Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures: SOFTEK Services LTD

Seismic Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures
CASE STUDY #1
Three Storey Office Building
Vancouver, B.C.
Canada
SOFTEK Services Ltd.

#275 13500 Maycrest Way
Richmond, BC, Canada V6V 2N8
Tel:
(604) 273-7737
Web: www.s-frame.com
Copyright Notice
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the prior written permission of Softek Services Ltd.
Disclaimer
Softek Services Ltd. cannot be held responsible for the material presented in this document. This document is
intended for the use of professional personnel competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its
content and recommendations, and who will accept the responsibility for its application. Softek Services Ltd.
disclaims any and all responsibility for the application of the contents presented in this document and for the
accuracy of any of the material contained in this document including computer software referenced herein.
CASE STUDY #1
In this project, we will design various shear walls in a three storey office building located in a
high risk seismic zone using SOFTEKs products: S-FRAME and S-CONCRETETM. Key
results generated by S-FRAME and S-CONCRETETM will also be verified using hand
calculations.
Building Description
Design Data (NBCC 2005)

Location:
Commercial Building in Vancouver, BC, Canada

(Granville & 41st Ave), Site Soil = Class C
Loads:
Retail on Ground Floor, Live Load = 4.8 kPa

Offices on Upper Levels, Live Load = 2.4 kPa
Partition Allowance = 1.0 kPa
Front Curtain Wall Weight = 1.0 kPa
Ground Snow, Ss = 1.9 kPa and Sr = 0.3 kPa
Seismic:
Sa(0.2) = 0.95, Sa(0.5) = 0.65, Sa(1.0) = 0.34, Sa(2.0) = 0.17, PGA = 0.47
Importance Factor IE = 1.0
Force Modification Factors Rd = 2.0, R0 = 1.4 (moderately ductile SFRS)
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2007 Softek Services Ltd.
Materials:
fc' = 25 MPa, fy = 400 MPa, Ec = 4500 fc' = 22,500 MPa
Wc = 2400 kg/m3 = 23.5 kN/m3

Gc =
Ec
22,500
=
= 9221 MPa
2(1 + ) 2(1 + 0.22)
Snow Load for Roof Level, NBCC 2005 Clause 4.1.6.2
S = Is Ss ( Cb Cw Cs Ca ) + Sr = 1 1.9 ( 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 ) + 0.3 = 1.82 kPa
Building Seismic Weight Estimation

Building Seismic Weight Estimation at Roof Level
Item
1
2
Description
Weight (kN)
Snow Load = 0.25 x 1.82 kN/m2 x 12m x 24m (no hole)
131
Slab = 23.5 kN/m x 0.2m x 12m x 24m (no hole)
1354
Front Curtain Wall = 1.0 kN/m x 1.5m x 12m
18
12
Columns = 23.5 kN/m x (3 x 0.3m x 0.3m + 0.2m x 0.4m) x 1.5m

3
Walls = 23.5 kN/m x [1.5mx(0.2mx64m + 0.25mx2.4mx3)

2x0.2mx1.2mx0.75m]
506
Sub-Total W4 =
2,021
Building Seismic Weight Estimation at 3rd Floor

Item
Description
Weight (kN)
2
Area of Holes = 4.8m x 2.4m + 2.4m x 2.4m = 17.28 m

Net Area = 12m x 24m 17.28 m2 = 270.7 m2
1
2
3
4
5
Partition Load = 0.5 kN/m2 x 270.7 m2 (max 0.5 kPa)

3
135
Slab = 23.5 kN/m x 0.2m x 270.7 m
1272
Front Curtain Wall = 1.0 kN/m x 3m x 12m
36
Columns = 23.5 kN/m x (3 x 0.3m x 0.3m + 0.2m x 0.4m) x 3m
25
Walls = 23.5 kN/m x [3mx(0.2mx64m + 0.25mx2.4mx3) - 2x0.2x1.2mx1.5m]

Sub-Total W3 =
1012
2,480
Building Seismic Weight Estimation at 2nd Floor

Item
Description
Weight (kN)
2
Area of Holes = 4.8m x 2.4m + 2.4m x 2.4m = 17.28 m

Net Area = 12m x 24m 17.28 m2 = 270.7 m2
1
2
3
4
5
Partition Load = 0.5 kN/m2 x 270.7 m2 (max 0.5 kPa)

3
135
Slab = 23.5 kN/m x 0.2m x 270.7 m
1272
Front Curtain Wall = 1.0 kN/m x 3.25m x 12m
39
Columns = 23.5 kN/m x (3 x 0.3m x 0.3m + 0.2m x 0.4m) x 3.25m
27
Walls = 23.5 kN/m x [3.25mx(0.2mx64m + 0.25mx2.4mx3) 2x0.2x1.2mx1.5m]
1098
Sub-Total W2 =
2,571
Total Weight = W = Wx = Wy = W2 + W3 + W4 = 2021 + 2480 + 2571 = 7072 kN
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Building Period, NBCC 2005 Clause 4.1.8.11(3)

3
0.75
Ta = 0.05 ( hn ) 4 = 0.05 ( 9.5 )
= 0.27 sec same for each direction
According to Article 4.1.8.7(2), Equivalent Static Force Procedure as described in Article
4.1.8.11 may be used for structures that meet the following criteria: regular structures that are
less than 60m in height and have a fundamental lateral period, Ta, less than 2sec in each of the
orthogonal directions. For this building, it meets this criteria.
Seismic Base Shear Calculation
For
S a ( 0. 2 )
= 5.6 < 8 and Ta < 1.0,
S a ( 2. 0 )
M v = 1 .0
For
S a ( 0. 2 )
= 5.6 < 8 and Ta < 0.5,
S a ( 2. 0 )
J = 1 .0
Table 4.1.8.11
Table 4.1.8.11
No reduction in overturning moment

For Site C Class and S a (0.2) = 0.95,
Fa = 1.0
Table 4.1.8.4.B
For Site C Class and S a (1.0) = 0.34,
Fv = 1.0
Table 4.1.8.4.C
Minimum Lateral Earthquake Force

V=
S(Ta )M v IE W
R dR 0
Article 4.1.8.11
S(2.0)M v IE W
R dR 0
For R d 1.5,
2
3
S(0.2)IE W
R dR 0
S(T = 0.2s) = FaSa(0.2) = 1.0x0.95 = 0.95

S(T = 0.5s) = FvSa(0.5) or FaSa(0.2), whichever is smaller = 0.65
S(T = 2.0s) = FvSa(2.0) = 0.17
Using linear interpolation: S(T = 0.27s) = 0.88
0.88 x1.0 x1.0 x7072 kN
= 2223 kN
2.0 x1.4
2
x0.95 x1.0 x7072 kN
= 1600 kN
V 3
2.0 x1.4
V=
0.17 x1.0 x1.0 x7072

= 429 kN
2.0 x1.4
Seismic Base Shear = V = 1600 kN
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Centre of Mass Calculation

Since most of the weight is distributed uniformly around the building, we will place the axes at
the centre of the slab (see figure below). The only weights that will influence the location of the
centre of mass will be Walls #2, #4, #5, #6 and the holes in the slab for the 2nd and 3rd floor. We
will assume there are no holes at the roof level.
For the roof level:
WiUi = 23.5kN / m 3 x1.5mx0.2mx3.7mx3.6m + 23.5kN / m 3 x1.5mx0.25mx 2.4mx 4.8x3 = 94 + 305 = 399kNm

WiUi = 399 = 0.2m
U=
Wi 2021
WiVi = 23.5kN / m3 x1.5mx0.2mx3.7mx( 3.05)m
+23.5kN / m3 x1.5mx 0.25mx 2.4mx( 1.2 6 8.4m) = 80 330 = 410kNm
WiVi = 410 = 0.2m
V=
Wi 2021
For practical purposes, the centre of mass equals to the centre of the slab ( U = V = 0 ). The
influence of Wall #2, #4, #5, #6 and the holes in the slab is minimal because the weight of the
slab and the other walls (#1, #3, and #7) dominate the centre of mass for this building.
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Centre of Rigidity Calculation

This hand calculation is based on the assumption that walls are strong in bending in one
direction and very weak or negligible in bending in the other direction. Lateral stiffness (k)
of each wall element must also be estimated assuming some form of flexural behaviour.
Special attention is given to Wall #2 and Wall #6. The two walls will likely be reinforced in
such a manner that they will deflect and behave as a single unit an L-Shaped wall. This will
be reflected in the computations below. For the purpose of this calculation, the following
reference axes will be used.
Walls #1 and #3 (use h = 3m for calculations)

Ag = 24m x 0.2m = 4.8 m2
Ig = 0.2m x (24m)3 / 12 = 230.4 m4
If we apply a 100kN force at the top, the lateral deflection will be approximately:
=
Vh 3 1.2Vh
100,000 x3000 3
1.2x100,000 x3000
+
=
+
= 0.00017 + 0.0081 = 0.0083 mm
12
3E c Ig Gc A g 3 x22,500 x230.4 x10
9221x 4.8 x10 6
(assuming a pin-fixed end condition)

ky =
100 kN
= 12,087 kN/mm
0.0083 mm
and
k x = 0 (no stiffness in weak direction)
Walls #4 and #5 (use h = 3m for calculations)

Ag = 2.4m x 0.25m = 0.6 m2
Ig = 0.25m x (2.4m)3 / 12 = 0.288 m4
If we apply a 100kN force at the top, the lateral deflection will be approximately:
=
Vh 3
1.2Vh
100,000 x3000 3
1.2x100,000 x3000
+
=
+
= 0.1389 + 0.0651 = 0.204 mm
3E c Ig G c A g 3 x 22,500 x0.288 x1012
9221x0.6 x10 6
(assuming a pin-fixed end condition)

kx =
100 kN
= 490 kN/mm
0.204 mm
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and
k y = 0 (no stiffness in weak direction)
Wall #2 and Wall #6 as an L-Shape (use h = 3m for calculations)

S-CONCRETE L-Shape Results
If we apply a 100kN force at the top in the X-direction, the

lateral deflection will be approximately:
Igy = 678.6 x10 9 mm 4 , A g = 1290 x10 3 mm 2
x =
Vh 3
1.2Vh
100,000 x3000 3
1.2x100,000 x3000
+
=
+
3E c Igy G c A g 3 x 22,500 x 678.6 x10 9
9221x1.29 x10 6
x = 0.0589 + 0.0303 = 0.089 mm

kx =
100 kN
= 1120 kN / mm
0.089 mm
If we apply a 100kN force at the top in the Y-direction, the

lateral deflection will be approximately:
Igx = 1785.9 x10 9 mm 4 , A g = 1290 x10 3 mm 2
y =
Vh 3
1.2Vh
100,000 x3000 3
1.2x100,000 x3000
+
=
+
3E c Igy G c A g 3 x22,500 x1785.9x10 9
9221x1.29 x10 6
y = 0.0224 + 0.0303 = 0.0527 mm

ky =
100 kN
= 1898 kN / mm
0.0527 mm
Wall #7 (use h = 3m for calculations)

This was modelled in S-FRAME using quadrilateral elements and a rigid diaphragm on the roof
(see figure below). A force of 100kN was applied at the roof and a lateral deflection of
0.0213mm was obtained.
kx =
F
100 kN
=
= 4700 kN/mm
0.0213 mm
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and
k y = 0 (no stiffness in weak direction)
Element
Xi
(m)
Yi
(m)
Kxi
(kN/m)
(x 103)
Kyi
(kN/m)
(x 103)
Xi Kyi
(kN x 103)
Yi Kxi
(kN x 103)
---
---
12,087
---
2&6
10.2
9.8
1,120
1,898
19,360
10,976
12
---
---
12,087
145,044
---
N/A
3.6
490
---
---
1,764
N/A
6.0
490
---
---
2,940
N/A
24
4,700
---
---
112,800
6,800
26,072
164,404
128,480
Totals
Xi Kyi = 164,404 = 6.30 m

26,072
Kyi
Small difference between centre of mass and centre of rigidity (ex = 0.3m)
Distance to Centre of Rigidity = X cr =
Yi Kxi = 128,480 = 18.9 m

6,800
Kxi
Significant difference between centre of mass and centre of rigidity (ey = 6.89m)
Distance to Centre of Rigidity = Ycr =
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Distribution of Base Shear, NBCC Clause 4.1.8.11(6)

Ft = 0 because Ta < 0.7sec
Fx = ( V Ft )
Wx h x
n
where
V = 1600 kN
Wi h i
1
Level
Roof
3
2
Height
hx (m)
9.5
6.5
3.5
Storey Weight
Wx (kN)
2,021
2,480
2,571
= 7,072
Wx hx (kNm)
19,199.5
16,120
8,998.5
= 44,318
Lateral Force
Fx (kN)
693
582
325
= 1600
Storey Shear
Vx (kN)
693
1275
1600
Design Eccentricities, NBCC Clause 4.1.8.11(10)

Tx = Fx (ex 0.10 Dnx) = Fx (0.3 0.1 x 12) = Fx (0.3 1.2) kNm
Tx = Fx (ey 0.10 Dny) = Fx (6.9 0.1 x 24) = Fx (6.9 2.4) kNm
Hand Calculations Versus 3D Modelling in S-FRAME
For this project and for one load case, hand calculations will be used to compute the distribution
of lateral forces and torsional moments to all the lateral force resisting elements in this building
for the upper most level only. A 3D model using S-FRAME will also be created and the results
will be compared to hand computed values. The 3D model in S-FRAME can also give us an
estimate of the torsional sensitivity, B, for this building, NBCC Clause 4.1.8.11(9). Numerous
other load cases and load combinations will also be generated using S-FRAME.
3D Beam Model in S-FRAME
In this 3D model, the walls are modelled as beam elements with a computed moment of inertia
for strong axis bending and zero for weak axis bending. This approach should produce similar
results as hand calculations because the same assumption is applied weak or non-existent in
one direction and strong in the other direction. Shear areas are also provided to give more
accurate deflections for evaluation purposes. Rigid members are provided to model the
behavior at the ends of each wall. Rigid means a relatively high moment of inertia.
According to Clause 4.1.8.3 of NBCC 2005, structural modelling shall be representative of the
magnitude and spatial distribution of the mass of the building and of the stiffness of all elements
of the SFRS. The model shall account for the effect of cracked sections in reinforced concrete
and sway effects arising from the interaction of gravity loads with the displaced configuration of
the structure (P-Delta). S-FRAME can perform geometric non-linear analysis (P-Delta).
Furthermore, according to Clause 21.2.5.2.1 of CSA-A23.3-04, for the purpose of determining
forces in and deflections of the structure, reduced section properties shall be used. The effective
property to be used as a fraction of the gross section property shall be as specified below:
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Coupling Beams
Ave = 0.15 Ag; Ie = 0.4 Ig
Column
Ie = c Ig ; c = 0.5 + 0.6
Wall
Axe = w Ag; Ie = w Ig ; w = 0.6 +
Ps
'
fc A g
without diagonal reinforcement

1 .0
Ps
'
fc A g
1.0
For walls, Ps shall be determined at the base of the wall. Preliminary calculations indicate an w
value in the range of 0.62 and c value in the range of 0.65 which will be confirmed later.
Element
Gross Properties
200 x24,000
= 2.304 x1014 mm 4
12
A g = 200 x24,000 = 4,800,000 mm 2
Ig =
Wall #1 & #3
Effective Section Properties
Av =
5
x 200 x 24,000 = 4,000,000 mm 2
6
Igy = 678.6 x10 9 mm 4

Igx = 1785.9 x10 9 mm 4
Walls #2 & #6
A g = 1290 x10 3 mm 2
Av =
5
x1290 x10 3 = 1075 x10 3 mm 2
6
250 x 2400 3
= 2.88 x1011 mm 4
12
A g = 250 x2400 = 600,000 mm 2
Ig =
Walls #4 & #5
Av =
Column
300x300
5
x 250 x 2400 = 500,000 mm 2
6
300 4
= 6.75 x10 8 mm 4
12
A g = 300 x300 = 90,000 mm 2
Igx = Igy =
Ie = 0.62 x 2.304 x 1014 = 1.428 x 1014 mm4

Ae = 0.62 x 4,800,000 = 2,976,000 mm2
Aev = 0.62 x 4,000,000 = 2,480,000 mm2
Iey = 0.62 x 678.6 x 109 = 4.21 x 1011 mm4

Iex = 0.62 x 1785.9 x 109 = 11.07 x 1011 mm4
Ae = 0.62 x 1290 x 103 = 799,800 mm2
Aev = 0.62 x 1075 x 103 = 666,500 mm2
Ie = 0.62 x 2.88 x 1011 = 1.786 x 1011 mm4

Ae = 0.62 x 600,000 = 372,000 mm2
Aev = 0.62 x 500,000 = 310,000 mm2
Ie = 0.65 x 6.75 x 108 = 4.387 x 108 mm4

Ae = Ag = 90,000 mm2
200 x 400 3
= 1.066 x10 9 mm 4
12
400 x 200 3
Igy =
= 2.67 x10 8 mm 4
12
A g = 200 x 400 = 80,000 mm 2
Igx =
Column
200x400
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10
Iex = 0.65 x 1.066 x 109 = 6.929 x 108 mm4

Iey = 0.65 x 2.67 x 108 = 1.735 x 108 mm4
Ae = Ag = 80,000 mm2
Wall #7 is modelled as a frame with rigid members that connect the end faces of each pier
to the ends of coupling beams. The coupling beams represent the segments at the openings.
This is illustrated below in elevation.
Element
Gross Properties
Effective Section Properties
200 x 2400 3
= 2.304 x1011 mm 4
12
A g = 200 x2400 = 480,000 mm 2
Ig =
Wall #7a
Av =
5
x200 x2400 = 400,000 mm 2
6
200 x 4800 3
= 1.8432 x1012 mm 4
12
A g = 200 x 4800 = 960,000 mm 2
Ig =
Wall #7b
Av =
Coupling Beam B1
Coupling Beam B2
Coupling Beam B3
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5
x200 x 4800 = 800,000 mm 2
6
Ie = 0.62 x 2.304 x 1011 = 1.428 x 1011 mm4

Ae = 0.62 x 480,000 = 297,600 mm2
Aev = 0.62 x 400,000 = 248,000 mm2
Ie = 0.62 x 1.8432 x 1012 = 1.1428x 1012 mm4

Ae = 0.62 x 960,000 = 595,200 mm2
Aev = 0.62 x 800,000 = 496,000 mm2
200 x700 3
= 5.717 x10 9 mm 4
12
A g = 200 x700 = 140,000 mm 2
Ie = 0.4 x 5.717 x 109 = 2.287x 109 mm4

Ae = 0.15 x 140,000 = 21,000 mm2
200 x1500 3
= 5.625 x1010 mm 4
12
A g = 200 x1500 = 300,000 mm 2
Ie = 0.4 x 5.625 x 1010 = 2.25x 1010 mm4

Ae = 0.15 x 300,000 = 45,000 mm2
200 x 2000 3
= 13.333 x1010 mm 4
12
A g = 200 x2000 = 400,000 mm 2
Ie = 0.4 x 13.333 x 1010 = 5.333x 1010 mm4

Ae = 0.15 x 400,000 = 60,000 mm2
Ig =
Ig =
Ig =
11
S-FRAME Model using Beam Type Members Only and Rigid Diaphragms
The S-FRAME 3D model of the office building shown here consists only of beam type
members with rigid diaphragms specified for each floor level. Only the 2nd floor diaphragm is
displayed above.
Special attention is given to Walls #2 and #6. Walls #2 and #6 is modelled as one column which
will be subjected to biaxial bending. The properties of this column is given the section
properties of the L-Shape (i.e. Ix and Iy). Note that to minimize the amount of torsion that will be
attracted to each wall, the torsional constants, J, for each wall were assigned negligible values.
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12
S-FRAME Model Center of Rigidity Evaluation

To assess the accuracy of C of R calculation, we will apply 1000 kN force at each level in the
X-direction at the computed C of R. In theory, loading the building at the C of R will
generate deflections without rotation pure translation. The results are displayed below (Xdeflections in mm).
As you can see above, the building is rotating in a clockwise direction. This most likely means
that we have underestimated the stiffness of the L-Shape (Walls #2 & #6). Using a trial-anderror approach in S-FRAME, we discovered the true center of rigidity near ey = 5.5m for this
building (as indicated below).
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13
Torsional Sensitivity Evaluation

The next step is to use this 3D model in S-FRAME to give us an estimate of the torsional
sensitivity, B, for this building. Here, the primary concern would be loading in the X-direction
creating a twist in the building. According to NBCC Clause 4.1.8.11(9), the equivalent static
forces, Fx, shall be applied at distances of 0.10Dny = 2.4m from the center of mass at each
floor level. The critical load case for this evaluation would be applying the forces at a distance
of +2.4m away from the C of M. This is implemented in S-FRAME by applying the
equivalent static forces, Fx, at the center of mass at each level plus a torsional moment of Fx x
2.4m in the appropriate direction.
Torsional Sensitivity:
Level
Roof
3rd
2nd
Bx =
max
avg
Corner Deflections Total

(mm)
2x2.85 + 2x2.13 = 9.96
2x1.83 + 2x1.27 = 6.20
2x0.794+2x0.475 = 2.54
# of
Corners
4
4
4
max
avg
(mm)
2.85
1.83
0.794
(mm)
2.49
1.55
0.634
Bx
1.14
1.18
1.25
Base on the results above, B = 1.25 for this building. According to NBCC Clause 4.1.8.11(10),
for a building with B 1.7, torsional effects can be accounted for by applying equivalent static
forces, Fx, to the building located at 0.10Dnx and 0.10Dny from the C of M for each principle
direction.
Technically, we should also evaluate the torsional sensitivity for loading in the y-direction (N-S
direction). Since large walls (Wall #1 and #3) dominate the rigidity in the y-direction, it is
unlikely that the torsional sensitivity parameter, B, for loading in this direction will be greater
than that computed above.
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14
Distribution of Lateral Force to Walls

For hand calculations in tabular form, we will consider only one load case (E-W direction) and
applied to the roof only. The results of these hand calculations will then be compared to the
results generated by S-FRAME for the walls in the top floor. To complete the design of this
building, other load cases will be generated in S-FRAME including loading in the N-S direction,
dead loads, and factored load combinations.
Vx = Fx = 693 kN, Vy = 0 kN
T = Vx (ey + 0.10Dny) = 693 x (6.9 + 0.10 x 24) = 6445 kNm
Note: T = Vx (ey - 0.10Dny) = 693 x (6.9 - 0.10 x 24) = 3119 kNm done in S-FRAME only
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15
Distribution of E-W Lateral Force and Torsional Moment to Walls

Vx = Fx = 693 kN, Vy = 0 kN
T = -Vx (ey + 0.10Dny) = -693 x (6.9 + 0.10 x 24) = -6445 kNm
Force and Torsional Moment Applied at Roof Level
Xi
(m)
Yi
(m)
Kxi
(kN/m)
(x 103)
Kyi
(kN/m)
(x 103)
K xi
Vx
K xi
y i k xi
T
Jr
(kN)
(kN)
#1
-6.3
---
12,087
#2/6
3.9
-9.1
1,120
1,898
114
#3
5.7
---
12,087
#4
---
-15.3
490
#5
---
-12.9
#7
---
Wall
Vxi
(kN)
K yi
K yi
Vy
x i k yi
Jr
Vyi
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
-374
-374
50
164
36
36
338
338
50
37
87
490
50
31
81
5.1
4700
479
-118
361
6800
26,072
693
693
Jr = X i2 K yi + Yi2 K xi
Jr = 6.3 2 12,087 + 3.9 2 1,898 + 9.12 1120 + 5.7 2 12,087 + (15.3 2 + 12.9 2 ) 490 + 5.12 4700 x10 3 kNm
9
Jr = 1.313 x10 kNm
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16
Comparison of Hand Calculations Versus S-FRAME 3D Results

Wall
#1
#2 & #6
#3
#4
#5
#7
*
Hand Calculations
-374 kN
36 kN / 164 kN*
338 kN
87 kN
81 kN
361 kN
S-FRAME
-347 kN
28 kN / 233 kN*
319 kN
66 kN
68 kN
68 + 187 + 71 = 326 kN
Comments
less stiff in S-FRAME
more stiff in S-FRAME
Shear in the weak direction (Vy = 233 kN) for the L-Shape (Walls #2 & #6) is not displayed
in the above plot but can be obtained easily in a plot for y Shear.
Overall, hand calculated results give similar values to S-FRAME. Reasonable numbers were
obtained using simple assumptions on flexural behaviour which otherwise would be considered
rather complex in the 3D world.
The key to structural design is to develop a complete load path, determine the sectional forces
from this load path, and reinforce the members appropriately. This has been accomplished using
both hand calculations and in S-FRAME.
To complete the design of this building, other load cases and load combinations will be
generated using S-FRAME including earthquake loading E-W (-0.10Dny), earthquake loading NS (0.10Dnx), and dead load.
www.s-frame.com
17
Dead Load Estimation (at base of the wall)

Wall #1
Tributary Area 0.375 x 6m x 24m = 54.0 m2

Slab = 0.2m x 54.0 m2 x 23.5 kN/m3 = 253.8 kN at each level
Partitions = 54.0 m2 x 1 kN/m2 = 54.0 kN at each level (except roof)
Self Weight = 9.5m x 0.2m x 24m x 23.5 kN/m3 = 1,071.6 kN
Total at base = 3 x 253.8 + 2 x 54.0 + 1071.6 = 1,941 kN
Walls #2 & #6
Tributary Area 5m x 5m = 25 m2
Slab = 0.2m x 25 m2 x 23.5 kN/m3 = 117.5 kN at each level
Partitions = 25 m2 x 1 kN/m2 = 25 kN at each level (except roof)
Self Weight = 9.5m x 0.25m x 2.4m x 23.5 kN/m3 = 134 kN
Total at base = 3 x 117.5 + 2 x 25 + 134 = 537 kN
Wall #7b
Tributary Area 0.8 x 3m x 4.8m = 11.5 m2

Slab = 0.2m x 11.5 m2 x 23.5 kN/m3 = 54.0 kN at each level
Partitions = 11.5 m2 x 1 kN/m2 = 11.5 kN at each level (except roof)
Self Weight = 9.5m x 0.2m x 4.8m x 23.5 kN/m3 = 214 kN
Total at base = 3 x 54.0 + 2 x 11.5 + 214 = 399 kN
Hand calculations for dead load at the base of each wall are similar to the results generated by SFRAME. Since S-FRAME is relatively more accurate than the hand computed values, we will
use S-FRAME results to evaluate the effective section properties as outlined in Clause 21.2.5.2.1
of CSA-A23.3-04.
www.s-frame.com
18
Wall #1 Effective Section Properties

Ps = 1919 kN, fc' = 25 MPa, Ag = 200 x 24,000 = 4,800,000 mm2
w = 0.6 +
Ps
'
fc A g
= 0 .6 +
1,919,000
0.62
25 x 4,800,000
Axe = 0.62 x Ag = 2,976,000 mm2 (effective cross-sectional area)

Ave = 0.62 x 5/6 x Ag = 2,480,000 mm2 (effective shear area)
Ie = 0.62 x Ig = 0.62 x 2.304x1014 = 1.428x1014 mm4
Walls #2 & #6 Effective Section Properties
Ps = 490 kN, fc' = 25 MPa, Ag = 1,290,000 mm2
w = 0 .6 +
Ps
'
fc A g
= 0.6 +
490,000
0.62
25 x1,290,000
Axe = 0.62 x Ag = 799,800 mm2 (effective cross-sectional area)

Ave = 0.62 x 5/6 x Ag = 666,500 mm2 (effective shear area)
Iey = 0.62 x Igy = 0.62 x 678.6 x109 = 4.21x1011 mm4
Iex = 0.62 x Igx = 0.62 x 1785.9 x109 = 11.1x1011 mm4
Wall #7b Effective Section Properties
Ps = 440 kN, fc' = 25 MPa, Ag = 200 x 4,800 = 960,000 mm2
w = 0 .6 +
Ps
'
fc A g
= 0. 6 +
440,000
0.62
25 x960,000
Axe = 0.62 x Ag = 595,200 mm2 (effective cross-sectional area)

Ave = 0.62 x 5/6 x Ag = 496,000 mm2 (effective shear area)
Ie = 0.62 x Ig = 0.62 x 1.84x1012 = 1.14x1012 mm4
For practical purposes, all the walls in this building appear to have an effective moment of inertia
of 0.62 x Ig and effective cross-sectional area of 0.62 x Ag. This was used in the S-FRAME
model to compute the factored lateral deflections (f) and the factored sectional forces (Nf, Vf,
and Mf) used for analysis and design of these walls.
www.s-frame.com
19
Design Load Combinations

S-FRAME will be used to generate the load cases and load combinations for design purposes.
The following load combinations will be created for the design of Wall #1, #2 & #6, and #7b
which is based on 1.0 x Earthquake + 1.0 x Dead load factors.
Load Combination #1:
1.0 x E-W (+0.10Dny) + 1.0 x D

1.0 x E-W (-0.10Dny) + 1.0 x D
1.0 x N-S (+0.10Dnx) + 1.0 x D
1.0 x N-S (-0.10Dnx) + 1.0 x D
Lateral Load in Opposite Direction (primarily used to design the L-Shape)

Load Combination #5: -1.0 x E-W (+0.10Dny) + 1.0 x D
Load Combination #6: -1.0 x E-W (-0.10Dny) + 1.0 x D
Load Combination #7: -1.0 x N-S (+0.10Dnx) + 1.0 x D
Load Combination #8: -1.0 x N-S (-0.10Dnx) + 1.0 x D
Companion loads associated with Live and Snow Loads may easily be added to the above load
combinations but, in this case, they will not likely govern the design of this building. The
primary purpose here is to illustrate the use and application of S-FRAME and S-CONCRETE in
the analysis and design of this office building.
Design Sectional Forces at base for Wall #7b (generated by S-FRAME)
Note:
Nf = -424 kN, Vf = 413 kN, Mf = 2118 kNm, f = 1.5 mm

The shear forces displayed here must be magnified for design purposes. According
to Clause 21.7.3.4.1 of CSA-A23.3-04, the design shear force or resistance must not
be less than the smaller of: (1) the shear force corresponding to the development of
the nominal moment capacity of the wall at its plastic hinge location and (2) shear
force at RdRo = 1.0. S-CONCRETE can make this estimation.
Design Sectional Forces at base for Walls #2 & #6 (generated by S-FRAME)

LC #1:
Nf = +477 kN,
LC #2:
Nf = +482 kN,
LC #5:
Nf = -1458 kN,
LC #6:
Nf = -1395 kN,
Note:
This wall may experience small tension forces according to S-FRAME results. This
is reasonable because Wall #3 will be carrying a significant amount of shear force due
to the torsional moment which, in term, will tend to lift Walls #6 and #2.
www.s-frame.com
Vfy = 411 kN, Mfz = +1134 kNm, fy = 2.2 mm

Vfz = 53 kN, Mfy = +84 kNm, fz = 0.1 mm
Vfy = 388 kN, Mfz = +1062 kNm, fy = 2.0 mm
Vfz = 30 kN, Mfy = -65 kNm, fz = 0.03 mm
Vfy = 373 kN, Mfz = -1209 kNm, fy = 2.6 mm
Vfy = 350 kN, Mfz = -1137 kNm, fy = 2.5 mm
20
Design Sectional Forces at base for Wall #1 (generated by S-FRAME)

Note:

Here, the largest moment is generated from a load combination with a significant
torsional moment (#1) which is interesting. The largest shear force is generated from
a load combination that applies the lateral loads in the strong direction for this wall
(#4) which is as expected.
S-FRAME results (i.e. axial force, shear force, and moment diagrams) can be directly exported
to S-CONCRETE to complete the design. This is illustrated below for Wall #7b, Wall #2 & #6,
and Wall #1. Hand calculations will also be performed to verify the results of S-CONCRETE.
www.s-frame.com
21
Wall #7b Design and Detailing
S-FRAME will export sectional forces and moments

evaluated at various stations along the member. In this
case, it has evaluated sectional forces at three stations
per member segment per load combination. For this
member in the 3D model, it has been subdivided into
two segments on the first floor.
www.s-frame.com
22
Lets assume that minimum distributed reinforcing and zone reinforcing will be sufficient to
meet all the requirements of CSA-A23.3-04. We will design the base of the wall (i.e. plastic
hinge region).
Wall Dimensions:
Lw = 4800mm, bw = 200mm, hw = 9500mm

h w 9500
=
= 1.98 2.0
L w 4800
Squat Wall (technically)
However, for practical design purposes, we will treat it as a normal wall.

To force S-CONCRETE to not apply the squat wall provisions, we
assigned a value of 9601mm to hw.
Panel Reinforcing:
Vertical Bars - 10M @ 400 Each Face (2 curtains)

Horz Bars 10M @ 400 Each Face (2 curtains)
v = h =
Zone Reinforcing:
2A b
2x100
=
= 0.0025 0.0025
b w S 200 x 400
Clause 21.7.3.3.1
4 15M bars at each end of the wall (minimum requirement)

10M Ties @ 95mm (Clause 21.7.3.3.2 and 21.6.6.9)
S
6db = 6 x16 = 96 mm
24d tie = 24 x11.3 = 271 mm
0.5b w = 0.5 x 200 = 100 mm
Governs
Axial Load and Moment Capacity:

Utilization =
M f 2700
=
= 0.74 1.0
Mr 3643
OK
S-CONCRETE results and interaction diagram shown below:
www.s-frame.com
23
Overstrength Factor:
Mn = 4198 kNm (nominal moment capacity from S-CONCRETE)

Mf = 2700 kNm (from S-FRAME)
w =
Dimensional Limitations:
Mn 4198
=
= 1.555
Mf
2700
(same as S-CONCRETEs estimate)
Clause 21.7.3.1, Lu = 3500 200 = 3300 mm

b w = 200 mm
Lu
3300
=
= 235 mm Not Good
14
14
Lu
3300
=
= 165 mm OK
20
20
However, according to Clause 21.6.3.4, the Lu/14 requirement may be waived if the neutral axis
depth does not exceed 4bw or 0.3Lw (i.e. C 800 mm) which is the case here. S-CONCRETE
will compute the neutral axis depths for load combination where flexure is dominant and
determine if the wall meets these requirements for dimensions and ductility. This is displayed
below in the Results Report window of S-CONCRETE.
www.s-frame.com
24
Ductility Evaluation: Clause 21.7.3.2, Rd = 2.0, R0 = 1.4

Check #1
C = 456 mm < 0.15Lw = 0.15x4800 = 720 mm OK
Alternative Check #2
C < 0.33L w = 1584 mm
and
f = 1.9 mm <
hw
9500
=
= 27 mm
350
350
OK
Alternative Check #3 (Clause 21.6.7)

f R dR 0 f w 1.9 x2.0 x1.4 1.9 x1.55
=
= 0.0003 0.003 id = 0.003
L
4800
9500
hw w
2
2
0.0035 x 4800
L
0.002 = 0.0164 0.025
ic = cu w 0.002 =
2x 456
2C
id =
id < ic OK
All ductility checks indicate that special concrete confinement
requirements will not be required. S-CONCRETE has the capability to
evaluate special concrete confinement requirements as outlined in Clause
21.6.7.4 for zone reinforcing.
Design Shear Force: According to Clause 21.7.3.4.1 of CSA-A23.3-04, the design shear force
or resistance must not be less than the smaller of: (1) the shear force
corresponding to the development of the nominal moment capacity of the
wall at its plastic hinge location and (2) shear force at RdRo = 1.0.
M
Vf (design) n Vf ( SFRAME) = w Vf ( SFRAME) = 1.555 x 522 = 812 kN
Mf
Vf (design) R dR 0 Vf ( SFRAME) = 2.0 x 1.4 x 522 = 1462 kN
S-CONCRETE has the option to perform Shear Force Magnification in

the manner described above to determine the design shear forces.
Shear Resistance:
Shear Design is based on Clauses 21.6.9.2 to 21.6.9.7 (simplified method)

Panel Reinforcing 10M @ 400 H.E.F.
Vf = 812 kN
Vr = Vc + Vs Vr max = 0.15 c fc;'b w d v
Vc = c f c' b w d v
and
Vs =
for id 0.005
s A v fy dv
S tan
= 45 Clause 21.7.3.4.2 (c), d v = 0.8L w = 3840 mm

If A v = 200mm 2 > 0.06 f c'
bwS
= 60mm 2 , then = 0.18 Clause 11.3.6.3(a)
f yv
0.18 for id 0.005 Clause 21.6.9.6(b )
Vc = c f c' b w d v = 1 x 0.18 x 0.65 x 25 x 200 x3840 N = 449.3 kN
www.s-frame.com
25
Vs =
s A v fy dv
Utilization =
0.85 x 200 x 400 x3840
N = 652.8 kN
400 x tan 45 o
Vr = Vc + Vs = 449.3 + 652.8 = 1102 kN
S tan
Vf
812
=
= 0.737
Vr 1102
< 1.0
OK
S-FRAME Results
www.s-frame.com
26
Walls #2 & #6 Design and Detailing
meet all the requirements of CSA-A23.3-04. We will design the base of the wall (i.e. plastic
hinge region).
Wall Dimensions:
Lw = 3700mm, bw = 250mm, hw = 9500mm

h w 9500
=
= 3.96 > 2.0
L w 3700
Not a Squat Wall
Panel 1 Reinforcing: Vertical Bars - 10M @ 300 Each Face (2 curtains)

v = h =
2A b
2x100
=
= 0.00267 0.0025
b w S 250 x300
Clause 21.7.3.3.1
Panel 2 Reinforcing: Vertical Bars - 10M @ 400 Each Face (2 curtains)

v = h =
www.s-frame.com
2A b
2x100
=
= 0.0025 0.0025
b w S 200 x 400
27
Clause 21.7.3.3.1
Zone A Reinforcing: 4 10M bars at each end of the wall (minimum requirement)
S
6db = 6 x11.3 = 68 mm
24d tie = 24 x11.3 = 271 mm
0.5b w = 0.5 x 200 = 100 mm
Governs
Zone B Reinforcing: 4 15M bars at each end of the wall (minimum requirement)
S
6db = 6 x16 = 96 mm
24d tie = 24 x11.3 = 271 mm
0.5b w = 0.5 x 200 = 100 mm
Governs
Zone C Reinforcing: 4 10M bars at each end of the wall (minimum requirement)
S
6db = 6 x11.3 = 68 mm
24d tie = 24 x11.3 = 271 mm
0.5b w = 0.5 x 200 = 100 mm
Governs
Note: Emphasis was placed on minimizing the amount of vertical bars in the section including
both zone steel and distributed reinforcing. This will reduce the axial load and moment
capacity which increases the N vs M utilization. This, in turn, will reduce the design or
magnified shear forces because it will generate a smaller overstrength factor.
Axial Load and Moment Interaction Diagram (Biaxial Bending, Theta = 94):
www.s-frame.com
28
Utilization =
M f 1137.1
=
= 1.025 1.0
Mr 1109.4
Borderline
Overstrength Factor for bending about z-z axis (Theta = 90):

S-CONCRETE has determined the governing load combination for pure unixaxial bending
about the z-z axis is LC #1 which is 1.0xE-W (+0.10Dny) + 1.0xD.
Nf = +477 kN, Mf = 1134 kNm
Mn = 1365 kNm (nominal moment capacity from S-CONCRETE)
w =
Mn 1365
=
= 1.20
M f 1134
Panel 1 Dimensions:
(same as S-CONCRETEs estimate)

Clause 21.7.3.1, Lu = 3500 200 = 3300 mm
L u 3300
=
= 165 mm OK
20
20
L = 2400mm 0.25h w + t 2 = 0.25 x9500 + 200 = 2575mm
b w = 250 mm
Panel 2 Dimensions:
OK
NG
Clause 21.7.3.1, Lu = 3500 200 = 3300 mm

L u 3300
=
= 165 mm OK
20
20
L = 3700mm > 0.25h w + t 2 = 0.25 x9500 + 250 = 2625mm
b w = 200 mm
According to Clause 21.7.3.1, the flange width of Panel 2 is too long. This means that part of
Panel 2 is ineffective in the overall axial load and moment capacity of the section for bending
about the z-z axis. Technically, we should shorten the length of the panel which is unlikely.
Evaluating the nominal moment capacity in this direction using the full length will give a
conservative estimate on the required design shear force (i.e. higher overstrength factor). The
Warning can be ignored in this case.
www.s-frame.com
29
Ductility Evaluation: Clause 21.7.3.2, Rd = 2.0, R0 = 1.4, C = 310 mm from S-CONCRETE

Check #1
C = 310 mm < 0.15Lw = 0.15x2400 = 380 mm Not OK
Alternative Check #2
C < 0.33L w = 792 mm
and
f = 2.6 mm <
hw
9500
=
= 27 mm
350
350
OK
Alternative Check #3 (Clause 21.6.7)

f R dR 0 f w 2.6 x 2.0 x1.4 2.6 x1.20
=
= 0.0005 0.003 id = 0.003
L
2400
9500
hw w
2
2
L
0.0035 x2400
ic = cu w 0.002 =
0.002 = 0.0115 0.025
2x310
2C
id =
id < ic OK
Mn
Mf
Vf (SFRAME) = w Vf (SFRAME) = 1.203 x 411 = 494 kN
Vf (design) R dR 0 Vf (SFRAME) = 2.0 x 1.4 x 411 = 1151 kN
Design Shear Force: Vf (design)
S-CONCRETE has the option to perform Shear Force Magnification in

the manner described above to determine the design shear forces.
Shear Resistance:
S-CONCRETE results
For this wall, the section may be subjected to tension forces. Here, the
General Method of Shear Design must be used to evaluate the shear
resistance.
www.s-frame.com
30
Wall #1 Design and Detailing (Sq uat Wall)
meet all the requirements of CSA-A23.3-04. We will design the base of the wall.
Wall Dimensions:
Lw = 24,000mm, bw = 200mm, hw = 9500mm

hw
9500
=
= 0.396
Lw
24,000
Panel Reinforcing:
<
2 .0
Squat Wall (Clause 21.7.4)
Vertical Bars - 10M @ 300 Each Face (2 curtains)

v = h =
2A b
2x100
=
= 0.00333 0.003
b w S 200 x300
Clause 21.7.4.5(a)
Maximum Bar Spacing = 300mm Clause 21.7.4.5(a)

Zone Reinforcing:
According to Clause 21.7.4.6, tied vertical reinforcement shall be provided

at each end of the wall. The minimum reinforcement ratio of 0.005 shall
be provided over a minimum wall length of 300mm. A minimum of four
bars shall be provided and tied as a column in accordance with Clause 7.6.
The ties shall be detailed as hoops.
6 15M bars at each end of the wall (spaced at 150 mm apart)
=
2A b
2x 200
=
= 0.0133 0.005
b w S 200 x150
Clause 21.7.4.5(a)
10M Ties @ 200 mm (Clause 7.6.5.2)

S
www.s-frame.com
16db = 16 x16 = 256 mm
48d tie = 48 x11.3 = 542 mm
b w = 200 mm
31
Governs
Axial Load and Moment Capacity: (S-CONCRETE Results)

Utilization =
Mf
9379
=
= 0.11 < 1.0
Mr 83860
OK
According to Clause 21.7.4.7, the vertical tension force required to resist overturning at the base
of the wall shall be provided by zone reinforcing and panel reinforcing in addition to the amount
required by Clause 21.7.4.8 to resist the shear corresponding to the applied bending moment.
Let m = Estimated Vertical Steel Ratio Required for Moment v
www.s-frame.com
32
Mf
= 0.00333 x 0.112 = 0.00037
Mr
Mn 97757
=
= 10.4
Mf
9379
Design Shear Force: w =
>
R dR 0 = 2.0 x 1.4 = 2.8
w = 2.8 Overstrength Factor

Vf (design) = w Vf (sframe) = 2.8 x 953 = 2,668 kN (Load Combination #4)
Shear Design:
Clause 21.7.4.8
dv = 0.8 Lw = 0.8 x 24,000 = 19,200 mm
Vf 0.15 c fc' bw dv = 0.15 x 1 x 0.65 x 25 x 200 x 19,200 N = 9360 kN
= 0 Vc = 0
Vs =
s A v fy dv
S tan
s fy dv
tan
hb w
where
Av
= hb w
S
Vf Vr = Vc + Vs = Vs assume = 45
s fy dv
0.85 x 400 x19,200

hb w =
x0.00333 x200 N = 4352 kN
tan
tan 45 o
2668
Utilization =
= 0.61 < 1 OK
4352
Vr = Vs =
Let vs = vertical steel ratio required to resist shear

Ag = 200 x 24,000 = 4,800,000 mm2
For load combination #4, Vf = 2668 kN, Ps = Nf = 1851 kN
h = 0.00333 hs = h (req' d) =
vs =
www.s-frame.com
hs
2
tan
Vf tan
2,668,000 x tan 45 o
=
= 0.00204 OK
s f y d v b w 0.85 x 400 x19,200 x 200
Ps
0.00204
1,851,000
=
= 0.00113
2
o
s f y A g tan 45
0.85 x 400 x 4,800,000
33
For another load combination, Vf = 2668 kN, Ps = Nf = 1448 kN

h = 0.00333 hs = h (req' d) =
vs =
hs
2
tan
Vf tan
2,668,000 x tan 45 o
=
= 0.00204 OK
s f y d v b w 0.85 x 400 x19,200 x 200
Ps
0.00204
1,448,000
=
= 0.00115
s f y A g tan 2 45 o 0.85 x 400 x 4,800,000
Total Vertical Steel Ratio Required:

v = 0.00333
v (required) = m + vs = 0.00037 + 0.00115 = 0.00152
OK
According to Clause 21.7.4.7, all vertical reinforcement required at the base of

the wall shall be extended the full height of the wall.
S-FRAME Results (Panel and Zone Reinforcing):
www.s-frame.com
34
Conclusions
When designing walls that intersect with other walls (Wall #6), we have neglected the influence
of Wall #3 on Wall #6. A portion of Wall #3 should be included in the calculation for moment
capacity which, in turn, will likely increase the design shear force. Overall, neglecting the
intersection of Wall #6 with Wall #3 will not change the reinforcing configuration very much if
at all. However, as always, careful consideration of all the parameters should be given
nevertheless.
Some engineers may have considered a different approach to the design of Wall #7. In our
model, we have assumed a coupled wall system which may be inappropriate for such a short
wall. In fact, a finite element model of the same building appears to contradict the sectional
forces produced by this beam model version. For more information on the finite element model,
refer to Case Study #2. The finite element model suggests that beam theory of plane sections
remaining plane does not apply to Wall #7 and Wall #1. In Case Study #2, you will find
significant differences in the sectional forces generated for each wall. This suggests that Wall #7
should be designed as a squat wall and view the window openings as having little influence on
the overall behaviour of the wall.
Hand calculations may give you reasonable design values for the lateral load resisting elements
in a given building but 3D modelling will give you a better representation of the overall
performance of the building provided the model truly represents its behaviour in an
earthquake. The key to any design is to ensure that a load path has been defined and carried
through to all the lateral load and gravity load resisting elements in the building. Minimizing the
twist in the building and detailing the members carefully will help ensure that the loads reach the
beams, columns and walls as designed.
www.s-frame.com
35

Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures: SOFTEK Services LTD

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Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures: SOFTEK Services LTD

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Seismic Design of

Reinforced Concrete Structures

SOFTEK Services Ltd.

Design Data (NBCC 2005)

Commercial Building in Vancouver, BC, Canada

Retail on Ground Floor, Live Load = 4.8 kPa

2007 Softek Services Ltd.

fc' = 25 MPa, fy = 400 MPa, Ec = 4500 fc' = 22,500 MPa

Wc = 2400 kg/m3 = 23.5 kN/m3

Snow Load for Roof Level, NBCC 2005 Clause 4.1.6.2

S = Is Ss ( Cb Cw Cs Ca ) + Sr = 1 1.9 ( 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 ) + 0.3 = 1.82 kPa

Building Seismic Weight Estimation

Snow Load = 0.25 x 1.82 kN/m2 x 12m x 24m (no hole)

Slab = 23.5 kN/m x 0.2m x 12m x 24m (no hole)

Front Curtain Wall = 1.0 kN/m x 1.5m x 12m

Columns = 23.5 kN/m x (3 x 0.3m x 0.3m + 0.2m x 0.4m) x 1.5m

Walls = 23.5 kN/m x [1.5mx(0.2mx64m + 0.25mx2.4mx3)

Building Seismic Weight Estimation at 3rd Floor

Area of Holes = 4.8m x 2.4m + 2.4m x 2.4m = 17.28 m

Partition Load = 0.5 kN/m2 x 270.7 m2 (max 0.5 kPa)

Slab = 23.5 kN/m x 0.2m x 270.7 m

Front Curtain Wall = 1.0 kN/m x 3m x 12m

Columns = 23.5 kN/m x (3 x 0.3m x 0.3m + 0.2m x 0.4m) x 3m

Walls = 23.5 kN/m x [3mx(0.2mx64m + 0.25mx2.4mx3) - 2x0.2x1.2mx1.5m]

Building Seismic Weight Estimation at 2nd Floor

Area of Holes = 4.8m x 2.4m + 2.4m x 2.4m = 17.28 m

Partition Load = 0.5 kN/m2 x 270.7 m2 (max 0.5 kPa)

Slab = 23.5 kN/m x 0.2m x 270.7 m

Front Curtain Wall = 1.0 kN/m x 3.25m x 12m

Columns = 23.5 kN/m x (3 x 0.3m x 0.3m + 0.2m x 0.4m) x 3.25m

Walls = 23.5 kN/m x [3.25mx(0.2mx64m + 0.25mx2.4mx3) 2x0.2x1.2mx1.5m]

Total Weight = W = Wx = Wy = W2 + W3 + W4 = 2021 + 2480 + 2571 = 7072 kN

2007 Softek Services Ltd.

Building Period, NBCC 2005 Clause 4.1.8.11(3)

No reduction in overturning moment

For Site C Class and S a (1.0) = 0.34,

Minimum Lateral Earthquake Force

S(T = 0.2s) = FaSa(0.2) = 1.0x0.95 = 0.95

0.17 x1.0 x1.0 x7072

Seismic Base Shear = V = 1600 kN

2007 Softek Services Ltd.

Centre of Mass Calculation

WiUi = 23.5kN / m 3 x1.5mx0.2mx3.7mx3.6m + 23.5kN / m 3 x1.5mx0.25mx 2.4mx 4.8x3 = 94 + 305 = 399kNm

2007 Softek Services Ltd.

Centre of Rigidity Calculation

Walls #1 and #3 (use h = 3m for calculations)

(assuming a pin-fixed end condition)

k x = 0 (no stiffness in weak direction)

Walls #4 and #5 (use h = 3m for calculations)

(assuming a pin-fixed end condition)

k y = 0 (no stiffness in weak direction)

2007 Softek Services Ltd.

Wall #2 and Wall #6 as an L-Shape (use h = 3m for calculations)

If we apply a 100kN force at the top in the X-direction, the

x = 0.0589 + 0.0303 = 0.089 mm

If we apply a 100kN force at the top in the Y-direction, the

y = 0.0224 + 0.0303 = 0.0527 mm

Wall #7 (use h = 3m for calculations)

k y = 0 (no stiffness in weak direction)

2007 Softek Services Ltd.

Xi Kyi = 164,404 = 6.30 m

Yi Kxi = 128,480 = 18.9 m

2007 Softek Services Ltd.