng cha st nh nhm v to thnh nam chm nhm
3.3.5. Nn cht thi rn
Phng php nn cht thi rn c s dng vi mc ch l gia tng khi lng ring
ca cc loi vt liu CTR nhm tng tnh hiu qu ca cng tc lu tr v vn chuyn, nh vy
vic lu tr v chuyn ch s c hiu qu hn.

50

3.4. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP NHIT

X l CTR v CTNH (cht thi y t, thuc bo v thc vt, cht thi nhim du) bng
phng php t l mt phng php hiu qu v hin nay c s dng kh ph bin.
Phng php x l CTR bng nhit c nhng u im:
Gim th tch CTR (gim 80-90% trng lng thnh phn hu c trong CTR
trong thi gian ngn, cht thi c x l khng trit );
Thu hi nng lng ;
L thnh phn quan trng trong chng trnh qun l tng hp CTR;
C th x l CTR ti ch m khng cn phi vn chuyn i xa, trnh c cc
ri ro v chi ph vn chuyn.
Song phng php t cng c nhng hn ch nh:
i hi chi ph u t xy dng l t, chi ph vn hnh v x l kh thi ln.
Vic thit k, vn hnh l t phc tp, ngi vn hnh l t i hi phi c
trnh chuyn mn cao.
c bit qu trnh t cht thi c th gy nhim mi trng nu cc bin php
kim sot qu trnh t, x l kh thi khng m bo.
3.4.1. H thng thiu t
Qu trnh t CTR l qu trnh oxy ha ha hc bin i cht thi rn bng oxy khng
kh di tc dng ca nhit v qu trnh oxy ha ha hc. Vi phng php t, bng cch t
cht thi, ta c th gim th tch ca CTR gim n 80 90%. Nhit bung t phi cao
hn 800oC. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh t l
1) Cc bao gm kh c nhit cao bao gm kh nit, cacbonic, hi nc v tro
2) Nng lng c th c thu hi nh qu trnh trao i nhit t kh sinh ra c nhit
cao. t thng quay, l t thng quay c s dng x l cc loi cht thi nguy hi
dng rn, cn, bn v cng c th dng lng. Thng quay hot ng nhit khong
1100oC, s dng cht thi nguy hi lm nguyn liu. y l phng php tiu hy cht thi
bng cch t cng vi nhin liu thng thng khc tn dng nhit cho cc thit b tiu th
nhit nh: ni hi, l nung, l luyn kim, l nu thy tinh. Lng cht thi b sung vo l t
c th chim 12 25% tng lng nhin liu.
3.4.2. H thng nhit phn
Nhit phn l qu trnh phn hy hay bin i ha hc cht thi rn xy ra do nung nng
trong iu kin khng c s tham gia ca oxy v to ra sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh bin
i cht thi rn l cc cht di dng rn, lng v kh. Nguyn l ca vn hnh qu trnh nhit
phn gm 2 giai on: Giai on 1 l qu trnh kh ha, cht thi c gia nhit tch cc
thnh phn d bay hi nh kh chy, hi nc...ra khi thnh phn chy khng ha hi v tro.
Giai on 2 l qu trnh t cc thnh phn bay hi iu kin ph hp tiu hy ht cc
cu t nguy hi.
Nhit phn bng h quang plasma: thc hin qu trnh t nhit cao (c th n
10.000oC) tiu hy cht thi c tnh c cc mnh. Sn phm l kh H2 v CO, kh acid v
tro.
3.4.3. H thng ha hi thnh kh (bc kh)
51

Mt cch tng qut qu trnh ha hi thnh kh l qu trnh t cc loi vt liu trong

iu kin thiu oxy. Mc d phng php ny c pht hin vo th k 19 nhng vic p
dng x l cht thi rn ch c thc hin trong thi gian gn y i vi x l cht thi
rn. K thut ha hi thnh kh l mt k thut c p dng vi mc ch l lm gim th
tch cht thi v thu hi nng lng.
3.4.4. Cc h thng kim sot nhim mi trng khng kh cho cc qu trnh nhit
K thut x l cht thi rn p dng cc qu trnh nhit cng pht sinh mt s tc ng
n mi trng xung quanh bao gm: kh, bi, cht thi rn, v cht thi lng. Do , khi p
dng phng php nhit x l CTR, trong qu trnh x l bng nhit cc thit b phi c
trang b h thng kim sot pht thi. i vi nhim khng kh cc cht nhim cn kim
sot l: NOx, SO2, CO, v bi.
Kh NOx: tn ti trong khng kh di 2 dng l: NO v NO2; NOx hnh thnh t 2
ngun l: Ngun th 1 hnh thnh do phn ng gia nit v oxy khng kh di tc dng
ca nhit; ngun th 2 hnh thnh do phn ng oxy v nit hu c c trong thnh phn cc loi
nhin liu s dng. NOx l tc nhn gip cho vic hnh thnh cht PAN (Peroxyl Acetal
Nitrate) gy nn hin tng sng m ha cht.
Kh SO2: hnh thnh do qu trnh t nhin liu c cha lu hunh. SO2 kch thch h
h hp, gy nn cc bnh nh vim mi, mt, vim hng. nng cao, SO2 c th l tc
nhn gy nn bnh tt hoc gy t vong i vi nhng ngi mc cc chng bnh lin quan
n phi nh l vim ph qun hay cung phi.
Kh CO: hnh thnh do qu trnh t CTR vt liu c cha carbon trong iu kin thiu
oxy khi s cung cp oxy khng y . CO phn ng vi hemoglobin trong mu to thnh
carboxylhemoglobyl (HbCO), gy c ch phn ng gia hemoglobin v oxy. C th con ngi
ch thch ng vi oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), oxy s c chuyn n cc m trong c th. S
thiu ht oxy s gy nn hin tng nhc u, chng mt.
Bi: hnh thnh do qu trnh t khng hon chnh nhin liu hoc l do c tnh vt l
ca cc vt liu khng chy. Bi lm gim th gic v nh hng n sc khe. Bi c kch
thc nh hn 10 m gi l bi h hp bi v n c th i su vo trong phi.
Thit b kim sot nhim khng kh:
Kh v bi pht sinh trong qu trnh x l cht thi rn, c th c x l bng cc loi
thit b kim sot v phn loi thnh 4 dng sau y:
- Lng tnh in, lc vi.
- Tch ly ngun thi, kim sot qu trnh t, x l kh (kim sot NOx)
- Tch ly ngun thi, thp ra kh hoc lc kh (kim tra SO2 v hi acid)
- Kim sot qu trnh t (kim sot CO v HC).
Mc ch ca qu trnh kim sot l la chn cng ngh v thit b t c hiu qu
loi tr cht thi, hiu qu loi tr c xc nh nh sau:
E=

Wvao Wra
100 (5-1)
Wvao

Trong :
E: hiu qu loi tr cht thi
Wvo: nng cht nhim u vo
52

Wra: nng cht nhim u ra

3.4.5.Cng ngh t
Hu ht cc phng php x l, lu tr v loi b iu lin quan n cng ngh t tc
vic t chy cc cht mt cch c kim sot trong mt min kn nh mt phng tin x
l v thi loi cht thi nguy hi. L mt phng thc qun l cht thi nguy hi, cng ngh
t c mt s c th:
Th nht, nu c tin hnh ang theo qui cch, n c kh nng phn hy ton b cc
c cht hu c trong cht thi nguy hi bng cch phn hy cc mi lin kt ha hc ca
chng v a chng tr li dng cc nguyn t hp thnh ban u, qua lm gim thiu hoc
loi b hon tan cc c tnh ca chng.
Th hai, n hn ch th tch ca cht thi nguy hi cn phi c thi loi b vo mi
trng t bng cch bin i cc cht rn v lng thnh dng tro. So vi vic loi thi b cht
thi nguy hi khng qua x l, vic thi b loi tro vo mi trng t an ton v hiu qu gp
nhiu ln.
Cng ngh t l mt qu trnh x l kh phc tp. Trong qu trnh chy, cc cht hu c
dng rn hoc lng s b chuyn i sang pha kh. Cc kh ny qua cc li t s tip tc b
lm nng ln, n mt nhit no cc hp cht hu c ca chng s b phn hy thnh
cc nguyn t thnh phn. Cc nguyn t ny kt hp vi oxy v to nn cc cht kh bn
vng, cc kh ny sau khi qua cc thit b kim sot nhim s c thi vo bu kh quyn.
Thnh phn ca cc cht kh bn vng pht sinh t vic t cc hp cht hu c ch yu
l CO2 v hi nc. Tuy nhin, ty thuc vo thnh phn ca cht thi rn, mt lng nh CO,
NOx, HCl v cc kh khc c th s c hnh thnh. Cc cht kh ny l nguyn nhn tim n
kh nng gy nguy hi cho sc khe con ngi v mi trng.
Vic qun l v thi loi b cc kim loi, tn tro v cc sn phm ph ca qu trnh t
cng c th gy nhng tc hi nh cp. Tn tro l mt vt liu d lng, tro vi thnh
phn ch yu l carbon, cc mui v cc kim loi. Trong qu trnh t, hu ht tn tro s tp
trung y ca bung t (tro y). Khi lp tro ny c ly ra khi bung t n c th xem
nh l cht thi nguy hi do bi cc qui tc chuyn ha hoc do n c 1 c tnh (nguy hi)
no . Tuy nhin cc ht tro kch thc nh (vt cht dng ht m c th c cc kim loi km
theo) cng s b cun theo cc cht kh ln cao (cn gi l tro bay). Cc ht tro ny cng cc
kim loi c lin quan cng phi c xem xt bi cc qui nh p dng cho cng ngh t bi
v chng c th mang cc hp phn nguy hi ra khi h thng thit b vo trong kh quyn. Do
vic t khng phn hy c cc hp cht v trong cht thi nguy hi (cc kim loi chng
hn), cc hp cht ny c th cng s tch t trong lp tro y v tro bay vi nng c hi.
H thng l t cht thi nguy hi c trnh by nh sau

53

5
3.5. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP CHUYN HA SINH HC V HA HC
3.5.1.Qu trnh phn hiu kh

L mt qu trnh bin i sinh hc c s dng rt rng ri, mc ch l bin i

cc cht thi rn hu c thnh cc cht v c (qu trnh khong ha) di tc dng ca
vi sinh vt. Sn phm to thnh dng mn gi l phn compost.
3.5.2.Qu trnh phn hy cht thi ln men k kh
L qu trnh bin i sinh hc di tc dng ca vi sinh vt trong iu kin ym kh, p
dng i vi cht thi rn c hm lng cht rn t 4 8% (bao gm: cht thi rn ca con
54

ngi, ng vt, cc sn phm tha t nng nghip, v cht hu c trong thnh phn ca cht
thi rn th). Qu trnh phn hy ln men k kh c p dng rng ri trn th gii. Sn
phm cui cng l kh metan, kh CO2, v cht mn n nh dng lm phn bn.
3.5.3.Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc
Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc bao gm mt lot cc phn ng thy phn c s dng
ti sinh cc hp cht nh l glucose v mt lot cc phn ng khc dng ti sinh du tng
hp, kh v acetate cellulose. K thut x l cht thi rn bng phng php ha hc ph bin
nht l phn ng thy phn cellulose di tc dng ca acid v qu trnh bin i metan thnh
metanol.
Phn ng thy phn acid
Cellulose hnh thnh do s lin kt ca hn 3000 n v phn t glucose, cellulose c c
im l ha tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c nhng hu nh khng b phn hy bi t
bo. Nu cellulose c phn hy th glucose s c ti sinh. Qui trnh thc hin bng phn
ng ha hc c bn nh sau:
acid
(C6H10O5)n + H2O n C6H12O6

(5-2)

cellulose glucose
ng glucose c trch ly t cellulose c th c bin i bng cc phn ng sinh
hc v ha hc to thnh sn phm l ru v cc ha cht cng nghip.
Sn xut metanol t metan
Metan c hnh thnh t qu trnh phn hy ym kh ca cc cht thi rn hu c c th
c bin i thnh metanol.
Qu trnh bin i c thc hin bng 2 phn ng sau:
Xc tc

CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2

(5-3)

Xc tc
CO + 2H2 CH3OH

(5-4)

Thun li ca vic sn xut metanol t kh biogas c cha metan l metanol c th lu

tr v vn chuyn d dng hn l vic chuyn kh metan.

Nng lng t qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc ca cht thi rn

Mt khi cc sn phm c hnh thnh t cht thi rn hoc l t qu trnh phn hy ym kh
(to kh metan) hoc l t bin i ha hc (to thnh metanol), nhng bc thc hin tip theo l
vic s dng v lu tr. Nu cc sn phm ny sinh ra nng lng th i hi cn thc hin nhng
bc bin i tip theo. Biogas c th s dng trc tip t cc ng c t trong hoc l s dng
kh ny lm quay tuabin, to ra in nng.
3.6.CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RN
3.6.1.Cc phng php x l tng qut
Vic tn dng cht thi rn trong nhiu trng hp dn n s cn thit phi phn chia
chng thnh cc cu t, cng vi vic tch vt liu bng cc phng php khc nhau hoc cho
55

chng mt dng xc nh no , bo m kh nng t tn dng ph thi nh ti nguyn th

cp. Tp hp tt c cc phng php chun b v ch bin ph thi ph bin nht c trnh
by trn
Mc ch ca cc phng php x l cht thi rn ni chung l nhm vo:
- Tng cao hiu qu ca vic qun l CTR
- Thu hi vt liu ti s dng, ti ch
- Thu hi nng lng t rc cng nh cc sn phm chuyn i
Cc phng php chun b v ch bin cht thi rn

Phn loi v
chn lc

sng

Phn loi
bng thy lc

Phn loi
bng kh
ng

Gim
kch thc

Tng
kch thc

Tuyn

To ht

Tuyn lng
trng lc

ng vin

Tuyn ni

ng
khi

Tuyn t

Kt dnh
nhit
cao

Tuyn in

Ha tan kt tinh

Trch li

Nghin

Tuyn trong
cht lng
nng

Cc phng php chun b v ch bin cht thi rn

3.6.1.1. Phng php c hc
Cng v hiu qu ca a s cc qu trnh khuch tn ha hc v sinh ha tng theo
gim kch thc ht vt liu. Do vy, cht thi rn thng phi qua cng on gim kch
thc ht, tip theo l phn loi v chn lc.
CTR c lm gim kch thc c th s dng trc tip lm lp che ph trn mt t hay
lm phn compost hoc mt phn c s dng cho cc hot ng ti sinh cht thi rn. Thit
b thch hp s dng trong vic gim kch thc CTR ty thuc vo loi, hnh dng, c tnh
ca CTR v tiu chun la chn thit k nhng thit b cho ph hp.
Cc thit b thng s dng l: 1) ba p, rt c hiu qu khi i vi cc vt liu c c
tnh gin - d gy; 2) khoan ct bng thu lc, dng lm gim kch thc ca cc vt liu
mm hn so vi dng ba p; 3) my nghin, c u im l di chuyn d dng c, c th
s dng lm gim kch thc cho nhiu loi CTR khc nhau nh l cy nhnh cy, gc cy,
hay l cc loi CTR t qu trnh xy dng.
p
56

Phng php p c s dng thu sn phm c ln ch yu l 5mm. p c p

dng rng ri trong ch bin cht thi trong x l trn qung m, x ca nh my luyn kim,
cc dng k thut bng nha qua qu trnh s dng, ph thi mui m v thch cao
photpho, ph liu g, mt s nha, vt liu xy dng v nhiu loi vt liu khc.
Cc ch s cng ngh c bn ca p l mc p v nng lng p.
Mc p:
i=

Dmax Dtb
=
d max
d tb

(5.1)

Dmax v dmax - ng knh ti a ca ht vt liu trc v sau p

Dtb v dtb - ng knh trung bnh ca ht vt liu ban u v sn phm.
Cc kch thc Dmax v dmax xc nh giai on p th, trung bnh v nhuyn.
p

Th

Trung bnh

Nhuyn

Dmax, mm

1 200 - 500

350 - 100

100 - 40

Dmax, mm

350 - 100

100 - 40

30 - 5

Chi ph nng lng ring phn (kWh cho 1 tn vt liu) l:

E=
y

N
(5.2)
Q

N - cng sut ng c my p, kW

Q - nng sut my p, T/h

Gi tr E ph thuc mc p v tnh cht c l ca vt liu.
Cng ngh p c th c t chc vi vic p dng hoc chu k h khi vt liu ch cn
p 1 ln, hoc chu k kn vi sng, sn phm trn li s quay tr li my p. Mt s s
p n gin c trnh by trn hnh 5.2.
Ph thi
p
Sn phm p

Ph thi

Ph thi

Sn phm p

Sn phm p

Hnh 5.2. Mt s s p n gin

Nghin
Phng php nghin c s dng khi cn thu sn phm cht thi c ln nh hn 5
mm c s dng ph bin trong cng ngh ti s dng cht thi ca khai thc qung m, ph
2

57

liu xy dng, x ca luyn kim v nhin liu, ph thi ca tuyn than, ph thi nha, qung
pirit v hng lot ti nguyn th cp khc.
Cc my nghin ph bin hn c l my nghin thanh, nghin bi v nghin dao. Vic
nghin mt s ph liu nha v cao su c tin hnh nhit thp.
Phn loi v chn lc
Cc qu trnh ny c ng dng phn chia ph thi thnh phn on theo ln.
Chng bao gm phng php sng ht vt liu v phn chia chng di tc dng ca lc qun
tnh - trng lc v li tm - trng lc.
Sng l qu trnh phn loi thnh lp theo ln cc ht c kch thc khc nhau bng
cch dch chuyn chng trn b mt c l.
phn ring vt liu rn dng bn, ngi ta s dng xiclon nc, my li tm lng
3.6.1.2.Phng php nhit
l qu trnh nhit phn (v d ph liu nha, g, cao su, cn ca ch bin du m),
nng chy (v d x luyn kim, ph liu kim loi), nung (v d x luyn kim mu, qung thiu
kt pirit, mt s x cha st v bi) v kh c bng ngn la (t chy) nhiu cht thi rn
trn c s hu c.
To ht bng nhit cao
Phng php ny c ng dng ch bin bi, r st, x v dm nguyn liu qung
trong luyn kim, qung thiu kt pirit v cc ph liu phn tn cha st.
Qu trnh to ht ny c tin hnh bng cch t vt liu trc tip vi nhin liu rn
trong l nhit khong 1.100 - 1.6000C. Sau sn phm thiu kt c p n 100 150mm ri c sng v lm ngui. Phn on di 8mm thng chim 30 - 35% c quay
tr li l.
To khi
To khi l cc qu trnh to ht, ng vin, ng khi v to khi nhit cao. Chng
c s dng ch bin thnh vt liu xy dng cc ph thi ca khai thc qung m, phn
st ca tuyn than v tro ca trm nhit in, trong qu trnh tn dng thch cao photpho trong
nng nghip v cng nghip xi mng, trong chun b lm nng chy ph thi c phn tn
cao ca kim loi mu v en, trong qu trnh ti s dng nha, m hng, bi v dm bo
To ht v ng vin c th c thc hin bng cch cn vt liu bt, cho cc ht tip xc vi
nhau trong dng xi ri, trong lp tng si, trong lp tng rung hoc di tc dng ca tc
ng c hc khc.
S ng khi vt liu phn tn c tin hnh vi p sut nn p ln hn 80MPa khng c cht
lin kt, cn c cht lin kt th p sut nn khong 15 - 25MPa.
3.6.1.2.Phng php tuyn cht thi
Trong thc t ti sinh cht thi rn cng nghip (c bit l ca cng nghip khang sn,
cha kim loi mu v en, cc phn chi tit ph thi, cc thit b in, cc dng khc trn
c s kim loi v hp kim, vi loi tro nhin liu, hn hp cht do, x luyn kim mu v hng
lot cc ti nguyn th cp khc), ngi ta s dng cc phng php tuyn vt liu khc nhau
nh: tuyn trng lc, tuyn t, tuyn in, tuyn ni v cc phng php tuyn c bit khc.
1. Tuyn trng lc
58

Phng php tuyn ny da trn s khc nhau ca vn tc ri trong mi trng lng (hay
kh) ca cc ht c kch thc v khi lng ring khc nhau. l cc qu trnh tuyn sng
(i), tuyn trong huyn ph nng, trong dung dch chuyn theo b mt nghing v ra.
i:
i l qu trnh phn chia ht khng sn theo khi lng ring di tc dng tia nc
thay i theo hng thng ng, i qua my i c li. i thng p dng cho vt liu
kh x s b c ln ti u 0,5-100 mm i vi vt liu khng qung 0,2-40m i vi vt
liu qung m.
Khi i vt liu ln lp nm trn li c chiu dy 5-10 ln ng knh ht ln nht ca
nhp liu, c gi l lp l. Khi i vt liu nhuyn (n 3-5mm) trn li ngi ta xp lp l
to t cc ht vt liu ln, nng c kch thc 3-4 ln ln hn kch thc ht ln nht ca nhp
liu. Trong qu trnh i, vt liu c phn lp: trong lp di tp trung cc ht nng, trong
lp trn cng - ht nh, nhuyn. Cc lp ny c ly ra ring bit.
2. Ra
ph v v loi lp t st, ct v cc cht khng khc cng nh cc tp cht hu c
trong ph thi thng s dng qu trnh ra. Tc nhn ra thng l nc (c th thm cht
hot ng b mt), hoc hi nc qu nhit v cc dung mi khc nhau.
3. Tuyn ni
Trong thc t ch bin cc dng ph liu ring bit (nh x luyn kim, cc thnh phn b
qung v khng qung) ngi ta p dng phng php tuyn ni. ln ca vt liu c
tuyn khng ln hn 0,5 mm.
4. Tuyn t
Tuyn t c p dng tch cc cu t c t tnh yu v mnh ra khi thnh phn
khng nhim t. Cc cht c kh nng nhim t mnh l FeO.Fe2O3, Fe2O3, Fex-1Sx Cc
oxit, hydroxit v cacbonat st, mangan, crom v kim loi qu l vt liu nhim t yu. Cn cc
khng cht nh thch anh fenspat, canxit CaCO3 khng b nhim t. Vt liu nhim t yu
c tuyn trong t trng mnh cng n 800-1600 kA/m, cn vt liu nhim t mnh trong t trng yu 70-160 kA/m.
phn ring bng t trng, vt liu phi qua x l s b bng p, nghin, sng kh
cn, nung t) thng tuyn t kh cc vt liu c ln 3-50 mm, v tuyn t t cho ht
nh hn 3 mm.
5. Tuyn in
Tuyn in da trn s khc nhau ca tnh dn in ca vt liu c phn ring.
Theo tnh dn in vt liu c chia thnh dn in, bn dn, in mi. Khi tip xc vi
b mt ca in cc kim loi tch in th n s truyn in tch cho vt liu. Cc ht dn in
c tch in nhiu nht s y xa khi in cc, cn cc ht in mi gi nguyn qu o
ca mnh.
6. Tuyn trong huyn ph v cht lng nng
Qu trnh ny l s phn chia vt liu theo khi lng ring trong trng lc hp dn hay
li tm trong huyn ph hoc cht lng c khi lng ring gia cc khi lng ring ca cc
ht cn phn chia. Huyn ph nng l cc ht khang sn nng hoc hp kim t c phn tn
cao l lng trong nc - gi chung l cht lm nng, thng l hp kim st - silic, pirit, FeS2,
59

pirotin Fex-1Sx, Fe3O4, qung st F2O3 v cc vt liu khc c ln n 0,16 mm. Cc cht
lng nng c dng l dung dch CaCl2, ZnCl2, PbCl2
Khi lng tnh ca huyn ph c tnh theo cng thc
g/cm3

c = C (y - 1) + 1,
y

(5.3)

C- nng th tch ca cht lm nng, phn n v,

y- khi lng ring ca cht lm nng, g/cm3.

Khi lng ca cht lm nng trong th tch huyn ph V l:
m y = V. y

( c 1) , kg

(5.4)

V- th tch huyn ph, m3

gi tnh n nh ca huyn ph ngi ta cho thm t st (n 3% khi lng cht

lm nng, hoc p dng hn hp bt cc cht lm nng c khi lng ring khc nhau.
Cc thit b tuyn trong cht lng nng ph bin nht l cc thit b phn ring dng
trng, chp, bc thang v xiclon nc.
Nng sut ca my phn li dng trng (T/h) theo sn phm nh c xc nh theo cng
thc:
Q=

1
(5.5)
D h1,5 v l
0,5

- u ra ca sn phm nh, phn n v

D - ng knh trng, m
h - chiu cao dng chy, h = (1,2 - 1,5) ln ng knh ca ht ln nht, m
v - vn tc dng huyn ph u ra ca my phn li, v = 0,3 - 0,5 m/s
l - khi lng ring ng ca sn phm nh, kg/m3.
Nng sut ca my phn ring dng chp theo nhp liu, T/h
Q = qS (5.6)
y

q- ti trng ring trn 1 n v din tch vng lm vic ca my, T/m2 h

S- din tch vng hot ng, m2

3.6.1.3.Phng php ha l
Nhiu qu trnh tn dng cht thi rn trong cng nghip da trn vic p dng cc
phng php trch li, ha tan v kt tinh vt liu.
1. Trch li
Phng php ny c p dng rng ri trong thc t ch bin cht thi ca cng nghip
khai thc m, mt s x ca luyn kim v nhin liu, qung pirit thiu kt, cc nguyn liu th
cp ca ngnh g v cc ngnh khc. Phng php da trn vic li ko mt hoc vi cu t t
khi vt liu rn bng cch ha tan chn lc chung trong cht lng.
Ph thuc vo tnh cht ca qu trnh ha l din ra khi trch, ngi ta chia ra lm ha tan
n gin (cu t chnh c li cun vo dung dch trong thnh phn c trong vt liu ban
60

u) v trch li vi phn ng ha hc (cu t mc tiu trong vt liu ban u kh ha tan s

chuyn thnh dng d tan).
Lng tc cht tiu hao ti thiu, cn thit li cun hon ton cu t mc tiu vo
dung dch, v kh nng thc hin qu trnh c xc nh bi hng s cn bng ca phn ng
Kc. V d, i vi trng hp trch:
ABR + 2CDdd

C2Bdd + AD2R

Hng s nng cn bng Kc c biu din nh sau:

Kc =

[C ]
[CD]

2 B cb
2

(5.7)

cb

Khi t cn bng, nng tc cht Cd khng tiu hao cn li trong dung dch.

[CD]

cb

[C B]
2

cb

Kc

(5.8)

Nh vy, lng tc cht CD cn thit d trn 1 mol cu t AB c trch phi bng:

1

[CD ] =
du

Cn tng lng tc cht tiu hao phi l: 2 +

Kc

(5.8)

1
Kc

Gi tr hng s cn bng c tm trong ti liu tra cu, hoc c tnh theo cc i

lng ca nhit ng hc ca cc cht tham gia phn ng, hoc theo cc gi tr th in ha.
Khi xy ra phn ng oxi ha kh, cng nh c xc nh bng thc nghim.
Vn tc trch thng thay i theo din bin qu trnh v ph thuc nng tc cht,
nhit , cng khuy trn, din tch b mt pha rn v cc yu t khc. Dng tng qut
ca vn tc l:
dG
= jS (5.9)
d

G - Lng cht cn trch trong pha rn, kg

j - lng cht cn trch chuyn vo dung dch trong 1 n v thi gian, trn 1
n v b mt pha rn, kg/ m2.s
S - b mt tng tc ca cc pha,m2
Nu qu trnh trch tng ng vi s ha tan v phn ng trao i, din ra vi s to
thnh pha rn mi
aAR + bBd

cCR + dDdd

th n bao gm s khuch tn tc cht n b mt pha rn qua lp phim lng, khuch tn

tc cht qua lp sn phm rn hoc lp vt liu tr, phn ng ha hc trn b mt cht trch,
khuch tn cht tan t b mt phn ng qua lp rn v lp phim lng. Khi dng cht trch
c dng:

61

j=

1
'
C0
C0
Kc

1 2 1 1 d 1
2

+
+
+
+

+
'
'
D
1 D 2 k K c b D1 D 2

(5.10)

1, 2 - Chiu y lp phim lng v sn phm phn ng rn,

D1, D2, D1, D2 - h s khuych tn tc cht trong dung dch
v trong sn phm phn ng

C0, C0- nng tc cht v sn phm trong dung dch, mol/m3

b,d- s mol ca tc cht v sn phm phn ng, mol
Nu phn ng khng thun nghch (1/Kc 0)
j=

C0
(5.11)
1 2 1
+
+
D1 D 2 k

i
l h s truyn khi,
Di

Di
l tr lc khuych tn,
i
1
l tr lc ng ha hc.
k

Nh vy, tng tr lc khuch tn v ha hc l tr lc chung ca qu trnh:

1
1 1
1
+
+ =
(5.12)
1 2 k

hay

j = C0

Nu trong qu trnh trch to thnh sn phm rn dng v bc cht th tr lc ca n

1
l ln nht, khi qu trnh din ra trong vng khuch tn trong. Cn nu v bc cht

khng hnh thnh v i lng k ln th qu trnh din ra trong vng khuch tn ngoi.
Trng hp qu trnh c quyt nh bi phn ng ha hc th n din ra trong vng ng
hc.
Dung mi trch cn phi tha mn cc yu cu nh tnh chn lc, hng s phn phi v
khuch tn, khi lng ring, tnh bt chy, hot tnh n mn, tnh c hi Cc thng s nh
hng n qu trnh trch ly thng l nng dung mi, kch thc, xp ca ht vt liu,
cng thy ng, nhit v tc ng ca cc trng lc khc nhau (in mt chiu, in
t, tn s cao, li tm) cng nh trong mt s trng hp c s hin din ca cc vi sinh vt
khc nhau (trch bng vi khun).
Qu trnh trch c th gin on v lin tc. Qu trnh gin on c tin hnh bng
cch ngm hoc thm ra. Trch li lin tc tin b hn c tin hnh bng cch cho tip xc
nhiu bc bng cc phng php cng chiu, ngc chiu v t hp ca chung. Thit b trch li
rt a dng. Chng c phn loi theo phng thc hot ng (lin tc v gin on), theo
hng chuyn ng ca dung mi v pha rn (cng chiu, ngc chiu, khuy trn hon ton,
62

qu trnh trong lp vt liu v t hp ca chng), theo tnh cht tun han ca dung mi (tun
hon, khng tun hon, ti) v theo cc nguyn tc khc.
S cng ngh ca qu trnh trch nhiu bc cng chiu v ngc chiu c trnh by
trn hnh 5.3.

Hnh 5.3. S cng ngh ca qu trnh trch nhiu bc

2. Ha tan
Phng php ny l thc hin qu trnh tng tc d th gia cht lng v cht rn km
theo s dch chuyn cht rn vo dung dch, c ng dng rng ri trong thc t ch bin
nhiu loi cht thi rn.
Kh nng t ha tan ca cht rn c th c nh gi bi du ca i lng G (s thay
i nng lng Gibbs) c xc nh bi cng thc:
G = H - TS (5.13)
y

H - bin i entanpi, kJ/kg

S - bin i entropi, kJ/kgoK

T - nhit tuyt i,oK
Khi

G < 0 c kh nng ha tan

G = 0 tng ng vi cn bng trong h thng

G > 0 c kh nng kt tinh
ha tan cht rn trong cht lng thng b gii hn bi nng bo ha Cs. Vn tc
ha tan c biu din bi phng trnh
y

dG
= KF(Cs - C) (5.14)
d

G- lng cht ha tan, kg

63

K- h s truyn khi,
F- tng b mt ca cc ht tan vo thi im , m2.
Trong thc t, c trng hp vn tc ha tan c quyt nh khng phi bi khuch tn
cht tan t b mt pha rn vo dung dch, m bi vn tc chuyn pha ca vt cht vo dung dch
(v d i vi mui K2SO4.2MgSO4, MgSO3.H2O). Tuy nhin, i a s cc mui qua qu
trnh ha tan c quyt nh bi vn tc khuch tn, khi i lng K c xc nh theo
cng thc
K = K 1/3l-1(Dl)2/3(5.15)
y

K - h s truyn khi (i vi cc mui tan khuych tn K = 70 10),

- hiu khi lng ring pha rn v lng, kg/m3

l - nht ng hc ca cht lng, s/m2
Dl - h s khuch tn hu dng ca cht tan,
Thi gian cn thit ha tan hon ton lng cht G cho trc, c th c nh gi
bi biu thc:
C d
G.ln

C c
=
K . Fd (Cd Cc )

(5.16)

C, Cc - ng lc u v cui ca qu trnh, mol/m3

F - tng b mt ha tan ca ht vt liu, m2

Qu trnh tan c thc hin trong thit b hot ng gin on (khi nng sut khng ln
- trong lp ht rn hoc vi s khuy trn) v lin tc (trong lp chuyn ng hoc khuy
trn).
3. Kt tinh
Vic tch pha rn dng tinh th t dung dch bo ha, t th nng chy hoc hi c
ph bin rng ri trong ch bin cc cht thi rn khc nhau.
Kh nng kt tinh ca cu t dung dch c nh gi qua gin trng thi ha tan
(Cs) - nhit .
Nu ng cong ha tan tng nhanh theo nhit th khi gim nhit mt t dung dch
s chuyn vo vng bo ha v s sinh ra tinh th rn. Lc nng ca dung dch gim.
Kt tinh cc dung dch nh th c thc hin bng cch lm lnh chung.
Nu ha tan tng chm theo nhit th vic chuyn dung dch vo vng qu bo ha
ch xy ra khi lm lnh v lc tch ra mt lng khng ln tinh th rn. Trng hp ny kt
tinh nn tin hnh bng cch loi mt phn dung mi.
C th c trng hp ha tan thay i khng ng k trong khong rng nhit .
Trong trng hp ny kt tinh c tin hnh bng cch bay hi dung mi.
C ba phng thc kt tinh c bn:
1. Kt tinh vi vic loi mt phn dung mi nh bay hi hoc ng bng. Phng
thc ny c gi l kt tinh ng nhit.
2. Kt tinh bng cch lm lnh hoc un nng dung dch vi lng dung mi
khng i.
64

3. Phng thc kt tinh kt hp: kt tinh chn khng, kt tinh vi s bay hi mt

phn dung mi trong dng khng kh hoc kh tr ti nhit khc, kt tinh phn on.
Ngoi ra, trong thc t ngi ta cn ng dng kt tinh bng mui (cho vo dung dch cht
lm gim ha tan), kt tinh nh phn ng ha hc, cng nh kt tinh nhit cao bo m
kh nng thu c cc tinh th ngm nc vi hm lng m kt tinh nh nht. Vn tc ca
qu trnh kt tinh thuc nhiu yu t ( qu bo ha, nhit , cng khuy trn v nng
tp cht) v thay i theo thi gian qua cc i.
Vn tc kt tinh c tnh qua hai i lng vn tc to mm v vn tc tng trng tinh
th.
Vn tc to mm
16 3 V 2 N

m
A
,
N = C.exp
3
2
2
3n ( R. T) ( ln S)

ht / cm3.s

(5.17)

R - hng s kh,

- sc cng b mt,
NA = 6,02251023 phn t/mol
S - qu bo ha, S = Cdd/Cs
n - s ion to thnh khi ha tan 1 phn t
Vm - th tch mol ca pha rn,
C = 1025 - gi tr thc nghim
ng knh ti hn ca cc mm tinh th to thnh c xc nh theo cng thc
d=

4Vm
nRT ln S

(5.18)

Vn tc tng trng tinh th

J=

dm
= F(C Cs )k
d

(5.19)

F - b mt tinh th,
C - nng dch ci, mol/m3
Cs - nng bo ha, mol/m3
k - h s tng trng ton phn.
3.6.1.4.Cc phng php ha hc

Cht thi rn, di gc ca cng ngh ha hc, thc cht l mt loi nguyn liu sn
xut - nguyn liu khng sch cha nhiu tp cht - v cng c xem nh mt loi qung m
nhn to. V vy, khi ch bin chung, ngi ta p dng cc phng php x l nh i vi
qung m m ta nu ln trong phn cc phng php chung. Ngai ra, chuyn cu t
mc tiu thnh dng nguyn liu sch p ng cc nhu cu sn xut khc nhau, ngi ta
thng b sung thm tc cht khc v khi s xy ra cc phn ng ha hc gia cu t mc
tiu v tc cht b sung. chnh l bn cht ca vic p dng phng php ha hc trong x
l cht thi rn cng nghip. Phng php ha hc c p dng rt rng ri v ph hp vi
cc cht v c cng nh hu c.
65

3.6.1.5. Cc phng php sinh ha

Phng php ny da trn kh nng phn hy cc cht hu c trong cht thi bi vi sinh
vt. Phng php ny c ng dng chuyn cc cht hu c thnh phn bn (ln men k
kh) hoc phn hy chung hon ton (ln men hiu kh).
Mt s vi sinh vt c kh nng chuyn cc hp cht v c khng tan sang trng thi tan
trong iu kin xc nh. Phng php ny gi l trch bng vi khun. Trch bng vi khun
c hiu l qu trnh tch chn lc cc nguyn t ha hc t hp cht a cu t trong qu
trnh ha tan chung mi trng nc bi cc vi sinh vt.
Cc vi sinh vt c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip l vi khun st, chng c th oxi
ha st ha tr 2 thnh st ha tr 3 cng nh cc sunfua v c, v vi khun lu hunh. Ngun
nng lng duy nht cho qu trnh sng ca cc vi sinh vt ny l phn ng oxi ha cc hp
cht v c kim loi v nguyn t lu hunh.
Vi khun st c kh nng oxi ha sunfua kim loi, chuyn chng thnh sunfat trc tip
hoc gin tip.
Vi khun
2FeSO4 + 1 O2 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
2

Fe2(SO4)3 + MeS MeSO4 + 2 FeSO4 + S

Vi khun st c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip trch ng t ph thi v qung.
trch, ngi ta s dng dung dch nc trn c s Fe2(SO4)3 v H2SO4 vi s hin din ca
Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4 v vi khun st.
Fe2(SO4)3 + 2CuS + H2O + 3O2 2CuSO4 + 4FeSO4 + 2H2SO4
Trn th gii, phng php trch bng vi khun c p dng rng ri thu hi
uranium t qung m, Zn, Mn, As, Co... Ngi ta ang tm kim cc vi sinh vt khc vi mc
ch tch c cc cht hu dng rng ri hn. Phng php trch bng vi khun rt tin tin
v n cho php gim ng k gi thnh cc cu t qu him v m rng cc ti nguyn cng
nghip, bo m tnh kh thi ca vic s dng ton phn nguyn liu v c.

66

CHNG 4: THNH PHN, TNH CHT V PHN LOI

CHT THI NGUY HI
Mt trong nhng vn quan trng tm hiu v CTNH l phi nm bt thng tin v cht
thi thng qua vic nhn dng, xc nh tnh cht, ngun gc, cch thc x l cng nh s
bin i ca cht thi trong mi trng qua p dng cc cng c, chnh sch hp l thc
hin vic qun l.

4.1. MT S KHI NIM V CTNH

4.1.1. Mt s khi nim
Theo UNEP
Cht thi c hi l nhng cht thi (khng k cht thi phng x) c hot tnh ha hc,
hoc c tnh c hi, chy n, n mn gy nguy him hoc c th gy nguy him n sc khe
hoc mi trng khi hnh thnh hoc tip xc vi cc cht thi khc.
Cht thi khng bao gm trong nh ngha trn:
Cht thi phng x c xem l cht thi c hi nhng khng bao gm trong nh
ngha ny bi v hu ht cc quc gia qun l v kim sot cht phng x theo qui c, iu
khon, qui nh ring.
Cht thi rn sinh hot c th gy nhim mi trng do cha mt t cht thi nguy
hi tuy nhin n c qun l theo h thng cht thi ring. mt s quc gia s dng thu
gom tch ring cht thi nguy hi trong rc sinh hot.
Theo Lut khi phc v bo v ti nguyn ca M (RCRA):
CTNH l cht rn hoc hn hp cht rn c khi lng, nng , hoc cc tnh cht vt
l, ha hc, ly nhim m khi x l, vn chuyn, thi b, hoc bng nhng cch qun l khc
n c th:
Gy ra nguy him hoc tip tc tng nguy him hoc lm tng ng k s t vong, hoc
lm mt kh nng hi phc sc khe ca ngi bnh
Lm pht sinh him ha ln cho con ngi hoc mi trng hin ti hoc tng lai
Thut ng cht rn trong nh ngha c gii thch bao gm cht bn rn, lng, v
ng thi bao hm c cht kh.
C quan bo v mi trng M (US EPA)
Cht thi c cho l nguy hi theo quy nh ca php lut nu c mt hoc mt s tnh
cht sau:
-

Th hin c tnh d bt la, n mn, phn ng, v/hoc c hi.

- L cht thi xut pht t ngun khng c trng (cht thi ni chung t qui trnh
cng ngh).
-

L cht thi xut pht t ngun c trng (t cc nghnh cng nghip c hi).

L cc ha cht thng phm c hi hoc sn phm trung gian

67

L hn hp c cha mt cht thi nguy hi c lit k.

L mt cht c qui nh trong RCRA.

- Ph phm ca qu trnh x l CTNH cng c coi l cht thi nguy hi tr khi

chng c loi b ht tnh nguy hi.
nh ngha ca Philipin
Cht thi c hi l cc vt liu vn c tnh c hi, tnh n mn, cht gy kch thch, tnh
d chy, v tnh gy n.
Quy ch qun l CTNH ca Vit Nam
CTNH l cht c cha cc cht hoc hn hp cc cht c mt trong cc c tnh gy nguy
hi trc tip (d chy, d n, lm ng c, d n mn, d ly nhim v cc c tnh nguy hi
khc), hoc tng tc vi cc cht khc gy nguy hi ti mi trng v sc khe con ngi.
4.1.2.nh ngha cht thi nguy hi
Cht thi nguy hi (hazardous waste/materials) l nhng cht c tnh c hi nht thi
thi ng k hoc tim n i vi con ngi v cc sinh vt khc do: khng phn hu sinh hc
hay ton ti lu bn trong t nhin; gia tng s lng ng k khng th kim sot; liu lng
tch lu n mt liu lng nht nh no s gy t vong hay gy ra tc ng tiu cc.
Cc cht c mt trong cc c tnh nguy hi sau c xc nh l cht nguy hi:
y

Cht c kh nng gy chy (Ignitability): cht c nhit bt chy < 600C, cht c th
chy do ma st, t thay i v ho hc. Nhng cht gy chy thng gp l xng, du,
nhin liu, ngoi ra cn c cadmium, cc hp cht hu c nh benzen, etylbenzen,
toluen, hp cht hu c c cha Clo

Cht c tnh n mn (Corossivity): l nhng cht trong nc to mi trng pH <3

hay pH >12.5; cht c th n mn thp. Dng thng gp l nhng cht c tnh axt
hoc baz

Cht c hot tnh ho hc cao (Reactivity): cc cht d dng chuyn ho hc hc;

phn ng mnh lit khi tip xc vi nc; to hn hp n hay c tim nng gy n
vi nc; sinh cc kh c khi trn vi nc; cc hp cht xyanua hay sunfit sinh kh
c khi tip xc vi mi trng axt, d n hay to phn ng n khi c p sut v gia
nhit, d n hay tiu hu hay phn ng iu kin chun; cc cht n b cm.

Cht c tnh c hi(Toxicity): nhng cht thi m bn thn n c tnh c c th

c xc nh qua cc bc kim tra. Cht thi c phn tch thnh phn trong cc
pha hi, rn v lng. Khi c thnh phn ho hc no ln hn tiu chun cho php th
cht thi c xp vp loi cht dthi c hi. Cht c hi gm; cc kim loi
nng nh thu ngn, cadmium, asenic, ch v cc mui ca chng; dung mi hu c
nh toluen, benzen, axeton, cloroform; cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc (thuc st
trng, tr su, ho cht nng dc); cc cht hu c rt bn trong iu kin t
nhin nu tch lu trong m m n mt nng nht nh th s gy bnh (PCBs:
Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls).

Cht c kh nng gy ung th (Carcinogenicity) v t bin gen: dioxin (PCDD),

asen, cadmium, benzen, cc hp cht hu c cha Clo
68

Cht thi l cht ( dng kh, lng hay rn) c loi ra trong sinh hot, trong qu
trnh sn xut hoc trong cc hot ng khc. Vy, cht thi l phn d ra khng cn
c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut sn phm hay khng cn cung cp mt gi tr
sn phm thng mi hay dch v ti ch v ng thi im xc nh. Ngha l cht
thi l nhng cht b hng, hay khng t cht lng, xut hin khng ng lc,
khng ng ni. Cht thi ch l khi nim tng i, khi mt cht thi c a n
ng ni s dng, c mt ng lc, ng yu cu cht lng th cht thi tr thnh
hng ho v c s dng. Tng t nh vy, cht thi nguy hi cng l mt khi
nim tng i so vi hng ho nguy hi, chng c th chuyn ho gi tr cho nhau.

4.2.PHN LOI CHT THI NGUY HI

Mc ch phn loi cc cht nguy hi l gia tng thng tin v chng trong mi hot
ng t sn xut, s dng n thi b. Hu ht nhng ngi c lin quan n vic s dng cc
cht ny khng phi l cc nh ho hc v s khng bit c tn ho hc ca chng. H
thng phn loi ny cho php nhng ngi khng chuyn c th d dng xc nh nhng mi
nguy c lin quan trn c s tm c thng tin hng dn s dng.

4.2.1. Cc cch phn loi

Mc ch ca phn loi cht thi nguy hi l tng cng thng tin. Ty vo mc ch
s dng thng tin c th m c cc cch phn loi sau:
H thng phn loi chung: y l h thng phn loi dnh cho nhng ngi c chuyn
mn. H thng phn loi nhm m bo tnh thng nht v cc danh php v thut ng s
dng. H thng phn loi ny da trn c tnh ca CTNH. Theo cch phn loi ny c h
thng ca UNEP, qui ch QL CTNH Vit Nam.
H thng phn loi dnh cho cng tc qun l: Nhm m bo nguyn tc cht thi c
kim sot t ni pht sinh n ni thi b, x l cui cng. H thng ny tp trung xem xt
con ng di chuyn ca CTNH v ngun pht sinh ra n. Trong s ny bao gm:
H thng phn loi theo ngun pht sinh
H thng phn loi theo c im
H thng phn loi nh gi kh nng tc ng n mi trng:
Phn loi theo c tnh
Phn loi theo mc nguy hi
H thng phn loi k thut: y l h thng phn loi n gin v d s dng dc bit
cho nhng ngi khng c chuyn mn v CTNH. Tuy nhin, h thng ny c gii hn l
khng cung cp thng tin y v cht thi, kh s dng trong trng hp cht thi khng c
trong danh mc.
4.2.2.Cc h thng phn loi:
4.2.2.1. Phn loi theo UNEP
Chia lm 9 nhm da trn nhng mi nguy hi v nhng tnh cht chung.Dng mt s
quc t (UN) lm s ch nh duy nht cho cht .Vd: Butan, Nhm 2, Kh d chy-UN No
1011.
Nhm 1: Cht n
69

Nhm ny bao gm:

Cc cht d n, ngoi tr nhng cht qu nguy him trong khi vn chuyn hay nhng
cht c kh nng nguy hi th c xp vo loi khc.
Vt gy n,ngoi tr nhng vt gy n m khi chy n khng to ra khi, khng vng
mnh, khng c ngn la hay khng to ra ting n m .
Nhm 2: Cc cht kh nn, ha lng hay ha tan c p
Nhm ny bao gm nhng loi kh nn, kh ha lng, kh trong dung dch, kh ha lng
do lnh, hn hp mt hay nhiu kh vi mt hay nhiu hi ca nhng cht thuc nhm khc,
nhng vt cha nhng kh, nh tellurium v bnh phun kh c dung tch ln hn 1 lt.
Nhm 3: Cc cht lng d chy
Nhm 3 bao gm nhng cht lng c th bt la v chy, ngha l cht lng c im chp
chy ln hn hoc bng 61oC.
Nhm 4: Cc cht rn d chy, cht c kh nng t bc chy v nhng cht khi gp
nc s sinh ra kh d chy
Phn nhm 4.1 Cc cht rn d chy
Gm:
Cht rn c th chy
Cht t phn ng v cht c lin quan
Cht t nhy n
Phn nhm 4.2 Cht c kh nng t bc chy
Gm:
Nhng cht t bc chy
Nhng cht t ta nhit
Phn nhm 4.3 Nhng cht khi gp nc s sinh ra kh d chy
Nhng cht khi tip xc vi nc s gii phng nhng kh d chy c th to thnh
nhng hn hp chy n vi khng kh. Nhng hn hp nh th c th bt ngun t bt c
ngn la no nh nh sng mt tri, dng c cmm tay pht tia la hay nhng ngon n khng
bao bc k.
Nhm 5: Nhng tc nhn oxy ha v cc peroxit hu c
Nhm 5 c chia thnh cc phn nhm:
Phn nhm 5.1: Tc nhn oxy ha
Phn nhm 5.2: Cc peroxit hu c
70

Nhm 6: Cht c v cht gy nhim bnh

Nhm 6 c chia thnh cc phn nhm:
Phn nhm 6.1: Cht c
Phn nhm 6.2: Cht gy nhim bnh
Nhm 7: Nhng cht phng x
Bao gm nhng cht hay hp cht t pht ra tia phng x. Tia phng x c kh nng m
xuyn qua vt cht v c kh nng ion ha.
Nhm 8: Nhng cht n mn
Bao gm nhng cht to phn ng ha hc khi tip xc vi cc m sng, ph hy hay
lm h hng hng ha, cng trnh.
Nhm 9: Nhng cht khc
Bao gm nhng cht v vt liu m trong qu trnh vn chuyn c biu hin mi nguy hi
khng c kim sot theo tiu chun cc cht liu thuc nhm khc. Nhm 9 bao gm mt s
cht v vt liu biu hin s nguy hi cho phng tin vn chuyn cng nh cho mi trng,
khng t tiu chun ca nhm khc.
4.2.2.2. Phn loi theo TCVN
H thng ny phn loi theo cc c tnh ca cht thi.
Theo TCVN 6706: 2000 chia CTNH thnh 7 nhm sau:

STT

Loi cht thi

M s
TCVN

M t tnh nguy hi

6706-2000
1. Cht thi

Cht thi lng

d bt la

d chy

d chy

Cht thi d chy

1.1

Cht thi lng c nhit bt chy

di 60 .

1.2

Cht thi khng l cht lng, bc

chy khi b ma st hoc iu kin
p,t kh quyn.

71

Cht thi c th

1.3

Cht thi c kh nng t bc chy

do t nng ln trong iu kin vn
chuyn bnh thng, hoc t nng
ln do tip xc vi khng kh v c
kh nng bc chy.

1.4

Cht thi khi gp nc, to ra phn

ng gii phng kh d chy hoc t
chy.

2.1

Cht thi lng c Ph2

2.2

Cht thi lng c th n mn thp

vi tc > 6,35mm/nm 55
C

L cht thi rn hoc lng hoc hn

hp rn lng t phn ng ho hc
to ra nhiu kh, nhit v p
sut thch hp c th gy n.

4. Cht thi Cht thi cha cc

d b xi ho tc nhn oxy ho v
v

4.1

Cht
thi
c
cha
clorat,pecmanganat,peoxit v c

Cht thi cha

peoxyt hu c

4.2

Cht thi hu c cha cu trc

phn t

t chy

Cht thi to ra kh
d chy
2. Cht thi Cht thi c
gy n mn
tnh axit
Cht thi c tnh
n mn
3. cht thi d Cht thi d n
n

-0-0- khng bn vi nhit nn c

th b phn hu v to nhit nhanh,
5. Cht thi Cht thi gy
gy c cho c cp tnh
ngi v sinh
vt
Cht thi gy

5.1

Cht thi c cha cht c c th

gy t vong hoc tn thng trm
trng khi tip xc.

5.2

c mn tnh
Cht thi sinh

5.3

Cht thi cha cc thnh phn m

khi tip xc vi khng kh hoc
nc th gii phng ra kh c.

Cht thi c cha cc thnh phn

c th gy ra cc tc ng c hi
i vi mi trng thng qua tch
lu sinh hc hoc gy nh hng
cho h sinh thi.

ra kh c
6. Cht c Cht c cho
cho HST
h sinh thi

72

7.Cht thi Cht thi

ly nhim
ly nhim bnh

Cht thi c cha cc vi sinh vt

sng hoc c t ca chng c
cha cc mm bnh .

4.2.2.3.Phn loi theo ngun pht sinh

Ngun cht thi t sn xut cng nghip:Cc ngnh cng nghip pht sinh cht thi nguy
hi theo DOMINGUEZ, 1983.
+ Ch bin g
+ Ch bin cao su
+ Cng nghip c kh
+ Sn xut x phng v bt git
+ Khai thc m
+ Cng nghip sn xut giy
+ Sn xut x phng v bt git
+ Kim loi en
+ Cng nghip sn xut giy
+ Lc du
+ Sn xut thp
+ Nha v vt liu tng hp
+ Sn xut sn v mc in
+ Ha cht BVTV
4.2.2.4. Phn loi theo c im cht thi nguy hi
1.2

Phn loi da vo dng hoc pha phn b (rn, lng, kh )

1.3

Cht hu c hay cht v c

1.4

Nhm hoc loi cht (dung mi hay kim loi nng ).

4.2.2.5. Phn loi theo mc c hi

Da vo gi tr liu gy cht 50% s ng vt thc nghim (LD50 ). T chc Y t th gii
phn loi theo bng di y.

73

Phn loi qua tnh c

LD50 i vi chut lang (mg/kg cn nng)

Cp c

Qua ming
Dng rn

Dng lng

Qua da
Dang rn

Dng lng

I A (rt c )

<5

<20

<10

<40

I B (c cao)

5-20

20-200

10-100

40-400

II (c trung bnh)

50-500

200-2000

100-1000

400-4000

III (t c )

>500

>2000

>1000

>4000

4.2.2.6. Phn loi theo mc gy hi

Cch phn loi ny da vo thnh phn, nng , linh ng, kh nng ton lu, lan
truyn, con ng tip xc, v liu lng cht thi.
4.2.2.7. H thng phn loi k thut
Phn loi theo h thng ny n gin nhng c hiu qu i vi cc mc ch k thut.
Bng 1 trnh by cc loi cht thi c bn ca h thng. H thng ny thng c s dng
trong nhiu trng hp nghin cu xc nh cc phng tin x l, tiu hu ph hp.
H thng ny c th m rng.
H thng phn loi k thut

Cc loi chnh

c tnh

V d

Nc thi cha cht v Thnh phn chnh l nc Axit sunphuric thi t m kim
c
nhng c cha kim/axit loi.
v cc cht v c c hi Dung dch amoniac trong sn xut
linh kin in t.
Nc b m kim loi.

Nc thi cha cht hu Nc thi cha dung dch Nc ra t cc chai lpj thuc tr
c
cc ch hu c nguy hi. su.

74

Cht hu c lng

Cht thi dng lng cha Dung mi halogen thi ra t khu

dung dch hoc hn hp ty nhn v lm sch.
cc cht hu c nguy hi. Cn ca thp chng ct trong sn
xut ho cht.

Du

Cht thi cha thnh phn Cn du t qu trnh xc ra tu

l du
du hoc bn cha du.

Bn, cht thi v c

Bn, bi,cht rn v cc Bn x l nc thi c cha kim

cht thi rn cha cht v loi nng.
c nguy hi.
Bi t qu trnh x l kh thi ca
nh my sn xut st thp v nu
chy kim loi.
Bn thi t l nung vi
Bi t b phn t trong cng
ngh ch to kim loi.

Cht rn/bn hu c

Bn,cht rn v cc cht Bn t khu sn

hu c khng dng lng Hc n t sn xut thuc nhum
Hc n trong thp hp th phnol
Cht rn trong qu trnh ht cht
thi nguy hi trn.
Cht rn cha nh tng dng
du.
Ngun: Hazaduos Waste Management, Michael D.LaGrega

4.2.2.8. H thng phn loi theo danh sch

US-EPA lit k theo danh mc hn 450 cht thi c xem l cht thi nguy hi.
Trong cc danh mc ny, mi cht thi c n nh bi mt k hiu nguy hi ca US-EPA
bao gm mt ch ci v ba ch s i km. Cc cht thi c chia theo bn danh mc:F.K, P,
U. Danh mc c phn chia nh sau:
Danh mc F-cht thi nguy hi thuc cc ngun khng c trng. l cc cht c to
ra t sn xut v cc qui trnh cng ngh. V d halogen t cc qu trnh ty nhn v bn t
qu trnh x l nc thi ca nghnh m in.
Danh mc K-cht thi t ngun c trng. l cht thi t cc nghnh cng nghip to
ra sn phm c hi nh: sn xut ho cht bo v thc vt, ch bin g, sn xut ho cht. C
hn 100 cht c lit k trong danh sch ny. V d cn t y thp chng ct aniline, dung
dch ngm thp t nh my sn xut thp, bi lng trong thp x l kh thi, bn t nh my
x l nc thi
Danh mc P v U:cht thi v cc ho cht thng phm nguy hi. Nhm ny bao gm
cc ho cht nh clo, cc loi axit, baz, cc loi ho cht bo v thc vt
75

4.3. NGUN GC CHT THI NGUY HI

Cht thi nguy hi sinh ra t 3 ngun:
Cng nghip: hu ht cc cht thi u c ngun gc t cc loi nguyn nhin liu m
chng ta phi cn s dng cho nng nghip.
Hot ng sinh hot ca con ngi, trong nng nghip, thng nghip, dch v.
T thin nhin: cht thi nguy hi c kh nng sn sinh ra t cc qu trnh trao i
cht trong t nhin, c hoc khng c vai tr ca con ngi.
Trong c th ni cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip l ngun pht sinh ra cht thi nguy
hi ln nht v ang l mi quan tm ln hin nay. So vi cc ngun pht sinh khc, ngun
cng nghip mang tnh thng xuyn v n nh nht, cc ngun t dn dng hay sinh hot
khng nhiu, tng i nh. C th dn chng ngun thi nguy hi qua mt s ngnh cng
nghip tiu biu sau:
Ngnh cng nghp ho cht: dung mi thi, dung mi cng nghip dng ho tan
tng hp cc cht mi v dung mi gip truyn nhit tt, cc cht ny c tnh cht
d chy n, d tham gia cc phn ng th, bay hi thp hu ht c kh nng c
ch enzime, cn tr gen, ngn cn s phn ho t bo dn n bnh tt
Cc cht d chy, cc sn phm t du m, cc cht thi cha axt, baz mnh, cc
cht thi c hot tnh cao: hp cht cha natri, hp cht H2O2, hp cht sunfit, NaS2:
sinh ra t ngnh cng nghip ho cht c bn. Cht xc tc cng nghip, cc cht ly
ra t bn cng nghip
Ngnh cng nghip vt liu xy dng
Ngnh cng nghip ch bin sn: cha dung mi hu c (mch vng c benzen)
Ngnh sn xut v gia cng kim loi: l luyn gang, thp, ti ch kim loi ng, ch
cht thi l cc loi kh trong qu trnh t nh dioxin, furan, PCB. Cht thi xi m
nh kim loi nng, axt baz mnh
Ngnh gia cng trn b mt kim loi: nht, m
Ngnh cng nghip giy: dung mi hu c cha Clo nh CH3Cl, CH2Cl2; cht thi
n mn: axt v c, sn ph thi (to mu cho giy)
Theo cc s liu iu tra gn y hng nm lng cht nguy hi thi pht sinh tnh theo
ngnh v chng loi ti khu vc TP. H Ch Minh nh sau:
Ngnh sn xut v bo tr phng tin giao thng: khong 20 000 tn/nm: ch yu
cc vt dng nh bao b, d lau.
Ngnh cng nghip giy da: du nht, ph thi xp x 20 000 tn/nm.
Ngnh sn xut cc loi ho cht bo v thc vt: gn 10 000 tn/nm.
Ngnh cng nghip thuc da: cc cht thi c ngun gc hu c ng vt, cc ho
cht s dng trong sn xut.
Ngnh cng nghip du kh: 6000 tn/nm ch yu l cc loi thng kim loi.
Ngnh cng nghip giy 1000 tn/ nm
Ngnh cng nghip in t: ton ti trong cc thit b
76

 Ngnh cng nghip sn xut thp: trong cc xng kim loi ch yu l cc loi thp
v c.
Ngnh cng nghip xi m.
Ngnh cng nghip ch bin vt liu xy dng.
4.4. NH HNG CA CHT THI NGUY HI
4.4.1. Anh hng n mi trng
Nhng vn tc ng mi trng c bn lin quan n vic chn lp cc cht thi nguy
hi khng ng qui cch, c lin quan n tc ng tim tng i vi nc mt v nc ngm.
Vit Nam nhng ngun ny thng c dng lm ngun nc ung, sinh hot gia nh,
phc v nng nghip v nui trng thu sn. Bt c s nhim no i vi cc ngun ny u
c th gy tim tng v sc kho i vi nhn dn a phng hay gy ra cc tc ng mi
trng nghim trng. C khng nhiu nhng ti liu v nhng tai nn do nhim gy ra do
vic thc hin tiu hu cht thi nguy hi khng hp cch, v c t kt qu quan trc nh
gi tc ng thc t.
Nhng chuyn kho st iu tra v cht thi nguy hi, xem xt nhng ti liu cng b
v tho lun v nhng c quan Nh nc khc nhau cho thy rng Vit Nam ang c
nhiu mi quan tm v nhim nc mt v nc ngm do cng nghip. Khng th phn lp
cht thi nguy hi lm trm trng hn vn qun l cht thi rn v nc thi vn kh
trm trng, ng thi cng lm cho vic qun l cht thi rn kh khn hn do thiu nhng h
thng qun l cht thi rn th, m ring vic ny cng lm cho vn nhim nc
mt v nc ngm gia tng ri.
Lnh vc quan tm chnh v chn lp cht thi nguy hi lin quan n nhng vn sau:
- nhim nc ngm hoc l do vic lu di khng c kim sot, chn lp ti ch,
chn lp ni chn rc khng c k thut c th, hoc dng lp cc bi t trng.
- Kh nng nhim nc mt do vic thi cc cht lng c hi khng c x l y
, hoc l do hu qu ca vic lm v sinh cng nghip km, hay do vic thi vo
kh quyn nhng ho cht c hi t qu trnh chy, t cc vt liu nguy hi.
- Bn cht n mn tim tng ca cc ho cht c hi c th ph hu h thng cng
cng nh lm ng c mi trng t nhin.
a . Thi vo lng t
Trong c ba khu vc nghin cu, min Bc, min Nam v min Trung Vit Nam, cc cht
thi rn nguy hi b trn ln vi cc cht thi rn tr ca nh my v ni chung c thu gom
qua hp ng vi cng ty mi trng th tng ng. H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh
cng nh cc th khc trong c nc ta, phn ln cc cht thi nguy hi dng rn u b
trn ln vi cc cht thi rn khc v c thu gom bi cng ty mi trng th. vng
kinh t min nam rt nhiu cht thi nguy hai tng t cng c thu gom bi cng ty dch v
cng cng v mt s ngi thu gom khc, v c a n bi rc. Cc cht thi b trn ln
vi cc cht thi rn cng nghip khng nguy hi, rt t khi c phn tch ti ngun.
Cc cht thi cng nghip, bao gm c cht thi nguy hi thu gom bi cc cng ty dch v
th tng ng c em chn nhng bi chn rc km cht lng cng vi cc cht thi
th. Cc bi chn rc hoc cc bi thi ni chung u khng chn rc c na, v k thut
vn hnh rt ti, v hn na, cc bi thi c bn lin quan n vic lp cc vng t trng. C
th thy l khng c cc thit b x l nc rc, thm ch cc bi chn rc mi c thi
77

cng. Nc rc ni chung c thi trc tip vo cc khu cha xung quanh, m nhng vng
ny thng c dng cho cc mc ch nng nghip v nui trng thu sn hoc c cng
ng a phng dng nh cc ngun nc ung.
b . Chn lp ti ch, lu gi lu di
mt s cng ty c tham quan trong qu trnh kho st, cc cht thi b chn lp hoc
dn ng ti ch hoc khu t bn cnh bi v khng c mt gii php no ph hp vi cc
cht thi ny, hoc l c tch lu trc khi c chuyn i. Trong mt s trng hp, cht
thi ny c lu gi theo kiu nh vy c th to ra ri ro n mi trng v sc kho cho
khu vc xung quanh. Vic lu gi cht thi v v sinh cng nghip km, v lng r r ln ca
cc nguyn liu c, bao gm c cn nha mang tnh axit v du thi, mt s a im. S
lu gi lu di mt s cht thi khng th ti s dng li trong dy chuyn, v d nh nhng
m sn ti kh ph bin, nhng ni chung nhng ni cha cht thi khng c che, y k v
thy r s n mn vt liu bao b xy ra. Kh nng r r vo lp t tng di v gy nhim
bn nc ngm c th c xem nh mt nguy c lu di.
c . Nhng vn nhim bn nc mt
a hnh ca Vit Nam c c trng bi i ni che ph hu ht pha Bc, Ty, v
min Trung ca Vit Nam. Din tch cn li l ng bng t t bi v lu vc vi mt mng
li kh dy c cc sng ngi. Nc mt bao gm sng, h cha, knh, h ao c s dng
rt nhiu Vit Nam nh l mt ngun nc n ung, nng nghip, nui trng thu sn v
cng nghip. Chng cng c s dng nh l ngun nhn nc thi cng nghip v sinh
hot, c bit l khu vc th, ni cha c h thng x l nc thi th.
Nc thi t khu vc cng nghip c H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh c thi hu
nh khng h c x l vo rt nhiu knh rch sng ngi l nhng h thng thot nc
chung ca thnh ph. Tt c nhng ngun nc ny do b nhim do nc thi cng
nghip, cng nh cht lnh thi t sinh hot. H Ni hin cha c h thng x l cht thi
lng cng nghip v sinh hot, trong khi thnh ph c nhng c s cng nghip ln, nn
cht thi cng nghip chnh l ngun nhim ng k. Cc mi trng c tnh rng nc
thi cng nghip thnh ph H Ch Minh vo khong 20 30% tng lu lng dng chy
trong cc sng v ng gp ch yu l t cng nghip tinh ch, ho cht v ch bin thc
phm.
d . Nhng vn nhim bn nc ngm
Ni chung cht lng nc ngm Vit Nam vn tt tr mt s ni b nhim st v
mangan cao, v nhim nc bin nh hng mt s vng ven bin. Hin nay, ch c khong
15% nc ngm khai thc c cp vo h thng cp nc my do nc mt c sn v r. Tuy
nhin, nhu cu ang tng ln nhng ni thiu ngun nc mt nh ng Nai v ng bng
sng Mkng, v c nhng du hiu nhim bn cc b do chn cht thi hay nc mt b
nhim.
Vit Nam tr cc nh my nc thnh ph H Ch Minh v Lt, a s cc h
thng thot nc th khng v cp nc cht lng km. Khong 30% nhu cu nc
th c cp bi nc ngm, ln nht l thnh ph H Ch Minh, H Ni, v Hi Phng.
Nhim bn nc ngm khu th, c bit l H Ni ngy cng nghim trng, ni m
ton b dn c phi da vo nc ngm i vi nc n ung v sinh hot.
78

e . nhim khng kh
C nhng trng hp nhim khng kh rt nghim trng do qun l cht thi nguy hi
km. Dung mi, ni chung, c thi bng cch cho bay hi. Mt c s sn xut tm lp
ximng aming ng Nai thi mt tn bn ngay trong c s trong vng mt ngy m
khng c mt bin php kim sot no. Hng ngn tn bn c trong nh my theo
kiu nh vy s to ra nguy c i vi sc kho ca cng nhn trong nh my. Nhng v d
nh vy s c th gp nhiu ni nc ta.
4.4.2. Anh hng n x hi
Nh nu trn, rt kh nh gi nhng tc ng thc t lin quan n nhim
nc mt v nc ngm do s thiu ht cc s liu quan trc. Tuy nhin, tng quan t l t
vong v bnh trng Vit Nam cho thy mc cao bnh tt c lin quan n vic cung cp
nc v v sinh, ch yu l vn v sinh.
Vic thi cc cht thi cng nghip khng c x l, tht thot du v cc ho cht khc
do s c vo cc con sng v h thng cung cp nc ngm lm bn cc ngun nc ung
cng nh lm cht c v sinh vt y vn c nhn dn a phng nh bt s dng. Mt s
vn sc kho lin quan n nhng tc ng c hiu nh l kt quca mt s s c
gy nhim, vic di chuyn d lng thuc tr su khng c kim sot. Ri ro tng bnh
tt do ng c kim loi v ung th do nhim cc cht gy ung th vn ang ton ti. Tnh trng
tng bnh ung th, bnh tim, nhim trng h h hp v tin ho, vim da cng c th tng.

79

CHNG 5: VN AN TON TRONG LU TR, VN

CHUYN V QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI
5.1. VN QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI
Qun l Cht thi nguy hi l mt quy trnh kim sot bt u t qu trnh pht sinh Cht
thi nguy hi n qu trnh x l v cui cng l thi b (chn lp) Cht thi nguy hi. Xu
hng hin nay l thc hin mi cch gim thiu lng Cht thi nguy hi pht sinh v gim
thiu tnh c ca cht thi.
Tuy nhin vn lun lun ton ti mt lng cht thi ch yu l t qu trnh sn xut ca
con ngi. Do vic x l v thi b cui cng Cht thi nguy hi vn ng mt vai tr quan
trng trong vic trnh cc tc ng nguy hi ca cht thi n con ngi v mi trng.
Theo th t u tin, mt H thng Qun l Cht thi nguy hi c thc hin nh sau:
Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun
Thu gom lu gi v vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi
Ti sinh, ti s dng
X l
Chn lp
5.1.1.Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun
Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun l cc bin php qun l v vn hnh sn xut, thay i
quy trnh cng ngh sn xut nhm gim lng cht thi hay c tnh ca Cht thi nguy hi
(Sn xut sch hn)
Ci tin trong qun l v vn hnh sn xut:
Cng tc ny nhm gim thiu ti a vic hnh thnh cc sn phm li v c th gim
ng k cc nguyn ph liu d tha khng cn thit. Cc cng tc ch yu trong ci tin qun
l v vn hnh sn xut bao gm:

Qun l v lu tr nguyn vt liu v sn phm

Ci tin v iu sn xut

Ngn nga tht thot v chy trn

Tch ring c dng cht thi

Hun luyn nhn s

Thay i qu trnh sn xut

Nhm mc ch gim thi cc cht nhim trong qu trnh sn xut y l hnh thc
gim thiu cht thi c xem l at ton km nht. Cc hnh thc thay i qu trnh sn xut
bao gm:

Thay i nguyn liu u vo

Thay i v k thut/ cng ngh

o

Ci tin quy trnh sn xut

iu chnh cc thng s vn hnh

80

Ci tin v my mc thit b

T ng ho my mc thit b

5.1.2. Thu gom, lu gi v vn chuyn Cht Thi Nguy Hi

Thu gom, ng gi v dn nhn cht thi nguy hi
Quy trnh ny rt quan trng i vi qu trnh cng ngh x l sau ny, cng nh trong
an ton vn chuyn v lu gi. Vic thu gom ng gi s lm gim cc nguy c chy n, gy
c cho cc qu trnh tip theo nh lu gi v vn chuyn v nhn din cht thi nguy hi.

Thu gom ng gi thng c thc hin bi ch ngun thi, c

th tn dng bao b nguyn liu, hoc cc loi bao b khc m bo cht lng
bo qun

Vic dn nhn Cht thi nguy hi c quy nh rt k theo

TCVN 6706, 6707-2000 bao gm cc loi nhn bo nguy him v cc loi
nhn ch dn bo qun.
Lu gi Cht thi nguy hi
Vic lu gi Cht thi nguy hi ti ngun hay ti ni tp trung cht thi nguy hi l mt
vic lm cn thit. Trong qu trnh lu gi, cc vn cn quan tm:
La chn v tr kho lu gi
Nguyn tc an ton khi thit k kho lu gi
Vn khi phi lu tr ngoi tri
Thao tc vn hnh an ton ti kho lu gi
B tr trong kho lu gi
Cng tc an ton v sinh
Vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi
Cht thi nguy hi c vn chuyn t ni lu gi n ni x l l vic khng th trnh
khi. Do vic quan tm hng u trong qu trnh vn chuyn l m bo tnh an ton trong
sut l trnh vn chuyn.
Quy trnh vn chuyn c th thc hin bng cc hnh thc sau:
Vn chuyn bng ng b
Vn chuyn bng ng hng khng
Vn chuyn bng ng thy
L trnh vn chuyn phi thc hin sao cho ngn nht trnh ti a cc s c giao thng v
trnh cc s c nhim mi trng trn ng i, v rt ngn ti a lng thi gian nu c
th.
5.2.AN TON TRONG LU GI CHT THI NGUY HI
5.2.1 ng gi CTR nguy hi
CTR nguy hi phi c ng gi theo chng loi trong bao b thch hp, p ng cc
yu cu v an ton k thut sau:
1. Bo m nguyn vn, bao b khng c biu hin rn nt.
81

2. Khng phn ng hoc h hi do cht cha ng bn trong

3. cng v dy chu c va p v chn ng trong khi vn chuyn
4. Phi c kim tra thng xuyn c bin php sa cha, thay th kp thi
5.2.2. Dn nhn CTR nguy hi
CTR nguy hi sau khi ng gi phi c dn nhn theo cc quy nh sau:
1. Nhn c ghi bao gm cc thng tin sau:
- Tn v a ch ca ch ngun thi
- Tn cht thi
- c tnh nguy hi chnh nh: D n, d chy, n mn, phn ng, phng x.
- a im cn chuyn n.
2. Du hiu cnh bo nguy hi, phng nga phi theo ng TCVN 6707 - 2000, dn
bn ngoi bao b tt c cc loi CTNH. Nu mt loi cht thi c nhiu tnh nguy
hi ng thi phi dn y cc du hiu cnh bo nguy hi tng ng.
3. Nhn v du hiu cnh bo nguy hi phi c hnh dng, mu sc, k hiu v ch vit
trn theo ng quy nh, kch c ti thiu l 10cm x 10cm.
4. Khi dn nhn hoc du hiu cnh bo nguy hi khng c gp np hoc b che
ph bi nhn khc. Nu b mt bao b khng ch, c th dng mc gn km
nhn ln kin hng. Khng c nhn rch hay ri mt.
5.2.3 Thao tc vn hnh an ton kho lu tr
Cng tc lu tr yu cu phi m bo tnh an ton v v sinh kho nghim ngt nhm
trnh cc s c hay gim tn hi nu c s c xy ra
B tr hng trong kho

Phi tch bit ha cht c hi vi khu vc c ngi ra vo thng xuyn;

C khong trng gia tng vi cc kin lu tr gn tng v cha li i li bn trong

cc khi lu tr kim tra, cha chy v c thng thong;

Sp xp khi lu tr sao cho khng cn tr xe nng v cc thit b lu tr hay thit b

cu ng khc;

Chiu cao khi lu tr khng vt qu 3m tr khi s dng h thng gi .

Cng tc an ton v sinh

Nhp v xut hng trong kho theo ng hng dn an ton s dng i vi tng loi
ha cht. Kin hng no lu trc phi s dng trc;
Kho hng phi thng xuyn kim tra r r;
Gi sn nh kho sch s;
82

 Bo tr my mc thit b, thng xuyn m bo tnh trng hot ng tt;

Lp h s kho, nhn dng, s lng tng loi ha cht.
Cc hnh ng b cm
Vic sc bin, p plastic hay hn ch khng c tin hnh trong kho lu tr;
Khng ln rc, c bit l cc vt liu d chy nh giy , vi, bao b trng trong kho
bi. Chng phi c xa khu lu tr;
5.2.4. Yu cu v kho lu tr
V v tr kho lu tr
Chn v tr xy phi m bo cc yu cu sau y:
Nu chn v tr t nh kho nm trong khu dn c, loi hng ha cn bo qun phi
khng c thi vo khng kh cc cht c hi, khng gy ting n v cc yu t c
hi khc khng vt mc quy nh hin hnh v v sinh mi trng.

Khi nh v nh kho nm trn t xy dng, phi m bo yu cu cng ngh bo qun

hng ha;

m bo khong cch cho xe ly hng cng nh cha chy ra vo d dng;

Nguyn tc an ton cho kho lu tr
Kho lu tr CTNH phi c thit k sao cho nguy c chy hay trn l thp nht v
phi m bo tch ring cc cht khng tng thch.
Phng chng chy n, chy trn
Theo tiu chun xy dng TCVN th cc nguyn tc thit k nh kho c ghi trong TCVN
4317-86 v nhng quy nh mt s TC khc. Ngoi nhng quy nh chung v kt cu, thit
k cc kho lu tr CTNH cn c bit quan tm n t chc phng chng chy n
Tnh chu la, nhit
Tnh ngn cch chy;
Cc h thng thot him;
Vt liu trang tr, hon thin cch nhit
H thng cha chy;
H thng ci, bin bo ng;
Phng trc chng chy, n, trn ha cht.
Vt liu xy dng
Vt liu xy dng kho phi l vt liu khng d bt la v khung nh phi c gia c
chc chn bng b tng hay ct thp, b tng ng lc trc, cch nhit bng khung
thp;
Vt liu cch nhit phi l vt liu khng bt la chng hn nh len khong hay bng
thy tinh;
Cc h thng ng dn dy in bt xuyn qua tng chng chy phi c t trong cc
np chp chm bt la;
83

Kt cu v b tr kin trc cng trnh

Bt k khu vc kn v rng no cng phi c li thot him theo t nht hai hng v
phi c s bng hiu, h thng n, ci bo;
Kho cha phi c thng gi tt;
Sn kho khng thm cht lng, khng trt, c th cha cc r r t qu trnh trn
ha cht;
Trnh dng ng cng h ngn nga s phng thch ca cc ha cht khng kim
sot c t cc cht b hay nc cha chy nhim bn;
Tt c cc ng ng cng thot phi c h ngn loi b sau;
Cc thit b, phng tin an ton ti kho lu tr
Lp t cc phng tin chiu sng v thit b in khc ti v tr cn thit v bo tr,
phi c thit b ni t v c b ngt mch khi r in, bo v cc thit b qu ti;
Ni lu tr dung mi c nhit bt chy hay bi mn th phi s dng cc thit b chu
la;
Cc thit b dng c ng cu s c c trang b y ;
5.2.5. Cc k thut lu tr ha cht
Yu cu lu tr ha cht cn c nhng nh kho c iu kin thch hp c bit c v v
tr, kt cu, kin trc cng trnh nhm m bo an ton ha cht khi lu tr, an ton cho sc
khe cng ng v mi trng xung quanh. trong mi nguy hi quan trng v c bit cn
lu l cc s c chy, n v trn ha cht..
Lu tr ngoi tri
Khi lu tr ha cht ngoi tri phi c mi che ma nng, cc thng cha phi t
thng ng trn g lt, phi c lu tr cc thng sao cho c khong cch cha chy;
Cc thng lu tr lng ln cht lng d chy khng c t trong c ly 500m, cch
khu dn c hay 200m cch khu sinh hot ca cng nhn;
Cc thng cha lu tr ngm di t phi c h thng chng r r;
Cc hnh thc hot ng phi c trnh cc s c km theo s phng in t hay gy
ra tnh in;
Nh n, bp, phng thay khng c xy gn v tch bit nh lu tr t nht l 10m;
Ngoi ha cht ra, s c mi trng cn c th pht sinh do cc s c hng hc v in,
chy n. Do cng cn c k hoch trong vic phng nga s c do cc yu t ny.
5.3. AN TON TRONG VN CHUYN V QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI
Vn chuyn CTR nguy hi
Khi khch hng vn chuyn CTR nguy hi t x nghip hoc nh my ca mnh n
bi trung chuyn phi tun th cc quy nh sau:
1. Cm vn chuyn cc bnh oxy cng vi cc CTR nguy hi d chy khc.
84

2. Cm tuyt i vn chuyn chung nhng loi CTR nguy hi khng tng thch
hoc phi c bin php x l s c i khng khc.

Bc d CTR nguy hi
1. Trc khi bc d, nhng ngi c trch nhim phi kim tra bao b, nhn hiu
hng ha v trc tip iu khin hng dn thao tc xp d cho an ton.
2. Trong qu trnh bc d, khng c ko l, khng c qung vt ba bi, khng
c t cc kin hng khng ng hng quy nh, gy va chm, lm v CTR
nguy hi ra bn ngoi.

85

CHNG 6: TI CH V X L CHT THI NGUY HI

6.1. CC PHNG PHP TI CH CHT THI NGUY HI
c th tn dng ti a cc ngun nguyn vt liu cng nh hn ch cc loi cht thi
pht sinh, ngi ta thng chn bin php ti sinh cht thi nguy hi. Tuy nhin vn ti
sinh nu khng c kim sot k s gy ra cc tc ng xu n mi trng v con ngi
khng th lng trc c.
T vic xem xt kh nng gy ri ro do cc hot ng ti ch, ti sinh cht thi m cc
hnh thc ti sinh cht thi nguy hi c sp xp u tin nh sau:
Ti sinh hay ti s dng bn trong nh my
Ti sinh bn ngoi nh my
Bn cho mc ch ti s dng
Ti sinh nng lng
Hin c rt nhiu phng php ti sinh ti ch Cht thi nguy hi da trn vic p dng
cc qu trnh ho l, ho hc hay qu trnh nhit thu hi hay gia tng nng cht nhim
phc v cho qu trnh ti sinh, ti ch tip theo. Cc phng php bao gm:
Hp thu bng than hot tnh
Trao i ion
Chng ct
in phn
Thu phn
Trch ly bng cht lng hay xc tc
Tch bng mng
Hp th kh, hi
Bay qua lp phim ngng t hay hp ph mng
6.2 CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI NGUY HI
6.1.1. Tng quan v cc phng php x l Cht Thi Nguy Hi
Cc phng php Ho Hc v Vt L
X l cht thi nguy hi bng phng php vt l nhm tch cht nguy hi ra khi cht
thi bng cc phng php tch pha.
X l cht thi nguy hi bng phng php ho hc nhm thay i tnh cht ho hc ca
cht thi chuyn n v dng khng nguy hi.
- Lc: lc l phng php tch ht rn t dng lu cht khi qua mi trng xp. Cc
ht rn c gi li vt liu lc. Qu trnh lc c th thc hin nh chnh lch p
sut gy bi trng lc, lc li tm, p sut chn khng, p sut d.
- Kt ta: l qu trnh chuyn cht ho tan thnh dng khng tan bng cc phn ng
ho hc to ta hay thay i thnh phn ho cht trong dung dch, thay i iu kin
vt l ca mi trng gim ho tan ca ho cht, phn khng tan s kt tinh.
86

Phng php kt ta thng dng kt hp vi cc phng php tch cht rn nh

lng cn, li tm v lc.
- Oxy ho kh: phn ng oxy ho kh l phn ng trong trng thi oxy ho ca mt
cht phn ng tng ln trong khi trng thi oxy ho cu mt cht khc gim xung.
- Bay hi: bay hi l lm c cht thi dng lng hay huyn ph bng phng php cp
nhit ho hi cht lng. Phng php ny thng dng trong giai on x l s b
gim s lng cht thi cn x l cui cng.
- ng rn v n nh cht thi: ng rn l lm c nh ho hc, trit tiu tnh lu
ng hay c lp cc thnh phn nhim bng lp v bn vng to thnh mt khi
nguyn c tnh ton vn cu trc cao. Phng php ny nhm gim tnh lu ng ca
cht nguy hi trong mi trng.
Cc phng php Sinh Hc
Cht thi nguy hi cng c th x l bng phng php sinh hc iu kin hiu kh v
ym kh nh cht thi thng thng. Tuy nhin, b sung chng loi vi sinh phi thch hp v
iu kin tin hnh c kim sot cht ch hn.
- Qu trnh hiu kh: qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh l qu trnh hot ng ca vi
sinh vt chuyn cht hu c thnh cc hp cht v c (qu trnh khong ho) trong
iu kin c oxy. Sn phm ca qu trnh l CO2, H2O.
- Qu trnh ym kh: qu trnh x l sinh hc ym kh l qu trnh khong ho, nh vi
sinh vt iu kin khng c oxy. Cng ngh x l sinh hc ym kh to thnh sn
phm kh sinh hc CH4 chim phn ln, CO2 v H2, N2, H2S, NH3.
Phng php Nhit (thiu t cht thi)
Phng php ny c nhiu u im hn cc phng php khc v p dng cho cc cht
thi c kh nng chy c, c cht thi nguy hi rn, lng, kh
Tu theo cc thnh phn ca cht thi m kh thi sinh ra c thnh phn khc v nh vo
s oxy ho v phn hu nhit , cc cht hu c s c kh c tnh v ph v cu trc, cc
sn phm chy thng thng c to ra l bi, CO2, CO, SOx, NOx. Tuy nhin vic thiu t
cht thi nguy hi thng to ra t l % khng nh cc kh: HCl, HS, Cl2 v mt s kh c hi
khc nh dioxin v furan. Nh vy x l bng phng php t c cc u im: phn hu hu
nh hon ton cht hu c, nhit t ln hn >15000C th t l phn hu cht hu c t
n 99,9999%, thi gian x l nhanh, din tch cng trnh nh, gn.
Bn cnh phng php ny c mt s nhc im: l to ra kh dioxin v furan
nht l iu kin t khng c gim st cht ch.
hn ch dioxin v furan trong qu trnh t cht thi nguy hi, cht thi rn th chng
ta khng ch nhit cho l t hai cp nhit ngun s cp: 700 10000C, nhit
ngun th cp > 12000C. Sau kh thi l t s c gim nhit nhit ngay lp tc trc
kh cho qua h thngx l kh thi. Thng thng nhit gim t 120 2000C
Thng thng nng cao nhit th cp tc nng cao hiu sut t v hiu sut x l
thnh phn nguy hi th cn ch n cc yu t sau:
o kn ca bn
o Th tch ca bn
o Ch ca qu trnh chy (t l oxy vo) c th t in
o Vic xo trn rc
87

o Hiu ng xoy ca bn t.
Phng php Chn Lp An Tan cht Thi Nguy Hi
Chn lp l cng on cui cng khng th thiu trong h thng Qun l Cht thi
nguy hi. Chn lp l bin php nhm c lp cht thi nhm lm gim c tnh, gim thiu
kh nng pht tn cht thi vo Mi trng.
Cc cht thi nguy hi c php chn lp vo Bi chn lp cn p ng cc tiu
chun sau:
Ch c cht thi V c (t Hu c)
Tim nng nc r thp
Khng c cht lng
Khng c cht n
Khng c cht phng x
Khng c lp xe
Khng c cht thi ly nhim
Thng thng cc Cht thi nguy hi c chn lp bao gm:

Cht thi Kim loi c cha ch

Cht thi c cha thnh phn Thu ngn

Bn xi m v bn Kim loi

Cht thi aming

Cht thi rn c Xyanua

Bao b nhim bn v thng cha bng kim loi

Cn t qu trnh thiu t cht thi

Trong qu trnh chn lp cn kim sot c cc kh nng xy ra phn ng do s

tng thch ca cht thi khi hai cht thi r r tip xc vi nhau, cc cht kh sinh ra v
nc r r t bi chn lp ra mi trng xung quanh.
Khi vn hnh bi chn lp Cht thi nguy hi phi thc hin cc bin php quan trc
Mi tng, cng vic ny cng phi thc hin sau khi ng bi. Sau khi ng bi, vic
bo tr bi cng rt quan trng. Do cng tc quan trc bi chn lp trong thi gian hot
ng v sau khi ng ca bi chn lp cn phi thc hin nghim tc.
Mun vic vn hnh v quan trc Bi chn lp c hiu qu cn phi tun th mt s
nguyn tc khi la chn, thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp Cht thi nguy hi.
6.1.2. Phng php x l CTNH Vit Nam
6.1.2.1. Cng ngh x l Ho - L
Tc l s dng cc qu trnh bin i vt l, ho hc lm thay i tnh cht ca cht
thi nhm mc ch chnh l gim thiu kh nng nguy hi ca cht thi i vi mi trng.
Cng ngh ny rt ph bin thu hi, ti ch cht thi c bit l mt s loi CTNH nh du
m, kim loi nng, dung mi.
Bin php ti ch, thu hi cht thi bng cng ngh ho - l thc s ch mang li hiu qu
kinh t v mi trng i vi nhng nh my x l cht thi quy m ln, u t cng ngh
88

hin i c th x l cht thi cho c mt vng. Hin ti kinh ph u t mt nh my

hon chnh rt ln c th ln n vi chc triu USD, nn Vit nam cha c iu kin xy
dng nhng nh my x l nh vy. Nhng nm ti, nu c c s u t t bn ngoi th
Vit Nam mi c th xy dng c nhng nh my x l CTNH cp vng. Ngoi ra vic la
chn a im ph hp xy dng nh my cng cn phi cn nhc n.
Trong phng php x l ho - l c rt nhiu qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau. Tuy nhin,
ngi ta thng kt hp mt s bin php vi nhau x l cht thi. Mt s bin php ho l thng dng x l cht thi nh sau:
(i). Trch ly
L qu trnh tch cc cu t ra khi hn hp nh dung mi, m dung mi ny c kh
nng ho tan chn lc mt s cht trong hn hp . Trch ly cht ho tan trong cht lng gi
l trch ly lng, trch ly trong cht rn gi l trch ly rn.
Trch ly l qu trnh khuych tn. Cht tan chuyn ri t pha ny sang pha khc t s
phn b cn bng v nng . Theo nh lut phn b th t s nng gia cc cht trong 02
pha dung mi v pha lng nhit nht nh c gi tr khng i, ngha l:
CA /CB = = constant
y:
CA: nng ca cht tan trong dung mi
CB: nng ca cht tan trong dung dch
H s phn b () c xc nh bng thc nghim v ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cht
lng, nhit , thi gian trch ly v nng ca cht ho tan. H s phn b cng ln th kh
nng tch cht tan bng dung mi chn cng ln. Vi cc loi nguyn liu rn, mun tng
hiu sut trch ly cn tng b mt tip xc gia chng v dung mi, iu ny thc hin c
bng cch nghin nh nguyn liu.
Trong x l cht thi, qu trnh trch ly thng c ng dng tch hoc thu hi cc
cht ha c c ln trong cht thi nh du m, dung mi, ho cht bo v thc vt... Sau khi
trch ly ngi ta thng thu hi li dung mi bng cch chng ct hn hp. Sn phm trch ly
cn li c th c ti s dng hoc x l bng cch khc.
V d mt s dung mi thng dng trong qu trnh trch ly nh xng, bu tan, benzen,
toluen, ete etylic, etyl acetat, dicloetan, clorofoc....
(ii). Chng ct
L qu trnh tch hn hp cht lng bay hi thnh nhng cu t ring bit da vo bay
hi khc nhau nhng nhit si khc nhau ca mi cu t cha trong hn hp bng
cch lp i lp li nhiu ln bay hi v ngng t.
Qu trnh chng ct da trn c s l cc cu t ca hn hp lng c p sut hi khc
nhau. Khi un nng nhng cht c nhit i si thp hi s bay hi trc v c tch ring ra
khi hn hp.
(1). Chng ct n gin: un nng mt ln hn hp lng n khi si c a hi ra v lm
n ngng t li gi l chng ct n gin. Phng php ny bao gm:
-

Chng c hi lu mt phn hoc khng hi lu

Chng bng chn khng i vi nhng cht kh bay hi

Chng thng hoa chuyn cht rn sang trng thi hi

89

Chng li cun bng hi nc tch ra nhng cht c nhit si rt cao v

khng ho tan trong nc
Chng ng ph (hn hp ho tan, khng tch ring khi si): phng php ny
cn thm mt cht khc thay i nhit si ca mt trong cc cu t.
(2). Tinh luyn: qu trnh chng luyn nhiu ln trong mt nhm thit b c nhng
sn phm tinh khit.
Trong thc t x l cht thi qu trnh chng ct thng gn vi trch ly tng cng
kh nng tch sn phm.
(iii). Kt ta
Da trn phn ng to sn phm kt ta lng gia cht bn v ho cht, t c th tch
kt ta ra khi dung dch. Qu trnh ny thng ng dng tch cc kim loi nng trong cht
thi lng dng hydroxyt kt ta hoc mui khng tan. V d nh vic qu trnh tch Cr, Ni
trong nc thi m in nh phn ng gia Ca(OH)2 vi cc Cr+3 (kh t Cr+6 ) v Ni+2 to ra
kt ta Cr(OH)3, Ni (OH)2 lng xung, lc tch ra em x l tip tr thnh Cr2O3 v NiSO4
c s dng lm bt mu, m Ni.
(iv). Oxy ho - kh
L qu trnh s dng cc tc nhn oxy ho - kh tin hnh phn ng oxy ha kh
chuyn cht thi c hi thnh khng c hoc t c hi hn. Cc cht oxy ho kh thng
c s dng nh l Na2S2O4, NaHSO3, H2, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, H2O2, O3, Cl2.
Trong thc t x l cht thi, qu trnh oxy ha vi cc tc nhn kh nh Na2S2O4,
NaHSO3, H2 thng c ng dng x l cc kim loi a ho tr nh Cr - Mn; bin chng
t mc oxyho cao d ho tan nh Cr+6 - Mn+7 tr v dng oxyt bn vng; khng ho tan Cr+3Mn+4, ngc li qu trnh kh vi cc tc nhn oxy ho nh KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, H2O2, O3, Cl2
cho php phn hy cc cht hu c nguy hi nh phenol; mercaptan; thuc BVTV v c cc
ion v c CN- thnh nhng sn phm t c hi hn.
6.1.2.2. Cng ngh thiu t
t l mt qu trnh oxy ho cht thi nhit cao. CTR v CTNH hu c c th x l
hoc trong nhng l t chuyn dng hoc c phn hy trong nhng qu trnh cng nghip
nhit cao. V d, v qu trnh ny l vic s dng l ximng quay. Ni chung, cht thi
c x l bng qu trnh t thng qua s nhit phn tng c s dng i vi tng dng
cht thi c th nh cao su, plastic, giy, da, cn du, dung mi hu c, rc sinh hot, bnh
phm Nhng nhit phn khng th c xem l mt cng ngh qun l cht thi a nng.
(i). S dng cc l t chuyn dng x l CTR v CTNH
Qu trnh x l cc cht thi hu c c th chy c trong cc l t bin chng
thnh dng kh hi v tro.
t chy hiu qu cht thi trong l t phi c 4 yu cu c bn nh sau:
Cung cp oxy cho qu trnh nhit phn bng cch a vo bung t mt
lng khng kh d .
Kh hi sinh ra trong qu trnh chy phi c duy tr lu trong l t t
chy hon ton (thng thng t nht l 04 giy).
PCB.

Nhit t phi cao, thng thng cao hn 10000C hay 11000C i vi

90

Yu cu trn ln tt cc kh v kh chy - xoy.

a. Kh nng p dng l t chuyn dng Vit Nam

Vit Nam hin nay, bin php ny c bit c quan tm x l cht thi y t v tnh
an ton v sinh ca n.
Mc tiu ca Vit Nam l s trang b l t rc y t cho tt c cc bnh vin trn ton
quc vo nm 2005. TP. H Ch Minh trang b l t cho mt s c s sn xut, bnh vin,
nh ha tng, nhng t l cn thp so vi nhu cu. Nguyn nhn ch yu do khng kinh ph
u t.
Qua thng k trn c nc, t l cc c s cng nghip trang b l t t x l cht
thi cn rt thp, v thc t TP. H Ch Minh s cc c s trang b l t rc cn m
c trn u ngn tay.
b. u nhc im ca phng php
Theo nh gi chuyn mn, x l rc bng thiu t c mt s u im ni bt hn cc
bin php khc nh:
1. C kh nng gim 90-95% trng lng cht thi hu c tr thnh dng kh
trong thi gian ngn. Nhng qu trnh x l thiu t phi gn vi kim sot kh thi th
mi t c yu cu v bo v mi trng.
2. i vi cc loi l t cng sut ln, c th thu hi nhit d trong kh thi s
dng cho cc mc ch khc.
3.

Ph hp i vi nhng ni khng c nhiu t chn.

4. Hiu qu cao i vi cc loi cht thi hu c cha vi trng d ly nhim, nh

x l xc ngi, sc vt, cht thi y t.
Nhng, cng ngh thiu t cng c nhng hn ch nh:
1.

i hi chi ph u t ban u v chi ph vn hnh, x l kh thi ln

2. Vic thit k v vn hnh l t cng rt phc tp, lin quan n ch nhit

ca l. L t phi vn hnh n nh nhit 1000 - 1200oC. Nu nhit thp hn cc
cht hu c kh phn hy s khng chy ht gy ra nhim mi trng, c bit khi t
cc loi plastic nhit <1000oC s to ra sn phm ph l cht Dioxin, y l mt cht
ho hc bn vng rt c hi cho mi trng.
3. Qu trnh t c kh nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh nu kh thi khng
c kim sot hiu qu.
Hin nay, nhiu Vin, Trung tm nghin cu trong nc ch to thnh cng cc loi
l t rc y t vi gi thnh thp hn nhiu ln so vi nhp ngoi. Nhng do hn ch v ngun
kinh ph nn ngay c vi cc loi l t ch to trong nc cng cha c iu kin ng
dng ph bin.
(ii). S dng l nung ximng x l CTR v CTNH
Vic s dng l nung Clinker trong cng ngh sn xut ximng c ng dng nhiu
nc Chu u x l CTR v CTNH. Hiu qu x l ca l nung rt cao, ng thi li c
kh nng x l khi lng ln cht thi.
Theo l thuyt th tt c cc loi cht thi hu c dng rn hoc lng iu c thiu
hy an ton trong l nung clinker (1600-18000C). Cc cht nhim hu c s b thiu hy
hon ton (cc kh hi sinh ra c thi gian lu di 4-6 giy) tr thnh cc cht v c khng
91

c hi nh CO2, H2O, SO42-, NO3-, trong mt s cht dng kh s theo ng khi ra ngoi,
cc thnh phn khc s tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh ximng.
Mt s cc cht thi l v c c cha kim loi nng, axt, baz v c cng c th x l
c trong l xi mng m khng h lm nh hng n cht lng ca ximng. Cc cht thi
v c ny khi gp nhit cao s tham gia phn ng nhit phn, tr thnh cc mui kp v
oxt bn vng khng c hi trong ximng.
Hin nay rt nhiu tnh thnh ang c nh my ximng hot ng, do vy tim nng ng
dng chng x l CTRCN v CTNH l rt ln. V mt kinh t, tnh ton cho thy x l
cht thi bng l ximng cho php gim tiu hao nhin liu rt nhiu, trung bnh t 50.000 tn
cht thi c th tit kim 30.000 tn nhin liu. Tuy c nhiu trin vng nh vy, nhng p
dng c bin php ny chc chn s cn rt nhiu kh khn ln trong vic phi hp t chc
thc hin gia cc i phng vi nhau, vn hiu qu kinh t trong vn chuyn - x l cht
thi, s ng tnh ca cc nh my....
Ni tm li mun thc hin c iu ny th vai tr ca Nh nc trong vic ra ch
trng thng nht t chc thc hin l ht sc quan trng. C th thy vi cng sut sn
xut ca cc nh my ximng trong nc, Nh nc hon ton c th kt hp vi cc nh my
ny qun l CTRCN v CTNH mt cch hiu qu trn din rng. Hy vng rng trong mt
tng lai gn, bng nhng bin php qun l ph hp hn; vic ng dng l nung ximng
x l CTRCN v CTNH s c s quan tm hng ng ca cc cp lnh o Nh nc.
6.1.2.3. Cng ngh Chn Lp
(i). Chn lp thng thng cc cht hu c d phn hy
i vi cc cht thi hu c d phn hy c th s dng bin php chn lp thng thng
vi 1 lp chng thm x l. Bin php ny ng dng nhiu x l cht thi sinh hot v r
tin, hiu qu cao li t gy nhim mi trng. Bn cht ca phng php ny l s dng cc
vi sinh vt ym kh, hiu kh phn hu cc cht hu c thnh cc sn phm mn cha nhiu
dinh dng v c th s dng lm phn bn cho cy trng. Nu rc c phn loi tt, cc bi
chn lp kiu nh th ny c th c s dng li nhiu ln.
i vi CTR v c bit l CTNH k c cht thi y t, cc nc khng cho php x l
chung cng vi rc sinh hot. nhiu nc ngho tiu chun mi trng t nghim ngt hn,
c th cho php mt s loi CTR khng nguy hi nh ph liu xy dng, phoi st thp, bao b
giy hng....c thi b chung vi rc sinh hot. Cn li hu ht cc nc pht trin h u
xy dng h thng qun l CTR v CTNH ring bit, tch ri vi rc thi sinh hot.
Hin nay nhiu nc tin tin nh M, Nht Bn, Canada CTR v CTNH cng c th
c x l bng chn lp, nhng yu cu thit k bi chn lp CTR v CTNH phi cao hn,
an ton so vi cht thi sinh hot. Mc an ton trong thit k bi chn tu thuc vo tng
loi cht thi, thm ch nhiu loi CTNH nh ht nhn, ly nhim phi c qun l ring,
trc khi chn lp c bit phi c cch ly an ton bng cc vt liu ph hp nh ch,
btng nhiu lp chng phng x.
(ii). Chn lp an tan v hp v sinh CTRCN v CTNH
Chn lp an ton hp v sinh l bin php tiu hy cht thi c p dng rt rng ri
trn th gii. Nhiu Quc gia tin tin nh Anh, Nht cng dng bin php chn lp, k c mt
s loi cht thi nguy him, ly nhim hoc c hi. Theo cng ngh ny cht thi CTRCN,
CTNH dng rn hoc sau khi c nh dng vin c a vo cc h chn lp c t nht
92

02 lp lt chng thm, c h thng thu gom nc r r x l, c h thng thot kh, c

ging khoan gim st kh nng nh hng n nc ngm.
a. Yu cu v a im
Vn la chn c a im xy dng bi chn lp CTRCN v CTNH sao cho an ton
v mt mi trng l rt quan trng. Khi la chn i im, ngi quy hoch v thit k phi
kho st a im, tm hiu k cc yu t sau y:
-

a im phi cch xa cc khu dn c th t nht 5km.

a cht khu vc c n nh khng? C hay xy ra a chn hay ng t khng

? Cc lp t c kh nng chng thm tt hay khng?
Mc nc ngm nng hay su? Dn c gn khu vc ny c s dng nc ngm
hay khng?
Ch thy vn trong khu vc c n nh khng? Vn ngp lt c xy ra
thng xuyn khng? a im c gn cc ngun nc mt cp cho sinh hot hay khng?
-

Vn thot nc c thun tin khng?

Giao thng c thun tin khng?

Ch khi no c c cc cu tr li y v cc yu cu t ra nh trn, ngi thit k

mi c c s thit k chi tit.
b. Thit k h chn lp CTRCN v CTNH
Mun s dng bi chn lp mt cch khoa hc v hiu qu, bi chn lp phi c chia
ra thnh nhng khu ring chn lp cc loi rc thi khc nhau: cht thi c hi v khng
c hi.
V c bn cc h chn c kt cu dng hnh chp ct ch nht, cc thng s kch thc
mi h chn bao gm: chiu su, chiu rng, chiu ngang v dc vch h.
b1. Chiu su v chiu cao
Chiu su l khong cch t mt y h ti mt t hin ti, cn chiu cao ca h l
khong cch t mt t hin ti ti mt h chn sau khi gia c. Tng cng chiu su v chiu
cao c gi l chiu su ton th ca h chn, cn chiu su hu dng l chiu su ca lp
cht thi c chn lp.
Chiu su v chiu cao ca h c xc nh trn c s cc yu t ph thuc sau:
Chiu su ton th cng ln s cho php gim c din tch mt bng cn thit
cho vic chn lp. Hay ni cch khc, chiu su ton th cng ln s ko di c thi gian
s dng ca bi rc.
Chiu su ca h chn lp rc khng c qu su, mt y ca h rc v cc
cng trnh xy dng ph tr phi cao hn mc nc ngm mao dn cao nht trn 1 m.
Chiu su ln s ko theo phi xy dng cc h thng thu gom v x l nc t
bi rc s su, nh vy s gy ton km.
Chiu cao ca mi h chn s ko theo chiu cao ca cc cng trnh ph tr nh
ng vn chuyn, h thng thot nc ma, bao,... v t nng chiu cao.
Chiu su cc i ca h chn lp c xc nh theo mc nc ngm mao dn cao nht
v phng thc thu gom nc r r. Thng thng c tnh nh sau:
H = h - (1,2 + 0,3 + 0,6) - 1
93

Trong :
- 1,2 v 0,3 l chiu cao to dc ng thu gom
- 0,6 l ng knh ng thu gom nc v ging thu
- 1 l khong cch cn thit t mc nc ngm ti cng trnh
- h l chiu cao ca mc nc ngm mao dn cao nht
V d vi chiu cao mc nc ngm l 7,5 m, ta c c chiu cao chn rc l 4,4 m,
chiu cao lp che ph phi chn l 2m, chiu cao lp lt l 1,2 m.
b2. Phng n thu gom nc r r:
Cc khu vc chn lp cc loi rc tr (khng cha cc cht hu c d phn hy) khng
yu cu h thng thu gom nc rc. i vi rc thi c cha cc cht c hi, ty theo loi
cht thi m c bin php chn lp v thu gom nc thi thch hp.
H thng thu gom nc rc phi bao gm: cc ng ng thu gom trong cc h chn lp,
thot nc xung quanh bi, trm bm v h thu nc rc.
H thng cc ng ng thu gom nc rc trong bi c t trn lp cao su chng thm
chnh v lp t st h tr, di cc lp rc, t v vi bo v l lp ct si to iu kin
cho nc thot nhanh chng trn mt h v bo v ng ng khi vn hnh h chn lp. Cc
ng ng phi c thit k thng, khng qu di v c dc khng nh hn 0,5% (vi ng
F>200).
Rnh thot nc phi c b tr xung quanh bi v cc h chn lp, m bo nc ma
thot nhanh, khng chy vo cc h chn hn ch lu lng nc rc.
Nc rc phi c a v h thu gom v phi c bm ln x l trc khi a h
thng tiu thot chung.
b3. Thu gom kh gas
i vi bi chn lp CTR v CTNH, do c khi lng rc hu c d phn hu a vo
chn lp thng khng ln, v tr la chn li cch xa khu dn c cho nn khng nht thit
phi thu gom kh gas, nht l khi iu kin kinh ph cn hn ch.
hn ch s pht tn cht thi; kh gas t bi chn lp, xung quanh bi rc phi c vng
m cy xanh, ti thiu phi c 1 lp cy tn ln
b4. Kt cu b mt
Din tch mt bng mi h chn lp rc phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
T l din tch s dng hu ch phi ln nht. T l din tch s dng hu ch
ca bi rc l t l gia tng din tch s dng hu ch ca cc hng mc cng trnh so vi
tng din tch mt bng ca bi rc. Tc l kt cu b mt h chn phi ph hp vi mt
bng la tng th ca bi rc.
Kch thc kt cu ca mt bng h chn phi sao cho ch s b mt gia c
chng thm, chu lc nh nht (Sm). Ch s b mt gia c chng thm, chu lc c xc
nh bng t s tng din tch b mt cn gia c so vi tng th tch ca h chn. Vi mt
quy m (th tch) h chn nht nh th kt cu b mt hnh vung c Sm nh nht.
m bo yu cu v sinh mi trng: Vi mt bng mi h chn lp ln s ko
theo l thi gian hot ng chn lp s di. Thi gian hot ng chn lp ca mi h chn
ko di s nh hng ti v sinh mi trng, bi v trong thi gian hot ng chn lp th
hu nh khng th tch ring nc ma trn mt bng h chn. Nu din tch ca h chn
94

ln s th lng nc ma trn mt h chn s ln v lng nc thi sinh ra do nc ma

ngm qua rc s ln.
Chiu di ca h chn lp phi c ln ti thiu bng chiu di on ng
vn chuyn rc xung h v khc quay ca xe. Nu chiu cao hu dng ca h chn lp l
5 m v dc vch h l 2/3 th chiu di ti thiu phi t l 66 m ( dc ca ng l
10%).
Chiu rng ca h chn phi c ln ti thiu sao cho m bo cc phng
tin gia cng h v vn chuyn, chn lp rc d rng.
b5. dc vch
dc vch h ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
-

a cht cng trnh khu vc d n

Lng ma v ch ma

Cng ngh chn lp v kh nng gia cng b mt.

Nhn chung, dc vch ln cho php gim c din tch mt vch, d thot nc
nhng kh gia cng v d sp l khi vn hnh. C th ngh dc ph hp l 2/3.
b6. Thit k phng n chng thm
Cc nguyn tc v yu cu chung:
Nc thm ra t rc c t thm ti h thng ng thu gom, nc lun c thu
gom trit trong mi trng hp.
-

Kt cu chng thm phi m bo thi gian s dng ln hn 10 nm.

Vt liu chng thm phi khng b n mn (hoc n mn chm) do cc cht

nhim trong nc thi v cc cht xm thc t t, c bn chng n mn ha hc trn
10 nm.
Vt liu chng thm phi c bn c hc tt chng li cc lc nn, p, un, ln
khi vn hnh h chn lp, c bit trong thi gian hot ng chn lp.
Kt cu chng thm phi thun li cho vic gia cng v s dng. Cc vt liu chng thm
phi r tin, c sn trn th trng hoc d gia cng vi ngun nguyn liu c v khng gy
tc ng ph vi mi trng cng nh con ngi. Chn vt liu chng thm l cc tm
polyme (cao su lu ha hoc nha polyetylen)
(iii). C nh v ho rn Cht Thi Nguy Hi trc khi chn lp an tan
C nh l qu trnh thm nhng cht liu khc vo cht thi lm thay i tnh cht vt
l, gim ho tan, gim lan truyn cht thi c hi ra mi trng. Bin php c nh
thng p dng trong trng hp khng th s dng cc bin php ci to sinh hc hay t
cht thi.
Ho rn l qu trnh chuyn cht thi thnh dng rn bng cc cht ph gia khc. Nhng
cht ph gia thm vo c tc dng lm tng sc bn, gim nn, gim thm thu cht thi.
K thut ny ny c p dng ci to cc khu cha CTNH, x l t b nhim, ho rn
cht thi cng nghip.
Nh vy, c nh v ho rn c th c coi l qu trnh x l trong cc cht nhim
lin kt mt phn hoc ton phn vi cc cht ph gia, cc cht lin kt hoc mt s ct khc.

95

Hiu mt cch n gin hn, c nh v ho rn trong qun l CTNH l qu trnh ng

rn CTNH dng vin an ton khi chn lp. Vt liu ng rn ph bin l ximng, hoc
c th trn thm vo mt vi cht v c khc tng n nh v kt cu. T l xi mng
phi trn nhiu hay t cn tu thuc vo tng loi CTNH c th. Thng thng sau khi ng
rn hon ton, ngi ta s tin hnh kim tra kh nng ho tan ca cc thnh phn c hi
trong mu; bng cch phn tch nc dch lc xc nh mt s ch tiu c trng ri so snh
vi tiu chun;, nu t tiu chun s c php chn bi rc cng nghip; nu khng t th
phi tng thm t l ximng trong cho n khi t tiu chun.
6.1.3 Cc c s c kh nng x l CTNH trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Hin c 12 cng ty thu gom v x l CTNH trn a bn TPHCM, chi tit v cc cng ty
nh sau.
Cng ty TNHH Mi trng xanh l cng ty t nhn thnh lp nm 1999 v l mt trong
nhng n v qun l CTNH ln nht thnh ph hin nay.Cng ty t ti khu cng nghip L
Minh Xun v t chc thu gom cht thi lng v rn vi on 3 xe ti chuyn dng ch yu t
cc ngnh cng nghip sau :thuc bo v thc vt, in / in t, dc phm v vn ti. Cng
ty vn hnh mt l t ti khu cng nghip L Minh Xun vi cng sut 2 tn / ngy v ch
nhn CTNH. Cc thit b khc gm 2 my nghin thuc hng, mt h thng chng ct x l
cht thi lng v mt h thng x l nc thi. Hin ti, n v c mt lng cht thi qu ti
ln phi lu tr m ch yu l bn cha kim loi nng v tro t l t c lu gi ti mt a
im gn nh my, cng ty cha nhn c li than phin no t pha cng ng a phng.
Cng ty mi trng Vit c : y l cng ty t nhn c thnh lp nm 2002. n v
nhn thu gom CTNH rn, lng v c 1 xe ti chuyn dng 2,5 tn thu gom cht thi t cc
ngnh sau : dt nhum, dc phm, in v xi m. Cng ty vn hnh 2 l t c cng sut 2
tn/ ngy v ch nhn CTNH. L cn li ch nhn cht thi khng nguy hi v c cng sut 4
tn /ngy. Nhng thit b khc bao gm my nghin thuc l hng, h thng chng ct x
l cht thi lng v h thng x l nc thi 5 m3/ngy. Cng ty cha nhn c nhiu hp
ng. H nhn c nhiu loi cht thi v d nh 3.000 tn nha phn quang thi v 300 kg
dy ko ph thi v hin khng c lng cht thi ng k phi lu gi ng thi cha nhn
c li than phin no t cng ng. Cng nhn khng s dng bo h y khi lm
vic, h thng l t cn phi thay i do thi nhiu khi en khi hot ng. Ngoi ra, cng ty
cng phi xy dng y h thng thot nc ring khi ra cc thit b ca mnh.
9 Cng ty TNHH Kim Danh nm trong qun Tn Bnh TPHCM, y l cng ty t
nhn thnh lp nm 2000 nhm mc ch qun l cht thi khng nguy hi v c cp giy
php thu gom v lu gi CTNH nm 2001. T khi c cp giy php n v cha nhn c
hp ng no v CTNH. D kin mc tiu chnh v qun l CTNH l ngnh cng nghip in
v kh nng chnh ca cng ty l cht thi ti sinh c ch. Ti sn ca cng ty bao gm 2 c s
lu gi qun Th c v Tn Bnh v 3 xe ti c thng kn. Hin ti, khng c lng cht
thi ng k no c lu gi, ch yu l cht thi c th ti sinh nh thng carton,
giyCng ty ni rng khng c tai nn no hay li than phin no c a ra t cng ng
a phng trong nm 2001. Tuy nhin, hot ng sc khe, an ton v mi trng ca cn
c ci thin, c bit l khi cng ty bt u nhn CTNH.
96

9 Cng ty TNHH L Hong Tun nm qun Th c TPHCM. y l n v

c thnh lp nm 1999 v bt u cungcp dch v t cui nm 2001. Cng ty nhn thu gom
CTNH rn v lng vi on xe ti chuyn dng gm 3 chic c thng kn, ch yu thu gom
cht thi t ngnh in. H vn hnh mt nh my ti sinh ch ti c s. Cc phng tin khc
gm mt c s thu gom nc, mt c s x l nc thi, mt h thng x l kh thi. Cng ty
hot ng dc 3 nm v c v tn ti bn vng v hin khng c lng cht thi qu ti phi
lu gi. Cng ty tuyn b trong nm 2001 cha c tai nn hay li than phin no c a ra.
Tuy nhin, mi trng lm vic v sc khe ca cng nhn cn c ci thin.
9 Cng ty TNHH Tn c Tho nm qun Bnh Chnh TPHCM. y l n v
t nhn c thnh lp nm 2001 nhm thu gom CTNH rn v lng. Cng ty c 01 xe ti
chuyn dng c thng kn v 02 xe ti c thng m ch yu thu gom t cc ngnh sau: thuc
bo v thc vt, dc phm, sn. Cng ty vn hnh mt bi x l trong qun Bnh Chnh. L
t ny c cng sut 2 tn/ngy v ch nhn CTNH. Nhng phng tin khc bao gm my ti
ch sn v dung mi, h thng x l kh thi. Tuy nhin, cng ty khng c h thng x l
nc thi. Cng ty hot ng gn 2 nm v hin khng c nhiu cht thi phi lu gi do
khng c nhiu hp ng.Nhng cht thi phi lu gi l thng cha dung mi, sn v tro t
l t ang ch thu gom. Cng ty tuyn b rng cha c tai nn hay li than phin no c
a ra.
9 CITENCO nm qun I TPHCM. y l cng ty nh nc thnh lp nm 1975
nhm thu gom cht thi nguy hi rn v lng vi on xe 225 xe ti cc loi. Cng ty thu gom
rc thi y t t cc bnh vin, phng khm c k hp ng. ng thi thu gom v vn chuyn
rc sinh hot n bi chn lp. Cng ty vn hnh mt l t ti Bnh Hng Ha, huyn Bnh
Chnh c cng sut 7 tn /ngy v ch nhn cht thi y t nguy hi. L t ang hot ng ht
cng sut. Nhng phng tin khc bao gm nh my x l nc thi v h thng x l kh
thi. Cng ty cho bit c 18 tai nn xy ra trn ng n ni tiu hy/ x l v nhn c
nhng li than phin t cng ng a phng ch yu l cc hot ng thu gom chm tr.
Hot ng an ton v sc khe ca cng nhn cng nh vn mi trng ca cng ty cn ci
thin nhiu.
9 Cng ty x l cht thi thnh ph - HOWADICO. Cng ty ch nhn cung cp
dch v tiu hy cho cht thi sinh hot v cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi.
9 Hp tc x Giao thng v Vn ti c kh nm qun Th c TPHCM. y l
cng ty nh nc thnh lp nm 1997, n v ch lu gi v x l cn du v nc thi cha
du. Cc khch hng chnh l cng ty cung cp dch v tu bin ngoi khi. Cng ty xc nhn
rng h khng thu gom v vn chuyn du ngoi khi v x l. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi c
trch nhim ca cng ty ng tu Vng Tu ni rng chnh cng ty ny l n v trc tip thu
gom v vn chuyn cht thi t tu du v Thnh ph H Ch Minh. S thiu chc chn v r
rng ny l vn ln, nht l trong trng hp c tai nan, trn trong qu trnh vn chuyn.
Cng ty cng vn hnh mt c s tch du khi nc v sn xut 20 tn nhin liu t t du
mi ngy. ay l n v duy nht trong khu vc c sn xut nhin liu t cn du v nc thi.
H bn nhng bnh du ny cho cc cng ty sn xut gch men, thy tinh. Cng ty hot
ng 5 nm v c v tn ti bn vng. Lng cht thi m cng ty lu gi gm ton cn du
khong 1.000 tn. Cng ty tuyn b cha c li than phin no c ghi nhn.
97

9 Cng ty xy dng v mi trng quc t IEC mi thnh lp thng 4 nm 2002.

Cng ty cha ng k nhn thu gom CTNH.
Cc cng ty di y cng c giy php thu gom v x l CTNH:
9

Cng ty TNHH thng mi v tiu hy cht thi Thnh Lp.

Trung tm nghin cu cng ngh v thit b cng ntghip.

Cng ty TNHH Teasung l cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi.

C s Ngc Thu.

Nu mi cng ty c kh nng thc hin ht cng sut x l ca mnh th lng CTNH

c x l mi ngy khong 24 tn. Con s ny thc t khng c nh vy. Vi lng
pht sinh CTNH hin nay th ton thnh ph mi ngy thi ra 122 tn( s liu nm 2002 ). Nh
vy, 98 tn cht thi mi ngy tng ng 35600 tn mi nm khng th c lu gi ton
b. Vic lu gi CTNH an ton cn phi c iu kin c s vt cht m bo, CTNH cn l
tc nhn d gy l tai nn hay chy n. Vic thi b CTNH theo con ng chn lp nh cht
thi thng thng hay c b bt hp php l iu hin nhin xy ra.

98

CHNG 7: S C V NH GI, PHNG TRNH S C

VI CHT THI NGUY HI
7.1.S C MI TRNG DO CHT THI NGUY HI
nh ngha v s c mi trng
Theo Lut Bo v Mi trng ca Vit Nam: "S c mi trng l cc tai bin hoc ri
ro xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca con ngi hoc bin i bt thng ca thin nhin,
gy suy thoi mi trng nghim trng".
S c mi trng c th xy ra do:
- Bo, l lt, hn hn, nt t, ng t, trt t, st l t, ni la phun, ma axit,
ma , bin ng kh hu v thin tai khc;
- Ho hon, chy rng, s c k thut gy nguy hi v mi trng ca c s sn xut,
kinh doanh, cng trnh kinh t, khoa hc, k thut, vn ho, x hi, an ninh, quc
phng;
- S c trong tm kim, thm , khai thc v vn chuyn khong sn, du kh, sp hm
l, pht du, trn du, v ng ng dn du, dn kh, m tu, s c ti c s lc
ho du v cc c s cng nghip khc;
S c trong l phn ng ht nhn, nh my in nguyn t, nh my sn xut, ti ch
nhin liu ht nhn, kho cha cht phng x
7.2. NH GI S C DO CHT THI NGUY HI
Cc c tnh d chy, d n, n mn, phn ng, c hi m cht thi nguy hi c th tc
ng xu n sc khe con ngi, cc sinh vt, gy nguy him cho cc cng trnh xy dng v
ph hy mi trng sng t nhin. Cc tc ng ln sinh vt, con ngi hoc mi trng c
chia lm hai loi:
Tc ng tc thi: do s gii phng CTNH ra mi trng bi s c bt thng hoc do
tnh trng qun l khng tt.
Tc ng lu di: do s xm nhp v tch ly ca cht nguy hi trong c th ngi.
7.2.1. Tc ng tc thi
Cc CTNH d chy n v cc cht n mn, cc cht phn ng mnh, cht c c tnh cao
thuc nhm c tc ng tc thi. Cc cht d chy n c th dn n cc s c chy n gy
thit hi v ngi v ti sn, gy nh tr sn xutNgoi ra, cc m chy cng gii phng
vo mi trng mt lng ln cc cht nhim, gy nn cc tc ng tc ng n mi
trng sng ca con ngi v h sinh thi. Cc sn phm khc ca qu trnh chy c th l mi
nguy hi khc ca s chy n. Mt v d c th l CO c th gy bnh cht ngi hoc n lm
cho mu mt kh nng vn chuyn oxy. Cc cht c khc nh SO2, HCl to ra t qu trnh
t chy cc hp cht c cha lu hunh hoc Clo. Mt qu cc cht hu c khc l andehit l
sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh t chy khng hon ton, ngoi ra qu trnh t chy
khng hon ton cn to ra cc hp cht a vng thm c kh nng gy ung th.

99

Mi nguy hi ca CTNH ln con ngi v mi trng

Nhm
1

Tn nhm

Nguy hi i vi
ngi tip xc

Cht thi d Ha hon, gy bng

bt la, d
chy

Nguy hi i vi mi
trng
Gy nhim khng kh
Cc loi ny th rn khi
chy c th sinh ra cc sn
phm chy c hi.

An mn, gy phng, nhim khng kh v nc

hy hoi c th
gy h hi vt liu
khi tip xc.

Cht n mn

Cht thi d n Gy tn thng n sc Ph hy cng trnh

khe do sc p, gy Sinh ra cc cht nhim mi
bng, dn ti
trng t, khng kh, nc
t vong

Cht thi d Gy chy n khi xy

oxy ha
ra phn ng ha hc

Gy nhim nc, t

Anh hng n da,

sc khe.
5,6

Cht c

Anh hng mn tnh v Gy nhim nc, t

cp tnh n
sc khe

Cht ly nhim Lan truyn bnh

Mt vi hu qu v mi
trng

Cc cht phn ng, cc cht oxy ha mnh tim n cc nguy c cho con ngi hn l cho
mi trng do chng khng bn, d b phn hy hoc chun ha thnh cc cht khc. Qu
trnh phn ng c th pht sinh nhit, gy chy n hoc gii phng cc cht c tnh c vo
mi trng hay to iu kin cho cc phn ng chy n xy ra nhng cht khc. CTNH
thng n mn vt liu gy h hng cc cng trnh, thng cha, nh kho. Cc cht n mn cn
c th gy ra n mn khi tip xc vi c th con ngi c bit l da. Trong cc cht ny c
nhng cht gy bng rp, tc ng d ng b mt hoc gy hi ti lp biu b nm su bn
trong.

100

Hi hoc bi

khng
kh

H hp

Pht thi kh
Chy
trn

CTNH

Hp thu bi

Chui thc n

ng thc vt

Xm nhp vo
c th con
ngi

Nc mt
Ung

thm

Nc cp
Nc ngm

S cc tuyn xm nhp cht thi nguy hi vo c th con ngi

7.2.2.Tc ng lu di
7.2.2.1. S tip xc v tch ly CTNH i vi con ngi
S pht thi cc thnh phn cht thi nguy hi ra mi trng bn ngoi c th thng qua
cc qu trnh bay hi, lan truyn theo dng nc, thm. Nc mt b nhim ko theo s
nhim ca t v khng kh. CTNH c chn lp nhng bi rc khng hp v sinh r r gy
nhim t, nc mt v nc ngm.
CTNH c th nh hng trc tip qua con ngi thng qua cc tuyn h hp, tiu ha
hay qua da, mt.
Sau y l mt s cht c nh hng ln n sc khe con ngi cng cc tc ng mi
trng c th:

101

a. Dung mi:
Cc dung mi hu c c th tan trong mi trng m cng nh nc. Cc dung mi thn
m khi tan trong mi trng s tch t trong m bao gm c h thn kinh. Hi ca dung mi
rt d c hp thu qua phi . c nhiu loi dung mi hu c gy c tnh cp v mn tnh cho
con ngi v ng vt khi tip xc.
Mt s dung mi hu c thng gp l benzen, toluen, xylen, etylbenzen, xyclohexan.
Cc dung mi ny c th hp th qua phi v qua da. Khi tip xc liu cao gy c tnh cp
suy gim thn kinh trung ng, gy chng mt, nhc u, ngp th dn n ri lon tiu ha.
Benzen tch ly trong cc m m v ty xng gy bnh bch cu, xo trn AND di truyn.
Liu hp th benzen t 10-15 mg c th t vong. Cc dung mi kia c tc dng c hi tng
t nhng c tnh thp hn.
b. Cc hydrrocacbon
Cc cht halogen ha ch yu l nhm clo hu c, chng u l cc cht d bay hi v rt
c, c bit chng d gy m, gy ngt, nh hng n h thn kinh, gan thn nh
triclometan, tetra clorocacbon, tricloroetylencc hp ch phc tp cn c khuynh hng tch
t trong c th ng thc vt khi hp thu chng nh PCBs, DDT...
c. Cc kim loi nng
Cc kim loi nng gy hi ng k cho mi trng. Vi hm lng cao chng gy ri
lon, c ch hot ng ca sinh vt. Tuy nhin tc ng nguy hi ng quan tm ca chng l
ln sc skhe con ngi. Do s xm nhp ca chng vo c th din ra trong thi gian di nn
kh c th pht hin v ngn nga.
Mt s kim loi nng tiu biu l Cr (VI), thy ngn, As, Cd
d. Cc cht c c tnh cao
Cc cht c c tnh cao gy ng c hoc gy t vong cho ngi nu xm nhp v tch
ly trong c th d vi lng nh. Di y l mt s c cht thng gp:
- Cht rn: antimon, cadmi, ch, bery, asen, selen, mui cyanua v cc hp cht ca
chng.
- Cht lng: thy ngn, dung dch cc cht rn trn, hp cht vng thm
- Cht kh: hydrocyanua, photgen, kh halogen, dn xut ca halogen
Mt s cht gy t bin ngi v ng vt hu nh, gy ra cc tc ng lu di ln sc
khe con ng v mi trng nh carcinogens, asbetos. PCBs
Do tc ng m cht thi gy ra cho con ngi v mi trng rt ln v khng th o
lng trc c nn vic qun l cht ch CTNH l iu tt yu.
Cht thi nguy hi trc khi xm nhp vo c th con ngi thng qua cc con ng:
- H hp
- Qua da
102

- Qua h tiu ha
Cht nguy hi ton ti trong mi trng t, nc, kh, thc phm, nc ung.
7.2.2.2. S bin i CTNH vo mi trng
CTNH trc khi xm nhp vo c th con ngi c bin i nh sau:
A. T mi trng khng kh:

Cht nhim thm

nhp v khng kh

S bay hi tim tng ca cht

nhim t a im

S thi tim tng bi v cc ht

tm thi

Xem xt hng v tc thm nhp

vo khng kh

Hng v khong cch bay ca bi

Cc cht gy n nhim tc ng
n trng trt v chn nui?

S thm thuC
vo nc
ngm?

Khng

Xc nh din tch vng khng

kh bay li v nng t?

nh gi s di chuyn vo hoa
mu v chn nui do ngi tiu
th

Cc cht gy nhim tc
ng n nc mt?

Khng

Nhn dng nhng ngi

tip xc trc tip

nh gi s dch chuyn vo nc
b mt
nh gi s phn mi trng ny

Khng
Xem xt s nh hng
ca ha cht vo nc
ngm

S vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi trong mi trng khng kh

CTNH i vo khng kh thng qua s ha hi t mi trng t, nc, t s cht thi rn
hay c thi ra t ng khi cc nh my. Sau cht thi c s bin i trong mi trng
103

khng kh, s bin i c th l s kt hp vi bi, hi nc, cc thnh phn khc c trong

kh quyn. Thi gian tn ti cng nh iu kin nhit , m s quyt nh s bin i ca
cht nhim. Cht nhim c th mt i do bin i, sa lng vo mi trng t, nc hoc
s hp th ca con ngi v ng thc vt.
Cht nguy hi i vo c th con ngi thng qua vic con ngi s dng trc tip cc
thc phm b nhim c hoc tip xc bng cch ht th. Mc gy c ca cht nguy hi
ty thuc vo bn cht ca cht nhim v mc o thi cht c ca c th con ngi.
T mi trng t:

Cht gy nhim thm

nhp vo t

D bo tc thm thu
ca ha cht vo t

Ha cht c th gay nh
hng n nc mt

khng

D bo cho nhng ngi tip xc

trc tip vi t b nhim

Cc loi vt nui c tip xc

vi t khhng ?

khng

Cc cht gy nhim d bay hi

hoc sinh ra bi hay khng ?

c
khng

nh gi ng tip xc vi
nc ngm

nh gi lng cht nhim do vt nui v

hoa mu m con ngi tiu th

c
nh gi s chuyn dch ca
ha cht vo khng kh

S vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi s trong mi trng t

Cht nguy hi c trong mi trng t c th do s sa lng t khng kh hoc s thi b
trc tip t cht thi rn hay cht lng nguy hi. Cht nguy hi i vo c th ngi thng qua
thc phm nhim c hay do s tip xc trong qu trnh hot ng.
c. T mi trng nc:
Cht nguy hi trong mi trng nc ton ti do s sa lng t khng kh hoc do s thi
b thng vo dng nc. Cht nguy hi khi vo mi trng c s bin i m n c th gia
104

tng mc c hay suy gim. Cht nguy hi xm nhp c th ngi thng qua thc phm b
nhim c hay tip xc trc tip.

Cht gy nhim thm

nhp vo t

D bo tc thm thu
ca ha cht vo t

Ha cht c th gay nh
hng n nc mt

khng

D bo cho nhng ngi tip xc

trc tip vi t b nhim

Cc loi vt nui c tip xc

vi t khhng ?

khng

Cc cht gy nhim d bay hi

hoc sinh ra bi hay khng ?

c
khng

nh gi ng tip xc vi
nc ngm

nh gi lng cht nhim do vt nui v

hoa mu m con ngi tiu th

c
nh gi s chuyn dch ca
ha cht vo khng kh

nh gi s phn cht thi nguy hi v s vn chuyn trong mi trng nc

105

CHNG 8: CNG C PHP L V CHNH SCH QUN L

CHT THI RN V CHT THI NGUY HI
8.1 CC CNG C PHP L QUN L CTR V CHT THI NGUY HI
Qun l cht thi nguy hi l hot ng kim sot cht thi nguy hi k t khi pht sinh
n khi c x l n bc cui cng.
C nhiu cch thc la chn khi thc hin qun l cht thi nguy hi tuy nhin t
c hiu qu th trong a s cc trng hp th cn phi s dng tng hp cc phng php.
8.1.1. Cc phng php qun l
C cu chnh sch mc ch l pht trin v tp hp mt cch ton din chnh sch
qun l cht thi vi cc i tng chnh sch c th t c.
Cng c:

Mc tiu gim thiu

Chnh sch cht thi c bit

Khuyn khchMc tiu gim thiu

Chnh sch cht thi c bit

Khuyn khch

Hnh pht

Tr gi v k hoch pht trin cng nghip

Tr gi v k hoch pht trin cng nghip

8.1.2. C cu lut mc ch l to nn c s php l thng nht, m bo mi

trng cng bng vi cc i tng.
Cng c:
Lut bo v mi trng
Quyt nh 155 v qun l cht thi nguy hi
Cc tiu chun v phn loi, du hiu cnh bo i vi CTNH.
8.1.3. Cng c hnh chnh mc ch l thc hin v h tr vic thi hnh c cu
lut v c cu chnh sch.
Cng c:

Cc giy php
106

Thanh tra, gim st

X pht, thu hi giy php.

8.1.4. Gio dc cng ng mc ch l nng cao nhn thc, nhim v v trch

nhim ca cng ng v qun l cht thi.
Cng c:

Chin dch truyn thng chung

Chng trnh truyn thanh, truyn hnh

Cc thng tin bo ch, t ri, p phch

Chng trnh dy trong cc trng hc

8.1.5. C cu kinh t mc ch l to tnh trng kch thch v kinh t cng nh

s n nh v th trng.
Cng c:

Cc loi ph, thu

Cc khon cho vay, tr gip

Giy php x thi

To th trng

8.1.6. H thng k thut mc ch m bo tch cht thi khi dng lun chuyn v a
v trng thi t c hi sau s c thi b.
Cng c:

Thu gom, vn chuyn

Ch bin v x l

Phc hi nng lng

Thi b phn cn li

1.4.1.7 H thng thng tin mc ch l tng cng s hiu bit v cht thi cng
nh nm bt kp thi tnh trng hin ti.
Cng c:

Xc nh lng thi, dng cng nh ngun thi.

Phn tch thnh phn cht thi

Thng k qua tng thi k

Mt h thng qun l cht thi nguy hi c rt nhiu khu lin quan cht ch vi nhau,
i hi phi c gim st cht ch bi ch ngun thi v c quan qun l nh nc v mi
trng.

107

8.2. CC C CH, CHNH SCH QUN L CTR V CTNH

Qun l cht thi nguy hi c u tin theo th t sau:

Gim thiu cht thi ti

ngun
Loi tr s pht sinh
Gim thiu s pht thi
Ti ch, ti s dng

Bin i thnh cht khng

c hi hoc t c hi
X l vt l/ho hc
X l sinh hc
X l nhit

Thi b an ton
Thi vo t
Thi vo nc
Thi vo kh quyn

Hnh 1.6 Cc bc ca qu trnh qun l CTNH

8.2.1.Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun
Gim thiu ti ngun l gim v s lng hoc c tnh ca bt k cht thi nguy hi
no i vo dng thi trc khi ti sinh, x l hoc a ra mi trng. Thng thng, c hai
bin php chnh gim thiu cht thi ti ngun:
Thay i cch qun l
108

 Vn hnh sn xut v thay i qu trnh sn xut.

a.

Nhng ci tin trong qun l, vn hnh sn xut

-

Ci tin cch thc vn hnh cn thc hin

Nhng ci tin trong qun l v vn hnh sn xut

Ci tin cch thc vn hnh cn thc hin trong tt c cc lnh vc sn xut, bo tr thit
b, s dng v lu tr nguyn vt liu kh, bo qun sn phm, lu tr v qun l cht thi.cc
ni dung ci tin trong qun l v vn hnh sn xut bao gm:
-

Qun l, lu tr nguyn vt liu v sn xut

Nhng ci tin v iu sn xut

Ngn nga tht thot v chy trn

Tch ring cc dng thi

Hun luyn nhn s

Thay i qu trnh sn xut

Thay i qu trnh sn xut bao gm thay i nguyn vt liu u vo, cng ngh v thit
b. Tt c nhng thay i ny nhm gim lng pht thi cc cht gy nhim trong qu trnh
sn xut. Thay i v qu trnh c th thc hin nhanh chng hn v t ton km hn l thay
i v sn phm v k thut.
b.

c.

Thay i v k thut v cng nghe

-

Ci tin qui trnh sn xut

iu chnh cc thng s vn hnh qu trnh

Nhng ci tin v vn hnh qu trnh

Nhng ci tin v t ng ha
Tn dng cht thi

Ti ch v ti s dng l nhng gii php tn dng c u tin sau gii php gim thiu
ti ngun. N cng c bit n di nhiu tn gi nh ti sinh(recycle), ti s dng(reuse),
ti ch (reclemation), hoc phc hi(recovery).
Ti s dng: Ti s dng l c dng li mt sn phm nhiu ln nu c th, nhm gim
lng cht thi v gim cc ngun lc phi s dng to sn phm mi. Ti s dng bao
hm c bn cho vic s dng hay sa cha dng tip, hoc s dng sn phm vo nhiu
mc ch.
109

Ti sinh hoc ti che:Ti sinh, ti ch l qu trnh bin cht thi to thnh sn phm mi
c s dng nh nguyn vt liu ca sn xut hay sn phm tiu dng nhm to ra hiu qu
v kinh t, x hi hay mi trung
Phc hi: Phc hi l qu trnh to li cc tnh nng s dng sn phm nh ban u.

8.2.2. Cc phng php phc hi cht thi v phm vi ng dng:

phc hi ha cht c ch trong cht thi ngi ta ng dng cc phng php ha l
da vo c im ca ha cht tch ha cht ra khi cht thi v thu hi chng sau khi tch.
Mi phng php c mt phm vi ng dng khc nhau da vo nguyn l ca phng php v
tnh cht cht thi.
Bng 1.3 M t cc bin php ti sinh cho CTNH

Hp ph
bng than
hot tnh

Trao
ion

i X

Chng ct

X
X

Tch bng
mng
X

X
X

X
X

Cht kh

X
X

Thy phn
X

Cht rn n mn
hay bn nho

Trch ly

Cht lng

t nhim

hot
c

in phn

Tch
kh,hi

Cht
tnh

Cht lng nhim

bn hu c

Cht lng nhim

kim loi

Cht thi nhim

PCBs

hu
Cht

hu

Cc dng cht
thi

Cht

mi
Dung

Dung mi phi

cht
Hp

Qu trnh
x l

Cht n mn

Cht thi nguy hi

110

hi
lp

Lm lnh,
tinh
th
ha

Bay
qua
film

Ti sinh c phm vi ng dng trong nhiu nghnh cng nghip v trong nhiu lnh vc
do mang li cc li ch:
-

Tit kim ti nguyn, bo ton ngun lc sn xut, gim chi ph sn xut

Ngn nga s pht tn cht c vo trong mi trng

Cung cp nguyn vt liu c gi tr trong cng nghip

Kch thch pht trin nhng qui trnh sn xut sch hn

Trnh phi thc hin qu trnh mang tnh bt buc nh x l hoc chn cht thi.

La chn phng php u tin da trn mc phng trnh ri ro:

-

Ti ch hay ti s dng trong nh my

Ti sinh bn ngoi nh my

Bn cho mc ch ti s dng

Ti sinh nng lng

111

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.
L.T. Hi, IER, S CNTPHCM 10 / 2003. bo co Nghin cu tin kh
thi d n x l CTRCN Tp. HCM
2.
Cng ty VINAM v S KHCN, 10/2004, Qui hoch tng th qun l
cht thi rn (Thnh ph H Ch Minh - giai on n nm 2020) (Bn tho chnh
sa).
3.
UNDP, S KHCNMT TPHCM, D n VIE96023, Xy dng chin
lc qun l mi trng cho Thnh ph H Ch Minh, phn chin lc qun l CTR
Cng nghip.
4.
L.T. Hi, IER, S KHCN TPHCM, 10/2004. Bo co ti NCKH
cp TP Nghin cu xut th trng trao i v ti ch CTRCN v CTCNNH cho
khu vc TPHCM n 2010.
5.
IER, 2002, D bo v nh gi v mc v tnh cht nhim do th
ha v cng nghip ha Thnh ph H Ch Minh v vng ln cn (vng kinh t trng
im).
6.
SONADEZI, VEPA, CENTEMA, 11/ 2003. Hi tho pht trin khu
cng nghip sinh thi.

112