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Chapter9:ObjectBasedDatabases
DatabaseSystemConcepts
Silberschatz,KorthandSudarshan
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Chapter9:ObjectBasedDatabases
ComplexDataTypesandObjectOrientation
StructuredDataTypesandInheritanceinSQL
TableInheritance
ArrayandMultisetTypesinSQL
ObjectIdentityandReferenceTypesinSQL
ImplementingORFeatures
PersistentProgrammingLanguages
ComparisonofObjectOrientedandObjectRelationalDatabases
DatabaseSystemConcepts5thEdition,Aug9,2005.
9.<number>
ObjectRelationalDataModels
Extendtherelationaldatamodelbyincludingobjectorientationand
constructstodealwithaddeddatatypes.
Allowattributesoftuplestohavecomplextypes,includingnonatomic
valuessuchasnestedrelations.
Preserverelationalfoundations,inparticularthedeclarativeaccessto
data,whileextendingmodelingpower.
Upwardcompatibilitywithexistingrelationallanguages.
9.<number>
ComplexDataTypes
Motivation:
Permitnonatomicdomains(atomicindivisible)
Exampleofnonatomicdomain:setofintegers,orsetof
tuples
Allowsmoreintuitivemodelingforapplicationswith
complexdata
Intuitivedefinition:
allowrelationswheneverweallowatomic(scalar)values
relationswithinrelations
Retainsmathematicalfoundationofrelationalmodel
Violatesfirstnormalform.
9.<number>
ExampleofaNestedRelation
Example:libraryinformationsystem
Eachbookhas
title,
asetofauthors,
Publisher,and
asetofkeywords
Non1NFrelationbooks
9.<number>
4NFDecompositionofNestedRelation
Removeawkwardnessofflatbooksbyassumingthatthefollowing
multivalueddependencieshold:
titleauthor
titlekeyword
titlepubname,pubbranch
Decomposeflatdocinto4NFusingtheschemas:
(title,author)
(title,keyword)
(title,pubname,pubbranch)
9.<number>
4NFDecompositionofflatbooks
9.<number>
Problemswith4NFSchema
4NFdesignrequiresuserstoincludejoinsintheirqueries.
1NFrelationalviewflatbooksdefinedbyjoinof4NFrelations:
eliminatestheneedforuserstoperformjoins,
butlosestheonetoonecorrespondencebetweentuplesand
documents.
Andhasalargeamountofredundancy
Nestedrelationsrepresentationismuchmorenaturalhere.
9.<number>
ComplexTypesandSQL:1999
ExtensionstoSQLtosupportcomplextypesinclude:
Collectionandlargeobjecttypes
Nestedrelationsareanexampleofcollectiontypes
Structuredtypes
Nestedrecordstructureslikecompositeattributes
Inheritance
Objectorientation
Includingobjectidentifiersandreferences
OurdescriptionismainlybasedontheSQL:1999standard
Notfullyimplementedinanydatabasesystemcurrently
Butsomefeaturesarepresentineachofthemajorcommercial
databasesystems
Readthemanualofyourdatabasesystemtoseewhatit
supports
9.<number>
StructuredTypesandInheritanceinSQL
StructuredtypescanbedeclaredandusedinSQL
createtypeNameas
(firstnamevarchar(20),
lastnamevarchar(20))
final
createtypeAddressas
(streetvarchar(20),
city
varchar(20),
zipcode varchar(20))
notfinal
Note:finalandnotfinalindicatewhethersubtypescanbecreated
Structuredtypescanbeusedtocreatetableswithcompositeattributes
createtablecustomer(
name
Name,
address Address,
dateOfBirthdate)
Dotnotationusedtoreferencecomponents:name.firstname
9.<number>
StructuredTypes(cont.)
Userdefinedrowtypes
createtypeCustomerTypeas(
nameName,
addressAddress,
dateOfBirthdate)
notfinal
Canthencreateatablewhoserowsareauserdefinedtype
createtablecustomerofCustomerType
9.<number>
Methods
Canaddamethoddeclarationwithastructuredtype.
methodageOnDate(onDatedate)
returnsintervalyear
Methodbodyisgivenseparately.
createinstancemethodageOnDate(onDatedate)
returnsintervalyear
forCustomerType
begin
returnonDateself.dateOfBirth;
end
Wecannowfindtheageofeachcustomer:
selectname.lastname,ageOnDate(current_date)
fromcustomer
9.<number>
Inheritance
Supposethatwehavethefollowingtypedefinitionforpeople:
create type Person

(name varchar(20),
address varchar(20))
Using inheritance to define the student and teacher types
create type Student

under Person
(degree
varchar(20),
department varchar(20))
create type Teacher
under Person
(salary
integer,
department varchar(20))
Subtypes can redefine methods by using overriding method in place of
method in the method declaration
9.<number>
MultipleInheritance
SQL:1999 and SQL:2003 do not support multiple inheritance
If our type system supports multiple inheritance, we can define a type for
teaching assistant as follows:

create type Teaching Assistant
under Student, Teacher
To avoid a conflict between the two occurrences of department we can
rename them
create type Teaching Assistant

under
Student with (department as student_dept ),
Teacher with (department as teacher_dept )
9.<number>
ConsistencyRequirementsforSubtables
Consistencyrequirementsonsubtablesandsupertables.
Eachtupleofthesupertable(e.g.people)cancorrespondtoatmost
onetupleineachofthesubtables(e.g.studentsandteachers)
AdditionalconstraintinSQL:1999:
Alltuplescorrespondingtoeachother(thatis,withthesamevalues
forinheritedattributes)mustbederivedfromonetuple(insertedinto
onetable).
Thatis,eachentitymusthaveamostspecifictype
Wecannothaveatupleinpeoplecorrespondingtoatupleeach
instudentsandteachers
9.<number>
ArrayandMultisetTypesinSQL
Exampleofarrayandmultisetdeclaration:
createtypePublisheras
(namevarchar(20),
branchvarchar(20))
createtypeBookas
(titlevarchar(20),
authorarrayvarchar(20)array[10],
pubdatedate,
publisherPublisher,
keywordsetvarchar(20)multiset)
createtablebooksofBook
Similartothenestedrelationbooks,butwitharrayofauthors
insteadofset
9.<number>
CreationofCollectionValues
Array construction
array [ Silberschatz ,`Korth ,`Sudarshan ]

Multisets
multisetset [ computer , database , SQL ]
To create a tuple of the type defined by the books relation:
( Compilers , array[`Smith ,`Jones ],

Publisher (`McGraw-Hill ,`New York ),
multiset [`parsing ,`analysis ])
To insert the preceding tuple into the relation books
insert into books
values
( Compilers , array[`Smith ,`Jones ],
Publisher (`McGraw-Hill ,`New York ),
multiset [`parsing ,`analysis ])
9.<number>
QueryingCollectionValuedAttributes
Tofindallbooksthathavetheworddatabaseasakeyword,
selecttitle
frombooks
wheredatabasein(unnest(keywordset))
Wecanaccessindividualelementsofanarraybyusingindices
E.g.:Ifweknowthataparticularbookhasthreeauthors,wecouldwrite:
selectauthorarray[1],authorarray[2],authorarray[3]
frombooks
wheretitle=`DatabaseSystemConcepts
Togetarelationcontainingpairsoftheformtitle,authornameforeach
bookandeachauthorofthebook
selectB.title,A.author
frombooksasB,unnest(B.authorarray)asA(author)
Toretainorderinginformationweaddawithordinalityclause
selectB.title,A.author,A.position
frombooksasB,unnest(B.authorarray)withordinalityas
A(author,position)
9.<number>
Unnesting
Thetransformationofanestedrelationintoaformwithfewer(orno)
relationvaluedattributesuscalledunnesting.
E.g.
selecttitle,Aasauthor,publisher.nameaspub_name,
publisher.branchaspub_branch,K.keyword
frombooksasB,unnest(B.author_array)asA(author),
unnest(B.keyword_set)asK(keyword)
9.<number>
Nesting
Nestingistheoppositeofunnesting,creatingacollectionvaluedattribute
NOTE:SQL:1999doesnotsupportnesting
Nestingcanbedoneinamannersimilartoaggregation,butusingthefunction
colect()inplaceofanaggregationoperation,tocreateamultiset
Tonesttheflatbooksrelationontheattributekeyword:
selecttitle,author,Publisher(pub_name,pub_branch)aspublisher,
collect(keyword)askeyword_set
fromflatbooks
groupbytitle,author,publisher
Tonestonbothauthorsandkeywords:
selecttitle,collect(author)asauthor_set,
Publisher(pub_name,pub_branch)aspublisher,
collect(keyword)askeyword_set
fromflatbooks
groupbytitle,publisher
9.<number>
1NFVersionofNestedRelation
1NFversionofbooks
flatbooks
9.<number>
Nesting(Cont.)
Anotherapproachtocreatingnestedrelationsistousesubqueriesin
theselectclause.
selecttitle,
array(selectauthor
fromauthorsasA
whereA.title=B.title
orderbyA.position)asauthor_array,
Publisher(pubname,pubbranch)aspublisher,
multiset(selectkeyword
fromkeywordsasK
whereK.title=B.title)askeyword_set
frombooks4asB
9.<number>
ObjectIdentityandReferenceTypes
DefineatypeDepartmentwithafieldnameandafieldheadwhichisa
referencetothetypePerson,withtablepeopleasscope:
createtypeDepartment(
namevarchar(20),
headref(Person)scopepeople)
Wecanthencreateatabledepartmentsasfollows
createtabledepartmentsofDepartment
Wecanomitthedeclarationscopepeoplefromthetypedeclarationand
insteadmakeanadditiontothecreatetablestatement:
createtabledepartmentsofDepartment
(headwithoptionsscopepeople)
9.<number>
InitializingReferenceTypedValues
Tocreateatuplewithareferencevalue,wecanfirstcreatethetuple
withanullreferenceandthensetthereferenceseparately:
insertintodepartments
values(`CS,null)
updatedepartments
sethead=(selectp.person_id
frompeopleasp
wherename=`John)
wherename=`CS
9.<number>
UserGeneratedIdentifiers
Thetypeoftheobjectidentifiermustbespecifiedaspartofthetype
definitionofthereferencedtable,and
Thetabledefinitionmustspecifythatthereferenceisusergenerated
createtypePerson
(namevarchar(20)
addressvarchar(20))
refusingvarchar(20)
createtablepeopleofPerson
refisperson_idusergenerated
Whencreatingatuple,wemustprovideauniquevaluefortheidentifier:
insertintopeople(person_id,name,address)values
(01284567,John,`23CoyoteRun)
Wecanthenusetheidentifiervaluewheninsertingatupleinto
departments
Avoidsneedforaseparatequerytoretrievetheidentifier:
values(`CS,`02184567)
9.<number>
UserGeneratedIdentifiers(Cont.)
Canuseanexistingprimarykeyvalueastheidentifier:
createtypePerson
(namevarchar(20)primarykey,
addressvarchar(20))
reffrom(name)
createtablepeopleofPerson
refisperson_idderived
Wheninsertingatuplefordepartments,wecanthenuse
values(`CS,`John)
9.<number>
PathExpressions
Findthenamesandaddressesoftheheadsofalldepartments:
selecthead >name,head >address

fromdepartments
Anexpressionsuchashead >nameiscalledapathexpression
Pathexpressionshelpavoidexplicitjoins
Ifdepartmentheadwerenotareference,ajoinofdepartments
withpeoplewouldberequiredtogetattheaddress
Makesexpressingthequerymucheasierfortheuser
9.<number>
ImplementingORFeatures
SimilartohowERfeaturesaremappedontorelationschemas
Subtableimplementation
Eachtablestoresprimarykeyandthoseattributesdefinedinthat
table
or,
Eachtablestoresbothlocallydefinedandinheritedattributes
9.<number>
PersistentProgrammingLanguages
Languagesextendedwithconstructstohandlepersistentdata
Programmercanmanipulatepersistentdatadirectly
noneedtofetchitintomemoryandstoreitbacktodisk(unlike
embeddedSQL)
Persistentobjects:
byclassexplicitdeclarationofpersistence
bycreationspecialsyntaxtocreatepersistentobjects
bymarkingmakeobjectspersistentaftercreation
byreachabilityobjectispersistentifitisdeclaredexplicitlytobe
soorisreachablefromapersistentobject
9.<number>
ObjectIdentityandPointers
Degreesofpermanenceofobjectidentity
Intraprocedure:onlyduringexecutionofasingleprocedure
Intraprogram:onlyduringexecutionofasingleprogramorquery
Interprogram:acrossprogramexecutions,butnotifdatastorage
formatondiskchanges
Persistent:interprogram,pluspersistentacrossdata
reorganizations
PersistentversionsofC++andJavahavebeenimplemented
C++
ODMGC++
ObjectStore
Java
JavaDatabaseObjects(JDO)
9.<number>
ComparisonofOOandORDatabases
Relationalsystems
simpledatatypes,powerfulquerylanguages,highprotection.
PersistentprogramminglanguagebasedOODBs
complexdatatypes,integrationwithprogramminglanguage,high
performance.
Objectrelationalsystems
complexdatatypes,powerfulquerylanguages,highprotection.
Note:Manyrealsystemsblurtheseboundaries
E.g.persistentprogramminglanguagebuiltasawrapperona
relationaldatabaseoffersfirsttwobenefits,butmayhavepoor
performance.
9.<number>
EndofChapter
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Chapter9:ObjectBasedDatabases

create type Person

create type Student

Subtypes can redefine methods by using overriding method in place of

method in the method declaration

teaching assistant as follows:

To avoid a conflict between the two occurrences of department we can

create type Teaching Assistant

array [ Silberschatz ,`Korth ,`Sudarshan ]

multisetset [ computer , database , SQL ]

To create a tuple of the type defined by the books relation:

( Compilers , array[`Smith ,`Jones ],

selecthead >name,head >address

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