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Chapter - 2: Rajendra Mathur Dy. Dir (BS-C) 09412739 232 (M)
Chapter - 2: Rajendra Mathur Dy. Dir (BS-C) 09412739 232 (M)
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
OF
RCC BUILDING
COMPONENTS
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framed structure as brick walls of large heights are slender and load
carrying capacit y of such walls reduces due to slenderness.
Framed
Structural system
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26.4
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20
Moderate
30
Severe
45
Very Severe
50
Extreme
75
NOTES
1.
2.
3.
26.4.2.1 However for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column nominal cover shall
in any case not be less than 40 mm, or less than the diameter of such bar. In
the case of columns of minimum dimension of 200 mm or under, whose
reinforcing bars do not exceed 12 mm, a nominal cover of 25 mm may be
used.
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DESIGN LOAD
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Design load is the load to be taken for use in appropriate method of design. It is
Characteristic load in case of working stress method &
Characteristic load with appropriate partial safety factors for limit state
design.
LOAD COMBINATIONS
As per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Clause no. 6.3.1.2, the following load cases have to be
considered for analysis:
1.5 (DL + IL)
1.2 (DL + IL EL)
1.5 (DL EL)
0.9 DL 1.5 EL
Earthquake load must be considered for +X, -X, +Z and Z directions.
Moreover, accidental eccentricity during earthquake can be such that it causes
clockwise or anticlockwise moments. So both clockwise & anticlockwise
torsion is to be considered.
Thus, EL above implies 8 cases, and in all, 25 cases must be considered.
It is possible to reduce the load combinations to 13 instead of 25 by not using negative
torsion considering the symmetry of the building.
STIFFNESS
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22.3.1
c)
Gross
Section
Transformed
Section
Cracked
Section
The assumptions made shall be consistent for all the numbers of the
structure throughout any analysis.
22.3.2
STRUCTURAL FRAMES
22.4
22.4.3
Substitute Frame: For determining the moments and shears at any floor
or roof level due to gravity loads, the beams at that level together with
columns above and below with their far ends fixed may be considered to
constitute the frame.
For lateral loads, simplified methods may be used to obtain the moments
and shears for structures that are symmetrical. For unsymmetrical or very
tall structures, more rigorous methods should be used.
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22.5.1
Unless more exact estimates are made, for beams of uniform cross-section
which support substantially uniformly distributed load over three or more
spans which do not differ by more than 15 percent of the longest, the
bending moments and shear forces used in design may be obtained using
the coefficients given in Tables below.
For moments at supports where two unequal spans meet or in case where
the spans are not equally loaded, the average of the two values for the
negative moment at the support may be taken for design.
Where coefficients given in Table below are used for calculation of
bending moments, redistribution referred to in 22.7 shall not be permitted.
22.5.2
1
+-10
1
+-12
1
(- )-9
1
(- )-9
Note:
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Type of Load
At End
Support
At Support Next
At All Other
to the end Support
Interior Support
Outer side
Inner Side
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dead load and
imposed load
0.40
0.60
0.55
0.50
(fixed)
Imposed load
(not fixed)
0.45
0.60
0.60
0.60
Note:
For obtaining the shear force, the coefficient shall be multiplied by the
total design load.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR MOMENT AND SHEAR
22.6.1
22.6.2
22.6.2.1
The shears computed at the face of the Support shall be used in the design
of the member at that section except as in 22.6.2.1
When the reaction in the direction of the applied shear introduces
compression into the end region of the member, sections located at a
distance less than d from the face of the support may be designed for the
same shear as that computed at distance d.
REDISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS
22.7
EFFECTIVE DEPTH
23.0
Effective depth of a beam is the distance between the centroid of the area
of tension reinforcement and the maximum compression fibre, excluding
the thickness of finishing material not placed monolithically with the
member and the thickness of any concrete provided to allow for wear.
This will not apply to deep beams.
CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
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23.2
The deflection of a structure or part thereof shall not adversely affect the
appearance or efficiency of the structure or finishes or partitions. The
deflection shall generally be limited to the following:
a) The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature,
creep and shrinkage and measured from the as-cast level of the supports of
floors, roofs and all other horizontal members, should not normally exceed
span/250.
b) The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage
occurring after erection of partitions and the application of finishes should
not normally exceed span/350 or 20mm whichever is less.
23.2.1 For beams, the vertical deflection limits may generally be assumed to be
satisfied provided that the span to depth ratio are not greater than the value
obtained as below:
a) Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10m:
Cantilever
Simply supported
Continuous
7
20
26
b) For spans above 10m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by 10/span in
metres, except for cantilever in which case deflection calculations should
be made.
c) Depending on the area and the type of steel for tension reinforcement, the
value in (a) or (b) shall be modified as per Fig. 4
d) Depending on the area of compression reinforcement, the value of span to
depth ratio be further modified as per Fig. 5
e) For flanged beams, the value of (a) or (b) be modified as per Fig. 6 and the
reinforcement percentage for use in fig. 4 and 5 should be based on area of
section equal to bf d.
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1. For slabs spanning in two directions, the shorter of the two spans should be
used for calculating the span to effective depth rations.
2. For two-way slabs of shorter spans (up to 3.5 m) with mild steel
reinforcement, the span to overall depth rations given below may generally
be assumed to satisfy vertical deflection limits for loading class up to 3
kN/m2.
Simply supported slab
35
Continuous slabs
40
For high strength deformed bars of grade Fe 415,the values given above
should be multiplied by 0.8.
Simply supported slab
28
Continuous slabs
32
23.3
23.4 Slabs Monolithic with Supports Bending moments in slabs (except flat slabs)
constructed monolithically with the supports shall be calculated by taking such
slabs either as continuous over supports and capable of free, or as members of a
continuous frame work with the supports, taking into account the stiffness of such
support. If such supports are formed due to beams which justify fixity at the
support of slabs, then the effects on the supporting beam, such as, the bending of
the web in the transverse direction of the beam, wherever applicable, shall also be
considered in the design of the beams.
23.4.1 For the purpose of calculation of moment in slabs in a monolithic structure, it
will generally be sufficiently accurate to assumed direct members connected to
the ends of such slab are fixed in position and direction at the end remote from
their connection with the slab.
26.5 REQUIREMENT OF REINFORCEMENT FOR STRUCTURAL
MEMBER
26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension reinforcement
(a) Minimum reinforcement:- The minimum area of tension reinforcement shall
not be less than that given by the following:As = 0.85
bd fy
where
As = minimum area of tension reinforcement.
b = breadth of beam or the breadth of the web of T-beam.
d = effective depth, and
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0.4
0.87 fy
Where
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrups legs effective in shear.
Sv = stirrups spacing along the length of the member
B = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flange beam, and
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrups reinforcement in N/mm2 which shall not
taken greater than 415 N/mm2
Where the maximum shear stress calculated is less than half the permissible value in
member of minor structure importance such as lintels, this provision need not to be
complied with.
26.5.1.7 Distribution of torsion reinforcement
When a member is designed for torsion torsion reinforcement shall be provided as
below:
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a)
b)
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The mild steel reinforcement in either direction in slabs shall not be less than 0.15
percent of the total cross-sectional area. However, this value can be reduced to 0.12
percent when high strength deformed bars or welded wire fabric are used.
26.5.2.2 Maximum diameter
The diameter of reinforcing bars shall not exceed one eight of the total thickness of
slab.
26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars - Slabs
1) The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement bars shall not be
more than three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is
smaller.
2) The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against
shrinkage and temperature shall not be more than five times the effective depth of a
solid slab or 300 mm whichever is smaller.
Torsion reinforcement - Slab
Torsion reinforcement is to be provided at any corner where the slab is simply
supported on both edges meeting at that corner. It shall consist of top and bottom
reinforcement, each with layers of bars placed parallel to the sides of the slab and
extending from the edges a minimum distance of one-fifth of the shorter span. The
area of reinforcement in each of these four layers shall be three-quarters of the area
required for the maximum mid-span moment in the slab.
D-l.9 Torsion reinforcement equal to half that described in D-l.8 shall be provided at a
corner contained by edges over only one of which the slab is continuous.
D-1.10 Torsion reinforcements need not be provided at any comer contained by edges
over both of which the slab is continuous.
26.5.3 Columns
A. Longitudinal Reinforcement
a. The cross sectioned area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than
0.8% nor more than 6% of the gross sectional area of the column. Although it is
recommended that the maximum area of steel should not exceed 4% to avoid
practical difficulties in placing & compacting concrete.
b. In any column that has a larger cross sectional area than that required to support
the load, the minimum percentage steel must be based on the area of concrete
resist the direct stress & not on the actual area.
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c. The bar should not be less than 12 mm in diameter so that it is sufficiently rigid
to stand up straight in the column forms during fixing and concerting.
d. The minimum member of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four
in rectangular columns & six in circular columns.
e. A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement must have at least
six bars of longitudinal reinforcement with the helical reinforcement. These
bars must be in contact with the helical reinforcement & equidistance around its
inner circumference.
f. Spacing of longitudinal should not exceed 300 mm along periphery of a
column.
g. In case of pedestals, in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken into
account in strength calculations, nominal reinforcement should be not be less
than 0.15% of cross sectional area.
B.
Transverse Reinforcement
a. The diameter of lateral ties should not be less than of the diameter of the
largest longitudinal bar in no case should not be less than 6 mm.
b. Spacing of lateral ties should not exceed least of the following:Least lateral dimension of the column.
16 times the smallest diameter of longitudinal bars to be tied.
300mm.
SHEAR
40.1 Nominal Shear Stress
The nominal shear stress in beams of uniform depth shall be obtained by the
following equation:
v = Vu/ b.d
where
Vu = shear force due to design loads;
b = breadth of the member, which for flanged section shall be taken as the breadth of
the web, bw; and
d = effective depth.
40.2.3 With Shear Reinforcement
Under no circumstances, even with shear reinforcement, shall the nominal shear stress
in beams should not exceed given in Table 20.
40.2.3.1 For solid slabs, the nominal shear stress shall not exceed half the appropriate
values given in Table 20.
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b d. the
Vus
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0.87 fy Asv d
___________
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Sv
b) For inclined stirrups or a series of bars bent up at different cross
section:
0.87 fy Asv d
___________ (Sin + Cos )
Sv
c) For single bar or single group of parallel bars, all bent up at the same
cross sections:
Vus
Vus
Where
Asv =
Sv
=
breadth of the member which for flanged beams,
shall be taken as the breadth of the web bw.
fy
and
d
effective depth
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Ld = st /4bd
= nominal diameter of bar, bd = design bond stress
st = stress in bar at the section considered at design load
Design bond stress in limit state method for plain bars in tension is given in
clause 26.2.1.1
For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786 these values are to be increased by
60 %.
For bars in compression, the values of bond stress for bars in tension is to be
increased by 25 percent
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prestressed concrete members may be used only if they can provide the same level of
ductility as that of a monolithic reinforced concrete construction during or after an
earthquake.
The definition of seismic zone and importance factor are given in IS 1893-2002.
CODAL PROVISIONS OF IS 13920
5.2 For all buildings which are more than 3 storeys in height, the minimum grade of
concrete shall be M20 (fck = 20 MPa ).
5.3 Steel reinforcements of grade Fe 415 (see IS 1786 : 1985 ) or less only shall be
used. However, high strength deformed steel bars, produced by the thermomechanical treatment process, of grades Fe 500 and Fe 550, having elongation more
than 14.5 percent and conforming to other requirements of IS 1786 : 1985 may also be
used for the reinforcement.
Flexure Members
6.1.2 The member shall preferably have a width-to-depth ratio of more than 0.3.
6.1.3 The width of the member shall not be less than 200 mm.
6.1.4 The depth D of the member shall preferably be not more than 1/4 of the clear
span.
6.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement
6.2.1 a) The top as well as bottom reinforcement shall consist of at least two bars
throughout the member length.
b) The tension steel ratio on any face, at any section, shall not be less than min =
0.24(fck)1/2 /fy ; where fck and fy are in MPa.
6.2.2 The maximum steel ratio on any face at any section, shall not exceed max =
0.025.
6.2.3 The positive steel at a joint face must be at least equal to half the negative steel
at that face.
6.2.4 The steel provided at each of the top and bottom face of the member at any
section along its length shall be at least equal to one-fourth of the maximum negative
moment steel provided at the face of either joint
6.2.6 The longitudinal bars shall be spliced, only if hoops are provided over the entire
splice length, at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm 6.3
Web Reinforcement
6.3.1 Web reinforcement shall consist of vertical hoops. A vertical hoop is a closed
stirrup having a 135 hook with a 10 diameter extension (but not < 75 mm) at each
end that is embedded in the confined core
6.3.2 The minimum diameter of the bar forming a hoop shall be 6 mm. However, in
beams with clear span exceeding 5 m, the minimum bar diameter shall be 8 mm.
6.3.4 The contribution of bent up bars and inclined hoops to shear resistance of the
section shall not be considered.
6.3.5 The spacing of hoops over a length of 2d at either end of a beam shall not
exceed (a) d/4, and (b) 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar; however,
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it need not be less than 100 mm. Elsewhere, the beam shall have vertical hoops at a
spacing not exceeding d/2.
Columns
7.1.2 The minimum dimension of the member shall not be less than 200 mm.
However, in
frames which have beams with centre to centre span exceeding 5 m or columns of
unsupported length exceeding 4 m, the shortest dimension of the column shall not be
less than 300 mm.
7.1.3 The ratio of the shortest cross sectional dimension to the perpendicular
dimension shall preferably not be less than 0.4.
7.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement
7.2.1 Lap splices shall be provided only in the central half of the member length. It
should be proportioned as a tension splice. Hoops shall be provided over the entire
splice length at spacing not exceeding 150 mm centre to centre. Not more than 50
percent of the bars shall be spliced at one section.
7.3 Transverse Reinforcement
7.3.1 Transverse reinforcement for circular columns shall consist of spiral or circular
hoops. In rectangular columns, rectangular hoops may be used. A rectangular hoop is
a closed stirrup, having a 135 hook with a 10 diameter extension (but not < 75 mm)
at each end, that is embedded in the confined core.
7.3.3 The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the
column, except where special confining reinforcement is provided, as per 7.4.
7.4 Special Confining Reinforcement
This requirement shall be met with, unless a larger amount of transverse
reinforcement is required from shear strength considerations.
7.4.1 Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a length lo from each
joint face, towards midspan, and on either side of any section, where flexural yielding
may occur under the effect of earthquake forces. The length lo shall not be less than
(a) larger lateral dimension of the member at the section where yielding occurs, (b)
1/6 of clear span of the member, and (c) 450 mm.
7.4.2 When a column terminates into a footing or mat, special confining
reinforcement shall extend at least 300 mm into the footing or mat.
7.4.6 The spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall not exceed
1/4 of minimum member dimension but need not be less than 75 mm nor more than
100 mm.
8 JOINTS OF FRAMES
8.1 The special confining reinforcement as required at the end of column shall be
provided through the joint as well, unless the joint is confined as specified by 8.2.
8.2 A joint which has beams framing into all vertical faces of it and where each beam
width is at least 3/4 of the column width, may be provided with half the special
confining reinforcement required at the end of the column. The spacing of hoops shall
not exceed 150 mm.
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kN/m3
PLAIN CONCRETE
24
REINFORCED CONCRETE
25
BRICK MASONRY
19-20
STONE MASONRY
21-27
TIMBER
6-10
CEMENT-PLASTER
21
LIME -PLASTER
18
STEEL
78.5
AC SHEET -ROOFING
0.16
GI SHEET -ROOFING
0.15
MANGLORE TILES
0.65
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kN/m2
0.16-0.23
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LIVE LOAD
(kN/m2)
RESIDENTIAL
2.0
2.5
4.0
4.0
5.0
5.0-10
10.0
4.0
HEAVY VEHICLES
7.5
4.0
5.0
LIVE LOAD
(kN/m2)
6.0
6.0
MDF ROOM
10.0
WEATHER MAKER
12.0
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1.5
0.75
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3.0 Steps for Design of a Multi-Storeyed Building:Manual Method of Analysis & Design:Step1: Study of architectural Drawings:- Before proceeding for structural
design of any building it is ensure that approved working drawings are available
in the office. All working drawings i.e. each floor plan, elevations, sections, are
studied thoroughly & discrepancy if any brought to the notice of concern Architect
for rectification/correction. The problems coming in finalization of structural
configuration may also be intimated to concern Architect for
rectification/correction if any.
Step2: Finalization of structural Configuration. After receiving corrected
working drawing from the architectural wing, the structural system is finalized. The
structural arrangements of a building is so chosen as to make it efficient in resisting
vertical as well as horizontal loads due to earthquake. The span of slabs co chosen
that thickness of slab 100-150mm and slab panels, floor beams, and columns, are
all marked and numbered on the architectural plans. Now the building is ready for
structural design to start.
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The Seismic Shear at various floor levels is calculated for the whole Building using
the values from IS 1893-2002.
Calculation of horizontal loads on buildings
(As per is-1893-2002)
Sample example for horizontal loa d calculation
(I)
(II)
= Ah W
(F)
I
R
(S a /g)
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= 1+15 T if
= 2.5 0 if
= 1.36/T if
0.00T 0.10
0.10T0.55
0.55T 4.00
= 1+15 T if 0.00T<0.10
= 2.50
if
0.10T0.67
=1.67/T if 0.67T 4.00
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164.9
157.99
47.01
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= 0.300.60(5.00+5.00)/2 25 5 = 112.5 KN
988.50 KN
988.50 KN
487.65 KN
2464.65 KN
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/ w
x Vb
W i KN
988.50
988.50
487.65
h i (m)
W i h i 2
6.00
35586
11.00
119608.5
16.00
124800
2
w i h i = 279994.5
F i
47.01 KN
157.99
164.85
= 369.85 KN
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[ 3-
where w is the total load on the slab panel in Kn/Sqm & L & B are
long span & short spans of slab panel respectivel y.
Step(ii): Over this load, the weight of wall (if any ), self weight of
beam etc. are added to get the load on beam (in running
Meter).
Step(iii):The load (in running Meter) on each beam is calculated as
in Step 1 & Step 2.
Step(iv):Step (i) to Step (iii) is repeated for each floor
Step(v):Then these load s are used as u.d.l on a particular frame for
anal ysis by moment distribution method as described in the next
section.
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b) METHOD OF ANALYSIS:
Anal ysis of large framed structures beams too Cumbersome
with the classical method of structure anal ysis such a Clapeyrons
theorem of three moments, Castingilianos therefore of least work,
Poisons method of virtual work etc. Therefore, it become necessa r y
to evolve simpler methods.
ii.
Taking the frame as a whole. The whole frame anal ysis can
be carried out for several alternative loading arrangements
for obtaining maximum positive and negative bending
moment. Generall y frames are anal yzed floor-wise for the
worst conditions of loading.
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Step4:
Unlock the joint one by one by applying imaginary external
moments at each joint which nullifier the unbalanced moment at the joint.
Distribute the imaginary external moment among all members
Step5:
Step6:
Step7:
Step8:
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S.NO.
JOINT
MEMBE
R
Size in Cm
B
A-III
1
B-III
2
C-III
A-II
4
B-II
C-II
6
A-I
7
B-I
C-I
9
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R i gh t
beam
Lo w e r
Col.
L e ft
beam
R i gh t
beam
Lo w e r
Col.
L e ft
beam
Lo w e r
Col.
Upper
col.
R i gh t
beam
Lo w e r
Col.
L e ft
beam
Upper
col.
R i gh t
beam
Lo w e r
Col.
L e ft
beam
Upper
col.
Lo w e r
Col.
Upper
col.
R i gh t
beam
Lo w e r
Col.
L e ft
beam
Upper
col.
R i gh t
beam
Lo w e r
Col.
L e ft
beam
Upper
col.
Lo w e r
Col.
M o me n t o f
Inertia
C m4 ( I )
Leng
th of
mem
ber
Cm
K=I/L
Sum K
D.F.
30
45
227812.50
600
379.69
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
30
45
227812.50
600
379.69
0.21
30
60
540000.00
700
771.43
0.43
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
30
60
540000.00
700
771.43
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
0.39
30
45
227812.50
600
379.69
0.23
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
30
60
540000.00
600
900.00
0.30
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
0.22
30
60
540000.00
700
771.43
0.26
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
30
60
540000.00
700
771.43
0.37
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
0.31
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
0.41
30
45
227812.50
600
379.69
0.24
30
45
227812.50
420
542.41
30
45
227812.50
600
379.69
0.16
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
0.28
30
60
540000.00
700
771.43
0.33
30
45
227812.50
420
542.41
30
60
540000.00
700
771.43
0.39
30
45
227812.50
350
650.89
0.33
30
45
227812.50
420
542.41
0.37
1030.58
1802.01
0.63
0.36
0.54
1422.32
1681.47
2973.21
2073.21
1572.99
2344.42
1964.73
Page: 39
0.46
0.39
0.22
0.31
0.34
0.23
0.28
b al.
C. O.
B AL
T o tal
T o tal
B AL
C. O.
0 .6 3
0
5 2 .9 2
1 4 .6 3
-1 0 .1 4
0 .3 7
-8 4 .0 0
3 1 .0 8
1 .4 7
-5 .9 6
5 7 .4 1
-5 7 .4 1
3 8 .2 8
-1 7 .4 3
2 6 .4 6
2 9 .2 5
0
0 .3 9
T o tal
B AL
C. O.
25
0 .3 9
0
2 9 .2 5
1 7 .2 2
-1 7 .4 3
2 9 .0 4
0 .2 3
-7 5 .0 0
1 7 .2 5
1
-1 0 .2 8
-6 7 .0 3
0 .2 1
8 4 .0 0
2 .9 4
1 5 .5 4
2 .1 4
0 .4 3
0
6 .0 2
0 .7 4
1 1 .0 6
1 0 4 .6 2
1 7 .8 2
I n t.F EM
0 .3
7 5 .0 0
2
8 .6 3
-0 .5 8
8 5 .0 5
0 .3 4
0 .2 4
0
2 8 .5 6
0
-6 .0 2
-8 4 .0 0
2 0 .1 6
3 .0 8
-4 .2 5
2 2 .5 4
-6 5 .0 1
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U.D. L
24
3 0 X6 0
In t.F EM
7 .0 0
4 .0 6
-0 .4 2
3 .0 1
1 .4 7
0
0 .2 2
0 .4 6
0
-4 5 .0 8
-1 2 .6 6
4 .6 6
5 3 .0 8
-5 3 .0 8
B AL
C. O.
20
0 .2 2
0
1 .4 7
5 .3 9
-0 .4 2
6 .4 4
0 .5 4
9 8 .0 0
-5 2 .9 2
2 .5 2
5 .4 8
0 .2 6
-8 1 .6 7
1 .7 3
-1 5 .1 1
-0 .5
-9 5 .5 5
I n t.F EM
6 .0 0
0 .1 6
0 .2 3
8 4 .0 0
6 .1 6
1 0 .0 8
2 .0 9
0
8 .8 6
0
3 .0 1
1 0 2 .3 3
1 1 .8 7
-3 4 .8 7
1 2 .9 9
-2 2 .5 4
-2 5 .3 2
0
0 .3 1
7 .0 0
0 .3 7
8 1 .6 7
-3 0 .2 2
0 .8 7
1 5 .5
6 7 .8 2
In t.F EM
1 5 .1 8
3 .6 6
0 .7 4
1 0 .7 8
0
0 .2 8
28
0 .3 6
-9 8 .0 0
5 .0 4
-2 6 .4 6
3 .6 6
1 1 5 .7 6
6 .0 0
4 1 .8 1
-7 .2 6
1 4 .6 3
3 4 .4 4
0
0 .4 1
C. O.
B AL
6 .0 0
B AL
C. O.
II
C. O.
B AL
U.d .l .
28
3 0 X4 5
I n t.F EM
0 .3 1
0
-2 5 .3 2
-2 0 .2 2
1 2 .9 9
-3 2 .5 5
-5 1 .0 1
2 .0 8
-1 2 .6 6
-4 0 .4 3
0
0 .3 3
30
0 .3 3
1 2 2 .5 0
1 2 .7 1
-2 3 .8 9
4 .3 1
1 2 9 .3 7
In t.F EM
7 .0 0
0 .3 9
0 .2 8
1 2 2 .5 0
-4 7 .7 8
6 .3 6
2 .4 6
0
-3 4 .3
0
1 .7 6
8 3 .5 4
-3 2 .5 4
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Step6. HORIZONTAL LOAD ANALYSIS: Frame anal ysis for horizontal loads calculated in step 4 is carried
out by using : (a)Approximate Method: i) Cantilever method.
ii) Portal method.
Approximate methods are used for preliminary designs only. For
final design we may use exact method i.e (i) Slope deflection or
matrix methods (ii) Factor method.
We will not discuss these methods in detail as now modern
computer package as STAAD PRO is available for anal ysis.
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The maximum axial load & moments acting along the length of
the column are considered for the design of the column section
either by the working stress method or limit state method.
The transverse reinforcement is provided to impart effective
lateral support against buckling to every longitudinal bar. It is either
in the form of circular rings of pol ygonal links (late ral ties).
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Where
h
=
p
=
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p
- -
1 Sin
- - - - - - - - - - - 1 + Sin
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100 q o
----------- + 1
Fck
Where
qo
=
of the
fck
N/mm 2
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Column
P LAIN
CO N C RET E
P EDEST AL
(v)
Bending Moment
PEDESTAL
Y
F AC E O F
PEDESTA
L
F AC E O F
COLUMN
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The bending Moment will be considered at the face of column, Pedestal or wall
and shall be determined by passing through the section a vertical place which
extends completely across the footing, and over the entire area of the footing
or, one side of the said plane.
(vi)Shear
(Reference Clause 33.2.4.1)
The shear strength of footing is governed by the following two factors:a) The footing acting essentially as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal
crack intending in a plane across the entire width, the critical section for
this condition shall be assumed as a vertical section located from the
face of the column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the effective
depth of the footing in case of footings on soils.
------b.d
Where
v
Shear stress
Vu
Effective depth
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C R IT IC A
L
S E C T IO
N
d
d
---------b0.d
Where
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Shear stress
b0
Effective depth
Vu
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When shear reinforcement is not provided, the nominal shear stress at the
critical section should not exceed [Ks. c]
Where
Ks
Bc =
0.25
fek
N/mm2
Note:-It is general practice to make the base deep enough so that shear
reinforcement is not required.
(vii)Development Length
(Reference Clause 34.2.4.3)
The critical section for checking the development length in a footing
shall be assumed at the same planes as those described for bending moment
in clause 34.2.3 of code (as discussed 4.5 of the handout) and also at all
other vertical planes where abrupt changes of section occur.
(viii)
2
=
-----B+1
Where
B
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A1
Compression multiplied by a value equal to
-----A2
A2
For limit state method of design, the permissible bearing stress shall be = 45 fek
4.91
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C. Design of Floor slabs:-. Design of floor slabs and beams is taken up with the First Floor & upwards .The slabs are
designed as one -way or two-way panels, taking the edge conditions of the supporting edges in to account, with the
loading already decided as per functional use of slab panel.
The design of floor slab is carried out as per clause 24.4 & 37.1.2 & Annexure D of IS: 456-2000. The
Bending moment coefficients are to be taken from table- 26 of the code depending upon the support condition &
bending moment calculated & reinforcement steel may be calculated from the charts of SP-16. The slab design for
particular floor may be done in tabular form as shown below.
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SLAB DESIGN
Na me o f pro j e ct : Lev el o f sla b
Sla
b
ID
E d ge
conditi
on
S1
T wo
Ad j .
Ed g e.
Di sco n
t.
(Ca se
No .4 )
To t a l
load in
KN/Sq
.m w
8 .5 0
Shor
t
span
lx
m
long
spa
n
ly
m
l y/
lx
1.5
*w * l x
*l x
slab
thic
kn e s
s in
mm
x
(+)
x
(-)
mu x
+
10
11=
7 x 9
3 .5
0
5 .2
5
1.
5
1 5 6 .8
0
120
0 .0 5
6
0 .0 7
5
8 .7 8
KN-M
mu x
12=
7
x1 0
Steel
in
short
span
Stee
l
y
(+)
y ( - )
13
14
15
1 1 .7
6
S2
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Lo n g s p a n mo m e n t K N - M
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0 .0 3
5
0 .0 4 7
mu y
+
16=
7
x1 4
5 .4 9
mu y
17=
7
x1 5
7 .3 7
Steel
in
long
span
Stee l
18
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= 2.76 N/ mm 2
= 2.76/1000 X (1000) 2
= 2.76 X 10 3 kN/m 2
Mu,lim
= 2.76 X 10 3 bd 2
= 2.76 X 10 3 X 0.300 X0.565X0.565
= 264.32 kN.m
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N/mm
v < m a x ( 2.8 N /mm 2 ) hence section is adequate regarding shear
stress.
From table 61 for p t =1.15
c =0.65 N/mm 2
Shear capacit y of concrete section = c b d
=
0.65
300
565/1000=110.18 kN
Shear to be carried by stirrups V u s =V u - c b d = 250 - 110.18
=139.82 kN
V u s /d = 139.82/56.5 = 2.47 kN/cm
Referring to table 62 for steel f y = 415 N/mm 2
Provide 8 mm
diameter two legged vertical stirrups at 140 mm spacing.
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TABLES
FOR
DESIGN
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50 m max
db
2d
2d
HOOP SPACING
> d /2
HOOP SPACING
< d/4 and 8 db
B = BREADTH OF BEAM
db = DIAMETER OF LONGITUDINAL BAR
BEAM REINFORCEMENT
37
Questions:1. Which are the important BIS Codes/handouts used for structural
design of RCC buildings?
2. In which seismic zones provisions of IS 13920 is to be adopted
for all reinforced concrete structures?
3. (a) What are the basic values of span to effective depth ratios for
beams as per IS 456 for span upto 10meter for
(i)
Cantilever
(ii)
Simpl y supported
(iii)
Continuous
(b) What are the basic values of span to overall depth ratios for
two-way slabs upto 3.5 m span & with Fe415 steel reinforcement
and loading class upto 3KN/m 2 ?
4. What are the provisions of IS 456 for nominal cover to meet
durabilit y requirements? As per IS 456 how much minimum
cover should be provided for
a) Column
b) Footing
5. (a) What are the minimum reinforcement provision of IS 456 for
beams in respect of:
(i) Tension reinforcement
(ii)
Shear reinforcement
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(b) What are the IS 456 provisions for maximum reinforc ement
in beams for: (i) Compression reinforcement
(ii) Tension reinforcement
6. What is the maximum permissible spacing for shear
reinforcement in beams? Explain IS 456 provisions for side face
reinforcement in beams.
7. How much minimum reinforcement must be provided in slabs?
8. As per IS1893 give formulae for calculating
a) Design Base Shear (V b )
b) Design Horizontal acceleration (A h )
9. Give formulae for calculating time period as per IS1893 for
a) RCC Frame Building b) RCC Building Brick in fill walls
10. How vertical loads o n columns are calculated? Give names of
simpler methods of anal ysis of structures.
11. What is the minimum eccentricit y for which all columns should
be designed? List out minimum and maximum longitudinal
reinforcement required to be provided in columns? Give in
brief provisions for maximum spacing of lateral ties in a
column?
12. What are the critical sections in isolated footing design for the
following: a) Bending moment
b) One way shear
c) Two way shear
13. How many minimum longitudinal reinforcement bars should be
provided in: a) Circular column
b) Rectangular column
14. What is the minimum diameter bar that can be used in
longitudinal reinforcement in column?
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