Refiningand Downstreaming

Processingof Palmand PalmKernelOils

MohdSuriaAffandi,
Y
PROCESSING
OFPALMANDPALMKERNELOILS
lntroduction
The year 1974witnessedan importantevent in the colorfulhistoryof the
Malaysian palm oil industry. Encouragedby governmentincentivesfor the
of value-addedprocessingindustries,palm oil refiningmade its
establishment
emergenceon the country'sindustrialscene. lt markedthe beginningof an activitythat
to the development
of the Malaysianpalm oil industry.
contributedsignificantly
processing
of value-added
incentivesfor the establishment
by government
Encouraged
industries,palm oil refiningmadeits emergenceon the country'sindustrialscene. lt
to the development
of
markedthe beginningof an activitythat contributedsignificantly
the Malaysianpalmoil industry.Wthin two years,a totalof 15 refinerieswereinstalled
thusmakingMalaysiathe largestpalmoil refiningcountryin the world. Today,Malaysia
is reputedto havethe largestedibleoil refiningcapacityin theworld.
industry
of Malaysia
wasmainly
thepalmoil refining
In itsearlyyearsof inception
process
established
for edible
Alkali
refining
then
was
the
more
based.
alkalFrefining
palm
physical
oil
in
Malaysia
started
1970s,
that
refining
of
oils. lt was not untilthe late
to emergeas a betteralternative,in many ways, to alkali refining. Over the years,
physicalrefininghas provento be verysuccessfulfor palmoil, and modernrefineriesin
Malaysiaare mainlyusing physicalrefiningroutes. In recentyears,physicalrefined
productshaveaccountedfor morethan 95o/o
of the totalexportsof palmproductsfrom
Malaysiacomparedto lessthan40%a decadeago.
for palmoil in Malaysia
of physical
refining
Thesuccessstoryin thedevelopment
has resultedin the settingup of largemodernand efficientrefinerycomplexes.Today,
thereare morethan half a dozencomplexeswith a dailyrefiningcapacityof over 1000
developedin
tonnes. The largestoperatesat 3000tonnesper day usingtechnologies
andoverseas.
Malaysia
refinershavepalmoil
In orderto caterfor a widerangeof markets,the Malaysian
has becomean
facilitiesin their refinerycomplexesand thus ftactionation
fractionation
integralpart of the processingindustry. Some refinersalso undertakerefiningand
of palmkerneloil andits products.
fractionation
Aim of refining
and,likeotheroilsin their
Palmandpalmkerneloilsconsistmainlyof glycerides
portions
components
as
of non-glyceride
crudeformmayconsistof smallandvariable
needto
well. ln orderto renderthe oilsto an edibleform,someof thesenon-glycerides
levels.
be eitherremovedor reducedto an acceptable
and oil soluble. The
are of two broadtypes:oil insoluble
The non-glycerides
which
of mainlyfruitfibers,nut shellsandfree moisture
impurities
consisting
insoluble

are readilyremoved.The oil solublenon-glycerides

whichincludefree fatty acids,
phospholipids,
trace metals,carotenoids,tocopherols/tocotrienols,
oxidationproducts
and sterols,are moredifficultto removeand thus, the oil needsto under-govarious
stagesof refining.
Notall oftheabovenon-glyceride
components
Thetocopherols
areundesirable.
andtocotrienols
to
not onlyhelpto protectthe oil fromoxidation,
whichis detrimental
flavorand keepabilityof the finishedoil, but also havenutritionalattributes.a- and pcarotene,the majorconstituents
of carotenoids,
of VitaminA. The other
are precursors
generally
impurities
are detrimental
to the oil'sflavor,odor,colorand keepabili$ and
thusinfluence
theoil'susefulness.
The aim of refiningis thereforeto convertthe crudeoil to qualityedibleoil by
removingobjectionable
impuritiesto the desiredlevelsin the most efficientmanner.
This also meansthat,wherepossible,lossesin the desirable
are kept
components
minimal.
Pilotplantstudiesconductedby MPOBhaveshownthat it is possibleto produce
red-color,
a
free
carotene-rich
oil by lightrefiningwhichremovesonlythe undesirable
fattyacids,oxidationproductsandodoriferous
whileretainingthe beneficial
components
carotenes,tocopherolsand tocotrienols.These componentsare knownto possess
specialnutritionalattributes.lt is expectedthat this new red-cooking
oil will soon be
available
commercially.
Generally
speaking,
the refiningroutesof palmoil andpalmkerneloil arequite
identical.Thereare two routeswhichcan be takento processcrudeoil into refinedoil;
chemical/alkali
refiningandphysicalrefining.The methodsdifierbasicallyin the waythe
freefattyacidsare removedfromthe oil. Chemicalrefining,whichhasa highercostof
refiningandgenerallyfoundin olderrefineries,
utilizesan alkalito neutralizemostof the
fattyacidswhichare removedas soap. Physicalrefining,whicheliminates
the needfor
an effluentplantfor the soapstock,involvessubjecting
the oil to steamdistillationunder
hightemperature
andvacuumfor removalof thefreefattyacids.
There are very little, if any, differencesbetweenthe qualitiesof refinedoils
producedvia these methods. However,there are certainconsumerpreferences
for
products
madeviathechemical
routeandnormally,
smallpremiums
areinvolved.
Chemical(alkali)refinlng
As the nameimplies,this methodof refininguseschemicalsin the form of
alkaliesand normallycausticsodais used. The processinvolvesthe additionof an
alkalisolution
to thecrudeoilwhichresultsin chemical
reactions
andphysical
changes.
Chemicalrefiningcan be carriedout eitherby batchor by continuous
process
andundergoes
process
the following
flow(Appendix
l).
Beforethe startof the off-takefromthe crudeoil tank,the oil undergoesheating
at a steadyrate,up to the required
(about45. C) for easeof pumpingand
temperature
kepthomogenized
to provide
a finalproductconsistency.

gum conditioning.The crudeoil is pumped

The crudeoil then undergoes
is raisedto about80' C. The oil is then
througha heatexchangerwhereits temperature
foodgradeorthophosphoric
acidin a mixer.A reaction
time
treatedwith0.05%- 0.1070
gums
(phosphatides)
precipitated
during
which
the
are
15
minutes
is
allowed
making
of
at the nextstage.
themeasilyremovable
dosed with causticsoda. The
The acid treatedoil is then continuously
and amountof the alkalito be usedwill varywiththe freefattyacid (FFA)
concentration
contentof theoil.
Intimatecontactbetweenthe alkaliandthe oil is ensuredby the choiceof a well
soapswhich are
designedmixer. The alkalireactswith the FFA formingprecipitated
or settlingandwashing.Thelightphasedischarge
is
removed
eitherthroughcentrifuge
.tracesof soapand moisture
whilethe heavydischarge
is
mainlyrefinedoil containing
gums,freealkaliand minutequantityof neutralized
primarily
materials,
soap,insoluble
oil.
A certainamountof neutraloil is saponifiedalongwith the FFA and is lost by
The efficiencyof the processis checkedby the use of a RefiningFactor
emulsification.
(RF).
oil loss%
RF=
FFA
plants.
refining
Valuesof 1.5to 2.0werenormalfor chemical
washing.Herethe oil is washedwithwaterto
The neutralized
oil thenundergoes
removethe soap impuritiespresent. The oil-watermixtureis passes through a
centrifugeseparatorwherethe heavyphasedischargecontainssoapywater and the
oil witha soapcontentof lessthan80 ppmwhich
lightphasedischargeis water-washed
ll).
removedat the ne)t bleachingstage(Appendix
is subsequentfy
oil is then driedin a vacuumdryerand the resultingoil is a
The water-washed
palmoil (NPO)
oil. In thecaseof palmoil,neutralized
oiltermedneutralized
semi-refined
is exportedto someoverseascustomers(Table1).
TABLEI.

FORNPO
SPECIFICATIONS
PORAMSTANDARD
FFA(aspalmitic)
M&l
lV (nrrjs)
M . p (t ' c )
AOS(Cc3-25)

max
0.25o/o
0.1%max
50-55
JJ-JY

sulphuric
by thisprocessis spittedwithmineralacid(usually
Thesoapproduced
calledacidoil (Table2).
acid)and soldas a by-product

TABLE2.

FOR PALMACID OIL

PORAMSTANOARDSPECIFICATIONS

TotalFattyMatter
M&l
FFA(aspalmitic)

95%min
3o/o fidx

50%min

After the above steps of phosphoricacid treatmentfor gum removaland

impurities,
odorsand
neutralization
for FFAreduction,
the oil stillcontainsundesirable
product
to
pigments
will
be
acceptable
finished
color
thatneedto be removedbeforethe
process
quantity
by
the
the buyer. Someof theseremainingimpuritiesare removedin
of bleaching
Cleansing.
or usinga moreappropriate
termof Adsorptive
earth)
The practiceof bleachinginvolvesthe additionof activatedclay(bleaching
to removeany undesirable
impurities
andthis improves
the initialtaste,finalflavorand
oxidativestabilityof product. lt also helpsto overcomeproblemsin subsequent
peroxides
processing
by adsorption
metalions,decomposes
of soaptraces,pro-oxidant
andadsorbs
otherminorimpurities.
of about100' C and
Bleaching
is carriedout undervacuumat a temperature
givena reactiontime of half an hour. The dosageof earthvarieswith the type and
quantity
earlier
of starting
oil andis usuallyin the rangeof 0.5%- 1.0%.As mentioned
through
impurities
the primaryfunctionof the bleaching
earthis to reduceundesirable
adsorption.
However,a certainamountof bleaching(colorreduction)by pigmentadsorption
occursas a bonuseffect. Colorreductionis actuallyaffectedin the nextstagethrough
hightemperature
of the pigments.
thermaldestruction
The slurrycontaining
the oil and earthis then passedthroughthe mainfilterto
givea clear,free-ftom-earth
particlesoil. Usuallya secondcheckfilteris usedin series
with the mainfilterto doublyensurethat no earthslipsoccur. The presenceof earth
foulsdeodorizes,
reducesthe oxidativestabilityof the productoil and actsas a catalyst
for dimerization
andpolymerization
activities.
Someoil is lost throughentrapmentin the wasteearthand it is usuallyin the
- 45o/oot the weightof dry earlh. The neutralized
orderof 20o/o
bleachedoil is termed
NBOil (Iab,e3.).

TABLE3.

FOR NB PALM OIL

PORAMSTANDARDSPECIFICATIONS

FFA(aspalmitic)
M&l
lv (Wjs)
M.pt(" c)
AOS(cc3-25)
Color(5%"cell)

0.25o/o
max
0.1Y0max
50-55
33-39
20 red max

NB oil thenproceedsto the nextstagewherethefreefattyacidcontentand color

to producea productwhichis
are furtherreducedand, moreimportant,it is deodorized
stableandblandin flavor.
highvacuum,steamdistillation
a hightemperature,
is basically
Deodorization
process.A deodorization
operatesin the followingmanner:deaeratesthe oil, heatsup
the oil. steamstripsthe oil and coolsthe oil beforeit leavesthe system(Appendixlll).
All materialsof contactarestainlesssteel.
style.
can be carriedout in batch,continuousor semi-continuous
Deodorization
The presentpracticesin Malaysiaare to go for the more efficientand less costly
processes.
andsemi-continuous
continuous
heated220"C- 240'C
alkalirefiningroute,the oil is generally
In a continuous
by the useof ejectorsand
undervacuum.A vacuumof 2 - 5 mbaris usuallymaintained
throughthe thermal
at
this
temperature
the
oil
occurs
of
boosters. Heat bleaching
pigments.
of the carotenoid
destruction
The use of directstrippingsteamensuresreadilyremovalof residualfree fatty
odorsandflavors.
for unacceptable
acids,aldehydesandketoneswhichare responsible
The oil leavesthe deodorizerstill undervacuumand cooleddownto less than
6O'C.lt passesthrougha polishingfilterbeforeit is sentto the storagetank. The oil is
or NBDoil (Table4 and 5).
bleachedanddeodorized
nowtermedas neutralized,
TABLE 4.

FOR NB/RBD
PORAMSTANDARDSPECIFICATIONS
PALM OIL

0.1%max
FFA(aspalmitic)
0.1okmax
M&l
M.pt(" c)
JJ-JV
AOS(Cc3-25)
"
(5%
cell)
3
or
6 redmax
Lovibond
Color

TABLE 5.

NBD/RBDPALM KERNELOIL SPECIFICATIONS

FOR EXPORT

FFA(aspalmitic)
O.1o/o
max
M&l
0.1o/omax
lVWrjs)
19 max at time of shipment
Colot(5% " Lovibond
cell) Red 1.5max

At the requestof buyers,antioxidants

suchas BHA,BHT,TBHQand criticacid
areusuallyaddedat the ex-deodorized
stagefor maximumefficiency.
Physicalrefining
As mentionedearlier,physicalrefiningof crudeoil is the morecommonprocess
in Malaysia
for the simplereasonsof its highereffciency,
lesslosses(R.F< 1.3),less
operatingcosts,lesscapitalinputandlesseffluentto handle.
The presentmodernrefineriesusing the physicalrefiningroute are of the
continuous
types.
The pre-treatment
stageof physicalrefiningis exactlythe sameas that of the
alkafiroute(Appendix
/y). Onceagain,phosphoric
acidis used.At the bleachingstage,
however,relativelyhigherdosagesof earth are used. The "excess'earth is usedto
adsorbimpurities
whichare removedwiththe soapstockandby washingin the chemical
route. Earthdosageusedfor PKOis usuallylessthan 1%. Thefilteredbleachedoil is
termedDegummed
(DB)oil.
Bleached
Thepre-treated
oil entersthe deodorizer
at an FFAcontentwhichis muchhigher
than NB oil. As such,deodorization
has to be of a muchheavierduty usinghigher
lemperatures
of 250"C- 270"Clor palmkerneloil, morestrippingsteamand a bigger
vacuum(AppendixV). The fattyacidsdistilled-off
are condensed
and collected.They
aretermedFattyAcidDistillate(Tables6 and 7).

TABLE6,

PORAM STANDARDSPECIFICATIONSFOR PALM FATTY

ACID DISTILLATE(PFAD)

Saponifiable
Matter
M&l
FFA(aspalmitic)

95%min(basis97%)
1.0o/o max
70o/omin

TABLE7.

(PKFAD)
PALMKERNELFATTYACIDDISTILLATE
FOREXPORT
SPECIFICATIONS
FFA(aspalmitic)
M&l
TFM

50%max(basis97%)
1o/o ftlAX

95% min

anddeodorized
or RBDoil.
as a refined,bleached
Theoil leavesthe deodorizer
as
NBD
oils.
RBD
oils
are
the
same
of
Exportspecifications
of palmand palmkernelolls
Fractionation
In orderto caterfor a wide rangeof markets,the Malaysianrefinersalso offer
products
thanpalmoilor palmkernel
and'moreliquid'(olein)
whichare'harde/(stearin)
of fractionation.
througha simpleprocess
oil. Theseareaccomplished
as follows. The
Fractionation
of palmand palmkerneloils can be described
the
foundin the oil havedifferentmeltingpoints. At certaintemperatures,
triglycerides
lower melting temperaturetriglycerideswill stay liquid while the higher melting
will crystallizeinto solid separatingthe oils into both liquid
temperaturetriglycerides
(olein)andsolid(stearin)fractions.Thefractionscanthenbe separatedby filtration.
palmoleinis the premium
that in palmoil fractionation,
It is worthmentioning
productand the palmstearinis the discountproduct. However,the reverseis true for
products.
palmkerneloilfractionated
of palmoil
Fractionatlon
of palm oil into palm olein and palm stearinis
In Malaysia,fractionation
processes
viz dry anddetergentfractionation.A third
usingtwo typesof
accomplished
feasiblefor the normaloleinmethod,whichusessolvent,is no longereconomically
(Figurc1).
stearinftactionation

Yield (o/o)

Liquid
Fraction

Solid
Fraction

65-85

15-35

Figure1.Fractionation
of PalmOil
Dry fractlonation
The more commonof the two processes,dry fractionation,
operatesin the
followinglashion(AppendixVI). The oil is kepthomogenized
at about70'C beforethe
start of crystallization.The idea is to destroyany crystalspresentand to induce
crystallization
in a controlledmannerin the crystallizers.Crystalformationand growth
occursas the oil is agitatedand cooledusingchilledwatercirculationin the jacketsor
coolingcoilsof the crystallizers.
Coolingcanbe governed
eithertheoil or
by controlling
watertemperature.
Whenthe oil reachesthe required
temperature,
usuallyaround22"C,coolingis
stopped.Theoil,whichappearsas a thicksemi-solidmass,termedslurry,nowcontains
stearincrystalsin liquid olein and is ready for filtration. The slurry is then fed
continuously
to a filterin a controlledmanner.Thetypesof filtersusedare drumrotary
filters (Stockdale)and stainlesssteel belt filters (Florentine)which operatesusing
vacuumsuctionto separatethe liquidolein from the stearincrystals(AppendixVll).
Over the last eight years or so, membranerecessedplate FilterPresses,using
'squeezing
techniques',
havegainedpopularity.
Generally,
biggercrystalsare requiredfor easeof filtration
usingthe vacuum
suctiontypefilters. However,this tendsto makethe crystalsgrouptogetherin clumps
whichwill occludepartof the liquidand,as a result,someoleinis lostin the stearin.

Oleinyieldsof 65%to 68% are normalfor filtrationusingvacuumsuctionfiltersvia the

dryfractionation
route. Thestearinobtainedis generallytermedsoftstearin(TableA).
TABLES.

DRYFRACTIONATION.PRODUCTCHARACTERISTICS
Palmolein

Cloudpoint("C)
lodinevalue(Wrjs)
Meltingpoint('C)

Palmstearin

8-10
56-59
22-24

42-46
48-52

Occludedoleincan be removedby applyingpressureon the stearincake. Here

anothertype of filter needsto be usedr.e.the membranefilter press. This plateand
frame type filter is operatedby pumpingthe slurry throughthe filter cloth covered
chambersof the filter(AppendixVil). f he stearincrystalscoatthe clothand buildup in
the chambers.\Men the chambers
are full,the pumpingis stoppedand pressureis
appliedto the flexiblemembranewallsof the chambersto squeezeout entrainedolein.
Oleinyieldsof 75Voto 78o/o
areobtained.Thequalityof oleinobtained
is unchanged
as
pressureis appliedonlyto recovertrappedliquidolein. However,the stearinis harder
(Table9).
TABLE9.

PALMSTEARIN
FROMMEMBRANE
FILTERS
lodinevalue (\ fijs)
Meltingpoint("C)

33-37
52-54

Forthe productionof highlV/lowcloudpointolein,dubbedsuperolein,different

sets of processingconditionsare used, either using one-stageor more stages of
(Table10).
fractionation
TABLE10.

SUPEROLEIN
FROMPALMOILBY DRYFRACTIONATION
lodinevalue(Wrjs)
Cloudpoint("C)
SlipMeltingpoint,('C)

80-65
J - O

13-16

Detergentf ractionation
Beforethe introductionof membranefilters,detergentfractionationenjoyeda
distinctadvantageover dry fractionationby offeringabout 15% more olein yield. In
Malaysia,
detergent
fractlonation
is onlycarriedoutwithcrudeoils.
The processinvolvescooling palm oil (crystallization)
and separationof its
(sodiumlaurylsulphatesolution)and an
fractions(fractionation)
aidedby a detergent
(magnesium
electrolyte
sulphate).

As in dryfractionation,
theoil in thecrystallizers
is cooledusingchilledwaterand
is aflowedto crystallize.Whenthe oil reachesa set temperature
of about22C, the
semi-solidmassis pumpedto the fractionation
stagewhereit is mixedwithan aqueous
solutioncontaining
the electrolyte
andthe detergentat the sametemperatures
as the fat
mass. Fractionation
is carriedout by centrifugal
techniques.
The electrolytehelpsin the agglomeration
of the oil dropletsformedduringthe
mixingprocess. The presenceof the detergenthelpsin fractionation
as it wets the
stearincrystals
anddisplaces
occluded
andentrained
olein.Thestearinfractionandthe
detergentthen from a discretephaseof higherdensitywhich is easilyseparatedby
centrifuging.
The lighterphaseleavingthe centrifugeconsistsof oleinandtracesof detergent.
Thisis washed,driedandthe oleinis sentfor storage.The heavierphasecontaining
mostof the detergentis heatedto meltthe stearinandthensentto a secondcentrifuge
wherethe stearinis separatedfrom the detergent.The stearinis then washed,dried
andstoredwhilethe detergentis recycled(Table11).
TABLE11. DETERGENT
FRACTIONATION.PRODUCT
CHARACTERISTICS
Palmolein

Cloudpoint('C)
lodinevalue(W'rjs)
Meltingpoint('C)

8-10
56-59

Palmstearin

32-38
tn

tE

fn Mafaysia,Alfa-LavalLipofrac(Appendix/Xl is the populardetergentprocess

and as mentioned
earlieruses crudepalm oil. The crudeoleinand crudestearin
producedare eithermarketedor undergorefiningand madeintoediblegradesas NBD
or RBDoils.
Solventfractionation
As mentioned
palmoil
earlier,it is merelyuneconomical
at present
to ftactionate
for normalolein-stearin
productsvia the solventroute. Highinvestment
costis involved
due to stringentsafetyfeaturesand the solventrecoveryequipmentthat needsto be
incorporated.Operatingcosts are also high as skilledmanpowerand additional
processing
for the solventrecoveryand purification
are required.lt is not surprisingto
knowthat by 1981,two out of threesolventfractionation
plantsin Malaysiaceased
operations
whilethe thirdwasconverted
productslike
to producehighvalueffactionated
palmmidfraction
(PMF).
The processinvolvescrystallizingthe oil in a solvent(Figurc2). The hvo
commonsolventsusedare hexaneand acetone.Solventis mixedwithoil in a 1:3 ratio
and then pumpedinto the crystallizers
(see Appendix)0. Coolingis done either by
chilledwateror brine. Brineis usedif verylowtemperature
crystallization
is fequired.
Themiscella
partially
containing
crystallized
oil andsolventis thensentto a filterwhere
vacuumsuctionis usedto seoarate
the oleinfromthe stearin.The olein/solvent
and
10

mixturesare then sent to solventrecoveryplantswherethe solventis

stearin/solvent
andrecycles.Oleinyieldsarein the rangeof 80%- 83%.
from
separated theoilfractions
products,the oleinis rerouted
lf there is a needfor specialdouble-fractionated
plant
produce
oleinor superolein
PMFand double-fractionated
witha
to
backintothe
lowcloudpointanda highiodinevalue.

High lV / SuperOlein

Figure2. Flowdiagramof simpletwo-stagesolventfnctionation

OF SUPEROLEINANDPALM
TABLE12. TYPICALANALYSIS
MIDFRACTION
Palmolein
Cloudpoint("C)
lodinevalue(VMjs)
Meltingpoint("C)

8-10
56-59

1l

Palmstearin
32-38
50-55

TABLE13,

PORAMSTANDARDSPRECIFICATIONS
FORPALMOLEIN
PRODUCTS

1.

CrudePalmOlein

FFA(AsPalmitic)
M&l
l.v. (\ r|js)
M.Pt'c (AOCSCc3-25)

5.0%max
max
0.25o/o
56 min
24 max

2.

Neutralized
PalmOlein

FFA (As Palmitic)

M&l
M.Pt"C (AOCSCc3-25)

l.v.(Ws)

max
0.25o/o
0.1Yomax
56 min
24 max

Neutralized
& Bleached
PalmOlein

FFA(As Palmitic)
M&l
l.v. (Vvijs)
M.Pt'C (AOCSCc3-25)
Colot(5 %" Lovibondcell)

max
0.25o/o
0,1Yomax
56 min
24 max
20 Redmax

Refined,Bleached&
Deodorized(RBD)/
Neutralized,
Bleached&
Deodorized(NBD)
PalmOlein

FFA(As Palmitic)
M&l
l.v. (Wjs)
M.Pt"C (AOCSCc3-25)
Color(5 %" Lovibondcell)

O.1Vo
max
O,1omax
56 min
24 max
3 or 6 Red max

DoubleFractionated
PalmOlein

FFA (As Palmitic)

M&l

0.1o/ofiix

3.

5.

l.v.(Ws)

M.Pt'C (AOCSCc3-25)
Color(5 %" Lovibondcell)

0.1%max
60 min
19 max
3 Red max

Fractionationof palm kerneloil

Just likepalmoil, palmkerneloil can also be fractionated
via the detergent,solvent
and dry processes.The principlesappliedin processingare quiteidentical.As mentioned
earlier,in palmkerneloil fractionation,
the stearinis the premiumproductand,therefore,
higherstearinyieldsare sought. Stearinyieldsvarybetween20%to 40%.
A fourthmethodinvolvinghydraulicpressingof the chilledcakesis also practiced.

12

TABLE14.

PORAMSTANDARDSPRECIFICATIONS
FORPALMSTEARIN
PRODUCTS

1.

CrudePalmStearin

FFA(As Palmitic)
M&l
LV. (Wrjs)
M.Pt'C (AOCSCc3-25)

5.0olom?X
U.ZC7o
max
48 min
44 min

2.

Neutralized
Palm
Stearin

FFA (As Palmitic)

M&l
M.Pt"C (AOCScc3-25)

l.v.(wjs)

0.25o/om?x
0 . 1 %m a x
48 max
44 min

Neutralized& Bleached
PalmStearin

FFA(As Palmitic)
M&l
l.V. (Wijs)
M.Pt"C (AOCSCc3-25)
Color(5 %" Lovibond
cell)

0.25o/omax
0.1Vomax
cb mtn
24 max
20 Red max

Refined,Bleached
&
(RBD)/
Deodorized
Neutralized,
Bleached&
(NBD)
Deodorized
PalmStearin

FFA(As Palmitic)
M&l
l.v. (wjs)
M.Pt'C (AOCScc3-25)
Colo((5 %" Lovibondcell)

0.2o/omax
0 , 1 5 %m a x
48 max
44 min
3 or 6 Red max

4.

TABLE15.

SPECTFTCATTN
FOREXPORTi|ARKETS(MEOMA):
PALIIIKERNELOIL FRACTIONATED
PRODUCTS

1.

CrudePalmKemel
Olein

FFA (As lauric)

M&l
l.v. (wjs)

5.0%max
0. 5% max
21 min

2.

CrudePalmKernel
Stearin

FFA (As lauric)

M&l

l.V.Mr'js)

5.0%max
0.5%max
8 max

3.

RBDPalmKernel
Stearin

FFA(As lauric)
M&l
l.v. (wijs)
Colot(5 %" Lovibond
cell)

0.1o/o
lnax
O.lYomax
21 min
Red1.5max

4.

RBDPalmKernel
Stearin

FFA (As lauric)

M&l
l.V. (nrrjs)
Colot(5 %" Lovibond
cell)

0.1%max
0.1Vomax
8 max
Red 1.5max

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EiETES

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