Mch to dao ng

Mch to dao ng
Bi:
L Sc

KHI NIM
Mch to dao ng l mch khi c ngun cung cp n t lm vic cho ra tn hiu dao
ng. S tng qut mt mch to dao ng nh hnh 4-1.

Mch to dao ng c th phn lm hai loi. Mch to ra tn hiu sin gi l mch to

dao ng sin (hay dao ng iu ho). Mch to ra tn hiu xung nh xung vung, xung
tam gic... gi l mch to xung.
Yu cu mch to dao ng to ra tn hiu c bin , tn s n nh cao, t chu nh
hng ca mi trng nh nhit , m.
t cc yu cu mch to dao ng cn:
+ Dng ngun n p.
+ Dng cc phn t c h s nhit nh.
+ Gim nh hng ca ti n mch to dao ng nh mc thm tng m
+ Dng cc linh kin c sai s nh.
+ Dng cc phn t n nhit.

1/29

Mch to dao ng

* iu kin dao ng ca mch to dao ng (theo cch truyn thng) l s dng

mch hi tip dng. Nh hnh 4-2. Khi ht=V th c th ni a vi a vo nhau, v ta
khng cn tn hiu vo na m mch t dao ng.

Nh vy trong s ny mch ch dao ng tn s m n tho mn:

V K v l nhng s phc nn vit li: K. = K..ej(k + ) = 1 (6-2)

trong : K - Moun h s khuch i.
- Moul h s hi tip.
k - Gc dch pha ca b khuch i.
k - Gc dch pha ca mch hi tip.
C th tch thnh hai biu thc vit theo moun v pha:
K. = 1
= k + = 2 .n

l tng gc dch pha ca b khuch i v mch hi tip, biu th s dch pha gia U ht

v tn hiu vo ban u U v.
Quan h K. = 1c gi l iu kin cn bng bin . N cho thy mch ch c th
dao ng khi h s khuch i ca b khuch i c th b c tn hao do mhc hi
tip gy ra. Cn iu kin cn bng pha = k + = 2.n cho thy dao ng ch c th
pht sinh khi tn hiu hi tip v ng pha vi tn hiu ban u tc l hi tip dng.

2/29

Mch to dao ng

Thc t c dao ng khi mi ng ngun K. phi ln hn 1 lm cho bin dao

ng tng dn. Do tnh phi tuyn ca phn t khuch i im lm vic i vo vng lm

K gim n lc K. = 1 mch lm vic ch xc lp. Vy iu kin dao ng ca

mch l: K. 1.

MCH TO DAO NG SIN GHP BIN P

Mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p c mch hi tip ghp qua bin p c in tr
hnh 4-3.

Trong mch R1, R2 l b phn p cp in p mt chiu cho cc gc. R3, C3 l mch

n nh nhit. L1, C1 l khung dao ng, L2 l cun ghp ly in p uht, C2 t thot,
C4 l t ly tn hiu ra. Do tranzito mc E chung nn ti tn s dao ng c ti l in
tr thun, ura ngc pha uvo. V vy m bo iu kin cn bng pha cn u cun
L2 ph hp. Tn s dao ng ca mch do mch cng hng cc C quyt nh.

MCH DAO NG SIN BA IM

Mch dao ng sin ba im c th dng tranzito hay IC khuch i. Vi mch dng
tranzito mc E chung cn IC khuch i thut ton c ca thun ni t. Khung dao
ng cha ba phn t in khng th t l X1, X2, X3.
T mch in ta c:

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Mch to dao ng

mch dao ng c cn K. > 1 m K< 0 nn cn < 0 mt khc ti tn s dao

ng c: X1 + X2 + X3 = 0

Kt hp li ta thy X1 + X2 phi khc du v X2, X3 phi cng du, tc l:

- Nu X1 l in cm th X2, X3 l t in, ta c mch ba im in dung.
- Nu X1 l t in th X2, X3 l in cm, ta c mch ba im in cm. Mch in
dng tranzito nh hnh 4-5.

Tn s dao ng ca mch 4-5a l:

4/29

Mch to dao ng

Tn s dao ng ca mch 4-5b l:

MCH TO DAO NG SIN GHP RC

Cc mch to dao ng RC thng dng phm vi tn s thp. V nu dng mch LC
kch thc qu ln, do in cm L cng knh. Trong mch hi tip cha cc phn t RC.
Mch to dao ng dng mch di pha RC trong mch hi tip
Mch in dng tranzito v IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 4-6.
y phn t khuch i c di 1800, nn mch hi tip cng phi c gc pha 1800.
Hm truyn t v gc di pha mi khu RC trn hnh 4-6 xc nh theo:
=

R
R+

1
j..C

= arctg

1
.C.R

Mi khu RC ch to ra mt gc di pha < 900 khi tr s R, C khc khng. V vy m

bo v pha mch hi tip t nht phi c ba mt RC. Vi trng hp dng 3 khu RC
nh nhau hnh 4-6a cn:
R1// R2// rBE= R.R1// R2 = R mch dng IC.

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Mch to dao ng

T mch in ta c h s truyn t ca mch hi tip:

Uht
Ura

t =

j.3.R3.C3
2 2 2

1 6. .R .C + j.(5..R.C 3.R3.C3)
1 52) + j(6 2)
(
=
ta c: =
1 52 j(6 2)
(1 52) + 2(6 2)

1
RC

Hai s trn u l mch khuch i o pha, nn tn hiu Uhtv phi ngc pha vi

tn hiu ra Ur( m bo iu kin pha k + = 2n) t ta c iu kin ca l:

( )

Re( ) < 0

Im = 0

Thay vo ta tm c: 2 = 6 v =
Do =
6=

1
RC

1
ddRC

1
29

m tn s dao ng ng vi trng hp 2 = 6 do :

dd

6RC

Theo iu kin cn bng bin K. = 1 ta c:

K.

1
29

)=1K=

29

6/29

Mch to dao ng

Mch c h s hi tip bng 1/29. Nn cn mc in tr R1, R3 sao cho

R3
R2

= 29. Vi

mch dng tranzito cn chn in tr RCv h s khuch i ca tranzito sao cho:

K=

.RC
rvt

29

Mch to dao ng dng mch cu Vin

Mch in hnh 4-7. Mch ny Uht a vo ca thun cn cc phn t ca o
xc nh khuch i ca mch.

T mch in ta c:

H s hi tip =

Uht
Ura

Z1
Z1 + Z2

Thay vo:

j..R1.C2
2

1 .R1.R2.C1.C2 + j..(R1.C1 + R2.C2 + R1.C2)

Khi R1 = R2 = R, C1 = C2 = C th :

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Mch to dao ng

j..R.C
2 2 2

1 .R .C + j3..R.C

mch dao ng c: K = 1 =

j.K..R.C
1 2.R2.C2 + j3.R.C.

Hay: 1 2.R2.C2 = 0
dd =

1
R.C

v 3.R.C = K..R.C
nn K = 3
Thay d c : =

1
3

mch to dao ng c cn chn cc in tr R3, R4 sao cho R4 /R3 = 2

MCH TO XUNG VUNG

Mch to xung vung c ba loi c bn l mch dao ng a hi, mach a hi i v
trig. Hu ht cc mch to xung u li dng qu trnh qu trong mch RC v
tranzito ch kho hoc khuch i thut ton ch so snh.

Qu trnh qu trong mch RC

Mch to xung vung thng c xy dng trn qu trnh phng np ca t in, tn
s ca dao ng ca mch ph thuc vo khong thi gian np v phng ca t in.

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Mch to dao ng

Qu trnh np in
Gi s khi t < 0 t C khng cha in UC = 0. Ti t = 0 kho K ng vo 1, t C np
in t ngun E qua in tr R.
in p trn t tnh bng:

trong =R.Cgi l hng s thi gian ca mch v

U
Dng np i =
n

E
R

, thi gian np in ca t gn ng l: tq = t2 t1= 3

Qu trnh phng in
Gi thit trc thi im phng in t C c np y uc = E. Ti thi im t = 0
kho K chuyn v 2, t C phng in qua R (t +C qua R n -C).
Cc gi tr in p tnh c nh sau:

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Mch to dao ng

e ;i

= E.

E
R

Sau thi gian 3 qu trnh phng in xem nh chm dt uC = 0, uR = 0, ip = 0. Dng

in p uC, uR v iP theo thi gian nh hnh 4-11.
Mch a hi t dao ng
Mch dng tranzito
Xt mch in nh hnh 4-12 v in p cc cc theo thi gian hnh 6-19. Mch gm
hai tranzito mc pht chung, u ra T1 ghp ti u vo tng T2 qua t C1, cn u ra
tng T2 ghp tr li qua t C2. Nh vy mi tng gy di pha mt gc 1800, hai tng di
pha 3600, bo m hi tip dng khi mch lm vic.

Khi c ngun hai t C1, C2 thay nhau np in v phng in, hai tranzito thay nhau
thng (bo ho), tt to cho mch c hai trng thi cn bng khng n nh: T1 tt, T2
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Mch to dao ng

thng (bo ho) v T1 thng (bo ho), T2 tt v t chuyn i trng thi cho nhau, u
ra nhn c dy xung vung.
Xem nh mch bnh thng, xung ra c bin n nh, xt ti thi im mch ang
trng thi T1 tt, T2 thng (bo ho). Lc ny t C2 (trc np in) ang phng
in t +C2 qua T2, ngun E, qua in tr R3 n -C2 t in p m ln cc gc T1
lm cho UB1 < 0 gi T1 tt trong mt khong thi gian.
ng thi vi qu trnh , t C1 np in t +E qua R1 n +C1, -C1 qua rBET2 n
-E nhanh chng n in p bng E (do trong mch c R1<<R3) lm cho ura1 nhanh
chng tng ln E, ura = E.
Do C2 phng lm cho uB1 tng dn, khi uB1 > 0 T1 thng xut hin dng iB1, iB1 v
tng ln lm cho ura1 gim, qua t C1 dn n uB2gim, dng T2 gim v ura2 tng.
Qua C2 lng tng a vo cc gc T1 lm cho uB1 tip tc tng, dng n T1 tip tc
tng. Hi tip dng xy ra nhanh chng (xem nh tc thi) lm cho T1 thng (bo ho)
, T2 tt.
Tip theo t C1 li phng in qua T1, ngun E v in tr R2 gi cho T2 tt trong mt
khong thi gian. T C2 np in t ngun E qua R4 v in tr rBET1 nhanh chng
n in p bng E do c R4<<R2 lm cho ura2 tng nhanh n mc ura2 = E.
Dng phng gim lm cho uB2 tng ln . Khi uB2 > 0 T2 thng tr li, T1 tt mch
chuyn sang trng thi ban u.
iu kin lm vic ca mch:
xung ra vung, t C np in nhanh hn khi t phng phi c: R1,4<<R3,2 v
tranzito khi thng ch bo ho cn R3 1.R1 v R22.R4, trong 1, 2 l h
s khuch i dng ca tranzito T1, T2. Khi cn tn s xung ra ln, tranzito thng lm
vic ch khuch i, khng p dng iu kin ny. Bin xung ra trong trng
hp b hn E.
Cc tham s xung ra.
Bin xung ra:

Ur E

rng xung tx1 l thi gian T1tt, t C2 phng in qua R3 nn tx1 c tnh:
tx1 = R3.C2ln2 0,7 R3.C2.

11/29

Mch to dao ng

Tng t tx2l thi gian T2 tt, t C1 phng in qua R2 nn tx2 c tnh:

tx2 = R2.C1ln2 0,7R2.C1
Chu k dao ng ca mch:
T=tx 1 +tx 2 =0,7(R 3 .C 2 +R 2 .C 1 )
Tn s dao ng ca mch:
f=

1
T

1
0,7(R3.C2 + R2.C1)

Vi mch i xng ta c:
R1 = R4 = RC; R2 = R3 = RB; C1= C2 = C, cc tranzito T1, T2 cng loi, cng tham
s th: tx1 = tx2
tx 1 = tx 2 = 0,7RB.C.
T=2tx = 1,4RB.C.

Mch dng IC khuch i thut ton

Mch a hi t dao ng dng IC thut ton v dng xung cc cc theo thi gian nh
hnh 6-20.

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Mch to dao ng

Phn tch nguyn l lm vic ca mch bt u ti thi im mch ang trng thi bo
ho dng Ura= +Umax. Lp tc qua mch phn p R1R2 cho in p hi tip:
U1( + ) =

Umax
R1 + R2 .R1

= .Umax

T C (trc np in) phng in qua +E, u ra IC, in tr R, ri np tip lm cho

UC tng ln. Khi UC> U1(+) th u ra lp tc t bin v -Umax, mch chuyn sang
trng thi bo ho m.
Qua mch phn p R1 R2 a v mt in p:
U1( ) =

Umax
R1 + R2 .R1

= Umax

T C phng in qua u ra IC, qua in tr R lm cho UC gim xung, ri np tip

v pha - Umax. Khi UC< U1(-) th u ra t bin t -Umax v +Umax, mch chuyn
sang trng thi bo ho dng ban u. C nh vy mch t lm vic chuyn t trng
thi ny sang trng thi khc cho dy xung vung u ra.
Khi ngun nui i xng c +Umax= ?-Umax? th rng xung tx c xc nh:
tx = R.C.ln(1 +

2R1
R2 )

13/29

Mch to dao ng

Nu chn R1= R2 th:

tx = R.C.ln3 1,1R.C
Chu k dao ng:
T = 2tx 2,2 R.C
Tn s dao ng:
f=

1
T

1
2,2R.C

Mch a hi i
Mch a hi i c hai trng thi, trong c mt trng thi n nh v mt trng
thi khng n nh. Khi c ngun mch trng thi n nh. C xung kch thch mch
chuyn sang trng thi khng n nh mt thi gian ri t tr v trng thi n nh ban
u ch xung kch thch tip. Nh vy c mt xung vo mch chuyn i trng thi hai
ln cho mt xung vung ra. Mch c th dng tranzito hay IC thut ton.
Mch a hi i dng IC thut ton hnh 6-22a v dng in p cc cc nh hnh
6-22b.

Ban u mch trng thi n nh, u ra bo ho m, Ura= -Umax. Qua mch phn p
a v ca thun in p U1( ) =

Umax.R1
R1 + R2

it D c phn cc thun, thng nn UC=

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Mch to dao ng

0. Ti t = t1 c xung nhn cc tnh dng ti u vo. Nu bin ln vt qu

gi tr U1(+), s lt trng thi sang bo ho dng Ura= +Umax. Qua mch hi tip
dng a v ca thun U1( + ) =

Umax
R1 + R2 .R1,

it D tt. Sau t1 in p ra Umax np in

cho t C lm cho UC tng ln. Ti t2 UC>U1(+) u vo ca IC c in p i du,

u ra IC lt sang trng thi bo ho, Ura= -Umax.
Qua b phn p li a v in p U1(-), t C phng in qua R hng ti -Umax, n
t1= t3UC= 0, it D thng tr li mch tr v trng thi i ban u.
Vi mch c ngun nui i xng Umax= Umax ta xc nh c rng xung
ra (khong thi gian mch trng thi khng n nh) l:
tx = R.C.ln(1 +

R1
R2 )

Thi gian phc hi tph l thi gian mch tr v trng thi n nh ban u, xc nh theo
biu thc:
tph = R.C.ln(1 +

R1
R1 + R2 )

mch lm vic bnh thng, chu k xung vo cn tho mn iu kin:

Txvo > tx+tph
Chu k xung ra bng chu k xung vo:
Txra=Txvo
Trig
Trig l mch c hai trng thi n nh. Khi c ngun mch mt trng thi n nh
no . C mt xung vo mch chuyn i trng thi mt ln . Nh vy c hai xung vo
mch cho mt xung ra . Mch trig c th dng tranzito hay IC thut ton . Ta xt mch
trig smt dng IC thut ton khi tc dng u vo l in p sin a vo ca o . Mch
in v dng in p hnh 6- 23.
T dng sng ta thy khi Uv c gi tr m ln , mch trng thi bo ho dng Ur=
+Umax , trn li vo thun c U1( + ) =

+Umax
R1 + R2 .R1.

Uvo tng dn, trng thi ny vn khng

i cho ti khi UV> U1(+) in p vo hai u IC i du nn u ra t bin sang trng

thi bo ho m, Ura= - Umax lp tc qua mch phn p a v ca thun in p
U1( ) =

Umax
R1 + R2 .R1.

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Mch to dao ng

in p vo tng ln ri gim xung. Khi UV< U1(-), in p u vo IC i du lm

u ra IC lt trng thi sang bo ho dng Ura= +Umax. V c nh vy, khi tc dng
in p sin vo ca o, u ra ta nhn c dy xung vung c rng xung tx=Txvo/
2.
Txra = Txvo
mch c hai trng thi n nh cn tho mn iu kin:
R1
R1 + R2 .K

1 (6-50)

trong K l h s khuch i khng ti ca IC.

Mch gm hai tranzito mc theo kiu EC, u ra T1 ghp ti u vo tng T2 qua t C1,
cn u ra tng T2 ghp tr li qua t C2. Nh vy mi tng gy di pha mt gc 1800,
hai tng di pha 3600, bo m hi tip dng khi mch lm vic.

MCH HN CH BIN
Mch hn ch bin cn gi l mch xn bin, trong tn hiu ra Ur lun t l vi
tn hiu vo UV nu UV cha vt qu mt mc ngng cho trc, cn khi UV vt
qu mc ngng th tn hiu ra Ur lun gi mt gi tr khng i. Cc linh kin tch
cc c s dng trong mch hn ch thng l it, tranzito hay IC. Di y ta l cc
mch hn ch dng it l tng (tc l cc it m trng thi ngt in tr bng v
cng).
Tu theo cch mc it l ni tip hay song song vi ti, ngi ta phn bit thnh mch
hn ch ni tip hay hn ch song song. Cng c th phn loi theo chc nng hn ch
mc trn, hn ch mc di (mt pha) hoc hn ch hai mc (hai pha).
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Mch to dao ng

Cc mch in hn ch thng s dng cc it lm phn t iu khin vic hn ch

bin .

MCH TO XUNG RNG CA

Tn hiu xung rng ca c s dng rng ri trong cc thit b in t, chng hn lm
tn hiu qut trong cc my hin sng, lm tn hiu so snh bin i in p hay thi
gian...
Trn hnh 5-20 l mt tn hiu xung rng ca thng thng. N bao gm hai phn r rt:
phn bin thin tuyn tnh theo thi gian gi l thi gian qut thun tqt v phn cn li
l thi gian qut ngc tqn. Cc mch to tn hiu rng ca phi bo m sao cho thi
gian qut thun ln hn rt nhiu thi gian qut ngc. Bin ca xung rng ca l
Uq.

17/29

Mch to dao ng

Trong thc t, phn qut thun ca xung rng ca khng hon ton tuyn tnh.
Cc mch to xung rng ca u da theo mt trong ba nguyn l c bn sau:
- Np, phng cho t bng mch RC n gin.
- Np hoc phng cho t qua ngun dng n nh.
- Dng hi tip n nh dng np cho t.
Mch to xung rng ca dng mch RC n gin

Hnh 5-21 l s nguyn l to xung rng ca dng mch RC n gin. Trong mch
tranzito hot ng ch kho. Bnh thng, khi khng c xung kch thch, tranzito
thng bo ho do c cung cp dng IB kh ln hn in tr R1, v Ur = Uq 0. Khi
mch c kch thch xung m, tranzito ngt, t C np in t ngun EC qua R. in p
trn t tng dn theo cng thc:

Khi xung vo kt thc tranzito thng v bo ho tr li, t C phng in nhanh qua

tranzito ti gi tr gn bng khng. Thi gian qut thun ca mch bng thi gian tn ti
ca xung vo, cn thi gian qut ngc l thi gian phng in ca t C.
Nhc im ca loi mch ny l tuyn tnh ca phn qut thun khng cao, do
cui dng np cho t gim dn. khc phc nhc im trn, c th s dng ngun
dng n nh np cho t.
Mch to xung rng ca dng ngun dng
in p v dng in trn t in quan h theo cng thc:

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Mch to dao ng

V vy nu dng np cho t ly t mt ngun dng, tc l: i=I0=const; th in p trn

t s bin i tuyn tnh theo thi gian.

Mch hnh 5-22 tranzito T1 hot ng nh mt kho in t. Bnh thng khi cha c
xung vo do c cp dng IB1 ln nn T1 bo ho, do in p ra gn nh bng
khng. Tranzito T2 ng vai tr ngun dng. Nh c it n p DZ nn in p cc gc
T2 lun n nh. V vy dng qua T2, IE2 cng nh IC2 c gi tr n nh.
Trong khi T1 bo ho, dng IC2 ny bng dng IC1. Khi c xung m vo T1 ngt, t C
np in bi dng IC2 v in p trn t tng tuyn tnh theo thi gian:

Khi ht xung kch thch T1 li thng v bo ho, t C phng in nhanh qua T1 lm cho
Ur gim xung nhanh chng v in p gn bng khng.

Mch to xung rng ca thm tng khuch i c hi tip.

tng tuyn tnh ca ng qut thun, trong mt s mch to xung rng ca
ta dng thm mch khch i c hi tip nh trn hnh 5-23 (cn gi l mch qut
Bootstrap).

19/29

Mch to dao ng

Trong mch ny T1 lun thng bo ho khi khng c xung vo, do in p trn t C

lun xp x bng khng (UC 0). Lc tn ti mt dng in chy t ngun EC, qua
it D, qua R n T1. Tng khuch i T2 mc cc C chung, c o khuch i in p
gn bng mt nn in p ra Ur UC =0, t C0 (c in dung rt ln hn t C) lc ny
np in ti gi tr EC, UC 0 = EC.
Khi c xung kch thch, tranzito T1 ngt, t C bt u c np in bi dng do t C0
phng ra qua R. Theo mc np ca t C, in p ra tng dn v do it ngt. Ta
thy dng np cho t C kh n nh nh in p trn t C0 hu nh khng i trong sut
thi gian qut thun nn in p ra tuyn tnh.
V mt gii tch, c th xc nh dng np cho t C thng qua in p h trn R.

Do uC ur nn:

Trong qu trnh np:

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Mch to dao ng

Sau khi xung vo kt thc, T1 thng v bo ho tr li, t C phng in qua T1. Khi t
C phng in gim xung xp x bng khng it D thng v t C0 li np b sung n
gi tr UC0=EC ban u.
Trong mch ny thi gian qut thun cng bng rng xung vo.
Cng c th dng mch tch phn c IC khuch i thut ton to xung rng ca.

BI TP
Cho mch in hnh 5-27.
E = 15V
a) Gii thch mch in, v dng tn hiu ra theo t.
b) Cho fdd = 1kHz ; R= 1k, tnh cc gi tr linh kin cn li.
Tm khong fdd khi cc t C cng bin i Cmin ? Cmax.

Gii

21/29

Mch to dao ng

Cho mch in nh hnh 5-28

a) V dng tn hiu ra theo t.

b) Tm tn s dao ng ca mch.
c) Tm tr s ca Rht cn thit.

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Mch to dao ng

Gii

Cho mch in nh hnh 5-29.

fd bin i t 100Hz n 1kHz.

a) Tm tr s cn thit ca Rht.
b) Tm khong bin i cn thit ca R

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Mch to dao ng

Gii

Cho mch in nh hnh 5-30.

a) V dng tn hiu ra theo t.

b) Xc nh bin Urmax
c) Xc nhT, fd
24/29

Mch to dao ng

d) Xc nh in p hi tip.

Gii

Cho mch in nh hnh 5-31.

25/29

Mch to dao ng

a) V dng t/hiu ra theo t

b) Xc nh bin Urmax
c) Xc nh khong fd khi iu chnh VR4

Gii

26/29

Mch to dao ng

Cho mch in nh hnh 5-32.

Bit

V dng in p vo vo ra in p ra, bit

27/29

Mch to dao ng

Gii
y l s ca mt trigger Schmit, dng in p vo v in p ra nh hnh v.

Cho mch in nh hnh 5-33.

Bit

V hm truyn t v dng sng khi

28/29

Mch to dao ng

Gii

29/29