Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 Huyt p
2.2.1 nh ngha huyt p
Huyt p (BP) [1] l p lc mu cn thit tc ng ln thnh ng mch nhm a mu
n nui dng cc m trong c th. Huyt p c to ra do lc co bp ca tim v sc
cn ca ng mch.
Huyt p l mt thng s ph bin v hiu qu nht trong y t thc hnh sinh l. Thc
hin xc nh gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca p sut mu trong mi chu k nhp
tim, b xung thm thng tin v cc thng s sinh l, h tr cho vic chn on nh
gi iu kin c mch mu v mt vi kha cnh v hot ng ca tim. C nhiu phng
phng php o huyt p khc nhau, nhng phn ra lm 2 loi: o huyt p theo phng
php trc tip v o huyt p theo phng php gin tip.
Cc gi tr p sut trong h thng chc nng c ch ra:
- H thng ng mch 30 300mmHg
2.2.1.2 Cc c im ca tn hiu
nh trn tn hiu dao ng trong khong 120mmHg, y l lc tim co bp tng mu ra
ng mch.
nh di tn hiu dao ng trong khong 80mmHg, y l lc tim gin (ngh). 1 chu k
tn hiu c trng cho nhp tim.
Khi tim co bp mnh lm tng huyt p v ngc li, tc nh tn hiu s nhn hn v
ln hn, nhp tim cha chc tng.
Khi tim co bp nhanh cng lm tng huyt p, nhng nu nhanh qu ( 140 ck / ph ) th
huyt p gim do khi tim co bp nhanh th thi gian mt chu k tim s ngn li, nn lng
mu c ht v tim gim , lm th tch mu do bm vo ng mch gim, lm gim
huyt p gim, khi nh tn hiu gim.
2.2.2 Phng php o
2.2.2.1 Gii thiu cc phng php o
2.2.2.1.1 o huyt p theo phng php trc tip IBP
L phng php o chnh xc nht v cm bin c cy trc tip vo ng mch ca c
th (nh trong hnh 3.11). Phng php ny ch p dng khi cn chnh xc cao p
ng cho yu cu theo di lin tc ca h thng monitor. Phng php ny cho php o
huyt p trong cc vng su m phng php o gin tip khng o c.
Trong phng php o trc tip ngi ta s dng cc loi ng thng c gn cm bin
a vo trong ng mch hoc tnh mch vng quan tm. C hai loi ng thng c
s dng, mt loi c cm bin c gn u ng v thc hin chuyn i p lc ca
mu thnh tn hiu in. Mt loi khc l ng cha y cht lng, p lc mu s c
truyn n u d thong qua cht lng trong ng. Sau u d s chuyn i sang cc
tn hiu in tng ng. Cc tn hiu in ny sau c khuch i v hin th hoc l
ghi lai xem xt. Trong phng php o ny trc khi a cc ng thng vo trong
mch mu phi c tit trng trc.
Trong khi o tm thu, mch o p sut tm thu hot ng. Khi cc xung mch xut hin
A, diot D3 v t C3 iu khin tn hiu vo a ra gi tr ca tm thu. Thi gian
phng np ca R3C3 c la chn theo mt b pht nh c hin th trn ng h M1.
Gi tr p sut tm trng c hin th mt cch gin tip. Mt mch cht bao gm t
C1 v diot D1 c s dng cn bng gi tr in p nh nh ca xung mch. Gi tr
in p ny c xc nh trn R1, diot D2 v t C2 iu khin gi tr tn hiu xung
mch. Gi tr p sut tm trng c hin th trn ng h M2 ch ra s khc nhau
gia nh p sut tm thu v p sut ca xung mch.
Vic o p sut tnh mch chnh CVP (central Venous Pressure) c thc hin vi k
thut ng dn c bit. Cc u d vi nhy cao c a vo trong tnh mch o
p sut mu. Tuy nhin cc u d khng th gn trc tip ln u ca ng v khng th
thay i v tr ca ng trong khi o. Vic o p sut tnh mch chnh thng c o t
mt ng dn nh v cao cp, cc ng dn ny thng di t 25 30cm.
- Nguyn tc o lng
Cc nguyn tc o lng bao gm vic ghi chp s liu, khng phi l o huyt p trc
tip vo ng mch nhng o huyt p ng mch bng cch p cc ng mch m trn
p lc s c o.
Tht vy, cc bc s s dng mt vng bt (hoc mt cnh tay-band), s c dn bm
y khng kh p ng mch xung di. Cc bc s s nghe bng vic s dng ng
nghe ca mnh, ting ng pht ra t mu ti thi im thng qua cc ng mch
-2Sau , vng bt c x hi t t, mu i
qua cc ng mch mt ln na: ng nghe
cm nhn mt ting n v gi tr ca huyt
p c c cng mt lc trn mt s.
Huyt p o ti thi im ny l huyt p
ti a, huyt p tm thu.
- chnh xc php o:
So snh cc gi tr ca huyt p gia mt u d p sut c gn vo cc ng mch
v cch o s dng vng bt.
Cc nghin cu ch ra rng cc thit b cnh tay-band (nhng ngi m thng
c s dng) nh gi huyt p ti a thp hn 10 mm thy ngn v qu c tnh ca 10
mm thy ngn huyt p ti thiu
V d, mt ngi c huyt p 140/90 mm thy ngn (14/9) c trong thc t p sut
150/80 mm thy ngn nu nghin cu trong php o p sut ng mch.
Qua , ta thy vn xc nh ngng ca hai p sut trn l rt kh, m theo cch trn
l rt th cng thc hin bng tay, kt qu ph thuc nhiu vo kh nng ca y t. Nn t
tm ra cc phng php o hon ton t ng c th thc hin trn my.
2.2.2.1.2.2T ng o huyt p s dng phng php dao ng k
Phng php ny thc hin ging nh khi lm bng tay nhng c thm cm bin m
c t vo ti kh thu cc m thanh Korokoff. Cc m thanh ny qua cht p in s
c chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu in tng ng. Sau cc tn hiu ny c khuch
i v truyn i qua cc b lc thng di loi b nhiu. T cc tn hiu thu c ngi
ta xc nh c p sut tm thu v tm trng tng ng. Qu trnh din ra trong
khong thi gian t 2-5s.
Hnh 9: Dng sng tn hiu thu c o theo phng php Korotkoff v dao ng k
2 vt
c
Trong :
f: tn s Doppler (Hz)
vt : tc truyn m( m/s)
c: bc sng (m)
i vi thit b o huyt p th ng mch cnh tay c s dng v sng siu m
s phn x tt. S vn ng ca mch s to ra dch chuyn tn s Doppler,
c
vc
fc
T ta c:
1480
2 . 106
V tn s Doppler l: f =
= 0.74.10-3 (m)
2 vt
3
0. 74 . 10
= 2.7.10-3vt (Hz)
d
t
5 . 10
0.1
= 50.10-3 (m/s)
u im
Nhc im
n gin, d thc hin, Gi tr huyt p xc nh c ph
gi thnh r
T ng o huyt p s
D thc hin, kh
chnh xc, n nh
vi x l v x l tn hiu kh phc
Thit b kh n gin
tp.
S cm nhn ca mi ngi l
ng k
T ng o huyt p s
dng phng php dch pha
T ng o huyt p s
dng phng php
Rheographic
T ng xc nh
ln
Qu trnh o ph thuc rt nhiu
chiu c tn s 100Khz t vo cc
ngi.
tp, ch th vn x dng p k dn
ti sai s trong qu trnh c
T ng o huyt p s
Kt qu chnh xc, n
nh
ngh cao
nh:
http://suckhoeshop.com.vn/y-nghia-cac-dang-song-tren-monitor-theo-doi-
benh-nhan.html
[3] Hnh nh: Bi ging mn thit b y sinh 1