GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

H iu hnh
GNU/Linux c bn
Jordi Serra i Ruiz (ngi iu phi)
David Megas Jimnez (ngi iu phi)
Jordi Mas (ngi iu phi)
Joaqun Lpez Snchez-Montas
Sofia Belles Ramos
Roger Baig Vias
Francesc Aul Llins
PID_00148369

GNU/Linux Basic
operating system
Jordi Serra i Ruiz (coordinator)
David Megas Jimnez (coordinator)
Jordi Mas (coordinator)
Joaqun Lpez Snchez-Montas
Sofia Belles Ramos
Roger Baig Vias
Francesc Aul Llins
PID_00148369

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Xut bn ln th 2: Thng 02/2008

Joaqun Lpez Snchez-Montas, Sofia Belles Ramos, Roger Baig i Vias i Francesc Aul Llins
Cp vn t i hc Oberta de Catalunya
Av. Tibidabo, 39-43, 08035 Barcelona
Chun b t liu: Eureca Media, SL
Tin gi php l: B-1.567-2008
Bn quyn Copyright 2010, FUOC. Cc quyn c trao sao chp, phn phi v/hoc sa i ti liu ny theo
cc iu khon ca Giy php Ti liu T do GNU, phin bn 1.2 (GFDL v1.2) hoc bt k phin bn no c xut
bn sau ny t Qu Phn mm T do; m khng c cc phn bt bin, khng cc vn bn ba ngoi, khng cc vn
bn ba sau. Mt bn sao ca giy php ny c a vo trong phn c u Giy php Ti liu T do GNU.

Second edition: February 2008

Joaqun Lpez Snchez-Montas, Sofia Belles Ramos, Roger Baig i Vias i Francesc Aul Llins
Fundaci per a la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
Av. Tibidabo, 39-43, 08035 Barcelona
Material prepared by Eureca Media, SL
Legal deposit: B-1.567-2008
Copyright 2010, FUOC. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the
GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section
entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

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GNU/Linux c bn

Li ngi dch
Trong bi cnh khi m cc Cng ngh T do ang ngy cng tr thnh mt xu th khng
th o ngc trn ton th gii, ti liu H iu hnh GNU/Linux c bn ca cc tc
gi: Joaqun Lpez Snchez-Montas, Sofia Belles Ramos, Roger Baig Vias, Francesc
Aul Llins v nhng ngi iu phi: Jordi Serra i Ruiz, David Megas Jimnez, Jordi
Mas, vi bn ting Anh xut bn ln 2 vo thng 02/2008 ca Vin Hn lm Cng ngh
T do FTA (Free Technology Academy), l ti liu c s dng trong chng trnh o
to trc tuyn cho cc gio vin theo cc module ca kha hc v cc Cng ngh t do v ti mt
s trng i hc chu u cng ng ra thnh lp Vin nh: i hc M H Lan (Open
Universiteit Nederland), i hc Oberta de Catalunya ca Ty Ban Nha (Universitat Oberta de
Catalunya) v i hc Agder ca Nauy (University of Agder).
Bn dch sang ting Vit c thc hin t bn gc ting Anh, c a ln trc tuyn trn website
ca Vin ti a ch: http://ftacademy.org/materials, hu nh khng c s ty bin no v ni dung.
Tun th theo cc iu khon ca giy php c gii thiu trong ti liu gc ting Anh, trong phn
ph lc cui ti liu ny, ti ni c gii thiu giy php ti liu t do GFDL v.1.2, d c c bn
dch sang ting Vit i cng, th bn dch ch tham kho, bn gc bng ting Anh mi l bn c
gi tr php l cao nht.
Cc trang c nhng lu v bn quyn ca bn gc ting Anh c gi nguyn khng thay i, d
c cc phn dch tng ng sang ting Vit nm trn cng cc trang .
Ti liu ny c cp php theo giy php ti liu t do GFDL v1.2 v cc phin bn tng ng
tip sau ca giy php ny.
Ti liu H iu hnh GNU/Linux c bn, cng vi 2 ti liu khc cng c dch sang ting
Vit v xut bn trn mng gm: Gii thiu Phn mm T do v Qun tr cao cp GNU/Linux
u nm trong cng b sch o to v cc cng ngh t do ca Vin Hn lm Cng ngh M.
Nhng ni dung ca ti liu ny l nhng kin thc c bn i vi bt k ngi qun tr h thng
GNU/Linux no.
Mi thng tin ng gp cho cc bn dch sang ting Vit, xin gi vo a ch th in t:
letrungnghia.foss@gmail.com
Chc cc c gi thnh cng!
H Ni, thng 09 nm 2012
L Trung Ngha

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GNU/Linux c bn

Li ni u
Phn mm tr thnh mt ti nguyn x hi chin lc trong vi thp k va qua. S ni ln ca
Phn mm T do (PMTD), thm nhp vo trong nhng lnh vc chnh ca th trng cng ngh
thng tin v truyn thng (CNTT-TT), lm thay i nhanh chng cc nn kinh t pht trin v s
dng phn mm. PMTD - i lc cng c tham chiu ti nh l Ngun M (Open Source)
hoc Phn mm t do (Libre Software) - c th c s dng, nghin cu, sao chp, sa i v
phn phi mt cch t do. N a ra s t do hc v dy m khng c nhng ph thuc vo bt
k nh cung cp cng ngh duy nht no. Nhng quyn t do c xem l mt iu kin tin
quyt c bn cho s pht trin bn vng v mt x hi thng tin ton din.
D c s quan tm ang gia tng trong cc cng ngh t do (PMTD v cc Chun M), vn c s
ngi hn ch c tri thc v s tinh thng trong cc lnh vc . FTA c nh p ng cho nhu
cu ny.
Gii thiu FTA
Vin Hn lm Cng ngh T do (FTA - Free Technology Academy) l mt sng kin chung t vi t
chc gio dc ti vi quc gia. N c mc tiu ng gp cho x hi nhm cho php tt c mi
ngi s dng nghin cu, tham gia v xy dng trn tri thc hin c m khng c gii hn no.
FTA a ra nhng g?
Vin hn lm a ra mt chng trnh mc gio vin trc tuyn vi cc module kha hc v cc
Cng ngh T do. Cc hc vin c th chn ghi danh vo trong mt kha hc ring r hoc ng
k cho ton b chng trnh. Vic dy hc din ra trc tuyn trong khu trng o ca FTA v c
cc nhn vin dy hc c tha nhn ti cc trng i hc thc hin.
Ai ng ng sau FTA?
FTA c khi xng vo nm 2008 v c h tr t Chng trnh Hc tp Sut i (LLP Life Long Learning Programme) ca y ban chu u, theo s iu phi ca Vin Tri thc T do v
trong mi quan h i tc vi 3 trng i hc ca chu u l: i hc M H Lan (H Lan), i
hc Oberta de Catalunya (Ty Ban Nha) v i hc Agder (Nauy).
FTA l v ai?
FTA c bit hng ti nhng ngi chuyn nghip, cc nh gio dc, cc sinh vin v nhng
ngi ra quyt nh v CNTT.
V vic cp php th sao?
Tt c cc t liu hc c s dng v pht trin t FTA l cc Ti nguyn Gio dc M, c xut
bn theo cc giy php t do copyleft, cho php chng c t do s dng, sa i v phn phi.
Tng t, cc phn mm c s dng trong khu trng o ca FTA u l cc PMTD v c xy
dng trong khung cc Tiu chun M.
S tin b ca cun sch ny
FTA s dng li cc t liu kha hc ang c sn t i hc Oberta de Catalunya v v ang
pht trin cng vi cc nhn vin ca LiberSoft t i hc Rey Juan Carlos. Vo nm 2008 cun
sch ny c dch sang ting Anh vi s tr gip ca D n Khoa hc, Gio dc v Hc tp
trong T do (SELF - Science, Education v Learning in Freedom), c h tr t Chng trnh
Khung s 6 ca y ban chu u. Trong nm 2009, t liu ny c FTA ci tin. B sung thm

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

rng FTA pht trin mt ch dn nghin cu v cc hot ng hc tp, chng sn sng cho cc
hc vin ghi danh hc trong cc khu hc o ca FTA.
S tham gia
Nhng ngi s dng cc t liu hc tp ca FTA c khuyn khch a ra cc kin phn hi v
nhng gi cho s ci tin. Mt khng gian c bit cho s phn hi ny c thit lp trn
website ca FTA. C nhng u vo s c tnh ti cho cc phin bn sau. Hn na, FTA cho
n bt k ai s dng v phn phi t liu ny cng nh lm cc phin bn mi v bn dch.
Xem thng tin c th v c cp nht v cun sch ny, bao gm cc bn dch v cc nh dng
khc: http://ftacademy.org/materials/fsm/. c thm thng tin v s ghi tn trong chng trnh
kha hc trc tuyn ca FTA, xin ving thm website ca Vin hn lm ti: http://ftacademy.org/.
Ti chn thnh hy vng cun sch v kha hc ny s gip cc bn trong qu trnh hc tp ca c
nhn cc bn v gip cc bn gip nhng ngi khc trong vic hc tp ca h. Ti mong i c
gp g cc bn trong cc phong tro tri thc t do v cng ngh t do.
Chc hc tp hnh phc!
Wouter Tebbens
Ch tch Vin Tri thc T do
Gim c Vin Hn lm Cng ngh T do

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Cc tc gi mun cm n Qu ca i hc Oberta de Catalunya v vic cp vn

cho ln xut bn u tin tc phm ny, v mt s chia s ln nhng ci tin dn
ti vic xut bn ln th 2, nh mt phn ca Chng trnh ca Gio vin trong
PMTD c i hc a ra theo yu cu, nhng ni n c s dng nh l t
liu cho mt trong nhng ch .
Bn dch ca tc phm ny sang ting Anh thc hin c nh vo s tr gip
ca D n SELF, Nn tng SELF, chng trnh ca y ban chu u v cc Cng
ngh X hi Thng tin v i hc Oberta de Catalunya. Chng ti mun cm n
bn dch cc t liu sang ting Anh c lexia:park trin khai.
Phin bn hin hnh ca cc t liu ting Anh c m rng vi vic cp vn
t d n ca FTA. D n ca FTA c cp vn vi s h tr t y ban chu
u (tham chiu s 142706-LLP-1-2008-1-NL-ERASMUS-EVC ca Chng
trnh Hc tp Sut i). Xut bn phm ny phn nh quan im ch ca cc tc
gi, v y ban khng gi trch nhim v bt k s s dng no m c th c
thc hin i vi cc thng tin .

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GNU/Linux c bn

FTA mun cm n Qu ca i hc Oberta de Catalunya v vic cp vn cho ln

xut bn u tin ca tc phm ny, nh mt phn ca kha hc cho cc gio vin
quc t theo PMTD c a ra ti FTA.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Gii thiu
Mc d PMTD tn ti hn 20 nm, ch mi gn y n bt u c xem nh mt la chn
thay th c gi tr cho nhiu ngi s dng, cc cng ty, v ngy mt gia tng, cc chnh ph v cc
c quan. Hin hnh, GNU/Linux l mt trong nhng h thng c hiu qu v ng tin cy nht c
th c thy. D thc t ban u chnh PMTD lm cho nhng ngi s dng v cc cng ty
min cng p dng n, th GNU/Linux chng minh p ng c nhim v nh bt k h iu
hnh no khc ang tn ti.
Mc tiu ca kha hc ny l gii thiu cho chng ta th gii GNU/Linux. N cng s cho
chng ta nhng cha kha hiu bit trit l ca PMTD, dy cho chng ta cch s dng n v iu
khin n cho hp vi chng ta, cho chng ta cc cng c theo yu cu dch chuyn d dng trong
th gii mi ny. Ti liu ny khng c nh l mt ch dn tham chiu c bn cho cc nh qun
tr v/hoc nhng ngi s dng; c hng trm cc sch ch dn, sch dy cch lm (HOWTOS)
v nhiu tham chiu khc c thit k cho mc ch ny, m c th chim hng triu trang giy.
Mc tiu ca chng ti y l dy cho bn cch tin hnh cc bc u tin ca bn trong lnh
vc cn cha c khai ph ny i vi nhiu ngi s dng v cc qun tr vin v cch bn t
tip cn v gii quyt cc vn bn c th gp phi.
Kha hc ny khng c da vo bt k pht tn c th no, nhng trong hu ht cc v d v hot
ng chng ti cn phi l c th, nn chng ti s s dng Debian GNU/Linux (phin bn 4.0
-Etch-). D pht tn ny khng phi l tht trc quan v d dng s dng nh mt s pht tn khc,
n s gip chng ti gii thch tt c cc tnh nng ca mt h iu hnh da vo GNU/Linux tng
bc mt. Hn na, cht lng, tnh n nh v an ninh c bit ca n lm cho n tr thnh mt
trong nhng la chn gi tr nht ngay lc ny. Tuy nhin, chng ti s khng qun s h tr m
cc pht tn khc cung cp (Debian c nhng ngi tnh nguyn pht trin v khng a ra dng
h tr no, m trong trng hp vi cc cng ty l khng th thiu). V l do , chng ti a
vo mt ph lc ch ra qu trnh ci t v nhng c tnh chnh ca Red Hat Fedora (phin bn 7).
Chng ti hy vng rng bn tn hng c kha hc v n s gip bn m ra nhng cnh ca vo
th gii ca PMTD. Cng c nhiu ngi s dng PMTD, th chng ta s c phn mm cng c
cht lng tt hn.
Cho mng bn ti GNU/Linux!

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Cc ni dung
Module 1
GNU/Linux c bn
1. Gii thiu
2. Cc khi nim v cc lnh c bn
3. Hi tho v Knoppix
4. Ci t GNU/Linux
5. Hi tho v ci t Debian Etch
6. Cc cu hnh c bn
7. Cc daemon v mc chy
8. Ci t cc ng dng
9. Hi tho v cc cu hnh c bn
10. Kin trc X-Window
11. Hi tho v X-Window
Module 2
Cc ph lc
1. Ph lc A. Cc bng lnh
2. Ph lc B. Trnh son tho vi
3. Ph lc C. Tin trnh ci t Fedora 7
4. Ph lc D. Cc cng c qun tr
5. Giy php Ti liu T do GNU

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

GNU/Linux c bn
PID_00148393

Basic GNU/Linux
PID_00148393

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Bn quyn Copyright 2010, FUOC. Quyn c trao sao chp, phn phi v/hoc sa i ti liu ny theo cc iu khon ca Giy php Ti
liu T do GNU, Phin bn 1.2 (GFDLv1.2) hoc bt k phin bn no c xut bn sau ny ca Qu Phn mm T do (FSF); m khng c cc
phn bt bin, khng c cc vn bn ba trc, khng c cc vn bn ba sau. Mt bn sao ca giy php ny c a vo trong phn c u
Giy php Ti liu T do GNU.

Copyright 2010, FUOC. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no BackCover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Mc lc
1. Gii thiu........................................................................................................................................17
1.1. GNU l g?..............................................................................................................................17
1.2 GNU/Linux l g?....................................................................................................................19
1.3 Cc pht tn ............................................................................................................................21
1.4. Cc chng trnh v ti liu....................................................................................................22
2. Cc khi nim v lnh c bn.........................................................................................................25
2.1. Gii thiu................................................................................................................................25
2.2 Ngi s dng v nhm...........................................................................................................25
2.3. H thng tp............................................................................................................................30
2.3.1. Tn ti trt t ca h thng tp.........................................................................................30
2.3.2. Cc th mc h thng.....................................................................................................31
2.3.3. Dch chuyn....................................................................................................................32
2.3.4. Cc lin kt......................................................................................................................33
2.3.5. Cc quyn........................................................................................................................34
2.3.6. Vic iu khin, cc mu v tm kim............................................................................36
2.3.7. Dng v ni dung tp......................................................................................................37
2.4. Cc tin trnh ..........................................................................................................................38
2.5. Cc lnh hu dng khc..........................................................................................................40
2.5.1. Tr gip h thng............................................................................................................40
2.5.2. ng gi v nn..............................................................................................................41
2.5.3. Cc hot ng ca a.....................................................................................................42
2.6. Cc hot ng vi cc lnh.....................................................................................................44
2.6.1. nh tuyn li..................................................................................................................44
2.6.2. Cc lnh bash (trnh bin dch GNU shell) c th..........................................................45
2.6.3. Shell script vi bash........................................................................................................46
3. Hi tho v Knoppix......................................................................................................................48
3.1. Gii thiu................................................................................................................................48
3.2. Khi ng h thng................................................................................................................48
3.3 Dng h thng.........................................................................................................................51
3.4. Cu hnh bn phm..................................................................................................................52
3.5. Kim tra h thng...................................................................................................................54
3.6. iu khin cc tp v th mc................................................................................................58
3.7 Qun tr ngi s dng............................................................................................................63
3.8. Qun l cc tin trnh..............................................................................................................65
3.9. Kch hot v s dng chut....................................................................................................66
3.10. Cc hot ng khc...............................................................................................................68
3.11. Kt lun.................................................................................................................................69
4. Ci t GNU/Linux........................................................................................................................70
4.1. Gii thiu................................................................................................................................70
4.2 Khi ng................................................................................................................................70
4.3. Phn vng cho a...................................................................................................................71
4.4. Ci t cc module..................................................................................................................73
4.5. Cu hnh mng c bn............................................................................................................74
4.6. H thng khi ng................................................................................................................75
4.7. La chn cc gi.....................................................................................................................75

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GNU/Linux c bn

4.8. Cc kha cnh khc.................................................................................................................76

5. Hi tho ci t Debian Etch..........................................................................................................77
5.1 Gii thiu.................................................................................................................................77
5.1.1. Cc h thng ci t........................................................................................................78
5.1.2. Cc dng gi....................................................................................................................80
5.1.3. Tnh trng pht trin gi..................................................................................................80
5.2. Ci t Debian Etch................................................................................................................81
5.2.1. Cc thnh phn ca Debian Etch....................................................................................81
5.2.2. Ci t Debian GNU/Linux 4.0 cho Intel x86................................................................81
5.3. Ci t Debian Etch t DVD-ROM........................................................................................82
5.3.1. Trc khi bt u ci t.................................................................................................82
5.3.2. Khi ng h thng ci t.............................................................................................83
5.3.3. Cu hnh ngn ng ci t..............................................................................................86
5.3.4. Cu hnh bn phm..........................................................................................................88
5.3.5. D tm v kch hot CD-ROM........................................................................................89
5.3.6. Cu hnh mng................................................................................................................90
5.3.7. Phn vng a cng.........................................................................................................92
5.3.8. Cu hnh thi gian...........................................................................................................96
5.3.9. Cu hnh cho ngi s dng v mt khu.......................................................................98
5.3.10. Ci t h thng c bn...............................................................................................101
5.3.11. Cu hnh cho trnh qun l gi....................................................................................102
5.3.12. Chn v ci t cc chng trnh................................................................................103
5.3.13. Ci t GRUB.............................................................................................................103
5.3.14. Khi to li h thng...................................................................................................103
5.3.15. Khi ng h thng c bn.........................................................................................103
5.3.16. Cu hnh apt................................................................................................................104
5.3.17. Tasksel.........................................................................................................................106
5.4. Ci t mng vi Debian Etch..............................................................................................108
5.4.1. Nhng c th ca ci t mng...................................................................................108
5.4.2. Nhng kha cnh chung cho cc phng php ci t khc nhau................................108
5.4.3. Ci t module mng....................................................................................................109
5.4.4. Cu hnh mng..............................................................................................................110
5.4.5. Cu hnh apt..................................................................................................................110
5.5. Kt lun.................................................................................................................................110
6. Cc cu hnh c bn......................................................................................................................111
6.1. H thng ng nhp..............................................................................................................111
6.2. Khai thc bash.......................................................................................................................112
6.3. H thng khi ng...............................................................................................................114
6.3.1. Grub...............................................................................................................................115
6.4. Truy cp cc phn vng v thit b khc...............................................................................117
6.5. Cu hnh thit b ...................................................................................................................120
6.5.1. Bn phm ......................................................................................................................120
6.5.2. Card mng (dng Ethernet)...........................................................................................121
6.5.3. Card Wifi.......................................................................................................................124
6.5.4. Cc modem...................................................................................................................124
6.5.5. ADSL v PPPoE............................................................................................................125
6.5.6. Card m thanh...............................................................................................................126

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GNU/Linux c bn

6.5.7. My in...........................................................................................................................126
7. Daemons v cc mc chy...........................................................................................................128
7.1. Daemons...............................................................................................................................128
7.2. Cc mc chy........................................................................................................................130
7.3 Khi ng h thng...............................................................................................................132
7.4 Cc daemon c bn................................................................................................................133
7.4.1. Cc lu k h thng (sysklogd)....................................................................................133
7.4.2. Thc thi thng xuyn (cron).......................................................................................135
7.4.3. Cc thc thi tr (at v batch).........................................................................................136
8. Ci t cc ng dng....................................................................................................................138
8.1. Gii thiu..............................................................................................................................138
8.2. H thng ng gi Debian...............................................................................................138
8.3. Bin dch cc chng trnh mi ...........................................................................................142
9. Hi tho v cc cu hnh c bn...................................................................................................145
9.1. Gii thiu..............................................................................................................................145
9.2. Trnh ti khi ng (Bootloader)..........................................................................................145
9.2.1. Ci t Grub..................................................................................................................145
9.3. H thng gi..........................................................................................................................147
9.3.1. /etc/apt/sources.list........................................................................................................147
9.3.2. apts sn sng..................................................................................................................149
9.3.3. dpkg...............................................................................................................................151
9.3.4. dselect............................................................................................................................152
9.3.5. aptitude..........................................................................................................................152
9.4. locals: cu hnh vng min...................................................................................................152
9.5. Tp khi ng chnh, /etc/inittab..........................................................................................153
9.6. Lp cc thit b, /etc/fstab ....................................................................................................153
9.7. Cu hnh thit b....................................................................................................................154
9.7.1. Thit lp cu hnh cho chut.........................................................................................155
9.7.2. Thit lp cu hnh cho cc modem................................................................................156
9.7.3. Thit lp cu hnh cho cc modem DSL.......................................................................158
9.7.4. Thit lp cu hnh cho cc card mng...........................................................................158
9.7.5. Thit lp cu hnh cho cc my in.................................................................................160
9.7.6. Thit lp cu hnh cho card m thanh...........................................................................161
9.8. Kt lun.................................................................................................................................162
10. Kin trc X-Window..................................................................................................................163
10.1. X-Window l g?.................................................................................................................163
10.2. Cu hnh..............................................................................................................................167
10.3. Trnh qun l hin th X......................................................................................................170
11. Hi tho v X-Window...............................................................................................................173
11.1. Gii thiu............................................................................................................................173
11.2. Ci t v thit lp cu hnh ca my ch X.......................................................................173
11.2.1. Cc chin lc khc nhau cho vic ci t cc gi.....................................................173
11.2.2. Ci t cc gi c bn.................................................................................................174
11.3. Thit lp cu hnh cho X.....................................................................................................176
11.3.1. Phn Thit b (Device).............................................................................................176
11.3.2. Phn Mn hnh (Monitor).............................................................................................176
11.3.3. Phn Mn hnh (Screen)..........................................................................................177

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GNU/Linux c bn

11.3.4. Phn thit b u vo (InputDevice)........................................................................177

11.3.5. Phn trnh by my ch (ServerLayout)..................................................................178
11.3.6. Phn DRI.................................................................................................................178
11.3.7. Phn cc tp (Files)..................................................................................................179
11.3.8. Khi ng my ch.....................................................................................................179
11.3.9. Tp lu k ..................................................................................................................179
11.4. Cc trnh qun l ca s......................................................................................................180
11.5. Trnh qun l phin X.........................................................................................................181
11.6. Trnh qun l hin th X......................................................................................................181
11.7. Cc trnh qun l mi trng ha my bn...............................................................182
11.7.1. GNOME......................................................................................................................183
11.7.2. KDE.................................................................................................................................183
11.8. C nhn ha mt s kha cnh............................................................................................184
11.8.1. C nhn ha cc kha cnh bn a.............................................................................184
11.8.2. C nhn ha cc kha cnh ca mng..........................................................................185
11.9. Thit lp cu hnh cho cc my in.......................................................................................186
11.10. OpenOffice........................................................................................................................189
11.11. Kt lun.............................................................................................................................190
Cc ph lc.......................................................................................................................................191
Ph lc A. Cc bng lnh.............................................................................................................193
Ph lc B. Trnh son tho vi.......................................................................................................198
Ph lc C. Qui trnh ci t Fedora 7..........................................................................................201
Ph lc D. Cc cng c qun tr .................................................................................................212
Giy php Ti liu T do GNU........................................................................................................219

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GNU/Linux c bn

1. Gii thiu
1.1. GNU l g?
hiu c ton b phong tro PMTD, chng ta nn quay ngc v cui nhng nm 60, u
nhng nm 70. Khi , cc hng my tnh ln khng trao cho phn mm gi tr y ht nh n c
ngy nay. H tng hu ht l cc nh sn xut my tnh m doanh s chnh ca h c to ra
bng vic bn cc my tnh ln ca h, i vi mt s dng h iu hnh v cc ng dng. Cc
trng i hc c quyn ly v nghin cu cc m ngun ca h iu hnh cho cc mc ch
nghin cu hn lm. Bn thn nhng ngi s dng c th yu cu m ngun t cc trnh iu
khin cho ti cc chng trnh, cho vic thch nghi cho cc nhu cu ca h. Phn mm khng
c xem l c mt gi tr thc v n gin n i vi phn cng m n h tr. Trong ng cnh ,
cc phng th nghim ca Bell (AT&T) thit k ra mt h iu hnh c gi l UNIX c c
trng bi s qun l c hiu qu cc ti nguyn h thng ca n, s n nh v tnh tng thch ca
n vi cc phn cng c cc nh sn xut khc nhau to ra (thun nht tt c cc h thng ca
h). Yu t cui cng ny tng rt quan trng (trc , mi nh sn xut c cc h iu hnh
ca ring h m khng tng thch vi phn cn li), v th n lm cho UNIX cc k ph bin.
Stallman, khng c cc trnh iu khin
Bn thn Stallman nh li phin phc lm sao khi ng pht hin rng mt cng ty tng cung cp mt my in
mi cho phng th nghim ni ng tng lm vic khng mun trao cho ng m ngun ca trnh iu khin.
Tt c iu ng tng mong mun l sa i n sao cho my in c th t ng cnh bo cho ng khi giy
b kt. Cng ty t chi cung cp m ngun cho ng.

Dn dn, cc hng ln bt u nhn thc c gi tr ca phn mm: u tin lm nh vy l

IBM, vo nm 1965 dng cho m ngun h iu hnh ca hng, trong khi cui nhng nm 70
Digital Research bt u bn h iu hnh ca ring hng. iu ny lm cho tt c cc cng
ty nhn thc c thc t l phn mm c th rt c li nhun v a ra c nhng li ch khng
l. Sau hu ht cc cng ty bt u min cng a ra m ngun i vi cc chng trnh v
cc h iu hnh ca h v bt u bn cc chng trnh ca h nh l gi tr gia tng cho phn
cng ca h. Trong mi trng ng ngy mt gia tng ny, Richard Stallman (ngi tng lm vic
ti MIT, Vin Cng ngh Massachusetts) phn n thy rng iu tr thnh ngy mt khc
nghit c c m ngun ca cc chng trnh, m ng s dng thch nghi cc chng
trnh cho cc nhu cu ca ng, nh ng tng lm th cho ti khi .
Khi , Stallman quyt nh ng ln v cc l tng ca ng v khi xng mt d n ln
th m li m ngun cc chng trnh. Nhn thc c thc t rng ng khng mun thuyt phc
cc cng ty a ra v im ny, ng xut to ra h iu hnh v cc ng dng ca ring mnh,
khi xng mt d n gi l GNU.
Tuyn ngn u tin ca Stallman l c bit th v hiu nhng l do v sao ng to ra GNU;
trong ti liu ng gii thch cho ton b cng ng nhng g d n mi bao gm, cch m n
c th c nh hng, v v sao ng phi lm n. Trong tuyn ngn ng bt u m t khi
nim PMTD v v sao ng tin tng cc lp trnh vin v nhng ngi pht trin trn khp th gii
nn ng gp vo vi ng. D trong nhiu trng hp th khi nim PMTD b ln ln vi khi nim
min ph hoc khng phi tr tin cho phn mm (trong ting Anh, free c ngha t do v min ph),
trong cc ti liu sau ny n c lm rt r rng rng khng c l do no gii thch v sao

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GNU/Linux c bn

PMTD nn l min ph c. Chng ta cn hiu PMTD c ngha l cc chng trnh m m ngun ca

chng c th chng ta c c nghin cu, sa i v phn phi li, m khng c bn phn phi
tr tin cho iu . Nhng g chng ta cn hiu l chng ta c th yu cu tr tin m chng ta
mun cho cc chng trnh v m ngun ca chng, cho s h tr m chng ta c th a ra cho
nhng ngi s dng, cho cc cun sch chng ta bn hoc cc t liu m chng ta cung cp, ht
nh nhiu cng ty phn phi GNU/Linux lm. Tuy nhin, khng bao gi, chng ta c th bt
buc nhng ngi s dng khng phn phi phn mm m chng ta bn cho h. Phi c kh nng
phn phi li chng mt cch t do. Nhiu vn bn ca Qu Phn mm T do (FSF - Free
Software Foundation) lm vic vi o c nhiu hn l vi k thut. Chng ta cn hiu ton b
phong tro nh mt cch ngh hoc lm mi iu hn l ch cng ty phn mm no khc lm.
Nhng nguyn tc i vi phn mm c xc nh theo 4 quyn t do sau:

T do 0 ch ti quyn t do c kh nng s dng chng trnh v bt k mc ch no

T do 1 cho php chng ta nghin cu cch thc chng trnh lm vic v thch nghi n cho
nhng nhu cu ring ca chng ta. Truy cp ti m ngun l iu kin tin quyt m bo
cho quyn t do ny.

T do 2 cho php chng ta t do phn phi cc bn sao ca phn mm, gip cc hng xm
ca chng ta.

T do cui cng cho php chng ta ci tin chng trnh v lm cho nhng ci tin ring
ca chng ta cng khai, v li ch ca ton b cng ng. Truy cp ti m ngun cng l
iu kin tin quyt m bo cho quyn t do ny.

Giy php Cng cng Chung (GPL - General Public License) c phc tho m bo cc
quyn t do cho phn mm c d n pht trin v cho nhng ngi s dng u cui ca phn
mm, v c s dng t bo v tt c dng cc chng trnh ny. Giy php ny a nhng
tng c nhc ti trn ra giy.
D n bt u to ra cc phn mm trong nm 1984, bng vic pht trin tt c cc cng c theo
yu cu trin khai mt h iu hnh hon chnh. Mc d vic hin thc ha d n vi cc c
tnh l mt qui trnh di lu v phc tp, ngay t u nhiu lp trnh vin v nhng ngi pht
trin phn mm say m vi tng ca Stallman v bt u cng tc vi ng mt cch t do.
Cng ng khng ngng pht trin, v dn dn cc cng c cn thit xut hin (cc trnh son
tho, cc trnh bin dch, ...) trin khai nhn ca h iu hnh, cc cng c c pht trin
theo yu cu. T tng ban u tng l xy dng mt h iu hnh tng t nh UNIX theo
cc tiu ch ca POSIX (Giao din H iu hnh Kh chuyn - Portable Operating System
Interface). Mc d UNIX cng c nhng vn v cc li ring ca n, th n tng, v tip tc
l, tt thch nghi cho hu ht cc yu cu. Nhim v thit k v vit nhn ca h iu hnh
c li sau cng. N vn cn cha xong hon ton nhn GNU, gi l Hurd, v vn cn trong
pha pht trin.
Nhn (Kernel)
Nh ci tn ca n ch ra, nhn ca h iu hnh l phn ct li lm cho n hot ng. Nhn ca phn mm
ny l nhng g qun l cc ti nguyn ca my tnh: n giao tip vi cc thit b v ng dng c ci t,
qun tr ng n b nh, phn phi thi gian x l cho tt c cc chng trnh, giao tip vi cc thit b lu
tr lu cc tp, ...

Hot ng
1.1 c thng ip u tin m Stallman vit nm 1983 khi cng b d n ca ng ti:
http://www.fsf.org/gnu/initial-announcement.es.html

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hot ng
1.2 c tuyn ngn GNU ban u ca Stallman.

Hot ng
1.3 c Giy php Cng cng Chung GPL

1.2 GNU/Linux l g?
i vi vn ny, trong khi FSF vn cn cha c c mt nhn n nh cho h iu hnh ca
mnh, th mt gio s ca i hc H Lan, Andrew Tanenbaum, quyt nh vit mt h iu
hnh sao cho cc sinh vin ca ng c th nghin cu n. Ging nh Stallman, cho ti khi ng
c kh nng s dng m ngun UNIX ca AT&T gip dy cc hc tr ca mnh thit k cc
h iu hnh. tng ca ng l vit mt h iu hnh m bt k ai cng c th nghin cu v sa
i n nu h mun. Trong nm 1987, ng bt u lm vic v gi d n ca mnh l UNIX
nh (mini UNIX), l MINIX. V ng khng s dng mt dng m ngun no trong UNIX ca
AT&T, khng c hn ch no ly m ngun s dng n v sa i n mt cch t do c.
Cng ngh vi nhn (micro - kernel)
Cng ngh vi nhn da vo vic chia tch cc chc nng khc nhau ca nhn ca mt h iu hnh thnh cc
chng trnh giao tip vi nhau hon ton tch bit. iu ny lm cho n rt c module ha, lm cho vic
kim th, d tm v kim tra li, duy tr, ... , d hn nhiu. Hin hnh, mt s h iu hnh nh Amoeba,
Chorus, Mach hoc Windows - NTTM tch hp dng cng ngh ny.

Tanenbaum mun to ra mt h thng cho cc mc ch nghin cu hn lm, nn ng thit k

n bng vic s dng mt kin trc vi nhn, l tng cho s d dng ton din, c s dng cng
ngh i mi cho tng giai on, c a ra mt cch linh hot, tng l a nn tng, ... iu ny
tng l mt trong nhng im mnh v im yu ca MINIX cng mt lc, d h thng l mt
vin ngc nh cho cc mc ch nghin cu v thit k, th n kh c kh nng c s dng trong
cc mi trng thc t. N c lm cho d dng hiu, module ha v tt cho cc mc ch
o to, nhng khng nhanh. Trong bt k trng hp no, th cng khng phi l nh ca
Tanenbaum; qua nm thng th MINIX tin ha v ngy nay n tip tc c nhiu hc sinh
trong cc trng i hc trn th gii nghin cu.
y chnh l ni m Linux ti b p. Trong khi FSF tip tc vi d n ln ca mnh cung
cp cc cng c xy dng mt h iu hnh, Tanenbaum thit k MINIX cho cc mc ch
hn lm v nhiu cng ty tip tc tin ha cho cc phin bn UNIX ca h, th Linus Torvalds,
mt sinh vin i hc Helsinki, quyt nh to ra nhn ring ca mnh cho mt h iu hnh
mi, Linux, vo thng 08/1991. tng ca ng tng l to ra mt UNIX cho my tnh c nhn
(PC) sao cho bt k ai mun cng c th s dng n trn my tnh ca h. S xut hin ln u ca
ng trn v i l trong mt tranh lun v MINIX v cc h iu hnh, ni ng a ra nhng
tng sau y:

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Nhm tin: comp.os.minix

Ch : Bn c mun thy hu ht mi th trong minix?
Ngy: 25/08/1991 20:57:08 GMT T chc: i hc Helsinki
Cho tt c nhng ngi s dng minix.
Ti ang lm (ch l mt s thch ring, s khng ln v chuyn nghip nh
gnu) mt h iu hnh (t do) cho cc m phng cc my AT 386 (486). iu
ny v ang c lm k t thng 04, v ang bt u c sn sng. Ti
mun c bt k kin phn hi no v nhng iu mi ngi thch/ khng
thch trong minix, v h iu hnh ca ti ging n mt cht (trnh by vt l y
ht i vi h thng tp (v nhng l do thc t) trong s nhng iu khc).
Ti hin chuyn bash (1.08) v gcc (1.40), v mi th dng nh lm vic
c.
iu ny ng rng ti s c vi th thc t trong vng vi thng ti, v ti
mun bit nhng tnh nng no hu ht mi ngi c th mun. Bt k gi
no cng c cho n, nhng ti khng ha ti s trin khai chng.
Nu chng ta vo din n ni thng ip u tin ny xut hin, th chng ta s thy mi ngi
t khp ni trn th gii tr nn nhanh chng nh th no trong vic quan tm ti h thng mi
ny, n cng c nhng c tnh ca PMTD v n s dng trnh bin dch v cc trnh dch
lnh GNU. Mc d trong nhng li ca chnh Torvalds, nu ng bit c s lng n lc tham gia
cho tng ca mnh lm vic, ng c l khng bao gi c th thc hin c n: nhng n

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

lc ca nhiu chuyn gia CNTT trn ton th gii lm cho d n ny c kh nng.

Nhn lin khi ca Linux
Linux, nhn ca GNU/Linux, l thuc dng lin khi. iu ny ni cho chng ta rng cc chc nng khc ca
n l khng c phn chia thnh cc module ring r, m tt c chng to nn cc phn ca chng trnh y
ht. S bt tin chnh vi dng thit k ny l vic nh v cc li v duy tr rt tn km. Mt khc, hiu nng
ca n li tt hn nhiu so vi cc dng thit k khc.

Trn thc t, trong qu trnh vi nm u tn ti, GNU/Linux c xc nh nh l h iu hnh

c cc cao th (hacker) s dng. Thc t l n tng kh ci t, iu khin v s thiu cc
trnh iu khin ca n lm cho n tr thnh mt cng c ch ph hp cho nhng ngi rt am hiu
v cc h iu hnh. Chnh nhng ngi s dng u tin thit k ra cc trnh iu khin cho cc
a, my in, cc card mng..., v nhng ngi bt u to ra nhn thc v h thng ny khp
trn th gii. Tng t mt, s lng ngi s dng bt u tng v by gi c nhiu cng ty v
nhm ngi s dng to cc pht tn GNU/Linux ca ring h.

1.3 Cc pht tn
Hin ti, c nhiu pht tn khc nhau da vo GNU/Linux. Chng tn ti i vi mi dng my
tnh v cc thit b in t: cc my tnh xch tay hoc bn, cc my tnh c nhn (PC) b ti
hoc cc thit b in t c nhn (PDA), cc im truy cp mng khng dy, ... Bn cht t nhin
ca PMTD cho php iu ny: bt k ai cng c th ly m ngun c pht trin cho ti by gi
v thch nghi n cho nhng yu cu ca ring h. Thc t l s lng ngy cng gia tng cc cng
ty v nhng ngi s dng chn cc h thng da vo GNU/Linux v hiu nng tt v s lng
cc phn mm sn c ca n.
Linux v d n GNU
D nhiu pht tn GNU/Linux c gi ch l Linux, th iu quan trng ch ra rng Linux ch l nhn ca
h iu hnh v d n GNU l nhng g thc s ng gp nhiu v cu trc cho n hot ng c.

Trong tt c cc s kin, d c hng t cc pht tn, th mt s l ph bin hn v tr nn c

s dng rng ri. Trit l ca PMTD dn dt nhiu cng ty, nhiu ngi sng to ra cc pht tn
GNU/Linux ca ring h, khng hn ch s truy cp ti m ngun ca h. Ngay c nh vy, s h
tr m h a ra v t liu m h bn cung cp nhng li nhun, cho php h sng c. Cng lc,
chng ta nn nh trong u rng nhiu trong s cc pht tn a vo c cc phn mm s hu
c quyn (PMSHQ) m mt s ngi s dng thch hn, mc d trong nhiu trng hp c th
c nhng chng trnh tng t vi mt giy php ca PMTD.
Sau y chng ta s m t ngn gn mt t cc pht tn GNU/Linux:

Slackware: mt trong nhng pht tn u tin xut hin. N c Patrick

Volkerding to ra v tng thnh cng vang di trong nhng nm u tn
ti ca n.

Debian GNU/Linux: mt trong nhng pht tn GNU/Linux u tin xut hin

v tip tc tn ti v tin ha. H thng gi cho php chng ta phn bit r
rng gia PMTD v khng t do, gip chng ta thit lp h thng vi cc
chng trnh giy php hon ton l PMTD. c mt nhm cc cng tc vin
phn tn khp ni trn th gii pht trin m khng c bt k cng ty no ng
ng sau. D vy n li l mt trong nhng pht tn n nh v an ninh nht
ang tn ti, s ci t v cu hnh h thng ca n i hi tri thc trc .

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GNU/Linux c bn

Red Hat Linux: cng vi SuSE, y l mt trong nhng pht tn ph bin

nht. N c mt cng ty ti M to ra v cung cp cc phn mm cht
lng cao. N c mt mi trng trc quan lm cho n rt d dng ci t
v cu hnh.

SuSE Linux: d n l pht tn c to ra kh gn y, n c c s

tha nhn rng ri. N c mt cng ty ca c pht trin v ng gp
nhiu PMSHQ cht lng. Hon ton d dng ci t v duy tr, d
trong mt s kha cnh n khng tun th mt s tiu chun cng ng.

Knoppix: pht tn trong mt live-CD da vo Debian. N t ng d tm tt

c cc dng phn cng v cung cp mi trng ha KDE mi nht v b
phn mm cc ng dng vn phng OpenOffice.org. Rt hu dng cho cc
trnh by v nhng ngi s dng mi h iu hnh.

Ubuntu: y l mt pht tn Linux a ra mt h iu hnh trc ht nhm vo cc my tnh

bn d n cng a ra s h tr cho cc my ch. Da vo
Debian GNU/Linux, trng tm chnh ca Ubuntu l d s dng, t
do trong gii hn s dng, cc phin bn pht hnh thng xuyn
(c mi 6 thng) v d dng ci t. N tn ti c dng live-CD v c kh nng ci t
c. N t ng d tm ra tt c cc dng phn cng (thm ch mi nht).

Chng ta khng nn qun rng c nhng h iu hnh khc tng thch vi UNIX v vi cc tiu
chun c ch trng hin hnh. Nhiu trong s nhng khi nim v cng c m chng ta s gp
qua kha hc ny cng s phc v cho nhng h iu hnh khc . c bit, chng ta c th nhc
ti GNU/Hurd (nhn c d n GNU pht trin) v FreeBSD.
Hot ng
1.4 Hy c m t mt s pht tn GNU/Linux hin hnh ti: http://www.linuxhq.com/dist.html.

1.4. Cc chng trnh v ti liu

Internet lun v ang l phng tin chnh ca giao tip gia cc lp trnh vin v nhng ngi
s dng ca PMTD. V l do ny, ngay t lc bt u s m rng khng l ca GNU/Linux th
c kh nng tm thy c nhiu thng tin v h iu hnh trn ny Internet. Chng ta c th ti v
hu ht cc chng trnh t Internet, c ng gi bng vic s dng bt k h thng thng dng
no hoc trc tip t m ngun sao cho chng ta c th bin dch n trong h thng ring ca chng
ta. Hn na, hu ht cc pht tn c th c ti v t Internet m khng phi mua bt k gi c
bit no t cc tp ch chuyn dng hoc t cc cng ty sn xut ra chng. iu ny cng ng rng
nu chng ta mun c s h tr cho mt s pht tn c cung cp, th tt nht l mua tt c cc t
liu m c th c cung cp (CD, cc sch ch dn, ...) v hy ng k.
Khi chng ta bt u lm quen vi PMTD v GNU/Linux, chng ta s nhn thc c tm quan
trng ca vic hiu c cch tm ti liu chng ta mun. Khi chng ta i mt vi mt vn ,
trc khi bt u i loanh quanh t hi cch gii quyt n, th chng ta nn ngh rng c ai
khc c th i qua nhng th tng t ri. Vic tm kim v tm thy ti liu p ng tt nht
cho cc vn chng ta gp phi lc ny lc khc tit kim cho chng ta nhiu thi gian v n lc.
Cng ng PMTD to ra hng trm ti liu m chng ta c th ti v t do t Internet, hn na cn
c c cc din n tho lun, cc nhm tin v cc trang tin, ...

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GNU/Linux c bn

Mt s tham chiu ph bin nht c th gip tt nht cho chng ta l:

Ti liu
D n Ti liu Linux. Chng ta c th thy hu ht cc sch ch dn ang tn ti, cc
sch ch dn cch lm HOWTOS, cc hi p thng gp FAQ... trn site ny, b sung
thm l trong vi ngn ng: http://www.tdlp.org/
Linux ting Ty Ban Nha. D n ti liu ln cho GNU/Linux, cc HOWTOS, cc sch
ch dn ... bng ting Ty Ban Nha: http://lucas.linux.org.mx
Cc sch HOWTO ca HOWTOS: http://lucas.linux.org.mx/
Linux.com. Trang vi cc phn tin, ti liu khc nhau, ...: http://www.linux.com/
Ti liu cho Debian GNU/Linux: http://www.debian.org/doc/

Tin tc
Slashdot. Tin v tho lun t cng ng GNU/Linux bng ting Anh: http://slashdot.org
Barrapunto. Tng t nh Slashdot bng ting Ty Ban Nha: http://barrapunto.com
Puntbarra. Tng t nh Slashdot trong ting Catalan: http://puntbarra.com
Bulmalug. Nhng ngi mi s dng Linux t Mallorca v xung quanh . Tin tc v
cc phn chuyn cho cc ch c bit: http://bulmalug.net
Tin tc ting Ty Ban Nha v GNU: http://www.es.gnu.org/
Linux ngy nay (Linuxtoday). Mt trang tin rt thc t khc c cp nht vi tin tc
mi nht. http://www.linuxtoday.com/
Libertonia. Trang tin. Phn cc ngun tin ca n l c bit th v vi v s cc ng
lin kt ti cc trang khc dng tng t: http://libertonia.escomposlinux.org

Cc din n
Foroslinux.org. Vi din n GNU/Linux v tt c cc dng ch .
Cc din n an ninh Linux. Cc din n tp trung vo cc vn an ninh v tng t.

Tm kim
Linux trn Google. My tm kim ln nht th gii cng dnh cho GNU/Linux.
http://www.google.com/linux
Buscadoc. My tm kim cho cc ti liu CNTT ting Ty Ban Nha.

Cc pht tn
Trang web chnh thc ca Qu Phn mm T do: http://www.fsf.org/
Trang web chnh thc ca Debian GNU/Linux: http://www.debian.org/
Trang web chnh thc ca Red Hat Linux: http://www.redhat.com/
Trang web chnh thc ca SuSE: http://www.novell.com/es-es/linux/

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GNU/Linux c bn

Trang web chnh thc ca Slackware Linux: http://www.slackware.com/

Trang web chnh thc ca Knoppix: http://www.knoppix.com/
Trang web chnh thc ca Ubuntu: http://ubuntu.org/

Ti v
Sourceforge. Trang ln nht vi cc d n PMTD: http://sourceforge.net/
Linux trong Softonic. Phn ti GNU/Linux v t mt trong nhiu trang ti v:
http://www.softonic.com/
Ti v. Trang ti v: http://www.download.com/

Khc
An ninh ca Linux. Trang vi thng tin thch hp v tt c cc dng vn an ninh vi
GNU/Linux: http://www.linuxsecurity.com/
LinuxHQ: Thng tin chung v cc pht tn GNU/Linux: http://www.linuxhq.com/
Tp ch Linux. Trang tin v cc bi bo v GNU/Linux: http://www.linuxjournal.com/
Tp ch Linux. Tp ch GNU/Linux: http://www.linuxgazette.com/
Linux-mag. Tp ch GNU/Linux: http://www.linux-mag.com/
Trang web chnh thc ca d n XFree86: http://www.xfree86.org/

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GNU/Linux c bn

2. Cc khi nim v lnh c bn

2.1. Gii thiu
Trong phn ny chng ta s hc nhng tng v lnh c bn cn thit Lnh
cho vic dch chuyn xung quan h thng. Nu chng ta khng quen s Mt lnh l mt chng
dng dng lnh lm vic vi h iu hnh, th ban u c th thy trnh thc hin mt hnh
mt cht phc tp, nhng khi chng ta s dng n th chng ta s thy ng c th c lin quan ti
cc dng lnh l rt hu dng v chng cho php chng ta thc hin h iu hnh.
c bt k nhim v no chng ta cn. Hn na, bit cch s dng
dng lnh ng s l rt hu dng khi chng ta cn kt ni t xa ti mt my tnh ni m chng ta
s, tng t, c kh nng thit k cc chng trnh nh (shell scripts - cc scripts bin dch) t
ng ha hu ht nhng nhim v qun tr chng.
Hu ht cc lnh chng ta s thy trong phn ny to thnh mt phn ca tiu chun (IEEE POSIX
norms) v c tt c cc h thng GNU/Linux v UNIX chia s. Mc d tng pht tn c cc ng
dng qun l v qun tr ca ring mnh, th nhiu hnh ng m chng thc hin cng c th c
trin khai vi cc lnh m chng ta s thy. S dng chng, chng ta s c kh nng iu khin hu
ht tt c cc tnh nng ca h thng v dch chuyn qua h thng mt cch c hiu qu. Bng vic
hc cch s dng cc lnh mt cch ng n, chng ta cng s hc c cch nh v qua bt
k h thng no da vo GNU/Linux, bt chp l pht tn no chng ta s dng.
Mi trong s cc lnh h thng c xu hng c mt s lng ln cc Tham s ca lnh
tham s khc nhau. Bng vic truyn cc tham s, chng ta c th s Mt tham s l mt la chn
dng lnh y ht trin khai nhiu hnh ng khc nhau, thm ch nu c bit ca mt lnh m
tt c chng l cng mt loi dng y ht. Trong ti liu ny chng ta s chng ta b sung vo sau
khng ch nh cc tham s khc nhau ca tng lnh m chng ta xem lnh, sao cho trc n l mt
xt, v vn bn c th tr nn qu di; n va khng c ngha du trng, v thng c mt
du gch ngang. V d, nu
bit chnh xc tt c cc tham s c kh nng cho tng lnh. Tt c
lnh l list, th chng ta c
chng c mt sch ch dn m rng, ch nh tng la chn, sao cho bt th b sung mt tham s nh
k lc no chng ta cn thc hin mt hnh ng c th th chng ta l list all.
c th hng ti n. Trong cc bi tp xuyn khp kha hc ny, chng
ta s thy mt s la chn , d quan trng bit rng vi sch ch
dn chng ta c th lun pht hin ra nhiu th khc m c th gip chng ta trin khai mi th
chng ta cn.

2.2 Ngi s dng v nhm

Hin hnh, hu ht cc h iu hnh ang s dng l a ngi s dng
v a nhim. iu ny c ngha l hn mt ngi s dng c th lm
vic trong h thng cng mt lc, trin khai mt hoc nhiu nhim v
cng mt lc. V l do ny, rt quan trng cho h iu hnh phi c cc
c ch cho php chng ta kim sot v qun l nhng ngi s dng
mt cch ng n: h thng truy cp v nhn din (ng nhp), cc
chng trnh m mi ngi s dng c th chy, cc c ch an ninh
Trang 25/232

Chnh sch cc tn
Mt chnh sch cc tn c
s dng thng xuyn s t
ra nh mt s ng nhp k
t u ca tn ngi s dng
i tip sau vi h ca ngi
s dng .

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

bo v phn cng thit b, bo v cho cc tp ca ngi s dng,

H iu hnh da vo UNIX t chc tt c cc thng tin trong cc NIS
nhm v ngi s dng. vo c h thng , chng ta cn nhn NIS l mt lot cc ng
din t bn thn mnh, bng vic s dng mt ng nhp v mt mt dng cho php chng ta
khu. ng nhp c xu hng s l mt tn nhn din ngi s qun l tt c nhng ngi
dng mt cch duy nht. i vi cc h thng vi nhiu hn l ch mt s dng ca cng mng
t ngi s dng, th iu quan trng phi c mt chnh sch cc tn tt theo cch tp trung trong
mt my ch duy nht.
sao cho tt c nhng ngi s dng c th c nhn din r rng. Mt
khu phi bao gm s kt hp cc k t, cc con s v cc k t c
bit. N khng nn bao gm bt k t ng t in hoc tng t no v iu ny c th gy ra mt
ri ro an ninh nghim trng. H thng cc mt khu l dng n hng. iu ny c ngha l mt
khu ca chng ta khng c lu gi dng vn bn, thay vo n c m ha v c lu
gi nh n c. Khi chng ta vo h thng v vit mt khu ca chng ta, th n c m ha v
c so snh vi mt khu c lu gi, nu chng khp nhau, th s nhn din l tch cc, cn
nu chng khng khp nhau, th khng c s nhn din. iu quan trng ca h thng ny l thng
qua vic m ha chng ta khng th c c mt khu gc ban u bng bt k cch g. iu m tt
c cc chng trnh c thit k ph cc mt khu ca ngi s dng c th lm l vit thnh
mt m cc t da vo cc t in (c s dng cc h thng t ng dn xut chng v tm ra
nhng phng n) v kim th liu chng c trng vi vic m ha ca bt k mt khu no ca
ngi s dng hay khng. V th, chng ta cn chn cc mt khu ca chng ta cn thn; nu khng
chng ta c th b tn thng v an ninh cho ton b h thng.
Hin hnh, trong cc h thng GNU/Linux chng ta c th chn 2 dng c kh nng m ha cho cc
mt khu ca ngi s dng. Mt dng c s dng k t u ca UNIX l 3DES. S bt tin duy
nht vi dng m ha ny l n ch cho php chng ta c cc mt khu 8 k t (nu chng ta vit
nhiu hn, chng s b qua), khng ging nh dng m ha khc, gi l MD5, cho php chng ta
s dng cc mt khu c di nh chng ta mun (trong thc t, MD5 l mt h thng bm,
nhng cng c th c s dng m ha cc mt khu c s dng dng m ha th 2. Trong bt
k trng hp no, chng ta nn nh rng nu chng ta cn s dng mt chng trnh c bit
qun l ngi s dng, nh NIS, th n c th khng tng thch vi MD5.
Mc d mt ngi s dng l mt c nhn c th truy cp h thng, cn My ch
mt nhm l mt tp hp nhng ngi s dng chia s cng y ht cc Mt my ch l mt chng
c tnh, ngha l hu dng nhm h cng vo nhau sao cho chng ta trnh c trch nhim cung
c th trao cho h mt lot cc quyn c th trong h thng. Mt cp mt s dng dch v
ngi s dng phi thuc v t nht 1 nhm, nhng cng c th thuc (nh phc v cc trang web,
v nhiu hn 1 nhm. H thng cng s dng ton b c ch ny ca cho php nhng ngi s
dng kt ni t xa ...),
ngi s dng v cc nhm qun l cc my ch ng dng v cc c thng c kt ni ti
ch khc. V l do ny, b sung thm vo nhng ngi s dng thc t, Internet.
mt h thng s c nhiu ngi s dng khc c lin quan ti cc
nhim v cn phi c trin khai trong h iu hnh. Thng thng, dng ngi s dng ny s
khng c kh nng i vo h thng (s dng mt ng nhp thng thng).
Bt k h iu hnh no cng phi c mt siu ngi s dng (gc root). Ngi s dng gc root
c cc quyn u tin ti a trin khai bt k hot ng no trong h iu hnh. Ngi s dng
gc root cn phi tn ti, v gc root s c trch nhim cho vic qun tr v qun l cc my ch,
cc nhm... Ti khon ny khng nn c s dng lm vic thng thng trong h thng.
Chng ta nn vo nh gc root khi thc s cn thit, v s s dng cc ti khon khc cho ngi s
dng thng thng lm vic. iu ny s ngn nga chng ta gy hi cho h thng thng qua v s

Trang 26/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

cc hot ng hoc trong vic kim th cc chng trnh c hi, ...

Tt c thng tin ca ngi s dng v nhm c lu gi trong cc tp sau:

/etc/passwd:

/etc/group:

/etc/shadow:

thng tin (tn, th mc, th mc home ...) ca ngi s dng.

thng tin v cc nhm ngi s dng

cc mt khu c m ha ca ngi s dng v cu hnh kim tra tnh

hp l, vic thay i chng...

S dng tp shadow l la chn ty . Ban u, cc mt khu ngi s dng c m ha tng

c lu gi trong cng tp passwd, nhng v cc l do an ninh (nhiu c ch cn c kh nng c
tp ny, ngha l tng rt d nm c n v c ph cc mt khu), c ch ny c quyt
nh thay i sao cho tp shadow ch c kh nng truy cp c i vi s t ngi s dng vi cc
quyn u tin c bit trong h thng. La chn ny c th c cu hnh trong qu trnh ci t h
thng v n thng c khuyn co s dng. Tt c cc tp c t chc theo cc dng, ni m
mi dng xc nh mt ngi s dng hoc mt nhm (ph thuc vo tp ). Trong tng dng c
vi trng tch bch nhau bng k t :. i vi cc nhim v qun tr, iu quan trng phi bit
cc trng l ci g, trng no v v sao m chng ta s xem xt chng chi tit hn mt cht:
Cu hnh mt khu
Cng c kh nng cu hnh h thng s dng tp shadow cho cc nhm (trong trng hp chng cn phi
a ra c mt mt khu). Tp ny c th c tn /etc/gshadow. Thng thng, cu hnh mt khu c a
ra khi h thng c ci t, d n tt c c th b thay i v c p dng theo ca chng ta, bng vic s
dng cc Module Xc thc Ci cm c (PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules) cho Linux, m l cc
chng trnh c trch nhim cho ton b h thng xc thc ngi s dng.

passwd

1) ng nhp (login): tn ngi s dng. Khng th c bt Ph mt khu

k 2 tn no y ht nhau, mc d c th c mt tn m Vic ph mt khu c ngha
trng vi mt nhm h thng.
l c c mt khu thng
2) Mt khu c m ha: Nu chng ta khng s dng tp
shadow, th cc mt khu c m ha s c lu gi
trong trng ny. Nu chng ta s dng tp shadow, th
tt c nhng ngi s dng ang tn ti trong tp ny
cng cn phi trong tp shadow , v chng ta cn
phi g mt x vo trng .
3) M ca ngi s dng (User ID): s ca nhm m ngi
s dng thuc v. y l s m h thng s dng
nhn din ngi s dng. 0 ch l mt gi tr c d
phng cho gc root.

qua s dng cc chng

trnh c thit k c bit.
Nhng chng trnh cng
c cc qun tr h thng
s dng pht hin nhng
ngi s dng no ang s
dng cc mt khu qu d
dng pht hin (cc mt
khu tt khng th b ph
theo bt k cch g m
khng s dng ti cc siu
my tnh ln).

4) M ca nhm (Group ID): s ca nhm m ngi s dng thuc v. V mt ngi

s dng c th thuc v nhiu hn mt nhm, nn nhm ny c gi l nhm ban
u.
5) Cc bnh lun: trng c gi a vo cc bnh lun m chng ta mong mun v
ngi s dng. N thng c s dng vo tn y hoc mt s dng nhn

Trang 27/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

din c nhn.
6) Th mc Home (gc): th mc Home ca ngi s dng l ni ngi s dng c th
lu tt c cc tp ca anh ta. Tt c chng thng c lu gi trong mt th mc h
thng (thng l /home/) v c t chc theo cc nhm.
7) Trnh bin dch cc lnh: Trnh bin dch cc lnh (shell) l mt chng trnh c
mi th chng ta vit bng vic s dng bn phm v chy cc chng trnh hoc cc
lnh m chng ta ch nh. C hng t chng, mc d th c s dng ph bin
nht khng nghi ng g, l bash (GNU Bourne-Again Shell). Nu trong trng ny
chng ta vit /bin/false/ th chng ta s khng cho php ngi s dng thc thi bt
k lnh no trong h thng, thm ch nu ngi s dng c h thng ng k.

Group

1) Tn nhm
2) Mt khu c m ha: Mt mt khu nhm c s dng cho php nhng ngi
s dng ca mt nhm c th thay i sang nhm khc hoc chy mt s chng
trnh vi cc quyn ca nhm khc (trong iu kin c mt khu).
3) M nhm (Group ID): s nhn din nhm. y l s vi n h thng nhn din cc
nhm mt cch ni b. 0 ch l mt m c lu gi dnh cho nhm gc (cc qun
tr vin).
4) Danh sch ngi s dng: cc tn ca nhng ngi s dng thuc v nhm, c
tch bch nhau bng du phy. Mc d tt c nhng ngi s dng nn thuc v mt
nhm c th (c ch nh trong trng th 4 ca tp passwd), th trng ny c th
c s dng cho nhng ngi s dng ca cc nhm khc c cng cc quyn y
ht nh ca nhm theo yu cu.

shadow

1) ng nhp (login): n nn l tn y ht nh c s dng trong tp passwd.

2) Mt khu c m ha.
3) Ngy thng, k t 01/01/1970, cho ti khi mt khu c thay i ln cui.
4) Ngy thng i qua trc khi mt khu c th c thay i.
5) Ngy thng i qua trc khi mt khu nn c thay i.
6) Ngy thng trc khi mt khu ht hn khi ngi s dng c lu thay i n.
7) Ngy thng c th i qua sau khi ht hn mt khu, trc khi ti khon ca ngi s
dng b kha (tr phi mt khu c thay i).
8) Ngy, k t 01/01/1970, khi ti khon b kha.
9) Trng d phng.

Ngy thng trong cc h

thng UNIX
Trong cc h thng UNIX,
ngy thng thng c ch
ra theo s giy tri qua k
t ngy 01/01/1970.

Khi mt ngi s dng vo h thng, anh ta c t trong th mc

home v trnh bin dch shell c thit lp cu hnh chy c.
Ngi s dng by gi c th bt u lm vic. Ch gc root ca h
thng (hoc nhng ngi s dng nhm root) c quyn iu khin thng tin ca ngi s dng

Trang 28/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

v nhm, ng k v b ng k chng... C nhiu lnh lm vic vi iu ny. Hn na, mi

mt ngi s dng c vi tham s cho vic qun l tt c cc trng chng ta thy trc . Sau
y, chng ta s xem xt mt s cc lnh :

adduser:

iu ny cho php chng ta thm mt ngi s dng

mi vo h thng. Cch thm n (nu chng ta khng ch nh
bt k th g khc) c th c cu hnh trong tp
/etc/adduser.conf. Mt s la chn khc nhau c th c
ch nh bng vic tham chiu ti th mc home, trnh bin dch
s c s dng...

useradd:

usermod:

chfn:

chsh:

deluser:

userdel:

passwd:

addgroup:

cho php chng ta thm mt nhm vo h thng.

groupadd:

y ht nh lnh trc, nhng vi cc tham s khc.

groupmod:

cho php chng ta sa thng tin (tn v GID) ca mt nhm c bit no .

delgroup:

groupdel:

gpasswd:

to mt ngi s dng mi hoc thay i cu hnh

mc nh ca ngi s dng. Lnh ny v lnh trc c th
c s dng hon thnh cc nhim v ht nh nhau.

Khu phn a
i vi cc h thng vi
hng trm ngi s dng th
ni chung trin khai mt
s dng c ch hn ch
khng gian a m tng c
ch c th s dng. Trong
cc h thng GNU/Linux, h
thng ny c gi l khu
phn (quota).

vi lnh ny chng ta c th sa hu ht cc trng trong tp

nh th mc home, trnh bin dch shell, thi im ht hn mt khu...

passwd

shadow,

thay i thng tin c nhn ca ngi s dng trong cc trng bnh lun ca tp
passwd.
thay i trnh bin dch shell ca ngi s dng.

hn ch mt ngi s dng i vi h thng, xa hoc lu tt c cc tp ca ngi

s dng ph thuc vo cc tham s chng ta thit lp, vi mt bn sao lu ca chng
hoc khng... Cu hnh c s dng mc nh vi lnh ny c ch nh trong tp
/etc/deluser.conf.
lnh vi y ht cc kh nng nh lnh trn.

chng ta c th s dng n thay i mt khu, thng tin v s ht hn ca mt

khu ca mt ngi s dng hoc kha hay m kha cho mt ti khon c bit no .

loi b mt nhm nht nh no . Nu mt ngi s dng vn cn trong nhm

gc ban u, th nhm khng th b loi b.
nh trong trng hp trc.

chng ta c th s dng n thay i mt khu nhm.

bit ngi s dng no chng ta c th s dng lnh whoami, m s ch ra s ng nhp ca

chng ta. groups cho php chng ta bit cc nhm no chng ta thuc v v id s ch cho chng ta
ngi s dng v cc nhm. Cng th v c kh nng tr thnh ngi s dng khc m khng
phi thot khi phin (lnh login hoc su) hoc thay i cc nhm vi lnh newgrp. Chng ta
ch nn s dng lnh ny khi chng ta khng thuc v nhm theo yu cu v bit mt khu (m nn

Trang 29/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

phi c kch hot trong tp group). Nu tt c iu chng ta cn l cc quyn ca nhm theo yu

cu chy mt lnh c th, th chng ta cng c th s dng sg.
Tnh linh hot ca GNU/Linux
Nh chng ta c th thy, vi GNU/Linux chng ta c hn mt cch thc trin khai cc nhim v nht nh.
y l tip cn tng th ca h thng: chng ta c th sa cc tp trc tip v t chng ta sa chng, bng vic
s dng mt s lnh ang tn ti, t chng ta to ra chng... Tt nhin, chng ta cng c th chn nhng g
chng ta thch nht.

Nh chng ta nhc ti trc , GNU/Linux l mt h iu hnh a ngi s dng, ngha l bt

k lc no cng c th c vi ngi s dng c kt ni ti h thng cng mt lc. bit c
c nhng ngi s dng no bt k thi im c th no, chng ta c th s dng lnh who, n s
ch cho chng ta danh sch nhng ngi s dng trong h thng. w, n cng ch cho chng ta nhng
g chng ang lm. Chng ta c th giao tip vi chng bng vic s dng lnh write, vi n thng
ip m chng ta vit trong mn hnh ca ngi s dng c th hoc wall s xut hin, vit ni
dung ca tp m chng ta ch nh cho tt c nhng ngi s dng trong h thng. kch hot
hoc gii hot la chn ca cc thng ip nhn c th chng ta c lnh mesg. Chng ta cng c
th c mt gin c nhn vi mt ngi s dng bng vic s dng lnh talk.

2.3. H thng tp
2.3.1. Tn ti trt t ca h thng tp
Bt k h iu hnh no cng cn lu v s cc tp: t cc tp cu hnh h thng, ti cc tp lu k
hoc cc tp ca ngi s dng ... Ni chung, mi h iu hnh s dng h thng tp ca ring
mnh c trng cho n trong nhiu kha cnh, nh hiu nng, an ninh, tin cy ... GNU/Linux c
kh nng c v ghi cc tp vi bt k h thng tp no hin ang tn ti, d i vi root ca ring
n v cc th mc chnh th n i hi mt h thng tp cho php cc hot ng nht nh. Ni
chung, chng ta s dng dng ext2, ext3 hoc ReiserFS. H thng tp ext2 l ph bin nht v c
s dng rng ri. Hiu nng ca n l kh tt, n kt hp tt c cc dng c ch, an ninh v tinh
chnh v rt tin cy. H thng tp ext3 l s tin ha ca n v kt hp mt cng ngh c bit ti
nh l ghi nht k (journaling). Mt trong nhng u im chnh ca cng ngh ny l nu vic cung
cp in b ct v my tnh tt khng ng cch, th cc h thng phc hi tp l c hiu qu hn.
ReiserFS l mt dng mi ca h thng c kt hp cc cng ngh thit k mi lm cho n nhanh
hn. Trong qu trnh ci t, h iu hnh s hi chng ta trong 3 h thng tp th chng ta mun
s dng ci no. Thng thng, chng ta s s dng ext2 hoc ext3 v chng c kim th hn
nhiu so vi ReiserFS.
H thng tp
H thng tp l chng trnh (hoc cc module ca nhn h iu hnh) c trch nhim cho tt c cc hot ng
c lin quan ti vic iu khin cc tp v lu tr. Chng l nhng chc nng lm vic vi cc thit b lu tr
vt l ca my tnh, nh a cng.

Mt c tnh rt quan trng ca tt c cc h iu hnh da vo UNIX l tt c cc thit b h thng

c th c iu khin dng nh chng l cc tp. Nh vy, khi chng ta mun truy cp ni dung
ca mt a CD, a mm hoc bt k thit b lu tr no khc, th chng ta s phi kch hot
(mount) n trong mt th mc h thng ang tn ti ri v s nh v thng qua n dng nh n
ch l mt tp na (s dng cc n v khc nh A:, B:, C:, D:, ... l mt s ch tn ti trong dng

Trang 30/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

cc h iu hnh Windows.
H thng tp ext2
H thng tp ext2 tng c thit k iu khin cc tp nh, l nhng g mt h iu hnh c xu hng c
nhiu hn, nhanh hn. Khng tht tt iu khin v vn hnh cc tp a phng tin ln, mc d chng ta
lun c th tinh chnh mt cht ty bin thch nghi n cho cc nhu cu ca chng ta.

iu u tin chng ta cn hiu r l bt k h thng tp no cng bt u t gc root y ht, m

chng ta tham chiu ti vi k t /. y l gc ca ton b h thng tp v ch c mt. t chc
ng cc tp, h thng cung cp nhng g chng ta gi l cc th mc, ni chng ta c th t cc
tp v nhiu hn cc th mc. iu ny cho php chng ta c c mt t chc c tn ti trt t nh
c ch ra trong hnh sau:

Hnh 2.1

2.3.2. Cc th mc h thng
Hu ht cc h iu hnh trong th trng tun theo tiu chun FHS, n ch nh cc c tnh chnh
m bt k h iu hnh no cng c. Chng bao gm cch chng ta nn phn phi cc tp ca
chng ta trong cc th mc t chc chng ng v c kh nng tm kim chng nhanh chng v
d dng. Hu ht cc pht tn da vo GNU/Linux tun theo nhng khuyn co v chng ta c
th thy cc th mc chnh sau y:

/bin/:

cc lnh c bn cho tt c nhng ngi s dng h thng.

/boot/:

/dev/:

cc thit b h thng.

/etc/:

cc tp cu hnh h thng v cc ng dng c ci t trong h thng.

cc tp tnh c yu cu cho vic khi ng h thng.

Trang 31/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

/home/:

th mc cho cc tp gc home ca ngi s dng.

/lib/:

cc th vin c bn cho nhn ca h thng v cc module ca n.

/mnt/:

im kch hot tm thi cho cc thit b.

/proc/:

cc qui trnh v cc bin ca nhn h thng...

/root/:

th mc gc home cho gc root ca h thng.

/sbin/:

cc lnh c bn cho root ca h thng.

/tmp/:

/usr/:

/var/:

cc tp tm thi. Ph thuc vo pht tn (hoc cu hnh) m chng ta s dng th

chng b xa khi h thng c khi ng hoc sau mi chu k thi gian nht nh.
cu trc tn ti trt t th 2, c s dng cho vic lu gi tt c cc phn mm c
ci t trong h thng.
th mc cho vic in tin ch spooler, cc tp lu k...

c khuyn co cao phi lu gi v khng loi b bt k th mc no (hoc nhng th mc

m pht tn ca chng ta ang s dng c to ra mt cch mc nh), v chng l c bn cho vic
vn hnh ng ca h thng. Thng thng, cc qui trnh ci t ng dng mi i hi t chc ny
v nhiu tp cu hnh chng trnh cn phi c nm trong cc th mc nht nh. Nhng g
chng ta c th lm m khng c bt k dng hn ch no l to ra nhng th mc mi trong root
ca h thng hoc trong bt k th mc no khc.

2.3.3. Dch chuyn

dch chuyn quanh cu trc cc th mc, chng ta cn s dng cc lnh lit k cc ni dung
v thay i cc th mc. Khi chng ta vo h thng, ng nhp s thng t chng ta vo th mc
home ca chng ta, m thng c tham chiu ti vi k t ~. Nu chng ta mun thy c g
trong th mc chng ta ang ng, th chng ta hy lit k cc ni dung bn vic s dng lnh
ls. Chng ta nn nh rng mc nh th lnh s khng ch ra cho chng ta cc tp bt u vi
du chm. Bng vic s dng tham s -a th tt c cc tp s c lit k. Trong tt c cc th mc
c mt du chm . v ci khc c du ... Du chm tham chiu ti th mc hin hnh, trong khi
2 du chm tham chiu ti th mc ngay bn trn th mc hin hnh mt cp (trong cy tn ti trt
t). Thng thng, khi chng ta ang ng gc root ca h thng tp, th .. s khng tn ti v
chng ta ang ng mc cao nht ri.
thay i th mc chng ta c th s dng lnh cd. Nu chng ta khng thm bt k tham s no
th chng ta s c a v th mc home ca chng ta mt cch mc nh. Thng thng, chng
ta c xu hng ch ra ni chng ta mun ti, theo cch tng i hoc tuyt i. Theo cch tng
i, n c ngha l chng ta s bt u t th mc m chng ta ang ng thi im ang thc
hin lnh. V d, nu chng ta ng trong th mc /usr/bin/ v chng ta mun i ti /root/, th
chng ta nn vo lnh sau: cd ../../root (2 du chm u ch /usr/ v 2 du chm sau ch gc
root / ca h thng, t chng ta c th truy cp c /root/). Theo cch tuyt i, chng ta lun
bt u t gc root, ngha l lnh chng ta c th s dng trong v d trc c th l: cd /root.
bit th mc no chng ta ang ng th chng ta c th s dng lnh pwd.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

2.3.4. Cc lin kt
Cc c ch khc m hu ht cc h thng tp cung cp c bit nh l cc ng lin kt. Mt lin
kt l mt cu ni ti mt tp hoc th mc thuc v h thng; mt tham chiu chng ta c th t
bt k ni u chng ta mun v hnh ng nh mt s truy cp trc tip ti bt k th g khc.
C ch ny cho php chng ta truy cp cc tp hoc th mc nhanh hn v thun tin hn, khng
phi dch chuyn qua trt t cc th mc. Hy xem xt iu ny bng mt v d: hy tng tng
rng chng ta l mt ngi s dng (user1) thng xuyn cn truy cp th mc
/usr/share/man/man3/. Thay v vit lnh di a chng ta ti th mc theo yu cu mi ln
chng ta cn i ti , th chng ta c th to ra mt lin kt trong th mc ca chng ta m ngay
lp tc ti nh hng chng ta i ti . Lnh ln -s /usr/share/man/man3 mmm c th to chic
cu ny cho chng ta, c gi l mmm. Ngi s dng ch cn vit (t th mc home) cd mmm v h
thng s t ng ti nh hng anh hoc ch ta ti /usr/share/man/man3. Quan trng phi nh
trong u rng khi thc lin mt lnh cd .. i ti th mc trn, th chng ta c th quay v
th mc home v khng ti c usr/share/man/, v chng ta truy cp n t lin kt ca chng
ta. Chng ta c th trc quan ha s ny bng ha nh sau:

Hnh 2.2
Khi chng ta to ra lin kt trong v d trc m chng ta a
To cc lin kt cng
vo tham s -s cho lnh . iu ny ch ra rng chng ta mong mun Mt lin kt cng ch c th
to ra mt lin kt c tnh biu tng. Cc lin kt c tnh biu tng c to ra gia cc tp hoc
c ngha rng chng ta ch va to ra mt con tr hoc cu ni ti tp cc th mc trong cng y ht
hoc th mc, sao cho nu chng ta xa tp ch, th lin kt c th ch n v v c ch ni b c
s dng qun l chng.
ti u . Nu chng ta khng thm tham s -s vo th chng ta c
th to ra nhng g c bit ti nh l mt lin kt cng m, khng
ging nh lin kt trc , to ra mt s trng lp ca tp . Trong
thc t, v mt ni b n khng chnh xc l mt s p bn; ging nh l 2 khon ch ti cng mt
d liu y ht. iu ny c ngha l nu chng ta sa 1 trong 2 lin kt, th ci kia s l y ht. u th
ca dng lin kt ny l nu chng ta xa 1 trong 2 bn sao ca tp , th ci kia s vn c gi

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

li. Dng lin kt ny thng khng c s dng v n lm phc tp cho s qun l v iu khin
tp (lun tt hn c mt bn sao duy nht ca cc tp). Hn na, nu chng ta to ra mt lin kt
cng cho mt th mc, th tt c cc tp v th mc con bn trong n cng c th s c tham
chiu ti. V l do ny, ch gc root ca h thng c th to cc lin kt cng ti cc th mc. S
khc bit khc l vi mt lin kt c tnh biu tng m chng ta c th thy tp no chng ta ang
tr ti, nhng vi mt lin kt cng th chng ta khng th (v c ch c s dng mt cch ni b
i vi chng).

2.3.5. Cc quyn
Trong bt k h iu hnh a ngi s dng no chng ta cng cn cc tp c lu gi trong a
ca chng ta c mt lot cc tnh nng cho php chng ta thy chng, sa i chng hoc chy
chng cho nhng ngi s dng m chng ta xc nh. Mc d c vi la chn thay th cho vic
lu tr iu ny, th GNU/Linux s dng h thng c in cho nhng ngi s dng v nhm, cho
php chng ta bt k cu hnh c kh nng no. Nhng g lm chng ta quan tm l xc nh, i
vi mi tp hoc th mc, ngi s dng v nhm no n thuc v v cc quyn no n c cho
tng trong s cc tp v th mc , cng nh cho phn cn li ca nhng ngi s dng h thng.
Bng vic thc hin lnh ls -1 chng ta thy cch trong mi tp v th mc m chng ta ng
trong, mt dng tng t nh sau xut hin:
-rwxr-xr-x 1 user1 group1 128931 Feb 19 2000 gpl.txt

10 k t u tin (bt u t bn tri) ni cho chng ta quyn ca tp nh sau:

K t 1: n ni cho chng ta liu l mt tp hay th mc. Nu l mt tp, th k t -

s c hin th, cn nu l th mc th k t d s hin th.

K t 2, 3, 4: ni cho chng ta, mt cch tng ng, cc quyn c, ghi v chy i vi

ngi ch s hu tp. Trong trng hp khng c quyn tng ng no c php, th
chng ta s thy k t - nu khng th l r, w hoc x, ph thuc vo vic nu chng
ta c th c, ghi hay chy. Nu quyn ch l x, khi chng trnh c chy th n s lm
vi cc quyn ca ngi no khi xng n.

K t 5, 6, 7: nhng k t ny c chnh xc ngha y ht nh cc k t trn, nhng tham

chiu ti cc quyn c trao cho nhng ngi s dng ca nhm m tp thuc v.

K t 8, 9 v 10: nh trng hp trn, nhng cho nhng ngi s dng khc ca h thng.
Sau 10 k t chng ta c mt con s ni cho chng ta s cc ng lin kt cng m tp
c. i vi cc th mc, con s ny ch ra c bao nhiu th mc trong cng nh s
lng cc lin kt cng m n c (khi khng c g, th s l 2, v nhng l do qun l ni
b ca h iu hnh).

Tip theo chng ta xem ch s hu tp v nhm, theo sau l kch c m n chim (theo byte) v
ngy thng m n ln cui c sa i. i vi tt c cc tp th ngy thng to, truy cp v sa
i ln cui c lu gi, m chng ta c th iu khin bng vic s dng lnh touch. Cui cng
chng ta c tn tp, trong trng hp nhy cm v chng ta c th c bt k dng k t no m
khng c bt k vn g.
C ch thit lp m ngi s dng SetUserId
C ch SetUserId l rt hu dng khi mt chng trnh i hi cc quyn ch s hu truy cp ti cc tp

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

nht nh hoc trin khai mt s dng hot ng trong h thng. Trong mi trng hp, chng ta cn rt
thn trng vi dng tp ny v n c th gy ra nhng hng hc v an ninh h thng nu s dng khng ng.

thay i cc quyn ca mt tp c th, chng ta c th s dng lnh chmod. Chng ta cn nh

rng ch ngi ch s hu tp (hoc gc root) mi c th thay i cc quyn ny, v nu khng, c
ch c th khng cn ngha na. Chng ta c th s dng lnh ny theo nhiu cch khc nhau,
nhng 2 cch thng dng nht l nh sau:

Cch s dng th nht l dng ca chmod XXX file name (tn tp). Cc ch X phi l 3 con
s t 0 n 7. S u tin ch cc quyn chng ta mun thit lp cho ngi s dng, s th 2
cho nhm v s th 3 cho tt c nhng th khc. dch cc quyn m chng ta s p dng
c s dng cc s t 0 ti 7 mt cch ng n, chng ta cn s dng s biu din nh phn
ca s theo yu cu, ngha l s u s ch cc quyn ghi, s th 2 ch quyn c v s
th 3 ch quyn chy. Trong tng trng hp, 0 c ngha l quyn theo yu cu khng c
a ra v 1 l c. Chng ta c th thy mi quan h ny trong bng sau:
Bng 2.1

Trnh by thp phn

Trnh by nh phn

ngha

000

...

001

..x

010

-w-

011

-wx

100

r--

101

r-x

110

rw-

111

rwx

Cch khc s dng lnh ny l ch dt khot quyn m chng ta mun p dng hoc loi b
i vi tp . Cch lm ny l bng vic trc ht ch nh, liu chng ta c tham chiu ti
cc quyn ca ngi s dng, hay nhm, hay tt c nhng th
khc hay khng, vi cc k t u, g hoc o mt cch Chnh sch an ninh tp
tng ng. Sau , chng ta s b sung thm mt du cng (+) Nu nhng ngi s dng
hoc du tr (-) ph thuc vo vic liu chng ta c mun thm c php thay i ch s
hoc hn ch thuc tnh , m chng ta s ch nh vi r, hu tp, thi an ninh ca h
c th b tn thng,
w, x hoc s (ci sau l trong trng hp ca SetUserId). thng
v cc hnh ng c hi c
Hn na, chng ta c th trin khai tt c nhng kt hp c kh th c trin khai v sau
nng, tham chiu ti hn 1 quyn v/hoc ngi s dng. V ch s hu tp thay
d, chmod go+r gpl.txt c th trao mt quyn c cho nhm i ti cho ngi s
dng khc.
v nhng ngi s dng khc i vi tp gpl.txt.

thay i ch s hu tp, chng ta c lnh chown, c th ch c root s dng v cc l do an

ninh. thay i nhm ca mt tp c bit, chng ta c th s dng lnh chgrp. V chng ta c
th tng tng, khi mt ngi s dng to mt tp mi, th h thng s t ngi s dng m to
ra n nh l ngi ch s hu v ch nh n l thuc v nhm ban u ca ngi s dng . Cc
quyn c thit lp mc nh khi mt tp c to ra c th c cu hnh thng qua lnh umask,

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

m chng ta s phi trao cng y ht k hiu ca 3 s thp phn t 0 ti 7 nh chng ta xem xt

trn nhng vi cc ph kin. V d, nu chng ta mun cc tp ca chng ta s c khi to vi
cc quyn rwr--r--, th chng ta nn vit umask 133.

2.3.6. Vic iu khin, cc mu v tm kim

By gi chng ta bit cch di chuyn ph hp qua cc th mc mt cch c tn ti trt t, chng
ta cng cn bit cch sao chp, loi b v iu khin cc kha cnh khc ca tp theo ng cch.
Lnh rm l mt lnh chng ta s dng loi b cc tp chng ta ch
nh. loi b mt th mc, chng ta c th s dng lnh rmdir, d C php mu
n s ch xa c th mc mt khi th mc rng (nu chng ta C php mu c th rt phc
tp, cho php chng ta tham
mun xa hon ton mt th mc v tt c cc ni dung ca n, th chiu ti bt k tp hp tp
chng ta c th s dng lnh rm r). sao chp cc tp t ch ny no m chng ta mun.
sang ch khc, chng ta c lnh cp, cn phi c ni tp hoc th mc
gc ban u no v ch hoc tn ca ch n, thm ch nu l bn trong th mc hin hnh. V
th, nu chng ta mun sao chp tp /home/user1/gpl.txt vo th mc hin hnh (v vi cng
tn) th chng ta nn g cp /home/user1/gpl.txt, ngha l s dng du chm (.). Nu thay vo
vic sao chp cc tp chng ta mun chuyn chng, chng ta c th s dng lnh mv. Mt c ch
rt hu dng c h thng a ra l cc mu. Cho ti nay chng ta xem cch trin khai nhng
hot ng nht nh trong mt tp c th. Khi chng ta ang iu khin mt h thng, th chng ta
s thng c quan tm trong vic p dng mt trong nhng hnh ng m chng ta xem xt,
nhng qua mt nhm ln cc tp. Cc mu s cho php chng ta p dng cc hot ng m chng
ta mun ch nh vi ch mt lnh cho vi tp m tha mn mt lot cc c tnh nht nh. Chng
ta nn xem xt chng nh nhng mu template cc tn, vi k t * c ngha bt k chui k t c
kh nng no v vi du ? phc v nh mt i din cho bt k k t no. V th, nu chng ta
mun lit k tt c cc tp bt u vi s, i theo sau bt k k t no khc, ri tip n l mt k
t a, v sau bt k chui no khc, th chng ta c th s dng ls s?a*. Gia cc du [ ] c
th a vo cc k t khc, ch ra rng mu l thnh cng nu chng ta thy mt trong s chng
trong tn. V d, nu chng ta mun tham chiu ti tt c cc tp bt u bng a hoc b v tip
tc vi bt k chui no khc m chng ta c th vit mu [ab]*. Nu sau [ m chng ta g k
t ! ([!ab]*) th chng ta c th ch nh mu trng vi bt k tp no khng bt u vi a hoc
b. Cui cng, gip cho nhng tm kim nht nh, bn trong [ ] chng ta c th ch nh cc
lp k t nh sau: [:class:], trong lp class c th l bt k th g c ch ra trong bng sau:
Bng 2.2
Lp

ngha

Lp

ngha

alnum

[A-Za-z0-9]

alpha

[A-Za-z]

blank

[\]

cntrl

control cars (cc t kim sot)

digit

[0-9A-Fa-f]

graph

printable cars (cc t in c - khng c du trng)

lower

[a-z]

print

printable cars (cc t in c - c du trng)

punct

[.,i!?:;]...

space

[]

upper

[A-Z]

xdigit

[-9A-Fa-f]

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

A-Z ch cc k t t A ti Z, \t l b lp bng v \n l nui dng.

Tt nhin, chng ta c th s dng cc mu vi bt k lnh no m chng ta thy v hu ht
chng l nhng th chng ta s xem xt tip sau y. Hn na, hu ht cc lnh lit k, loi
b, sao chp... cc tp cng c th c thc hin nh k. V th, u vo v s chy ca lnh
tng ng s c thc hin trong tt c cc tp v th mc t nhng
ni chng ta ng cho ti khi chng ta ti c mc cui cng trong Lnh Updatedb order
Nu chng ta mun cp nht
tn ti trt t ca h thng.
c s d liu c s dng lnh

Dng hot ng rt hu dng khc l tm kim tp. Chng ta c vi locate, th chng ta c th s

lnh cho php chng ta thc hin cc dng tm kim khc nhau qua tt dng aupdatedb order.
c cc tp h thng.
Bng 2.3
find

locate

whereis

y l lnh linh hot nht cho vic thc thi hot ng ny. N cho php chng ta lc
cc tp tm ra nhng tp vi tn c bit, c sa i hoc c to ra trong mt
ngy c th, c cc quyn nht nh... Nhc im duy nht l n khng s dng bt
k dng c ch no tng tc tm kim, ngha l n c th mt kh lu thi gian.
y l mt lnh khc, khng ging lnh trn, s dng mt c s d liu ni b
thng xuyn c cp nht, cho php chng ta thc hin tm kim nhanh hn. Chng
ta cn nh rng cc kt qu s khng lun c cp nht, tuy nhin, b sung thm vo
thc t rng chng ta khng th tin hnh tm kim linh hot c vi find.
Cui cng, whereis c nh hng vo vic tm kim cc tp nh phn (c kh nng
chy c), hn l cc tp m ngun cho mt chng trnh c bit.

2.3.7. Dng v ni dung tp

Chng ta c th c cc dng tp khc nhau trong h thng ca chng
ta: cc tp chy c, vn bn, d liu... Khng ging nh cc h
thng khc, s dng m rng tp xc nh dng tp, GNU/Linux s
dng mt h thng gi l cc s ma thut (magic number), m qua mt
s ma thut xc nh dng tp i vi d liu ca n (mt lot kim
th c chy xc nh dng tp l g). Lnh file ch ra iu ny.

Phn m rng tp
S dng phn m rng tp
xc nh dng tp no chng
ta c khng phi l rt c hiu
qu, v bt k ai cng c th
thay i n to ra s ln
ln v cc li ca h thng.

Nu chng ta cn thy ni dung mt tp, mt trong nhng lnh c bn

l cat. Bng vic truyn tn hoc cc tn tp m chng ta mun thy, n s hin th chng trn mn
hnh. Chng ta nn c gng khng ch ra cc tp d liu hoc chy c trn mn hnh, v vic gt
b cc k t khng in c c th lm cho bng iu khin (console) y cc k t khng th hiu
(chng ta c th lun khi to li c bng vic g vo reset hoc tset). i vi cc tp rt ln,
tt hn ht l s dng cc lnh less hoc more, cho php chng ta dch chuyn tng dn tng nc
qua tp. Nu tp l ng nh phn v chng ta mun thy nhng g n cha, th chng ta c th
s dng cc lnh hexdump hoc od thy ni dung nh dng s h 16 (hexadecimal) hoc cc
trnh by khc. string s tm kim cc chui k t bn trong mt tp nh phn cho chng ta v hin
th chng trn mn hnh.
Mt dng khc ca cc lnh hu dng l nhng lnh m tm kim mt mu nht nh trong ni

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

dung tp. Vi lnh grep, chng ta c th thm tn tp nh l tham s th 2 v khi tham s u l

mu m chng ta mun tm kim (s dng c php m chng ta xem xt trc , c m rng
cho cc la chn khc). Hn na, lnh ny cho php chng ta thc hin nhiu nhim v khc, nh
tnh ti s dng trong mu xut hin (tham s -c)... Vi cut chng ta c th tch ring ni dung
ca mi dng tp trong cc trng ch nh cc tp tch, m l rt hu dng cho vic t ng ha
cc nhim v qun tr h thng. Chng ta cng c th ly mt s dng c bit t u ti cui ca
mt tp, bng vic s dng cc lnh head v tail, mt cch tng ng. Vi lnh wc chng ta c th
tnh s lng cc dng ch, di ti a ca dng tp... Cui cng, kt thc phn nh ny v
iu khin tp, chng ta s xem xt cch so snh cc tp khc nhau. Nh vi tt c cc hot ng
khc, chng ta c vi lnh lm vic ny. diff,cmp v comm thc hin cc dng so snh khc
nhau, c s dng cc phng php khc nhau i vi cc tp m chng ta ch nh. sdiff, cng cho
php c trn, khi chng ta chn.

2.4. Cc tin trnh

Thc t h iu hnh l a nhim ng rng chng ta c th khi to Qun l cc tin trnh
hn mt chng trnh cng mt lc. Mt tin trnh khng g hn l Qun l tin trnh l mt kha
mt chng trnh hoc ng dng c ti ln b nh v s c chy. cnh sng cn ca h iu
Mc d my tnh ca chng ta c th ch c 1 CPU, th h iu hnh c hnh, v n xc nh thi gian
tr li ng dng ca chng ta,
trch nhim chia s thi gian x l sao cho vi tin trnh c th trin thi gian s dng CPU v b
khai cc hot ng ca chng, trao n tng rng chng tt c ang nh c hiu qu.
c chy cng mt lc. nhn din tng tin trnh mt cch r
rng, nhn h thng ch nh chng mt s m PID (M nhn din tin trnh - Process
IDentification). Mc d chng ta c th ngh v vic tham chiu ti chng ch bng tn, th s ny l
c bn v cch ny chng ta c th chy c cng y ht chng trnh bao nhiu ln ty thch, v
cng chy nhng ci t khc nhau ca n. bit c cc tin trnh no ang c chy, chng
ta c th s dng lnh ps. khai thc c ch cc tin trnh ny su hn, chng ta s tho lun mt
s tham s m chng ta c th p dng cho lnh ny chi tit hn:

T:

la chn ny ti mt cch mc nh v ni cho chng ta rng chng ta s c thy ch

nhng chng trnh no ang c chy trong my u cui m chng ta c hoc t cc
tin trnh c khi xng.

-a:

-:

-l:

ch cho chng ta cc tin trnh ca tt c cc my u cui ca h thng.

ch cho chng ta tt c cc tin trnh ca h thng. Nu chng ta chy lnh ny, th chng
ta s thy rng b sung thm vo cc chng trnh ang c nhng ngi s dng cho
chy, cn c nhng tin trnh khc na. Nhiu trong s chy cc chc nng theo yu cu
ca h iu hnh hot ng ng, nhng tin trnh khc c cu hnh nh cc my ch
ng dng
n hin th thng tin tng cng cho tng tin trnh, nh thi gian CPU c s dng,
my u cui trong n c chy... Trong ct 2 chng ta cng c th thy tnh trng ca
tin trnh. Mc d h thng c th c nhiu tin trnh ang c chy cng mt lc, th iu
ny khng c ngha l tt c chng i hi thi gian khng i ca CPU. V d, khi cc
trang web ca mt my ch khng c yu cu, th n khng cn thc hin bt k hot ng
no c. Mc d trong b nh sn sng chy thi im n nhn c mt yu cu, th tt

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

hn cho n khng truyn qua CPU bt k lc no, v CPU c th sau c s dng cho
cc tin trnh khc m cn ti n. V ni b, h iu hnh c mt lot cc c ch rt hiu
qu c trin khai cho vic qun l tt c cc dng hot ng . V th, mt tin trnh c
th c bt k tnh trng no sau y (c hin th vi k t tng ng):

D:

tin trnh khng lin tc. Dng tin trnh ny thng c xu hng thuc v u
vo/u ra ca mt s thit b m c th b nguy hi nu khng c chm sc.

R:

S:

T:

Z:

tin trnh m khi lnh c chy th cng s c chy, ni cch khc, tt c chng
nm trong hng i chy. Hng i chy tin trnh l ni chng ta t tt c cc tin
trnh chia s thi gian ca CPU.
tin trnh ng im hoc treo mt s dng s kin i vi h thng nh thc n v
t n vo hng i chy.
tin trnh b dng v ngi s dng hoc h thng.

tin trnh ma (na sng na cht): tnh trng ny ch rng tin trnh c mt s dng
hng hc v khng lm vic ng. Thng th, tt hn l loi b dng tin trnh ny.

Lnh rt hu dng khc l top, n ni cho chng ta mt cch tng tc v cc tin trnh ca
h thng, s dng CPU, b nh t do v c s dng, RAM c tng tin trnh s dng...
Chng trnh ny l rt ph hp khi h thng khng p ng ph hp hoc khi chng ta lu
thy mt li l, v n gip chng ta nhanh chng tm thy tin trnh ang tc ng tiu cc
ti hiu nng ca h thng.

Nh chng ta thy, h thng ni cho chng ta v tt c cc kha cnh

c kh nng ca cc tin trnh h thng. Hn na, chng ta c th gi iu khin tin trnh
cc tn hiu nht nh ti cc tin trnh thng bo cho chng v mt Vi cc lnh iu khin tin
trnh chng ta c th trin khai
s s kin, b chng ra khi hng i chy, loi b chng, trao cho bt k hnh ng no chng ta
chng u tin cao hn... Bit cch iu khin tt c cc kha cnh quan tm: t vic tm dng
ng n cng rt quan trng, v n s cho php chng ta s dng cc tin trnh ca mt ngi
my tnh ca chng ta c hiu qu hn. V d, nu chng ta l cc s dng c bit, cho ti vic
qun tr vin ca mt trung tm tnh ton, ni m hu ht cc ng dng loi b nhng tin trnh chng
ta khng quan tm hoc thc
c chy i hi nhiu thi gian ca CPU, chng ta c th cu hnh hin mt s chim dng thi
cho h thng sao cho cc ng dng cp bch nht c chy vi u gian CPU hn na chy
tin cao hn so vi cc ng dng khc v kt thc trc. Lnh kill nhanh hn.
cho php chng ta gi cc tn hiu ti cc tin trnh trong chng ta
c quan tm. Ni chung, tt c cc chng trnh c thit k nhn
dng tn hiu ny. V th, ph thuc vo dng tn hiu nhn c, Lnh trap
chng s bit dng hot ng no thc hin. C nhiu dng tn hiu iu khin cc tn hiu
trong mt shell script (trnh
khc nhau m chng ta c th thy trong sch ch dn ca lnh kill, bin dch script) (xem sau
mc d cc lnh thng c s dng nht l cc lnh bt buc mt cch lp trnh chng), chng
tin trnh phi kt thc hoc tm dng s chy ca n. Vi tn hiu ta c th s dng lnh trap.
TERM (kill -15 PID), chng ta ang ni cho tin trnh rng chng ta
mun n kt thc, sao cho khi n nhn c tn hiu th n s lu nhng g cn thit v kt thc
vic chy. Nu c mt s dng vn hoc chng trnh khng c chun b nhn dng tn
hiu ny, th chng ta c th s dng kill (kill -9 PID), s t ng t chi n khi hng i
chy. killall c s dng tham chiu ti tn ca vi tin trnh v cng lc thay v vic tham

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

chiu ti chng bng PID ca chng, v th, chng ta c th gi mt tn hiu cho tt c chng cng
mt lc. Vi lnh skill, chng ta cng c th gi cc tn hiu ti cc tin trnh, nhng s dng mt
c php khc. V d, nu chng ta mun dng tt c vic chy ca mt ngi s dng c th no
, chng ta c th s dng skill -stop -u LoginName, n c th lm dng tt c cc tin trnh
ca ngi s dng theo yu cu. khi to li chng mt ln na, chng ta c th s dng tn
hiu CONT. Khi chng ta ang chy mt chng trnh trong mt bng iu khin (console) v chng
ta mun gi mt tn hiu TERM cho n, chng ta c th s dng t hp phm Ctrl+C. Vi Ctrl+Z
chng ta c th tm dng mt chng trnh v nhn n vi fg.
Mt cch khc nhn vo cc tin trnh l t h thng tn ti trt t ca chng. Nh trong trng hp
ca h thng tp, cc tin trnh tun theo mt tn ti trt t nht nh t cha ti con. Bt k tin trnh
no cng phi c khi to t mt tin trnh khc, hoc bn thn trnh bin dch cc lnh, mi
trng ha..., to ra mt mi quan h cha - con. Vi lnh pstree th chng ta c th thy tn ti
trt t ny theo cc khon ha. Nu chng ta chy n, chng ta s thy cch m cha ca tt c
cc tin trnh c nhiu con, chng ta cng s git tt c cc con ca n. Chng ta cng c th s
dng n xc nh nhng ni m cc tin trnh chc chn bt u t ... Nu chng ta khng
truyn bt k tham s no vo lnh, mc nh n s nn tt cc cc tin trnh vi cng tn sao cho
khng ch ra mt cu trc qu ln, d iu ny cng c th cu hnh c trn c s cc tham s
ca n.
Tt c cc tin trnh h thng c mt u tin nht nh. Nh chng ta ni trc , u tin ny
ch ra thi gian CPU m tin trnh s c php. u tin ca tin trnh cng cao, th thi gian chy
n s c trong mi quan h vi phn cn li cng nhiu. Di cc u tin i t 20 ti 19, t cao hn
xung thp hn. khi to mt tin trnh vi mt u tin c bit, chng ta c th s dng lnh
nice. Nu chng ta mun trao mt u tin khc cho mt tin trnh v ang c chy, th chng
ta c th s dng renice. Ch gc root c th s dng di u tin tiu cc; iu ny chc chn rng
gc root lun c kh nng chy cc tin trnh nhanh hn so vi nhng ngi s dng. Mc nh, u
tin vi nhng chng trnh no c chy l 0. Mt kha cnh s c cn nhc l vi c ch
cc u tin ny th chng ta khng th o m thi gian chy thc t ca tin trnh v CPU c
chia s bi tt c cc tin trnh trong hng i chy. Trong cc trung tm tnh ton, trch nhim ph
thuc vo thi gian cc my c s dng, rt quan trng c kh nng o m kha cnh ny
mt cch chnh xc. V th, h thng a ra cho chng ta lnh time, khi chng ta truyn chng
trnh s c o m ti lnh , th tr v thi gian CPU thc m chng trnh s dng.

2.5. Cc lnh hu dng khc

2.5.1. Tr gip h thng
Nh chng ta nhc ti thng qua ti liu ny, tt c cc lnh c nhiu la chn v cc tham s
khc nhau sao cho chng ta c th iu khin chng nh chng ta mong mun. Ngay t u c
xem xt cn thn rng ti liu tt c th cn thit cho tt c chng. Cng vy, tt c thng tin ny
cn thit cho cc tp cu hnh h thng, cc ng dng mi m chng ta s dng... V th, bn thn
h thng kt hp mt c ch cc sch ch dn m chng ta c th t vn v hu ht bt k kha cnh
no ca cc chng trnh, tin ch, cc lnh v cc cu hnh ang tn ti. Lnh c s dng nhiu
nht l man, m ch cho chng ta hng dn i vi chng trnh m chng ta ch th nh mt tham
s. Mc nh, ti liu ny c ch ra thng qua chng trnh less, m chng ta c th s dng

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

tin v li bng vic s dng cc phm PgUp v PgDn, tm kim mt t bng vic s dng k t
/ c ng sau mt t (n tm kim nhng xut hin tip sau v N cho cc xut hin trc
), q ri khi... Cc ch dn h thng c chia thnh cc phn khc nhau:
1) Gi cc h thng c trnh bin dch (shell) cung cp.
2) Gi cc th vin h thng.
3) Ch nh cc tp (thng cho cc thit b).
4) Cc tp c bit (thng cho cc thit b).
5) nh dng ca cc tp cu hnh.
6) Cc tr chi.
7) Cc gi Macro.
8) Cc lnh qun tr h thng (thng ch gc root mi c th s dng chng).
9) Cc cng vic thng ngy ca nhn.
Nu c hn mt ch dn sn sng cho cng mt t, th c th s l c bit hn bng vic truyn s
tng ng ti phn chng ta mun trc mt t , v d man 3 printf. Nh vi tt c cc lnh,
man c v s cc la chn khc nhau c ghi thnh ti liu trong sch ch dn ca ring n ( man
man), m chng ta c th s dng cho nhng tm kim t ng, to ra mt tp ch dn nh dng in
c... Mt trong nhng la chn c th ti rt thun tin khi chng ta bit chnh xc chng
trnh no chng ta ang tm kim l -k (lnh apropos lm hu ht chnh xc y ht). Vi man -k m
ng sau c mt t tham chiu ti hnh ng chng ta mong mun trin khai, th mt tm kim s
c thc hin thng qua tt c cc sch ch dn ca h thng v tt c cc sch ch dn vi cc m
t hoc tn bao gm t c th s c ch ra. V th chng ta c th tm thy bt k th g
chng ta mun m khng phi dng ti mt cun sch hoc tham chiu no bn ngoi h thng.
Lnh mandb
tm kim nhanh, ng dng man s dng mt c s d liu ni b m s tm kim qua cc tp cha cc sch
ch dn v nh ch s chng mt cch ph hp. Nu chng ta mun cp nht sch ch dn ny (d thng bn
thn h thng lm iu ny mt cch t ng ri), th chng ta c th s dng lnh mandb.

Nu sch ch dn khng cung cp cho chng ta tt c thng tin m chng ta cn, th chng ta c th
s dng lnh info, n l y ht nh sch ch dn nhng thm ch cn rng ri hn. Nu tt c iu
chng ta mun l tham chiu ngn gn ti nhng g mt chng trnh, th vin... nht nh no
lm, th chng ta c th s dng lnh whatis.

2.5.2. ng gi v nn
Vic nn tp, nhm vi tp vo mt tp duy nht hoc xem nhng g mt tp nn c cha l nhng
nhim v m chng ta s trin khai thng xuyn to cc bn sao lu, chuyn cc tp t ch ny
sang ch khc ... Mc d c nhiu chng trnh khc nhau cho php chng ta trin khai dng cc
hot ng ny, thng th trong tt c cc h thng GNU/Linux chng ta s thy cng c tar.
Chng trnh ny cho php chng ta iu khin mt hoc vi tp theo bt k cch g nn chng,
nhm chng ... Mc d cc la chn l v tn v cc k mm do, y chng ta s gii thch ch
mt t cc la chn c bn hn sao cho chng ta c th c mt tng v nhng g chng ta c th

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

lm vi chng trnh ny. C php m n s dng l nh sau: tar options DestinationFile

OriginFile (tar cc la chn Tp-ch Tp-Gc), trong tp ch s l tp mi m chng ta
mun to ra v cc tp gc s nhng tp nhm li hoc nn li. Quan trng nh trong u
rng nu chng ta mun nhm ton b mt th mc, mc nh qui trnh l quy, ngha l khi
n c ng gi th n s bao trm tt c cc mc v nhm mi th n cha. to mt tp
mi, chng ta cn truyn tham s c, v nu chng ta mun lu n trong mt tp, th chng ta cn
truyn tham s f. V th, tar cf final.tar o* s ng gi tt c cc tp trong th mc hin hnh
m bt u bng mt k t o. Nu chng ta cng mun nn chng, th chng ta c th s dng
czf m c th s dng chng trnh gzip sau khi ng gi chng. m gi cho mt tp c th,
tham s chng ta cn l x, nn chng ta nn g tar xf ch ra tp c gi. Nu n c nn, th
chng ta s phi truyn xzf.
Mc d chng ta c th s dng tar nn cc tp, th ng dng ny khng c thit k t u
nn. Nh chng ta nhc ti, nn n s dng cc chng trnh bn ngoi nh gzip. Chng
trnh gzip s dng nh dng nn ca ring n khc vi trnh nn ph bin zip, m chng ta cng
c th s dng bng cch ci t ng dng tng ng. ng dng nn kh ph bin khc m a ra
cc kt qu kh tt l bzip2. Trong bng sau, chng ta c th thy phn m rng thng c s
dng nhn din nh dng no mt tp nn hoc ng gi s dng:
Bng 2.4
Phn m rng

.tar

.gz

.tgz

.bz2

.zip

.z

nh dng

tar

gzip

tar+gzip

bzip2

zip

compress

2.5.3. Cc hot ng ca a
Qun l v iu khin cc a cng my tnh l kha cnh c bn khc ca cc nhim v qun tr h
thng. Mc d sau ny chng ta s xem xt cch thit lp cu hnh ph hp cho cc a m chng ta
ci t trong my tnh, th trong phn nh ny chng ta s tho lun v cc lnh theo yu cu
c c thng tin v chng. Tt c cc a cng c chia thnh cc phn vng m chng ta c th
truy cp dng nh chng ta ang lm vic vi mt thit b c lp, m chng ta s tham chiu ti
nh mt n v. iu ny rt hu dng v n cho php chng ta tch bch thng tin chng ta c
trong h thng mt cch ph hp, sao cho chng ta c th c nhiu hn mt h iu hnh c ci
t trn cng mt a cng, v d th. Lnh df ch cho chng ta, i vi tng n v c kch hot
trong h thng, khng gian c s dng v khng gian sn sng. Hy dch th sau df output:
Cu hnh ca phn vng
Khi chng ta nh dng phn vng ca mt a cng (vi h thng ext2 hoc ext3), chng ta c th cu hnh
kch thc ca khi v nhiu tham s khc. Nhng tham s c th c chnh lm cho h thng thch
nghi c tt hn cho cc nhu cu ca chng ta v t hiu qu cao hn.

H thng tp

1k-blocks

c s dng

Sn sng

% s dng

c kch
hot trong

/dev/hda1

7787712

421288

6970828

6%

/dev/hdb1

19541504

5742384

13799120

29%

/info

/dev/hdc

664432

664432

100%

/CD-ROM

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Nh chng ta c th thy, i vi mi phn vng hoc thit b c kch hot trong h thng, lnh
ni cho chng ta s cc khi sn sng v c s dng. Khi ca a l mt n v c s dng
ni b trong cc thit b lu gi lm cho vic iu khin chng c hiu qu hn. Mc nh, lnh
ny ch cho chng ta thng tin trong 1k blocks, mc d truyn tham s -h (ngi c c) m
chng ta c th thy n d dng hn. Dng u lun ch cho chng ta root ca h thng tp v sau
cc thit b khc. Quan st cch m n cn ch cho chng ta im neo u (trong ct cui), l th
mc chng ta s i ti xem ni dung ca n.
Mt lnh rt hu dng khc l du, ch cho chng ta mt tp thc s chim ci g trong a. hiu
r rng v nhng g chng ta ng vi iu ny, chng ta cn xem xt chi tit hn mt cht vo t
chc bn trong ca cc a v cch m h iu hnh iu khin chng. Nh c nhc ti trc ,
v nhng l do hiu qu nn h iu hnh chia khng gian a thnh cc phn nh hn c gi l
cc khi block. Kch c ca khi block c th c cu hnh v thng ph thuc vo kch c ca
a, mc d chng ta cng c th cu hnh n thch nghi tt hn cho cc yu cu ca chng ta.
Mi ln chng ta mun thm mt tp mi, th h iu hnh s ch nh n cho mt khi block. Bng
cch ny, khi c hoc tc ng ln n, h iu hnh c th c ton b khi block trc tip (kch
c c cu hnh) ch trong mt bc. Khi tp chim nhiu hn 1 khi block, th n c ch nh
nhiu hn, c lm chc chn rng chng s nm st nhau nht c th, sao cho chng c th c
c lin tc gia tng tc c. iu bt tin duy nht vi dng h thng ny l cc khi block
b b ph khi cc tp l rt nh, v nu mt tp c th no khng chim ht ton b khi block,
th khng gian cn li khng th c s dng cho bt k th g khc. Trong mi trng hp, dng
t chc ny l dng c ton b cc h thng tp ang tn ti s dng, v n l khe mnh nht
s dng i vi a cng. Lnh du, v th ch cho chng ta s lng cc khi block m mt tp c
th thc s s dng trn a.
bit cc tham s no chng ta cu hnh trn cc n v a c nh dng ca chng ta vi
cc m rng ext2 hoc ext3, chng ta c th s dng lnh dumpe2fs, thm phn vng c bit.
Chng ta s thy cch c nhiu la chn khc nhau cho php chng ta tinh chnh cn thn hnh vi
ca n (chng ta c th thy nhng g tng la chn c ngha trong sch ch dn). Trong bt k
trng hp no, mt khi chng ta nh dng mt phn vng, th chng ta s khng c kh nng
sa cng bt k la chn no na. Nu chng ta mun thay i chng, th chng ta s phi sao chp
tt c cc thng tin ca phn vng , nh dng li v sao chp cc tp gc mt ln na.
Sa phn mnh a
Vic sa phn mnh mt a khng g hn vic t chc li cc khi block cc tp t chng vo cc ch lin
tc nhau lm cho s truy cp c nhanh hn. Trong cc h thng tp chng ta s dng vi GNU/Linux th
khng cn thit phi sa phn mnh cho cc a (mc d thng c cc chng trnh cho mc ch ny) v h
thng t ng chm sc vic t chc chng mt cch ph hp.

Cc chc nng ca nhn m chm sc vic qun l cc tp s dng mt lot cc phng php
tng tc c v ghi cc tin trnh. Mt trong s chng l s dng mt b nh m cache ca a,
sao cho chng ta khng lun phi c hoc ghi ln a vt l, l mt tin trnh va chm va tn
km. Tt c nhng g c ch b nh m cache lm l gi mt bn sao ca tp chng ta lm vic
vi n trong RAM (nhanh hn nhiu), sao cho tin trnh l trong sut i vi ngi s dng (bn
sao ti a c thc hin tun theo mt chnh sch c trin khai trong nhn). Vn duy nht
vi vic iu khin ny l nu c s mt in v chng ta khng tt my mt cch ng n, th mt
s tp c th khng c lu li trn a vt l v chng ta c th c s khng nht qun trong h
thng tp. Chng trnh fsck s kim tra v sa h thng tp m b li trong trng thi ny. Mc
d chng ta c th chy n bt c khi no chng ta mun, thng th bn thn h iu hnh s chy

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

n khi tin trnh khi ng d tm ra rng h thng khng tt ng kiu (trc khi tt my tnh,
chng ta phi chy lnh shutdown, n chm sc vic khi to tt c cc qui trnh cn thit cho cc
chng trnh kt thc, gii hot h thng tp... Theo cch ny, h thng tp ext3 l hiu qu hn
so vi ngi tin nhim ca n v vic ghi lu k cho php n phc hi c nhiu thng tin hn
trong cc tp b mt mt cch nhanh hn.
Mt cch t nhin, nu cc tp chng ta ang lm vic trong h thng ca chng ta l sng cn cao
v chng ta khng th, trong mi tnh hung, cho php bn thn chng ta nh mt chng, th
chng ta c th s dng lnh sync. Cui cng, chng ta cng c th kim tra tnh ton vn vt l
ca phn vng bng vic s dng lnh badblocks, n trin khai vic kim tra trn thit b c ch
nh chc chn rng n khng c cc vng b hng.
Hu ht cc lnh chng ta m t trong phn con ny i hi cc quyn c bit c chy,
ngha l ch root s c kh nng s dng chng.

2.6. Cc hot ng vi cc lnh

2.6.1. nh tuyn li
Mt khi chng ta hc c cch s dng mt s lnh h thng, c th chng ta s mun s dng
chng cng mt lc trong mt s trng hp tng tc cc hnh ng chng ta mun trin
khai. Mt la chn rt th v gm kh nng thc hin mt u ra ca lnh ny phc v nh mt
u vo ca lnh khc v x l n ph hp. H iu hnh s dng mt c ch ng ng (pipe),
cho php chng ta ti nh tuyn cc u ra ca bt k lnh hoc chng trnh no cho bt k ni
no chng ta mun. N lm vic rt n gin: tt c th chng ta cn lm l t k t | gia cc
lnh, sao cho u ra ca lnh u tin phc v nh l u vo ca lnh th 2. Hy nhn vo v d
sau: khi chng ta vit lnh echo field1: field2:field3:field4, th tt c iu chng ta mun t
c c th l mt mn hnh hin th field1:field2:field3:field4. Nu t u ra ny chng ta ch
mun ly field3, th chng ta c th ti nh tuyn n ti mt ng ng hng ti lnh cut,
n chn ch trng m chng ta c quan tm nh sau: echo field1: field2: field3: field4 |
cut -d: -f 3. Trong s sau, chng ta c th trc quan ha v d ny bng th:

Hnh 2.3
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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Tt nhin, chng ta c th kt ni nhiu bao nhiu ng m chng ta cn trin khai nhiu hn cc

nhim v trong thc t nh v d ta va thy. Mt dng ti nh tuyn rt thc t khc c lin quan
ti cc tp. Dng ti nh tuyn ny cho php chng ta ly tt c cc u ra ca mt lnh hoc
chng trnh v lu n trong mt tp c s dng k t >, nh chng ta lm vi |. V d, nu
chng ta mun lu trong mt tp mi th chng ta ghi cho ti khi nhn Ctrl+C, th chng ta c th
s dng nh sau: cat > test.txt. Vi >> chng ta c th lm chnh xc y ht, nhng thay v
lun to ra tp mi, nu tp tn ti ri, th c th thm thng tin vo cui ca n. Vi < th
vic ti nh tuyn c thc hin theo chiu ngc li, ti nh tuyn ni dung ca tp m chng ta
ch nh hng ti lnh hoc chng trnh c cho bit.
Mt kha cnh rt th v l chng ta nn bit v h thng dng UNIX khi chng tch bch u ra
thng thng ca mt chng trnh khi cc u ra c li. Mt d mc nh c 2 u ra u c
nh hng trong bng iu khin ni m chng trnh c chy, th chng ta c th iu khin
chng nh hng chng bt k u chng ta mun. thy iu ny trong cc khon thc t,
chng ta s th xa mt tp m khng tn ti bng vic s dng lnh sau: rm file > results. Mc
d chng ta ang ti nh tuyn u ra ca lnh ti tp kt qu, th mn hnh s hin th mt thng
bo li ni cho chng ta rng tp khng c tm thy. iu ny l v mc nh, vic ti nh
tuyn ch nhn u ra tiu chun ca chng trnh v khng nhn u ra c li, m theo mc nh
cng c hin th trn mn hnh. ti nh tuyn u ra c li, chng ta nn ch ra, trc k t
>, s 2, m l u ra c li (1 l u ra thng thng). V th, bng vic chy rm file >
results, chng ta c th ti nh tuyn u ra ti tp kt qu. Chng ta cng c th lu u ra
thng thng v u ra c li trong 2 tp khc nhau: rm file 1> results 2> errors. Nu, mt
mt, chng ta mun tt c cc u ra c nh tuyn hng ti cng mt tp, th chng ta c th s
dng >&. Hn na, vi k t &, chng ta c th nh tuyn cc u ra ca dng ny hng ti
dng kia; v d, nu chng ta mun nh tuyn cc u ra c li ti cc u ra bnh thng, th
chng ta c th ch nh iu ny nh sau: 2>&1.
iu quan trng phi nh rng trt t ca vic ti nh tuyn l quan trng: chng lun c chy
t tri qua phi.

2.6.2. Cc lnh bash (trnh bin dch GNU shell) c th

Mc d mt s lnh chng ta xem xt l c th cho bash, th trnh bin dch cc lnh ny c
nhng lnh khc c th gip chng ta trin khai nhiu hot ng th v hn. Mt c ch rt hu
dng l chy cc qui trnh trong c bit ti nh l ch nn. Ch ny n gin ni cho
chng ta rng qui trnh ang c chy, m trnh bin dch (shell) ang iu hng li dng lnh
sao cho chng ta c th tip tc chy cc chng trnh khc. ni cho chng trnh bash iu ny,
chng ta cn g k t & sau lnh hoc chng trnh m chng ta sp chy. Mt khi qui trnh ny
c khi to ch nn, th mt dng c hin th ni cho chng ta s cng vic v PID ca
qui trnh c khi to .
Vi lnh jobs chng ta c th thy nhng qui trnh no c khi to ch nn (bng vic
truyn tham s -1 chng ta cng c th thy c PID ca mnh). Nu chng ta mun truyn mt
trong nhng qui trnh trong ch nn (nh chng ta khi to n t dng lnh m khng c k
t &), chng ta c th s dng lnh fg ch nh PID qui trnh. chng ta cng c bg, n gi mt
qui trnh c bit vo trong ch nn cho chng ta. iu ny l hu dng, v d, khi chng ta ang

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

chy mt chng trnh trong ch mt tin (foreground) v chng ta tm dng n bng vic nhn
Ctrl+Z. Nu sau chng ta chy bg, trao PID, th qui trnh s tip tc chy trong ch nn. Nh
chng ta thy trong cc phn con trc, cc qui trnh cng c mt tn ti trt t cha con. Khi chng
ta chy mt chng trnh trong ch nn th chng ta khng can thip vo vi tn ti trt t ny,
ngha l nu chng ta ng xut phin lm vic, th tt c cc qui trnh s kt thc v cha (trnh bin
dch cc lnh t chng ta khi to chng) s khng cn chy na. Nu chng ta mun b lin
kt mt qui trnh khi cha , th chng ta c th s dng lnh disown.
Mt c ch bash hu dng khc l lch s cc lnh. Khi chng ta s
dng h thng m chng ta thng phi lp i lp li nhiu lnh chng
ta vit ri. Vic s dng cc phm Up v Down c th thy tt c
cc lnh chng ta ang s dng v chng ta c th lp i lp li mt
lnh bng vic nhn phm Enter. Chng ta cng c th s dng
history (lch s), n s hin th tt c cc lnh c chy trn mn
hnh, c nh s theo trt t xut hin. Bng vic vit !NUM th lnh
tng ng vi lch s s c chy. Chng ta cng c th vit !
theo sau l cc k t u ca mt chng trnh c chy trc v
chng trnh s tm lnh gn y nht theo trt t chy n.

Bash
Trnh bin dch lnh bash
cung cp cho chng ta cc
cng c v tn iu chnh
bt k kha cnh no ca trnh
bin dch lnh. Trong sch ch
dn m rng chng ta c th
thy ti liu c yu cu
hc cch iu khin chng
mt cch ng n.

Trnh bin dch lnh bash cng c cc phm truy cp nhanh hoc cc phm tt cho php chng ta
chy nhng hnh ng nht nh m thm ch khng phi vit chng. Mt s lnh ph bin nht l:

Tab: chng ta khng cn vit tn ca mt tp, th mc hoc lnh y . Nu chng ta vit

cc k t u v sau nhn phm tab, th n s vit phn cn li cho chng ta. Nu c hn
mt trng khp th n s hin th cc kh nng khc bit .

Ctrl+L: xa mn hnh (ging nh lnh clear).

Shift+PgUp: ch na mn hnh trc.

Shift+PgDn: ch na mn hnh tip sau.

Ctrl+W: Loi b t c vit sau cng.

Ctrl+T: trao i trt t ca cc k t sau cng.

Ctrl+U: xa tt c cc k t ng trc con tr.

Ctrl+D: thot khi trnh bin dch lnh (tng t nh mt lnh logout).

ulimit:

y l mt lnh cho php chng ta cu hnh mt s kha cnh ni b c lin quan ti

bash. V d, n cho php chng ta ch nh s lng b nh m trnh bin dch lnh c th
s dng, s lng tp ti a c th c m... Lnh ny c th gip chng ta cch no
hn ch c cc hnh ng m nhng ngi s dng h thng ca chng ta c th trin
khai (trong trng hp cc my ch qun tr vi nhiu ngi s dng).

2.6.3. Shell script vi bash

Lnh fc

Shell scripts l cc tp ni m chng ta vit mt lot cc lnh (bt k Lnh fc cho php chng ta,
lnh no chng ta thy trong phn ny) c chy. Mc d c php ging nh shell scripts, vit
ca chng c th tr nn hon ton phc tp v chng ta nn i vo mt lot cc lnh s c
chy m khng phi lu tp.

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GNU/Linux c bn

trong cc kha cnh lp trnh hiu c n r rng, trong phn con ny chng ta s tm tt mt s
nhng c tnh c bn ca chng sao cho chng ta c th hiu c chng v t nht l s dng
c chng (nu chng ta mun i vo su hn th chng ta c th i ti sch ch dn bash). Dng
u ca shell script nn ch nh trnh bin dch lnh c s dng:
#!/bin/bash

Sau dng ny chng ta c th bt u vit cc lnh m chng ta mun chy, mi lnh trn mt dng.
Nh trong bt k ngn ng lp trnh no, chng ta c th s dng cc bin, cc cu trc iu kin
v cc vng lp. khai bo mt bin chng ta s s dng c php sau:
variableName=content

(Tn-bin = ni dung)

Nu ni dung l mt chui k t, chng ta s cn t n gia cc du ngoc kp, nu l mt con

s, th chng ta khng phi t g v nu chng ta mun lu mt u ra ca lnh trong mt bin, th
chng ta cn t n gia cc k t. tham chiu ti ni dung cc bin trong cc lnh khc, chng
ta phi lun t k t $ trc tn. i vi cc lnh iu kin th c th s dng cu trc sau:
if condition; then instructions else instructions fi

trong iu kin (condition) c th tham chiu ti mt tp, thc hin mt php so snh s hc
(gia (( )) cc k t)... Lnh test l c bit hu dng trong n cho php chng ta so snh cc
tp, cc th mc..., v tr v mt Boolean.
Nh vy, v d, nu chng ta mun trin khai mt hnh ng ny hoc khc ph thuc vo s tn
ti ca mt tp c bit, th chng ta c th s dng cu trc sau y:
if test -f /etc/inittab; then echo "The inittab file exists." else echo "The inittab file
does NOT exist." fi

Mt cu trc iu kin khc l:

case word in case1) instructions;; case2) instructions;; *) instructions esac

Trong cu trc ny chng ta so snh word (t) vi case1, case2 ..., cho ti khi thy c mt trng
hp trng khp m trong trng hp cc hnh ng tng ng s c chy. Nu khng tm
thy trng hp no, th n c th truyn sang phn *), m l ty la chn. Cu trc ny c th rt
tin, v d, khi chng ta mun script c bit trin khai mt hnh ng ny hoc khc theo tham s
chng ta thit lp. Chng ta c th tham chiu ti cc tham s c s dng $1 cho tham s u, $2
cho tham s 2 v c tng t nh th. i vi cc vng lp th chng ta c th s dng bt k cu
trc no sau y:
#LOOP TYPE FOR for i in list; do instructions where #LOOP TYPE WHILE while condition; do
instructions done

Tt nhin, trc khi c th chy c mt shell script th chng ta nn

trao quyn chy cho tp tng ng (lnh chmod 750 Tn-t p ).

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Cc bnh lun trong shell

scripts
vit cc bnh lun trong
cc shell scripts chng ta c
th s dng k t # i sau
vi bnh lun chng ta mun.
iu ny s hp l cho ti kt
thc dng .

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

3. Hi tho v Knoppix
3.1. Gii thiu
Hi tho ny nhm bn c c kinh nghim u tin vi mi trng UNIX. V l do ny, n
c trin khai tng bc mt, nhng tt nhin li ca ng i vi nhng ngi t m trong s
cc bn t nghin cu.
Mc ch chnh ca hi tho ny l tr nn quen thuc vi h iu hnh GNU/Linux v xem
mi th m bn quen lm vi cc h iu hnh khc, c th c thc hin chnh xc y ht vi h
iu hnh GNU/Linux. Trong hi tho ny, chng ta cng bt u lm vic vi dng lnh, lm quen
vi n v ci b s s hi ca chng ta v mi th khng phi l mt mi trng ha. Nh th,
ti lc a vo thc t mi iu c gii thch bng l thuyt cho ti nay.
Hi tho ny c th c trin khai trn bt k my tnh no, v ri ro lm hng thng tin chng ta
c th c l ti thiu. Chng ta chn pht tn ny v n khng i hi tri thc trc v h iu
hnh khi ng n, v v, mt khi chng ta dng h thng, n khng li du vt g.
KNOPPIX mc nh kch hot tt c cc phn vng a cng trong h thng nhng vi cc quyn
ch c; v th, chng ta c th khng ghi c cng khng chy c bt k th g, tr phi chng
ta p buc n bng vic thay i cc quyn. R rng, nu chng ta c mt h iu hnh GNU/Linux
khc, th chng ta c th s dng n i theo hi tho.
V y l mt pht tn khi ng c trn CD-ROM hoc DVD-ROM, chng ta c th lm vic
m khng li du vt no trn my tnh ni m n c chy khi tin trnh dng kt thc; iu
ny c ngha l thm ch d n l da trn Debian, th h thng tp cng khng tun th vi Chnh
sch ca Debian trong kha cnh ny. D vy, nhng khc bit s khng nh hng ti hi tho,
v mi iu chng ta hc c s hp l i vi hi tho. Hn na, l tt lm quen vi cc pht
tn khc nhau ngay t u v hc phn bit c gia nhng g l chung cho tt c cc h iu
hnh da vo UNIX v nhng g l c bit i vi tng pht tn.
Trc khi bt u, ch c mt khuyn co: hy tin ln vi nhng sng kin ca ring chng ta, hy
th t tr li cc cu hi ca chng ta, hy t vn tr gip c lnh ca con ngi a ra, hy trin
khai cc kim th, nu chng hng, th hy phn tch v sao, hy c gng th ln na, tip tc th
cho ti khi chng ta t c cc kt qu mong mun; iu ny gii thch lm th no hc
UNIX, bo dn hc t nhng tht bi ca chng ta.

3.2. Khi ng h thng

Trc ht chng ta cn chc chn l my tnh ca chng ta s khi ng t trnh c CD-ROM hoc
DVD-ROM. lm iu ny chng ta s a vo BIOS (H thng u vo u ra c bn - Basic
Input Output System), thng bng vic nhn phm Del trong qu trnh kim tra b nh RAM, v
kim tra xem CD-ROM hoc DVD-ROM c c cu hnh nh l thit b khi ng u tin hay
khng; nu c ri, th chng ta c th thot ra khi BIOS m khng phi lu bt k th g v t a
CD-ROM hoc DVD-ROM KNOPPIX vo trnh c . Cn nu cha c, th chng ta s tin hnh
nhng thay i ph hp v lu chng trc khi thot khi BIOS.
Sau khi khi to li my tnh, ch vi giy th mn hnh khi ng KNOPPIX s xut hin vi cc

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GNU/Linux c bn

dng sau y:

Hnh 3.1
Chng ta c th nhn phm F2 hoc F3 vo mn hnh ch cc la chn c KNOPPIX chp
nhn khi ng, sau chng ta c th thy thng tin c trnh by bng vic nhn phm F2:

Hnh 3.2
v y l thng tin chng ta thy khi chng ta nhn phm F3:

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 3.3
V d, chng ta c th khi ng vi bn phm ting Ty Ban Nha tng tc vi GNOME nh
trnh qun l ca s v kch hot bnh xe ln ca chut; lm th, chng ta c th ch g vo dng
lnh (boot:) nh sau knoppix lang=es gnome wheelmouse. Nhng chng ta s khng lm th; v
d trc ch ch ra cc kh nng ca KNOPPIX. Sau khi chn vo mt a mi c nh
dng (format) trong a chng ta s tin hnh cc bc u tin ca chng ta trong
GNU/LInux, nh vy bo v tt c cc thng tin chng ta c th c trong cc a cng ca chng ta,
chng ta s ch n gin vit knoppix 2 v nhn phm Enter khi ng my ch vn bn.

Hnh 3.4
Ban u, bn phm c cu hnh theo ting M (US), nn mt s k t khc vi bn phm ting
Ty Ban Nha; chng ta c th sa iu ny ngay lp tc, m thm ch nh vy, th th v bit u
l ni cc k t M nht nh no trn bn phm ting Ty Ban Nha.

= l phm .

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GNU/Linux c bn

/ l phm 0 trn bn phm s.

_ l phm ? hoc trn bn phm s.

Sau khi nhn Intro, KNOPPIX s bt u ti h iu hnh, chi trn mn hnh cc kt qu ca mt

s kim th m n trin khai trong qu trnh t ng cu hnh.
Mt khi qui trnh ny xong, chng ta s c dng lnh:

Hnh 3.5
Chng ta by gi nm trong h thng. Trong trng hp ny, khng ngi s dng hay mt khu
no l cn thit c, chng ta vo trc tip nh l gc root, v chng ta bit iu ny v du nhc
kt thc bng k t #. i vi bt k ngi s dng no khc root, k t cui cng l $.

3.3 Dng h thng

Mt khi nm trong h thng, iu u tin chng ta nn bit, nh chng ta nhc ti ri, l lm
th no dng n. Hy nh mt ln na l chng ta khng th dng my tnh m khng c vic
trc dng h iu hnh (GNU/Linux). C vi cch lm th. Cch chung nht l: nhn t hp
phm Ctrl+Alt+Del hoc s dng lnh halt (c nhiu hn na, thng qua lnh reboot, thay i
mc chy t 0 ti 6...). Mt khi chng ta lnh cho h thng dng, th n s bt u thc hin cc
lnh dng ph hp (gii hot cc thit b, dng cc tin trnh...), v kt thc ca ton b tin trnh
ny KNOPPIX s y CD-ROM hoc DVD-ROM ra v yu cu chng ta nhn phm Enter dng
my tnh.

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GNU/Linux c bn

3.4. Cu hnh bn phm

Mt khi chng ta bit cch khi ng v dng h thng, th chng ta s khi ng li n theo ng
cc bc trc . Mt khi chng ta nm trong h thng, th iu u tin chng ta s phi lm l
thit lp cu hnh bn phm cho ng. C vi cch lm iu ny:

Bng tay v nu chng ta khi ng ch bng iu khin (console) (knoppix 2):

Hnh 3.6

Bng ha vi lnh kbdconfig khi chn la chn es

Hnh 3.7

S dng lnh kbd-config v chn cc la chn sau:

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es.

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 3.8
Chng ta c mt u im khi cp vi vic ghi trong mi trng dng lnh: la chn t ng
hon chnh, chng ta nhn phm Tab mt ln, v nu ch cn c mt kh nng la chn, th n s
t ng hon chnh; hoc chng ta nhn n 2 ln trong mt dng, v nu c hn mt la chn th
chng ta s thy cc la chn khc nhau . Chng ta c th kim th n bng vic s dng lnh
loadkeys. Chng ta ch g mt k t l v nhn phm Tab mt ln, h thng s ku bp, v sau
chng ta nhy phm ln th 2 c c iu sau y:

Hnh 3.9
Trong trng hp chng ta khng mun c thy 211 kh nng. V th, chng ta nhn n v b
sung thm k t o, v nhc li hnh ng trc khi nhn phm Tab 2 ln. By gi chng ta c
kt qu khc sau:

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 3.10
Tt c iu chng ta cn lm l thm adk v nhn phm Tab mt ln na v chc nng t ng
hon tt s a ra:
root@tty1[/]# loadkeys

Tnh nng t ng hon tt cng c th c s dng tham chiu ti cc tp v th mc. Chng

ta ch phi g loadkeys /u v nhn phm Tab c:
root@tty1[/]# loadkeys /usr

v nhn phm Tab mt ln na c:

root@tty1[/]# loadkeys /usr/

T ng hon tt l mt cng c rt hu dng khng ch v n tit kim vic g, m cn v n gip

chn chn l chng ta vit cc lnh mt cch ng n, cng nh cc th mc v tp. Thiu cng
c ny l d nhn thy i vi nhng ngi quen s dng n.

3.5. Kim tra h thng

Mt khi chng ta thit lp cu hnh cho bn phm, chng ta s x l kim tra h thng mt
cht. Trc ht, xem chng ta ang ng u trong cu trc cc th mc? Chng ta c th tm ra
theo lnh pwd:
root@tty1[/]# pwd /

Chng ta ang gc root, v chng ta bit t tr v ca lnh pwd, m chng ta cng c th bit bng
vic c thng tin c du nhc a ra: root@tty1[/]#. Chng ta hc ri v ngha ca k t
#, by gi hy hc v phn cn li ca thng tin m n ni cho chng ta.
root, trong trng tn ngi s dng (usename) xut hin trong trng hp ny, root, kh d tha
thng tin, v k t # ang ni cho chng ta iu ny. Nhng i vi nhng ngi s dng khc l
kh th v, v tt c chng kt thc bng biu tng $, v cch ny chng ta c th bit liu c
phi l Isabel, Daniel hay ngi s dng no khc hay khng.
Theo sau k t @, n phc v chia tch cc trng, chng ta c tty1, trng ny ni cho
chng ta ca s dng lnh (terminal) no chng ta ang trong, v iu ny l v, nh chng ta
nhc ti, GNU/Linux l a ngi s dng v a tin trnh. v th, khng ngc nhin l chng ta c
th truy cp c h thng t cc ca s dng lnh (terminal) khc nhau. KNOPPIX c bit a ra
4 ca s dng lnh theo mc nh, m chng ta c th truy cp thng qua cc t hp phm: Alt+F1
(tty1), Alt+F2 (tty2), Alt+F3 (tty3) v Alt+F4 (tty4); iu ny l cc k hu dng, v n cho php
chng ta c ti 4 phin lm vic, c ngha l, v d, chng ta c th kim th mt lnh trong mt

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GNU/Linux c bn

ca s, c man cho lnh theo yu cu trong ca s khc c v cc la chn ca n, trong khi

trong mt ca s khc chng ta c th c mt trnh son tho m ghi chp nhng g chng ta
ang lm (nhiu pht tn a ra 4 ca s dng lnh ch vn bn v gi li ca s th 7 cho
mi trng ha; trong KNOPPIX th mi trng ha, nu n c kch hot, m khng phi
trong trng hp ca chng ta, c th s l ca s th 5). V th chng ta th t hp Atl+F2, quan
st xem tty2 by gi xut hin trong trng m chng ta ang nghin cu, v chy mt lnh, v
d man man, c man hoc tr gip ca man application. Lc ny chng ta s n v
quay v vi tty1, kim tra xem mi th c nh chng ta li cho n hay khng.
Cui cng, v tip tc vi s gii thch ca du nhc, ng trc trng # chng ta bit, chng
ta thy [/]: iu ny ni cho chng ta th mc hin hnh, trong trng hp ny l gc root, khi
chng ta c ni vi lnh pwd. S khc bit ny sinh t thc t l du nhc ch cho chng ta th
mc hin hnh, trong khi lnh pwd li cho chng ta ton b ng dn.
V d, nu chng ta ang trong /home/sofia th chng ta c th c:
By gi chng ta c th lit k ni dung ca th mc m chng ta trong. lm th, chng ta s
s dng lnh ls, u tin khng truyn i vi bt k la chn no trong n:

Hnh 3.11
v by gi chng ta s truyn qua 2 la chn (thng l cc la chn c ng trc bng mt
du -, mc d cng c cc lnh m khng yu cu iu ny), ni cho n tr v cc thng tin chi
tit hn. V th, mt khi chng ta g - th chng ta s vit cc la chn cho la c c cc
thng tin :

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 3.12
Hy nhn vo cc mu khc nhau trong cc kt qu c hin th (chng ta s thy cc mu
trn mn hnh my tnh ca chng ta khi chng ta tin b thng qua hi tho Knoppix): mu xanh
nc bin cho cc th mc, mu tm (magenta) cho cc lin kt biu tng (ch n ca n c
ch ra sau s kt hp ca cc k t ->), mu xanh l cy cho nhng scripts v nhng th thc thi
c (d, r rng, chng ta khng mong i thy bt k th g trong th mc root, v nh chng
ta thy trong UNIX, trt t trong h thng tp l rt cht ch)...
Hy i vo mt th mc ni m chng ta chc chn thy nhng th thc thi c, nh /usr/bin/
( lm th, hy chy cd /usr/bin/). Th mc /usr/ thc s l mt lin kt biu tng cho
/KNOPPIX/usr/; v th, chng ta c th truy cp ni dung ca n bng vic chui vo n mt cch
trc tip thng qua lnh cd, hoc bm theo ch thc s thng qua cng lnh . Tuy nhin, chng
ta s chn la chn u tin v th mc ny s l mt th mc khi chng ta trong mt h thng
UNIX c ci t trn mt a cng:

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 3.13
Chng ta c th khng c kh nng thy nhiu hn t dng cui ca nhng g c ch ra trn
mn hnh. Chng ta c th trc quan ha mt t na cc kt qu bng vic nhn Shift+PgUp i
li v qua danh sch v Shift+PgDn tin ln. Thm ch nh vy, th b nh m (buffer) ca ca
s dng lnh c mt gii hn v vic s dng k thut ny chng l c kh nng thy tt c cc
thng tin c tr v bng lnh ls. V th, chng ta cn vin n cc k thut khc, nh tuyn li
u ra (trong trng hp ny i vi mt tp) hoc s dng cc ng ng (|) v trnh phn trang
(paginator) (less trong trng hp ny, n s dng cc phm PgUp v PgDn dch chuyn ni
dung c hin th trn mn hnh, v phm Q thot). Chng ta s s dng lnh cui ny, v
chng ta khng c quan tm ti tt c trong vic lu danh sch ni dung ca th mc; chng ta
cng s ch li dng thc hnh tin ch khc m n tit kim cho chng ta vic g: nhn cc
phm mi tn ln hoc xung chng ta c th dch chuyn qua tt c cc dng lnh m chng ta
i qua i vi h thng; nh vy, c c dng lnh chng ta mun, ls -la | less, tt c
iu chng ta s phi lm l nhn phm mi tn ln mt ln na v b sung thm | less.
l mt trnh phn trang rt mnh m KNOPPIX v hu ht cc pht tn s dng hin th cc
ni dung ca man (d, ging nh hu ht cc dch v ca Linux, chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh
less

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GNU/Linux c bn

cho n theo nh ca ring chng ta). V th, chng ta c th thc hin mt man less tm ra
mt t v lnh ny trong khi lm quen vi hnh thi ca s tr gip ny cng mt lc. R rng, v
chng ta ang nm trong less, thot khi man th tt c iu chng ta phi lm l nhn phm Q.
i vi tt c cc danh sch ni dung th mc, hy lu cch m chng ta v ang lm cho 2
th mc kh c bit lun xut hin: . (mt du chm) v .. (2 du chm). Khi chng ta to cc th
mc, h thng t ng to ra nhng th mc nh l cc th mc con bn trong th mc c to
ra, v chng gm cc thng tin rt c th. Th mc . , m c bit ti nh l th mc hin hnh,
tham chiu ti bn thn th mc (nn nu chng ta chy mt lnh ls -la ., th chng ta s c
thng tin y ht nh khi chy mt lnh ls la). V th mc .. , m c bit ti nh l th mc cha,
tham chiu ti th mc cha ca th mc m chng ta ang (chy mt lnh ls -la .. s cho
chng ta danh sch ni dung ca th mc cha hoc th mc ngay trn).
Hot ng
3.1 Xem xt trong man ca lnh ls v hiu cc chc nng ca cc tham s -a v -1.

Liu chng ta c th nh ni chng ta ang ng trong h thng tp? Khng? Vng lnh pwd s
nhc cho chng ta. Hy i ngc v th mc gc root. V c bn c 2 cch lm th v cch khc
c bit cho trng hp ny; trong mi trng hp, chng u da vo vic s dng lnh cd, v ch
khc nhau trong tham s m chng ta tuyn trong tng trng hp.
Cch u tin l i ln mt cch lp i lp li qua cc th mc cha bng vic s dng lnh cd.. (lu
, h thng khng hiu cd.. , v n dch thnh chng ta ang g thc hin mt lnh gi l
cd.., m n khng tn ti) cho ti khi chng ta ti c th mc gc root (chng ta s thy n
du nhc).
Cch th 2 c hiu qu hn, v ch vi mt dng lnh, chng ta s t c mc ch ca chng ta,
i ti c th mc gc root. lm nh th, chng ta cn truyn th mc gc root nh mt tham
s ti lnh cd (cd /); la chn th 2 ny mnh hn nhiu v cho php chng ta truyn trc tip qua
cc th mc thuc v cc nhnh khc nhau, v d, chng ta c th thc hin c lnh cd
/etc/rcS.d/ (du / cui cng l ty ) ti c th mc ny, t /usr/bin/.
Nh chng ta nhc, i vi trng hp ny (i ti th mc gc root) c mt la chn th 3
t c cng mc ch y ht vi nhng bin th: n lin quan ti vic chy lnh cd m khng
truyn bt k tham s no, v n c th t chng ta trc tip vo th mc gc root ca h thng, v
trong trng hp ca KNOPPIX th y l th mc home (mt trng hp ngoi l v i khi l
c bit, khi trong hu ht cc pht tn, v theo Tiu chun Tn ti trt t ca H thng tp, root phi
c th mc gc /root ca ring n); mt bin th ca cc phng php ny l cd , v tng
ng vi home ca ngi s dng, th mc gc root trong trng hp ny. Vn cn la chn khc
cho vic tr v th mc gc root, hoc thay v, tr v th mc m chng ta ti t , th mc gc
root, v chng ta chy cd /usr/bin", v l cd -, v trong - n lu gi th mc cui m
chng ta trc khi i ti th mc hin hnh.

3.6. iu khin cc tp v th mc
xem xt cc la chn khc nhau t c mc ch y ht nhau, chng ta vn cn trong th
mc gc root. By gi chng ta c th hc cch to ra cc tp v th mc, chuyn, sao chp, xa

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GNU/Linux c bn

chng... Chng ta s lm iu ny trn a chng ta s dng khi ng KNOPPIX, m h

thng t kch hot (mount) khi khi ng (sau ny chng ta s hc cch kch hot v gii hot
cc thit b).
Hy nh rng trong UNIX trc khi cc thit b c th c s dng th chng cn phi c kch
hot (mount), v rng trc khi s h tr c loi b, th chng cn phi c gii hot
(unmount). im sau l cc k quan trng, v nu khng th tnh ton vn ca cc d liu khng th
c m bo y . V d, chng ta c th nh loi b CD-ROM bng vic nhn nm y ra
trc khi tin hnh cng vic trn a. Hy ngc nhin i! chng ta khng th; chng ta khng nn
ngh rng thit b b hng, t hn nhiu rng GNU/Linux lm th. n gin l h thng kch
hot thit b ny mt cch t ng khi khi ng, v v th, n tr thnh mt phn ca h thng;
c th khng c ngha c kh nng loi b a CD-ROM m khng ni trc cho h thng; v
th, h thng chim quyn kim sot thit b ny v, cng vi nhng th khc, v hiu ha
nm y ra i vi CD-ROM , chnh xc trnh cho n khi b loi b m khng c vic c
gii hot trc . iu ny khng l y ht vi a: i vi thit b ny th nm y ra hot ng
mt cch c kh, ngha l h thng khng th ngn chng ta khi vic y a ra m khng ni cho
n bit trc, m iu ny l khng c khuyn co, v nh chng ta ni, n c th ko theo s
mt d liu m n c. V th, cho ti khi chng ta hc c cch kch hot v gii hot cc thit b
h tr d liu, th a phi gi c nm trong a t thi im h thng khi ng cho ti khi n
dng, v, cng vi nhng hot ng khc trong qu tnh dng cc thit b s c gii hot. Hy
i ti a; nhng, n u? H thng kch hot n u? tm ra cu tr li cho cc cu hi
, chng ta s tin hnh lnh kch hot mount m khng c cc tham s hoc cc la chn b sung
(iu ny l chnh xc lnh c s dng kch hot cc thit b, v lnh gii hot umount gii
hot chng):

Hnh 3.14
Lnh ny c chy m khng c cc tham s ch cho chng ta cc thit b c kch hot trong h
thng ti thi im chy n v mt s thng tin b sung v chng (chng ta thy thng tin y ht ny
trong tp /etc/mtab; h qu l, vic chy lnh cat /etc/mtab ( hin th ni dung ca mtab)
chng ta c th c c cc kt qu y ht. dng th 2 c tr v t lnh ny, chng ta c th
thy rng qu thc CD-ROM, /dev/CDROM, c kch hot trong h thng v b sung thm chng ta
c th thy n c kch hot trong th mc /CD-ROM/. Dng tr v cui cng tr li cho cc cu
hi chng ta lm trc : h thng kch hot a, /dev/fd0/, trong /mnt/auto/floppy/. V
th, chng ta s thay i ti th mc ny bt u lm vic trn a v kim tra xem n c rng
hay khng:

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GNU/Linux c bn

root@tty1[/]# cd /mnt/auto/floppy root@tty1[floppy]# ls -la total 8 drwxrwxrwx 3 knoppix

knoppix 7168 Jan 1 1970 . drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Mar 3 19:34 ..

Chng ta to th mc ca chng ta trc, chui vo n v to mt vi th mc con:

root@tty1[floppy]#

mkdir

dir00

root@tty1[floppy]#

cd

dir00/

root@tty1[dir00]#

mkdir

subdir00 subdir01 root@tty1[dir00]# ls subdir00 subdir01

Chng ta vo th mc u v to tp u tin ca chng ta:

root@tty1[dir00]#

cd

subdir00

root@tty1[subdir00]#

touch

file00

root@tty1[subdir00]#

ls

-la total 1 drwxrwxrwx 2 knoppix knoppix 512 Mar 3 20:21 . drwxrwxrwx 4 knoppix knoppix
512 Mar 3 20:21 .. -rwxrwxrwx 1 knoppix knoppix 0 Mar 3 20:21 file00

Trong thc t touch khng phi l cho vic to ra cc tp rng d n s th nu tp khng tn ti,
m thay vo s thay i thng tin c lin quan ti thi gian v ngy ca tp. C th t mt s
ni dung vo tp u tin ca chng ta v kim tra xem n qu thc c c lu gi hay khng:
root@tty1[subdir00]# echo "my fist hello world in Linux" > file00 root@tty1[subdir00]# cat
file00 my first hello world in Linux

Chng ta b sung thm mt t vn bn:

root@tty1[subdir00]#

echo

"Nice

to

meet

you,

we're

gonna

be

good

friends"

>>

file00

root@tty1[subdir00]# cat file00 my first hello world in Linux Nice to meet you, we're
gonna be good friends

Hy ng qun s dng cc phm mi tn tit kim vic g, hoc s dng t ng hon tt. By
gi chng ta c th s dng trnh son tho vn bn to ra tp th 2 ca chng ta. lm iu
ny, chng ta s s dng trnh son tho vi. Hy nh rng trnh son tho ny c 2 ch : ch
lnh, m chng ta vo khi n khi ng, v ch son tho. vo ch son tho chng ta ch
cn nhn i, v vo ch lnh chng ta ch cn nhn phm Esc. Nu chng ta mun tit kim,
chng ta cn vo ch lnh v vit :w v :q thot ra (vi c nhiu lnh hn, nhng lc ny ch 2
lnh l ). Rt th v bit cc lnh c bn ny ca vi, v trnh son tho ny i vi hu ht tt c
cc gi ci t c bn ca bt k pht tn no, v nu n hng vo bt k lc no, th n c th cn
phi sa i mt tp v tip tc vi s ci t.
Chng ta chy lnh vi i sau tn m chng ta mun trao cho tp th 2 ca chng ta, chng ta nhn
I, vit nhng g chng ta mun, nhn Esc v :wq lu v thot. S dng nhiu hn, trnh phn
trang khc, chng ta c th kim tra xem mi th c lm vic nh mong i hay khng:
root@tty1[subdir00]# vi file01 it seems we're on the right way, mate!!! I agree.
~ ~ ~ :wq
root@tty1[subdir00]# more file01 it seems we're on the right way, mate!!! I agree.

Cc thit b b nh USB. USB c th kt ni cc thit b ngoi vi nh mt con chut, bn phm,

my qut, my nh s, thit b s c nhn (PDA)... Nhng chng ta s tp trung vo cc thit b b
nh USB, v chng ngy nay thng c s dng thay cho cc a c hn. Chng cho php chng
ta lu tr vi trm MB thng tin trong mt thit b nh v d dng mang theo: cc thit b b nh
USB. C cc h thng khc nhau, nh cc h thng flash hoc cc h thng que cm b nh
(memorystick).
Nhng h thng ny hot ng tuyt vi tt vi nhn Linux. N kch hot chng dng nh
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GNU/Linux c bn

chng l cc a SCSI, thng th chng s trong

th chng trong /dev/sdb1 hoc /dev/sdc1.

/dev/sda1,

hoc nu c nhng a SCSI khc,

Nh chng ta thy, lnh mount cho php chng ta kch hot bt k h thng tp no, v vi lnh
umount chng ta c th gii hot n. bit c bao nhiu h thng tp v cch m chng c
kch hot nh th no, chng ta cn chy lnh mount m khng c tham s no. Thng tin c c
t tp /etc/mtab, v tp ny c danh sch cc h thng tp c kch hot khi . Trn thc t,
chnh cc chng trnh mount v umount gi danh sch ny trong /etc/mtab file.
Ging lnh sau:
knoppix@0[knoppix]$ mount /dev/root on / type ext2 (rw) /ramdisk on /ramdisk type tmpfs
(rw,size=401312k)

/UNIONFS

/KNOPPIX2=ro,delete=whiteout)
/KNOPPIX
on

type

iso9660

/UNIONFS/dev/pts

(rw,devmode=0666)

(ro)
type

on

/UNIONFS

type

/dev/hdc

on

/dev/cloop2

on

devpts

(rw)

/KNOPPIX2

on

(rw,dirs=/ramdisk=rw:/KNOPPIX=ro:

type
type

/proc/bus/usb

automount(pid2320)

(rw,fd=4,pgrp=2320,minproto=2,maxproto=4)

unionfs

/cdrom

iso9660

(ro)

iso9660

(ro)

on

/proc/bus/usb

/mnt/auto

/UNIONFS/dev/sda1

/dev/cloop

on

on

/UNIONFS/dev/pts
type

type
/mnt/sda1

usbfs
autofs

type

vfat

(rw,nosuid,nodev,umask=000,user=knoppix)

Tp /etc/fstab l mt tp c nhng g cc thit b thng s c kch hot, u v bng cch

no (cc la chn ca chng l g). Nhng khi chng ta kch hot cc thit b khc hoc gii hot
bt k thit b no, th iu ny c phn nh trong tp /etc/mtab, n l tp m t cc h thng
tp c kch hot ng lc khi .
Hot ng
3.2 Lm th no chng ta kch hot b nh hoc u USB sao cho bt k ngi s dng no cng c th ghi
vo n c? Nu chng ta mun dng b nh USB ny c kch hot mt cch mc nh (khi h thng khi
ng) v c c cc quyn c v ghi cho tt c mi ngi s dng, th chng ta nn thm vo dng no?

Hot ng
3.3 Lp li tt c cc hnh ng ca hot ng 3.2 trong vic iu khin cc tp v th mc nhng thay v s
dng a th s dng b nh USB.

By gi, t a hoc u USB hy c th xa tp u tin ca chng ta. Chng ta s lm th bng

vic s dng lnh rm:
root@tty1[subdir00]# rm file00 rm: remove regular file 'file00'?

Chng ta chc chn khng mong i h thng a ra cho chng ta cu hi ny. Chng ta nhn
Ctrl+C hon, n khng (khng xa) v y c (xa). By gi iu quan trng cho chng ta
hiu v sao h thng yu cu chng ta cu hi ny. Nu chng ta c man ca lnh rm th chng ta
s thy n s xa tp m khng hi chng ta bt k cu hi no (hy nh rng chng ta c th chy
man ny trong bt k tty no, v rng trong tty2 chng ta vn c man m, tr phi chng ta thot
(nhn phm q), hoc tt my tnh khi chng ta gi ti n, v tip tc lm vic trong tty m chng
ta trong . Nhng hy nhn vo gii thch ca la chn -i trong cng man. iu g ang din ra?
N trng ging nh la chn ny c kch hot mt cch mc nh. Thc s khng phi th,
nhng g din ra l theo mc nh h thng thit lp mt s b danh (alias); xem tt c chng,
hy chy lnh alias (b danh):

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GNU/Linux c bn

root@tty1[etc]# alias alias ..='cd ..' alias cp='cp -i' alias l='ls -a --color=auto' alias
la='ls -la --color=auto' alias ll='ls -l --color=auto' alias ls='ls
--color=auto'
alias mv='mv -i' alias rm='rm -i' alias where='type -all' alias which='type -path'

y chng ta s bt u hiu nhiu hn, v d v sao s tr v ca lnh ls li c ch mu, hoc

lm mt ls -la chng ta ch cn g la. V chng ta cng hiu v sao khi chng ta chy trc
lnh rm, h thng yu cu chng ta liu chng ta c thc s mun lm iu ny. Thng qua cc b
danh chng ta c th thit lp v sa i hnh vi mc nh ca cc lnh hoc thm ch to ra cc
lnh mi khc:
root@tty1[subdir00]# alias hi='echoI say hello"' root@tty1[subdir00]# hi I say hello

Tip tc vi man ca lnh rm, chng ta s c cch s dng cc la chn -f v -r. La chn u l
lnh chy khng c nhc nh, hoc ni cch khc, khng tun theo cc la chn -i, sao cho nu
chng ta khng xa tp u ca chng ta, th chng ta c th lm th by gi thng qua rm -f
file00. La chn th 2 p vo tnh qui, ni cch khc, m rng trt t qua cc th mc con v
ni dung tim nng ca chng. Nhng la chn l chung cho hu ht cc lnh c bn cho vic
iu khin cc tp v cc th mc; v th, chng ta c th to mt th mc th 2 trong gc root ca
a vi tt c cc ni dung ca cc tp ban u m chng ta to thng qua lnh cp; lm iu
ny, chng ta phi gi ti s qui:
root@tty1[subdir00]# cp /mnt/auto/floppy/dir00/ /mnt/auto/floppy/dir01 -r

Hot ng
3.4 Lp li s sao chp qui ca lnh /dir01 ca a cho u hoc b nh USB.

Trong trng hp ny chng ta s dng vic nh tuyn tuyt i (cho vic ch nh c gc ban
u v ch) trin khai hot ng sao chp. Ni cch khc, chng ta ch nh ng dn y
, bt u t th mc gc root, cho c gc ban u v ch. Tng t, chng ta c th s dng
vic iu khin tng i ch nh gc ban u ca hot ng, ch ca n hoc c 2. Khi chng
ta s dng vic iu khin tng i, th gc nh tuyn ban u l v tr hin hnh bn trong h
thng tp. Nh trong hu ht cc trng hp, h thng trao cho chng ta kh nng t c cng y
ht cc kt qu bng vic s dng cc phng php khc nhau. Chng ta bit cng nhiu cng tt v
chng ta c th chn phng php c hiu qu nht trong tng trng hp c th. V th, chng ta
c th t c cng y ht kt qu bng vic s dng cp ../../dir00/ ../../dir01 -r, ngha
l ni cho cp rng gc ban u l th mc /dir00/, n l 2 nhnh bn di v tr hin hnh ca
chng ta, v rng chh l /dir01/, m chng ta cng mun t 2 nhnh bn di v tr ca chng
ta. Hn na, dng cp -r ../../../dir02/ c th hp l tuyt vi ri cho cng mc ch y ht.
Hot ng
3.5 Gii thch l do cho s khng nh mi nht ny.

By gi chng ta c th i xung mt th mc con, t chng ta vo trong /mnt/auto/floppy/ v

sao chp tp th 2 m chng ta to ra trong th mc con /subdir00 bn trong th mc y ht ny:
root@tty1[dir00]# cp subdir00/file01.

Chng ta cn hiu y ngha v l do ng sau dng trc . u tin, chng ta ch nh gc

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GNU/Linux c bn

ban u ca tp m chng ta mun sao chp (trong s nhiu la chn khc, ./subdir00/file00)
cng c th l hp l v th 2 l chng ta phi ch nh ch, m l v tr hin hnh, ngha l ..
Thng qua un ls chng ta c th kim tra xem liu chng ta t c kt qu mong mun hay
cha. By gi chng ta c th t bn thn chng ta vo th mc cha, ni n c kch hot trn
a, v xa mi th m chng ta to ra cho ti by gi. lm th, chng ta s s dng du *
(chng ta cng c du ?, n ch dnh cho 1 k t, b sung thm cho cc phng php khc xc
nh cc dy k t, v tham chiu, ni chung ti nhiu hn mt tp hoc th mc) tit kim
vic g:
root@tty1[floppy]# rm -rf *

Hot ng
3.6 c man ca rm v hiu v sao rm

-rf *

l v cng nguy him.

3.7 Qun tr ngi s dng

Chng ta s c cnh bo v thc s tin hnh tt c cc tc v trc nh l home, v
chng ta hiu r rng ngi s dng ny s ch c s dng khi cn thit.
D vy, c chng minh k t cho ti nay, chng ta khng c bt k mi lin h trc tip
no vi mt h thng UNIX, v iu ny cho php chng ta t lm quen mt cht vi cc lnh
c bn ca n v vi h thng tp ca n. ti lc bt u lm vic nh chng ta lun lm vo lc
ny, ngha l s dng ti khon home ch khi n l thc s cn thit, nh trong bc u m chng
ta s tip bc sau, to mt ngi s dng h thng mi v trao cho anh hoc ch ta mt ti khon,
m l mt hot ng ch c th c home thc hin. V th, hy tip tc to ra mt ngi s dng.
root@tty1[etc]# useradd user00

Chng ta to ra ngi s dng u tin ca chng ta, nhng tin trnh ny tng l th g m
m v h thng cn cha tr v bt k thng tin no cho chng ta theo lnh m chng ta va mi
chy. V th, chng ta khng bit ngi s dng ny thuc v nhm no hoc cc nhm no, th
mc home ca anh ta u, trnh bin dch (shell) mc nh no c ch nh cho anh hoc ch
ta... Chng ta s thy nhiu thng tin ny trong tp mt khu ( /etc/passwd) nn hy phn tch tng
trng ni dung ca n:
root@tty1[/]#cd

/etc

root@tty1[etc]#

cat

passwd

root:x:0:0:root:/home/root:/bin/bash

daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh . . .
partimag:x:104:65534::/home/partimag:/bin/false user00:x:1001:100::/home/user00:/bin/bash

Chng ta c th thy thng tin chng ta mun t dng cui ca tp, v ngi s dng ca chng ta
l ngi cui cng c b sung thm vo. Hy phn tch ni dung ca dng ny:
l tn ngi s dng (username), m chng ta bit v t chng ta to ra n.

user00

1001

100

Anh ta khng c bnh lun lin quan no.

mt khu ca anh ta trong tp m (shadow), /etc/shadow.

l s nhn din ngi s dng ca anh ta (UID).

l s nhn din nhm ca anh ta (GID).

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GNU/Linux c bn

y l th mc home ca anh ta, nh tng c mong i, khi tt c nhng

ngi s dng c home ca h trong /home/user.

/home/user00

/bin/bash

trnh bin dch (shell) m ngi s dng s gp khi vic ng nhp l trnh bin
dch bash, trnh bin dch y ht m chng ta s dng cho ti nay.

Cu hi chng ta yu cu ngay lp tc khi thy cc thng tin ny l phi lm vi mt khu ca

ngi s dng. V th, chng ta cn t vn cho tp shadow, v chng ta c tp /etc/passwd ni
cho iu ny. Cng lc, chng ta s gii thiu mt khi nim mi, trnh lc, m trong trng hp
ny vt cht ha dng ca lnh grep (b x l trnh by thng xuyn chung). Cc b lc l cc
cng c cc k quyn lc, thng c s dng trong UNIX, v phm vi hnh ng ca chng m
rng tt vt ra khi nhng g c hiu bit thng thng v mt b lc. Trong trng hp ny,
chng ta s truyn, qua mt ng ng, u ra ca cat sang grep, sao cho n hin th trn mn hnh
cc dng c cha t m chng ta truyn nh mt tham s, user00:
root@tty1[etc]# cat shadow | grep user00 user00:!:12115:0:99999:7:::

Cho ti by gi chng ta khng cn phi lo lng thm na: trng th 2 ni cho chng ta rng
ngi s dng ca chng ta khng c mt khu. Nu ngi s dng c, th chng ta c th
khng c kh nng bit n, v nh chng ta nhc ti, cc mt khu c lu gi mt cch
c m ha v s m ha l khng theo mt hng. Nhng iu ny cng s khng gy lo ngi
cho chng ta, v, thng qua lnh passwd, home c th thay i mt khu ca bt k ngi s dng
no. V th, iu duy nht m chng ta thc s cn lm l c khng c qun mt khu home, n
cng khng c mt mt khu trong trng hp ny, khi chng ta c shadow ni cho, d nu
iu ny m xy ra, th n cng c th c gii quyt. Hy tip tc iu tra nghin cu cc thuc
tnh ca ngi s dng ca chng ta. /etc/group s gip chng ta bit chnh xc nhng nhm no
anh ta thuc v:
root@tty1[etc]# cat group | grep user00
root@tty1[etc]# cat group | grep 100 users:x:100:knoppix knoppix:x:1000:

Vi dng lnh u tin chng ta yu cu, vi cu tr li tiu cc, liu /etc/group c bt k tham
chiu r rng no cho user00 (chng ta cng c th lm c iu ny thng qua lnh cc nhm
groups: groups user00). Vi dng th 2 chng ta tm kim s nghch o ca nhm 100, nhm
u tin ca ngi s dng user00 theo /etc/passwd, mt nhm nhng ngi s dng c gi
trong trng hp ny. V th, chng ta c th khng nh rng ngi s dng mi ca chng ta
thuc ch v mt nhm v rng nhm ny l user. Chng ta cng c th sa i tp /etc/group
b sung thm nhng ngi s dng ti cc nhm v to ra cc nhm mi, nhng chng ta nn lu
rng khng trong hon cnh no chng ta c th t tn ca nhm khc vo trong trng ca nhng
ngi s dng thuc v mt nhm nht nh vi nh b sung thm tt c nhng ngi s dng
ca ci trc cho ci sau. Nhng chng ta khng khuyn co lm th, v c nhng lnh c bit
lm vic vi cc nhm (newgrp, addgroup ...).
Ch cn mt vn cui cng phi gii quyt: nu chng ta lit k cc ni dung ca /home/, th
chng ta s thy th mc con /user00/ khng tn ti. V th, chng ta cn phi to ra n v trao
cho n cc c tnh v cc thuc tnh ph hp bng tay:

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GNU/Linux c bn

root@tty1[etc]#mkdir /home/user00 root@tty1[etc]#chown user00 -R /home/user00

root@tty1[etc]#chgrp users -R /home/user00 root@tty1[etc]# cd /home root@tty1[home]#
ls -la total 0 drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 100 Mar 4 08:12 . drwxrwxrwt 4 root root 80
Mar 4 08:35 .. drwxr-xr-x 2 knoppix knoppix 40 Mar 4 08:35 knoppix drwxr-xr-x 2 root
root 40 Mar 4 08:35 root drwxr-xr-x 2 user00 users 60 Mar 4 08:12 user00

Ngi s dng mi trong Debian

Qui trnh b sung thm ngi s dng mi cho h thng thng qua Debian l n gin hn nhiu, nh chng ta
s thy sau ny. Nhng vic to ra mt ngi s dng thng qua KNOPPIX khng phi l khng c hiu qu
v n gip chng ta tr nn quen thuc vi h thng v hc c cc lnh mi.

Hot ng
3.7 Thng qua man, hiu c vic hot ng ca cc lnh chown v chgrp.

ti lc vo h thng nh mt ngi s dng mi. Chng ta s lm th thng qua lnh su, n m

mt tin trnh con vi ng nhp ca ngi s dng vt qua n ri. Nh gc root, chng ta c
th lun s dng c c ch ny vo nh mt ngi s dng khc m khng phi bit mt
khu, v khi chng ta chy lnh su nh l gc root th khng cn ti mt khu; hn na, thng xy
ra l ngi s dng m chng ta to ra khng c mt mt khu, v v th, n khng c yu
cu. Nhng, nu chng ta c gng chy lnh su trong bt k hon cnh no khc th chng ta c th
b yu cu a vo mt khu ca ngi s dng:
root@tty1[home]# su user00 su(pam_unix)[4312]: session opened for user user00 by (uid=0)
user00@tty1[home]$

u tin, hy lu ti s xut hin c thay i ca du nhc. Chng ta khng cn l ngi s

dng home na, tr thnh ngi s dng user00, nn chng ta khng cn cc quyn u tin
ca gc root na, nh c ch ra bng s thay i trong k t cui cng ca du nhc. By gi
chng ta c th truy cp th mc home ca chng ta, to mt tp v thay i cc thuc tnh ca
n sao cho ch user00 c th c, ghi v chy c n. Ti lc ny, quyn chy khng c nhiu
ngha i vi chng ta, v chng ta vn cn cha bit c cch to ra cc tp chy c, m l
tt bit trc khi chng ta cn n:
user00@tty1[home]$ cd user00@tty1[user00]$ echo "only user00 can read, write and execute
this file." > user00file user00@tty1[user00]$ chmod 700 user00file

Hot ng
3.8 To mt ngi s dng mi theo sau cc bc c m t trc , v kim tra xem ngi s dng mi
ny qu thc khng th c tp c to ra gn y hoc ghi ln tp .

3.8. Qun l cc tin trnh

UNIX c c trng bng s qun l tuyt vi ca n i vi cc tin trnh c chy trn h
thng. Trc ht, chng ta s hc d tm ra cc tin trnh no ang chy trong h thng v cc c
tnh c bit ca chng (ch chng ang chy, cc ti nguyn c tiu th, ai ang chy
chng...). Chng ta s chy lnh ps (tnh trng cc tin trnh), c truyn qua vi tham s thy
cch nhng tin trnh nh hng ti thng tin c lnh tr v:
root@tty1[/]# ps PID TTY TIME CMD 481 tty1 00:00:00 bash 1559 tty1 00:00:00 ps

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GNU/Linux c bn

Khng c cc tham s th lnh ps ni cho chng ta nhng tin trnh no ang chy trong ca s
dng lnh trong n c chy; mt cch t nhin, tin trnh u tin s lun tng ng vi trnh
bin dch (shell).
Chng ta c th ra lnh cho tin trnh khc c chy nn, sleep, v d (mt tin trnh n gin
s ch vi giy chng ta truyn ti n khi mt tham s s hon tt) v quan st ps tr v:
root@tty1[/]# sleep 300 [1] 1703 root@tty1[/]# ps PID TTY TIME CMD 481 tty1 00:00:00 bash
1703 tty1 00:00:00 sleep 1705 tty1 00:00:00 ps

By gi chng ta c th t yu cu i vi tt c cc tin trnh ang chy trong h thng:

root@tty1[/]# ps aux USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root
1 0.4 0.0 72 72 ? S 15:41 0:07 init [2] root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SW 15:41 0:00 [keventd] root
3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SWN 15:41 0:00 [ksoftirqd_CPU0] root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SW 15:41 0:00 [kswapd]
root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SW 15:41 0:00 [bdflush] root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SW 15:41 0:00 [kupdated]
root 52 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SW 15:41 0:00 [kapmd] root 59 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SW 15:41 0:00 [khubd]
root 433 0.0 0.1 1368 616 ? S 15:41 0:00 pump -i eth0 root 475 0.0 0.1 1316 596 ? S 15:41
0:00 /usr/sbin/automount root 481 0.0 0.3 2864 1988 tty1 S 15:41 0:00 /bin/bash -login root
482 0.0 0.3 2864 1988 tty2 S 15:41 0:00 /bin/bash -login root 483 0.0 0.3 2856 1952 tty3 S
15:41 0:00 /bin/bash -login root 484 0.0 0.3 2856 1976 tty4 S 15:41 0:00 /bin/bash -login
root 2086 0.0 0.3 3436 1552 tty1 R 16:06 0:00 ps aux

Trong nhng trng hp nht nh cng th v chy lnh

CPU, s dng b nh , mt cch tng tc.

top,

n ni cho chng ta hot ng ca

By gi chng ta s khi to mt tin trnh, dng n, v lnh cho n chy nn. lm th, chng
ta s chy mt sleep 20 v nhn t hp phm Ctrl+Z trc 20 giy, dng n, chy jobs chc
chn rng n qu thc dng v c s nhn din ca n, v cng vi s nhn din ca n lnh
cho n chy ch nn:
root@tty1[/]# sleep 20 <Ctrl+Z> [1]+ Stopped sleep 20 \intro root@tty1[/]#jobs [1]+
Stopped sleep 20 root@tty1[/]# bg 1 [1]+ sleep 20 & [1]+ Done sleep 20 root@tty1[/]#

Mt khi 20 giy tri qua, tin trnh dng khi vn cn nn, v chng ta c ni v iu ny
trn mn hnh. Chng ta c th kim tra thng qua ps rng qu thc khng c tin trnh no ang
chy c. Ti thi im ny, chng ta c th dng mt tin trnh v tr n v mt trc (foreground)
bng vic s dng lnh fg:
root@tty1[/]# man ls <Ctrl+z> [1]+ Stopped man ls root@tty1[/]# jobs [1]+ Stopped
man ls root@tty1[/]# fg 1

3.9. Kch hot v s dng chut

Chut l mt cng c cc k hu dng lm vic trong ch bng iu khin (console), v n c
th c s dng la chn v dn vn bn (y l cch m chng ta nm bt c tt c cc
u vo v u ra chun b cho vn bn ca hi tho ny, v d th).
V th, iu u tin chng ta s lm l thit lp cu hnh cho chut, v chng ta s lm iu ny
bng vic s dng chng trnh c s dng thng xuyn nht, gpm, n chy t ng ch

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GNU/Linux c bn

nn (v gpm l mt daemon, mt khi nim chng ta s phn tch trong cc phn tip sau).
C nhiu dng thit b chut (c kh, quang, laser v bi) v nhiu dng kt ni (cng lin tip, cng
PS/2, USB, laser, khng dy: tn s radio, hng ngoi hoc bluetooth), d hin hnh nhng dng
thit b chut c s dng thng xuyn nht l nhng dng c cc b kt ni dng USB hoc
PS/2 (thng th chng c phn phi vi 2 dng kt ni ). Nu chng ta c mt chut dng u
tin, th chng ta s chy dng lnh sau:
#gpm -m /dev/input/mice -t autops2

Nu nhng g chng ta c l mt chut c kt ni ti cng PS/2, kch hot n chng ta s s

dng th tc y ht nh trn ch khc thit b v dng chut:
#gpm -m /dev/psaux -t ps2

V nguyn tc, sau khi chy mt trong 2 dng lnh trn, nh home, bng vic dch chuyn
chut th chng ta s thy mi tn chut trn tt c cc ca s dng lnh, v bng vic chy:
sofia@tty1[/]$ ps aux | grep gpm

chng ta s c cu tr li ca dng
root 3594 0.0 0.1 1632 532 ? Ss 00:28 0:00 gpm -m
/dev/input/mice -t autops2

ni m gpm ang chy ch nn.

Nu khng, c ngha l chut ca chng ta l khng tiu chun. Trong trng hp ny chng ta s
cn phi c man ca gpm cn thn v chy gpm -t help th v nhn din ra dng chut thch
nghi cho mt dng m chng ta c.
Mt khi chut c thit lp cu hnh, chng ta c th chn phn ca vn bn m chng ta quan
tm, v khi chng ta nhn nm chut gia th chng ta s dn ni dung c chn vo v tr hin
hnh ca con tr. Nu chng ta quen s dng chut t con tr, th chng ta c th thy rng
cc kt qu chng ta c c khng chnh xc nh nhng g chng ta mun, nhng bng cch luyn
tp thc t mt cht, chng ta s sm quen c vi cch lm vic ny.
Chng ta cng thit lp cu hnh cho
reconfigure gpm.

gpm

thng qua lnh

gpmconfig

hoc tin ch

dpkg-

Hot ng
3.9 Chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh cho bn chut gi lp mt chut 2 nm c khng?

Chng ta nn lu rng b nh m m ni dung ca chut c lu gi khi chng ta truyn t

mt tty ny sang tty khc.
Hot ng
3.10 Tn dng s vic l ni dung ca b nh m ca chut c gi li gia cc ca s dng lnh, hy m
mt phin vi v ca s dng lnh khc hy t bn thn bn vo gc root ca h thng tp, hy lit k ni
dung ca n mt cch chi tit v chuyn cc d liu ny ti trnh son tho vn bn. Hy lu ni dung tp vn
bn bng vic s dng cat, hy kim tra xem chng ta c c mt cch c hiu qu cc kt qu theo yu
cu hay cha.

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GNU/Linux c bn

3.10. Cc hot ng khc

kt thc hi tho u tin ny, chng ta s chy mt lot cc lnh tip tc vi qu trnh lm
quen vi h thng v c c cc ti nguyn gii quyt cc vn tim tng trong tng lai.
Chng ta s tm ra h thng, dng my tnh chng ta ang chy trn, phn cng c ci t...
V th y bn c mt t lnh, nh l vi man v tn ca lnh bn c mt s tr gip tm ra
nhng lnh no lm g v tt c cc la chn m chng c th c.
knoppix@0[knoppix]$ uname -a Linux Knoppix 2.6.12 #2 SMP Tue Aug 9 23:20:52 CEST 2005 i686
GNU/Linux knoppix@0[knoppix]$ cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu
family : 15 model : 2 model name : Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 2.80GHz stepping : 7 cpu MHz :
2801.835 cache size : 512 KB fdiv_bug : no hlt_bug : no f00f_bug : no coma_bug : no fpu :
yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 2 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8
sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe cid bogomips
: 5455.87 knoppix@0[knoppix]$ lspci 0000:00:00.0 Host bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems
[SiS] SiS645DX Host & Memory & AGP Controller (rev 01) 0000:00:01.0 PCI bridge:
Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] Virtual PCI-to-PCI bridge (AGP) 0000:00:02.0 ISA bridge:
Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SiS962 [MuTIOL Media IO] (rev 14) 0000:00:02.1 SMBus:
Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS]: Unknown device 0016 0000:00:02.3 FireWire (IEEE 1394):
Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] FireWire Controller 0000:00:02.5 IDE interface: Silicon
Integrated Systems [SiS] 5513 [IDE] 0000:00:02.6 Modem: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS]
AC'97 Modem Controller (rev a0) 0000:00:02.7 Multimedia audio controller: Silicon
Integrated Systems [SiS] Sound Controller (rev a0) 0000:00:03.0 USB Controller: Silicon
Integrated Systems [SiS] USB 1.0 Controller (rev 0f) 0000:00:03.1 USB Controller: Silicon
Integrated Systems [SiS] USB 1.0 Controller (rev 0f) 0000:00:03.2 USB Controller: Silicon
Integrated Systems [SiS] USB 1.0 Controller (rev 0f) 0000:00:03.3 USB Controller: Silicon
Integrated Systems [SiS] USB 2.0 Controller 0000:00:04.0 Ethernet controller: Silicon
Integrated Systems [SiS] SiS900 PCI Fast Ethernet (rev 91) 0000:00:08.0 CardBus bridge: O2
Micro, Inc. OZ6912 Cardbus Controller 0000:01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI
Technologies
Inc Radeon R250 Lf [Radeon Mobility 9000 M9] (rev 01) knoppix@0[knoppix]$ df S.files 1K
blocks
Used Free Use% Mounted on /dev/root 2471 21 2450 1% / /ramdisk 401312 8388 392924 3% /ramdisk
/UNIONFS 7764900 7371976 392924 95% /UNIONFS /dev/hdc 4067388 4067388 0 100% /cdrom
/dev/cloop
4963828 4963828 0 100% /KNOPPIX /dev/cloop2 2399762 2399762 0 100% /KNOPPIX2
/UNIONFS/dev/sda1
255452 14552 240900 6% /mnt/sda1 knoppix@0[sda1]$ free total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 514720 495232 19488 0 15476 350084 -/+ buffers/cache: 129672 385048 Swap: 497972 0
497972

Hot ng
3.11 Trong th mc o /proc/ v trong cc th mc con ca n chng ta s thy nhiu thng tin v h thng
ca chng ta trong cc tp vn bn. Hy t bn thn bn vo th mc ny v s dng more hoc cat khai
thc thng tin ca cc tp .

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GNU/Linux c bn

3.11. Kt lun
y l tip xc u tin ca chng ta vi mt mi trng UNIX. N gip ph b chuyn hoang
ng rng lm vic trong dng cc h iu hnh ny l phc tp v kh. Hn na, n gip
chng ta bt u hiu c nhng kh nng v tnh linh hot ca n. Chng ta hc c cch di
chuyn trong h thng tp ca n v trin khai cc hot ng vi cc tp, tm kim thng tin
Mi iu chng ta hc cho ti by gi s rt hu ch t y tr i v s phc v nh l c s
cho vic m rng tri thc ca chng ta.
Cng lc, v s cc kh nng thit lp cu hnh v t ng d tm phn cng ca KNOPPIX c
ngha l n c th rt hu ch cho chng ta khi ci t Debian trong hi tho tip sau, trong trng
hp cc vn v phn cng pht sinh. Chng ta lun c th khi ng li KNOPPIX v nghin
cu cch m n gii quyt vn ny (c bn bng vic nghin cu cc tp cu hnh).
Nh l mt hot ng cui cng ca hi tho, chng ta c th khi ng li KNOPPIX trong ch
ha, ni cch khc, khng truyn tham s 2 khi chng ta khi to n (cch khc lm iu ny
l bng vic truyn cc tham s knoppix lang=es wheelmouse).

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GNU/Linux c bn

4. Ci t GNU/Linux
4.1. Gii thiu
Trong phn ny chng ta s xem cc bc c bn c tun theo trong hu ht cc qui trnh ci t
GNU/Linux. D mi pht tn c mi trng ci t ca ring n, th tt c chng u chia s mt s
bc c bn. Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt cc bc v gii thch cc khi nim chng ta
cn phi trin khai chng thnh cng. iu quan trng trc khi chng ta ci t mt h iu hnh
mi l chng ta hy lm quen mt cch ph hp vi nhng thnh phn chnh m chng ta ci t
ln my tnh ca chng ta sao cho chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh mi th ng n, thm ch nu
pht tn m chng ta s dng c bao gm c s d tm phn cng.
C kh nng l chng ta c th c 2 h iu hnh hon ton c lp nhau c ci t ch trn mt
a cng. Mc d qui trnh ci t h iu hnh khc ln cng a cng (hoc c ci t ln mt
a cng khc trong cng mt my tnh) s khng can thip vo vi cc phn vng khc, th c
khuyn co hy to ra cc bn sao lu ca tt c cc ti liu. Bt chp thc t l nu chng ta tun
theo tt c cc bc c m t bn di ng n th thc t s khng c kh nng nh mt d
liu, th s thn trng lun c khuyn co v v th hy to ra cc bn sao lu cc tp quan trng.
Chun b ci t Linux
Trc khi bt u vi qui trnh ci t, s l thun tin bit thng hiu v m hnh ca card ha v m
thanh chng ta ci t; card mng; thng hiu, dng v cc c tnh ca mn hnh, cng nh bt k phn
cng no khc m chng ta c. Thng th, i vi bo mch ch, CPU v RAM, chng ta khng cn bit cc
c tnh ca chng. c c nhng thng tin ny, chng ta c th nghin cu cc sch ch dn c a ra
cho chng ta khi chng ta mua my tnh hoc, nu chng ta c h iu hnh khc c ci t, hy s dng n
cho mc ch ny (trn cc h thng Windows chng ta c th c c cc d liu ny t bng iu khin
[control panel]).

4.2 Khi ng
Ni chung, tt c cc pht tn GNU/Linux a ra mt s dng cng c khi ng qui trnh ci t
Hin hnh, l in hnh a ra mt a CD hoc DVD khi ng hoc nu my tnh ca chng ta
khng c u c tng ng hoc nu chng ta mun tin hnh ci t t xa, th mt a khi ng
s c a ra.
Bc u tin ca qui trnh ny l chn dng ci t m chng ta mun trin khai. Ni chung, la
chn ny c a ra xc nh dng ngi s dng ang ci t h thng, a ra t nhiu cc
thng tin tng ng v cho php ngi s dng thit lp cu hnh cho h thng chi tit hn hay
khng. Nu chng ta c tri thc, th c khuyn co tin hnh ci t ch chuyn gia (hoc
tng t) sao cho chng ta c th thch nghi c h thng tt hn cho nhng nhu cu c bit ca
chng ta. Trong mt s pht tn, bc u tin ny cng phc v cho vic chn phin bn ca nhn
m chng ta mun ci t hoc thit lp cu hnh cho qui trnh ci t ch ha, ch vn
bn iu c bn phi c cn thn tt c cc thng tin chng ta c cung cp trong pha u tin
ny sao cho chng ta c th chn ng nhng g ph hp nht s dng m chng ta mun trao
cho h thng ca chng ta.
Tip n, hu ht cc pht tn s cho php chng ta chn dng bn phm (hoc cu hnh tng t)

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GNU/Linux c bn

m chng ta mun s dng. D c nhiu dng khc nhau, th dng chung nht l QWERTY (cc k
t u bt u t hng u t tri qua ca bn phm), nn chng ta s chn qwerty/ es (Spain).

4.3. Phn vng cho a

Vic phn vng cho a cng l mt trong nhng phn sng cn nht
ca ton b qui trnh. Bc ny c lin quan ti vic chia a thnh cc
phn khc nhau, sao cho mi phn l mt n v c lp. Nu chng ta
c mt h iu hnh c ci t ln my tnh ca chng ta ri, th
a s c phn vng thnh mt hoc vi phn vng, nhng nu a l
mi, th thng s khng c iu .
ci t GNU/Linux chng ta cn phi c t nht mt phn vng cho
n. Thc t l khi chng ta sa i kch c ca mt phn vng th
chng ta cn phi loi b n v to li n mt ln na, ng vic nh
mt tt c cc thng tin n c. V l do ny v khc, c cc chng
trnh cho php chng ta sa kch c ca cc phn vng m khng phi
loi b chng. fips l mt chng trnh vi mt giy php GPL, cho
php chng ta thay i kch c cc phn vng ca chng ta c nh
dng vi FAT (cho cc h thng Windows ca nhnh khng phi l
NT) m khng nh mt cc thng tin ca chng. Cng c nhng
chng trnh thng mi khc cho php chng ta trin khai dng hot
ng ny vi bt k h thng tp no, ngha l nu chng ta khng
mun nh mt thng tin h thng ca chng ta, th chng ta nn s
dng mt trong s chng trc khi bt u vi ton b qui trnh ny.

Cc phng php ci t
Mt s pht tn GNU/Linux
cho php chng ta trin khai
ci t thng qua bt k
phng tin no; CD, DVD,
FTP, HTTP, a cng, NFS...
Cng c cc phng php ci
t cho php chng ta khi
ng qui trnh t cc h iu
hnh khc.

La chn h thng tp
D c cc cch thc ci t
GNU/Linux bng vic s
dng h thng tp ca h iu
hnh khc, th khng c
khuyn co s dng dng ci
t v hiu nng ca h
thng s b suy gim ng k.

Cc phn vng a
D vi 1 hoc 2 phn vng chng ta c th c kh nng ci t GNU/Linux, th th v chia a thnh
nhiu phn on hn v t cc th mc nht nh trong cc n v khc nhau sao cho chng ta c th qun
l cc ti nguyn c hiu qu hn, trnh h thng b sp v s bo ha ca a... Trong tt c cc s kin, chng
ta s li cc kha cnh cho cc kha hc tin tin hn v qun tr.

c khuyn co cho GNU/Linux s dng 2 phn vng a cng. Mt phn vng s phc v cho
vic lu cc tp h thng v phn vng kia cho s hon i swap. Swap l mt vng trao i gia
RAM v a cng ca my tnh. N gip khi RAM ca h iu hnh b chim hon ton v cc
chng trnh ang chy cn nhiu b nh hn. iu ny l khi chng ta bt u s dng swap
tit kim cc vng ca RAM m ang khng c s dng, trao i chng sao cho cc ng dng
khng b li m khng c b nh sn sng. Cng c kh nng lm m khng c swap, nhng
khng c khuyn co v h thng s khng c kh nng qun l cc ti nguyn mt cch c hiu
qu; ngoi ra, khi chng ta s dng vi ng dng cng mt lc th chng s b li m khng c
b nh d dng hn nhiu. D kch c ca swap c th ln bt k nh chng ta mun, th c
khuyn co lm cho n gp 2 ln b nh RAM c ci t trn my tnh nu chng ta c 64MB
hoc t hn, v y ht nh b nh RAM nu chng ta c nhiu hn. Nhng tnh ton l da vo
nhng kim th hiu nng ca h thng ch ra rng chng t c ti mt im, ni m, nu cc
ng dng cn s dng qu nhiu b nh swap, th hiu nng s gim nhiu, gy ra cho h thng tr
thnh hu nh b bo ha ( xem lng b nh RAM v swap ang c s dng, h thng cho
chng ta lnh free).
C vi ng dng cho vic phn vng cho a. Mt trong s nhng ng dng u tin xut hin l

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fdisk,

d hin hnh c nhng ng dng khc nh cfdisk, diskDruid Trong mt s qui trnh ci
t, chng ta c th chn ng dng no chng ta mun s dng, d chng tt c u cho php
chng ta lm chnh xc y ht iu vi nhng thay i trong trnh by mi trng. Cch m
GNU/Linux nhn din cc a l /dev/hdX i vi cc a IDE v /dev/sdX i vi cc a SCSI
v Serial ATA, ni m trong c 2 trng hp X l mt k t tng ng vi a m chng ta mun
tham chiu ti nh sau:
Cc dng a cng
i vi cc my tnh c nhn, c 3 dng a cng: IDE, Serial ATA v SCSI. Hin ti, hu ht cc bo mch ch
c cc trnh kim sot (controller) Serial ATA. Cc trnh kim sot SATA cho php ti 4 hoc 6 a. Cc trnh
kim sot SCSI (Giao din H thng My tnh Nh/Thng minh - Small/Smart Computer System Interface)
cho php ti 8 thit b v c tc truyn cao hn, d chng cng t gi hn nhiu so vi IDE.

Bng 4.1
Thit b

ngha

/dev/had

a ch ca knh IDE u tin

/dev/hdb

a ph ca knh IDE u tin

/dev/hdc

a ch ca knh IDE th 2

/dev/hdd

a ph ca knh IDE th 2

/dev/sda

a u tin ca trnh kim sot SCSI hoc SATA

/dev/sdb

a th 2 ca trnh kim sot SCSI hoc SATA

Bn ghi khi ng ch Master boot record

lu thng tn ca cc phn
vng v chng trnh khi
ng, cc a c mt vng d
liu c gi gn c gi l
bn ghi khi ng ch MBR
(Master Boot Record).

Nu chng ta c hn 1 a trong my tnh ca chng ta, th trc khi chng ta vo chng trnh
phn vng, chng ta c th chn a no s lm vic trn . Khi chng ta to ra mt phn vng th
chng ta s c cu hi phn vng l gc ban u hay logic. Trong mt a cng chng ta c
th c ti 4 phn vng gc ban u v ti 64 phn vng logic. Nu chng ta khng cn hn 4 phn
vng, th chng ta c th chn c 2 dng trn. Nu chng ta cn hn na, th chng ta nn nh trong
u rng cc phn vng logic c t bn trong mt phn vng gc ban u (ti a 16 phn vng
logic cho mi phn vng gc ban u) nn chng ta khng th c 4 phn vng gc ban u c to
ra v sau b sung thm cc phn vng logic khc c. Trong trng hp ny, chng ta nn to
ra 3 phn vng gc ban u v ti a 16 phn vng logic trong 4 phn vng gc ban u. Hnh sau
y cho chng ta mt v d ha:

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Hnh 4.1
Khi chng ta to mt phn vng, chng ta cn ch nh h thng tp
no chng ta s s dng cho n (Linux ext2, Linux ext3 hay Linux
swap). Mt khi chng ta to cc phn vng, th chng ta s lu cu
hnh v chng ta phi ni cho tin trnh ci t ni m chng ta mun
t h thng tp gc root v h thng swap. Mt khi chng ta trin
khai cc bc , th chng ta c th tip tc vi phn cn li ca tin
trnh ci t.

4.4. Ci t cc module

Phn vng tch cc

Trong tt c cc phn vng
ca mt a cng chng ta c
th chn mt phn vng s l
tch cc nht. C ny ni
cho BIOS hoc EFI ca h
thng phn vng no nn
c khi to nu n khng
thy chng trnh khi to
trong MBR.

Cc module nhn l cc phn ca phn mm chuyn dng trong mt

nhim v c th. Vi tt c cch thc ca cc thit b v cc vng chc nng khc nhau cho nhiu
h thng tp, cc hot ng qun l trc tuyn , n c quyt nh khng bao gm tt c cc
trnh iu khin v cc chc nng nh l tiu chun. Mt trong nhng phin bn u tin ca
Linux, khi nhn m chng ta khng a vo bt k chc nng no, chng ta phi bin dch li
n hon ton v to ra mt nhn c ty bin cho cc nhu cu ca chng ta. Vi s kt hp ca
cc module th tin trnh ny khng cn cn thit na v chng ta c th chn trc tip chc nng
m chng ta cn.
Thng thng, nhng pht tn kt hp hng trm module khc nhau cho nhn Linux. Chng c
xu hng c t chc trong cc chng loi khc nhau lm cho vic tm kim chng l d dng
hn v thng th, vi tn y ht ca module hoc m t ngn gn i cng vi n m chng ta
bit ri, n c thit k cho thit b no hoc chc nng no m n trin khai. iu ny gii thch

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v sao chng ta nhc ti trc rng iu quan trng phi bit phn cng no my tnh ca
chng ta c: trong bc ny chng ta c th chn chi tit hn nhng module no chng ta cn. i
vi mt s trong s chng th chng ta c th phi truyn mt thng s c bit (nh a ch I/O,
ngt c thit b s dng ), thng tin m chng ta c th c c t BIOS hoc EFI ca h
thng hoc thng qua cc th tc c nhc ti trc .
Cng ng l nu qui trnh ci t mang mt vi dng chng trnh nhn bit phn cng mt
cch t ng, th ton b qui trnh la chn v ti cc module l khng cn thit v n c trin
khai ri mt cch t ng. Tuy nhin, n c th khng d tm ra c ng mt thit b m chng ta
ci t, trong trng hp chng ta s cn a vo bng tay module tng ng.
Nu chng ta qun a vo mt module (hoc ci t mt s thit b mi) ti thi im ci t h
thng, th chng ta lun c th s dng cc lnh sau: insmod ( thm mt module mi), lsmod (
lit k cc module c ci t), rmmod ( loi b mt module) v modprobe ( kim th mt
module, v nu n lm vic ng, th a n vo trong nhn). Tt c nhng module khng g
hn l cc tp nh phn m chng ta c xu hng tm trong th mc /lib/modules/ ca h thng.
Nu chng ta c cc vn v pht hin phn cng no chng ta ci (1)
Chng ta thng c th
t, th mt tin ch rt thc t c xu hng i vi cc pht tn l
tm cc module tp cu hnh
discover. Chng ta c th s dng n bit chnh xc cc thnh phn
trong /etc/modules
no chng ta c v nhng module1 no tng ng vi chng.

4.5. Cu hnh mng c bn

Sau vic cu hnh cc module m s c a vo trong nhn ca h iu hnh, chng ta cn thit
phi thit lp cu hnh cho mng (nu chng ta c card theo yu cu). D trong ti liu ny chng ta
s khng i vo chi tit cc mng my tnh, th chng ta s a ra nhng tng cn thit trin
khai bc ny m khng c bt k s phc tp rc ri no.
iu u tin chng ta s c yu cu l tn m chng ta mun trao a ch IP
cho h thng. Tn ny s phc v tham chiu ti n m khng cn
Mt a ch IP l nhn din
lc no cng phi nh a ch IP ca n. Mt khi chng ta vo c ca mt my tnh trong mt
tn, chng ta thng s c yu cu liu trong mng ca chng ta c mng khi chng ta s dng
s dng mt c ch c gi l DHCP hay BOOTP hay khng, chng giao thc TCP/IP, giao thc
bao gm vic c mt my ch c th c trch nhim cho vic ch nh c s dng ph bin nht
t ng cc IP cho cc my tnh khi khi ng. Nu chng ta s dng trn Internet.
c ch ny, th chng ta cn ch nh rng y l cch ta lm, cn nu
khng, chng ta s c yu cu c IP v mt n cho my tnh ca chng ta. Nu chng ta khng
bit cc d liu ny, ch chng ta phi yu cu ngi qun tr mng ca chng ta. Tip theo chng ta
s phi vo IP cng (gateway) mng ca chng ta. Cng ny l mt thit b hoc mt my tnh hnh
ng nh mt chic cu ni gia mng cc b ca chng ta v Internet (nu chng ta khng c bt
k thit b no dng ny, th chng ta c th trng ny trng). Tip theo, chng ta s ch nh
(cc) my ch tn m chng ta s dng. Mt my ch tn (DNS server) l mt my tnh m trao cho
chng ta s tng ng gia mt tn v mt a ch IP. Nu chng ta khng bit tn no chng ta
ang s dng th chng ta cng s phi hi ngi qun tr mng.
Nu chng ta ang trong mt mng cc b, th chng ta s cn t vn cho ngi qun tr mng
cung cp cho chng ta tt c cc thng tin cn thit ny. Nu chng ta c h iu hnh khc c
ci t trn my tnh, th chng ta cng c th truy cp cu hnh ca n c c thng tin ny.
Tuy nhin, chng ta s khng bao gi sng to ra c cc gi tr , v kt qu c kh nng nht l

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n s khng thit lp cu hnh ph hp v chng ta s gy ra nhng vn trong mng cc b.

4.6. H thng khi ng

Mt khi chng ta thit lp cu hnh cho tt c cc thit lp , th chng ta s cn phi ci t
mt chng trnh nh ln a cng sao cho trong qu trnh khi ng my tnh chng ta c th chn
h iu hnh no chng ta ci t chng ta mun khi ng. Thm ch nu chng ta ch ci
t GNU/Linux ln h thng, th chng ta cng vn nn ci t chng trnh ny, v h thng khi
ng yu cu c n.
C nhiu ng dng khc nhau trin khai tin trnh ny. Nhng ng dng ph bin nht l Lilo
(Linux Loader - Trnh ti khi ng Linux) v Grub (GNU Grand Unified Bootloader - Trnh ti
khi ng Ln Thng nht GNU). iu duy nht nhng ng dng lm l khi to tin trnh ti
v chy nhn ca h iu hnh m chng ta ch nh. Ni chung, tt c cc pht tn u d tm liu
chng ta c hay khng h iu hnh khc c ci t trn cc a cng v t ng cu hnh h
thng khi ng cho chng ta. Tt c iu chng ta cn ghi nh trong u l chng ta s phi t
chng trnh ny ng sao cho n chy khi my tnh c khi ng. Thng thng, n c xu
hng c t trong MBR ca a ch ca knh IDE hoc SCSI u tin, y l ch u tin
BIOS hoc EFI ca my tnh d kin tm kim mt chng trnh c cc c tnh .

4.7. La chn cc gi
Hu ht cc tin trnh ci t bao gm 2 cch la chn cc chng trnh m chng ta s ci t ln
h thng: c bn v chuyn mn. Vi tin trnh la chn c bn th cc gi c sn thng s c
nhm vo thnh cc tp hp ln cc chng trnh: qun tr, pht trin phn mm, cc b vn phng,
ton hc... Nu chng ta vn cn cha bit chnh xc nhng chng trnh no chng ta s s dng,
th dng ci t ny l ph hp nht, v chng ta c th chn dng chng trnh no chng ta s
dng ni chung v khng i vo chi tit.
Cc gi
Mt gi bao gm mt hoc vi chng trnh/th vin c lin quan ti nhau, c nhm to thnh mt khi
duy nht. Hu ht cc pht tn bao gm cc tin ch cho vic iu khin cc gi (ci t, loi tr, cu hnh ).
Dng t chc ny rt hu ch v khi chng ta cn mt chng trnh, tin ch , th chng ta c th ci t n
tt c ch mt ln.

Khi chng ta bit nhiu hn mt cht v h thng v bit chnh xc Cp nht ca RedHat
nhng g chng ta s s dng, th s la chn cc gi theo chuyn mn
RedHat cng p dng mt
l tt hn. Vi dng la chn ny chng ta c th tinh chnh cc h thng ti v hoc cp nht
chng trnh m chng ta cn tt hn nhiu, tit kim c khong theo mt dng tng t vi
trng a v trnh c vic ti ca h thng nhiu chng trnh hn apt ca Debian.
mc cn thit. Khi chng ta ci t mt h thng s dng c th
(my ch http, cvs ) th c khuyn co chn ch nhng chng trnh no m chng ta s thc
s s dng, trnh cc vn v an ninh (t ca hn chng ta m, an ton hn cho h thng).
Mt s pht tn cng cho php kh nng c c cc gi t cc v tr khc nhau, nh mt hoc vi
CD hoc DVD, t cc my ch trn Internet Debian GNU/Linux tng l u tin c mt h
thng dng ny, c gi l apt. Dng qun l ny rt hu ch v n cho chng ta nhiu tnh mm
do v gi cho chng ta nm c thng tin v nhng sa li cho ng v cc cp nht chng
trnh mi nht.

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4.8. Cc kha cnh khc

Chng ta cn phi bit phi lm g nu chng ta c bt k vn g vi s ci t hoc i lc h
thng khi ng khng cho php chng ta ti h iu hnh ln. Thng thng, trong qu trnh ci
t c mt bc yu cu chng ta liu chng ta c mun to ra mt a phc hi hay khng. Lun
c khuyn co to ra a ny, v n cho php chng ta ti h iu hnh v truy cp h thng tp
sa nhng g cn thit.
Trong mt s pht tn, chng ta c th lm y ht vi a CD khi ng. Trong trng hp ca
Debian, v d, bn thn tin trnh khi ng bao gm mt bng iu khin (chng ta c th truy cp
n bng vic nhn Ctrl+F2) vi cc lnh c bn cho chng ta trin khai cc hot ng phc hi
c bn. Trong tt c cc s kin, nu chng ta i mt vi mt vn nghim trng m khng cho
php chng ta khi ng h thng mt cch ng n v chng ta mun tt c cc cng c thng
dng, th chng ta cng c th khi ng bng mt a live CD Knoppix hoc bt k pht tn no
khc v kch hot n v ni m chng ta nh h thng ci t sa li . iu quan trng l
phi c mt trong nhng cng c v phi kim th n trc khi mt vn nghim trng xy ra
sao cho chng ta lun c chun b.
Hu ht cc qui trnh ci t s dng mt ng dng gi l chng trnh mi (bootstrap) m chng ta
cng c th ci t ln h thng vi gi tng ng. Vi n, chng ta c th to ra qui trnh ci t
ca ring chng ta hoc xem cch m h thng thc s trin khai s ci t v cc nhim v cu
hnh. Chng ta c th ti ch hu ht trong s chng vi base-config program hoc bt k th no
khc m n t gi bn thn (bn c th tm thm thng tin trong sch ch dn), mc d chng ta
lun c th chuyn sang cc tp cu hnh ca h iu hnh lm n bng tay.

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5. Hi tho ci t Debian Etch

5.1 Gii thiu
Trong khi hi tho u tin gip chng ta tin hnh cc bc u tin trong mt h thng dng
UNIX, v lm th chng ta s dng mt pht tn khng li du vt trn my tnh ca
chng ta, v n khi ng v c chy t mt a CD-ROM hoc DVD-ROM, iu ny phc
v dy chng ta cch ci t mt h thng GNU/Linux c bn ln my tnh ca chng ta.
Pht tn c chn cho hi tho ln ny l Debian GNU/Linux 4.0, c bit ti nh l Etch (phin
bn mi nht ti thi im tc phm ny c xut bn), n c pht hnh vo ngy
08/04/2007 sau 21 thng lin tc pht trin. Debian GNU/Linux l mt h iu hnh t do h tr
tng cng 11 kin trc vi x l.
V phn mm, nhng i mi ca n bao gm cc mi trng ha cho my bn GNOME
2.14, KDE 3.5.5a v Xfce 4.4; B phn mm vn phng OpenOffice.org 2.0.4, KOffice 1.6,
GNUcash 2.0.5, GNUmeric 1.6.3 v Abiword 2.4.6; Coreo Evolution 2.6.3 v trnh thng ip tc
th (chat) Gaim 2.0; iceweasel 2.0.0.2 l trnh duyt Firefox, trong khi icedove 1.5 l trnh th in
t my trm Thunderbird; c 2 chng trnh u l cc phin bn c cc thng hiu c ng k
cha s dng.
N cng bao gm cc chng trnh mt m, tun th vi FHS phin bn 2.3 v vi cc chng trnh
c pht trin cho phin bn 3.1 ca LSB.
Debian GNU/Linux 4.0 a ra mt giao din ha mi cho h thng ci t c h tr kim tra
chnh t, s dng cc k t t hp v cc ngn ng phc tp. H thng ci t cho Debian
GNU/Linux by gi c dch sang 58 ngn ng. Vi Debian GNU/Linux 4.0, an ninh v tnh hiu
qu ca h thng qun l gi c ci thin.
Debian GNU/Linux c th chy c trn cc my tnh chy t cc thit b in t c nhn PDA v
cc h thng b ti cho ti cc siu my tnh, thng qua hu ht bt k h thng trung gian no. N
a ra s duy tr cho tng cng 11 kin trc: Sun SPARC (sparc), HP Alpha (alpha), Motorola/IBM
PowerPC (powerpc), Intel IA-32 (i386) e IA-64 (ia64), HP PA-RISC (hppa), MIPS (mips, mipsel),
ARM (arm), IBM S/390 (s390) v (c gii thiu ln u tin trong Debian GNU/Linux 4.0)
AMD64 v Intel EM64T (amd64).
S la chn gia Debian v RedHat cho hi tho ny l khng tht d dng, v RedHat a ra cc
sn phm thng mi c tha nhn rt tt trong th gii cc doanh nghip, v ni chung c
xem l n gin hn nhiu ci t mt pht tn RedHat hn l Debian. Thc t l chng ti
chn Debian v nhng l do sau: trc ht, pht tn ny phn nh trit hc ca GNU/Linux chn
thc hn v mi th t c nh cng vic t nguyn ca hng ngn ngi; th hai, c l mt
trong nhng pht tn trao cho ngi s dng t do nht khi ni v vic ci t v duy tr n; v mt
im cui cng c bn, i vi h thng gi ca n, c l l c sn hin nay v n nh nht vi
18.733 gi. D vy, Debian c chn khng phi v n c xem l tt hn RedHat (chc chn
c nhiu s la chn theo cch ny v mi ngi thch mi pht tn khc nhau), nhng n gin v
tnh mm do ca n lm cho n ph hp cho cc mc ch nghin cu hn lm. Vi s tha nhn
v nh hng ca RedHat, chng ti dnh ring mt ph lc cho pht tn ny sao cho cc c
gi cng c th hc v n v a ra nhng kin ca ring h.

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Chng ti cng khng qun rng ngoi 2 pht tn ny ra cn c nhiu pht tn khc na. Nhng
chng ti tin tng rng mt khi bn c c mi lin h ban u vi bt k pht tn no trong
s chng, th cng vic ca tng ngi s dng l kim th cc pht tn khc nhau v a ra
kin v pht tn no tt nht ph hp cho nhng nhu cu ca anh hoc ch ta. V l do ny, mt ln
na chng ti mun khuyn khch tng c nhn tri nghim v kim th v tp trung nhng n lc
vo hng ph hp nht. GNU/Linux khng phi l mt h thng ng, ngc li, GNU/Linux
ng ngha vi s t do, v v l do ny nh c bn ca module ny l, ni chung, mt khi tri
thc nn tng cn thit c hnh thnh, th s t do ny c th c thc hnh m khng c nhng
tr ngi, vi li ch ca tt c nhng u im ca n v gi thit tt c nhng h qu ca n.
Chng ti mun lu rng ti Ty Ban Nha, v c bit trong ng cnh gio dc, nhiu cng ng
t tr chn phn mm t do. N c bt u ti Extremadura, vi GnuLinEx, mt pht tn
GNU/Linux da vo Debian. V i theo n l Guadalinex ti Andalucia, LliureX trong cng ng
Valencia, Max trong Cng ng Madrid, Molinux ti Castilla - La Mancha... Mc d ban u chng
tng tt c da vo Debian, th mt s trong s chng thay i v by gi da vo Ubuntu, mt
pht tn GNU/Linux hin ang tr nn ph bin.
V th, nhn thc v sc mnh gia tng ca Ubuntu, chng ti dnh ring mt ph lc cho pht
tn ny sao cho cc c gi cng c th lm quen vi n v a ra nhng kin ca h.
Hot ng
5.1 Hot ng ny nhm bn ti thm cc trang web c ch ra trn tm ra nhng hnh ng ang
c trin khai, ti cc cng ng t tr khc nhau, gii thiu v thc y s dng phn mm t do trong
ng cnh gio dc.

Hot ng
5.2 V chng ta sp ci t Debian, chng ti khuyn co ving thm trang web ca n v lm quen vi ni
dung ca n. V th, chng ti xut vi bn ving thm trang web v cc phn khu ca n. Mt ln na
chng ti khuyn khch cc c gi a ra s kim ch mt cch t m t do ca h, v nhn chuyn ny bm
theo cc ng lin kt m h thy th v.

5.1.1. Cc h thng ci t
H thng ci t c hiu c ngha l cc ti nguyn hoc thit b c s dng ci t h iu
hnh. Hin hnh, hu ht tt c cc pht tn u a ra cc kh nng khc nhau cho vic trin khai
n, nhng v c bn chng ti c th phn bit gia 2 h thng ci t: CD-ROM/DVD-ROM hoc
Internet. Hn na, ni chung, c kh nng kt hp cc h thng khc nhau.
Debian a ra cc dng ci t khc nhau:

S dng mt tp hp cc a CD-ROM hoc DVD-ROM c s dng debian-installer.

Tp hp ny ca cc a CD-ROM/DVD-ROM gm tt c cc gi Debian, ngha l chng ta
c th trin khai mt ci t y m khng cn c kt ni ti mt mng. Chng ta c th
ti v Debian GNU/Linux bng vic s dng bittorrent (y l phng php c khuyn
co hin nay), jigdo hoc HTTP/FTP.

S dng mt a CD-ROM. C 2 nh ci t mng khc nhau cho CD-ROM (netinst) c

th c s dng ci t Etch vi debian-installer. Nhng nh ny c thit k sao
cho bn c th khi ng t a CD v ci t cc gi b sung thm m bn mun t mng
(Net), v th c tn l netinst. S khc bit gia 2 nh c sn ny l nh y netinst
gm trnh ci t v h thng c bn, cn nh th ca ngi ving thm (visitor's card)

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l nh hn v khng bao gm h thng c bn, ngha l phi ti n v t Net. Bn c th c

mt nh y cho CD m khng cn kt ni ti Net hon tt vic ci t. lm nh
th bn s ch cn s dng CD u tin trong b cc a CD Debian.

Thng qua a khi ng (boot.img), khi a khi ng, th n s yu cu bn chn vo a

th 2 (root.img). Nu bn nh trin khai ci t qua mng, th bn s cn nh floppy/netdrivers.img, v n cha cc trnh kim sot b sung cho nhiu card mng Ethernet, v cng
bao gm s h tr cho PCMCIA. Trong trng hp trin khai ci t t CD-ROM, v khng
c kh nng khi ng t n, th hy khi ng trc ht t mt a v s dng nh
floppy/net-drivers.img nh l cc trnh kim sot a hon tt ci t khi s dng CDROM.

S dng thit b nh USB. Cch d nht ca vic chun b thit b nh USB ca bn l ti v

hd-media/boot.img.gz v s dng gunzip trch tch nh . Sau , kch hot thit b
nh (n s c mt h thng tp FAT) v, cui cng, ti v mt nh ca CD netinst ca
Debian v sao chp tp ny vo thit b nh (n s l .iso).

S dng mng. Cc phng php khc nhau cho vic khi ng qua mng ph thuc vo
kin trc v cu hnh khi ng qua mng (v d, bng DHCP). Cch d nht thit lp
cu hnh mt khi ng qua mng c th l s dng PXE.

S dng a cng. C kh nng khi ng trnh ci t m khng cn s dng cc phng

tin tho lp c, nhng ch c nu c mt a cng ang tn ti, m c th c mt h
iu hnh khc. Hy ti v hd-media/initrd.gz, hdmedia/vmlinuz, v mt nh CD ca
Debian trong th mc mc cao nht trong a cng (nh CD nn c mt tn c phn m
rng l .iso). By gi chng ta ch cn khi ng Linux vi initrd.

Tm tt ny ch c thit k lit k cc dng ci t khc nhau m Debian a ra. Nhng

trin khai ci t chng ti khuyn co bn ving thm trang web ca n, nh chng ti nhc ti,
v c cn thn Cch ci t th no (HOWTO install).
Mc tng tc m s ci t i hi cng s ph thuc vo h thng v dng ci t c chn.
Nh c th mong i, tng trong s cc h thng u c nhng u v nhc im ca n: trong
khi mt ci t tiu chun cho php chng ta thit lp cu hnh tng bc mt, th g cc k hu
dng cho vic ty bin h thng theo cc kh nng v nhu cu ca chng ta, th mt h thng ci t
hon ton t ng i hi h tng v tri thc tin tin hn, v v th c s u t nhiu hn v c
thi gian v tin bc, m ch c th c chng minh nu s lng cc h thng m chng ta s
kch hot l rt ln (v d, chng ta c th cn nhc trin khai dng ci t ny trong mt phng ni
m cc my tnh c thit k cho s dng c nhn cng tn ti vi nhng my tnh khc c thit
k cho s song hnh, v ni m s lng ca chng thng xuyn gia tng).
Khi ni v vic chn mt h thng v mt dng ci t, chng ta cn cn nhc vi yu t, nh: cch
m nhiu s ci t chng ta s trin khai? c bao nhiu ci t khc nhau chng ta s trin khai?
Mc kinh nghim no chng ta c? Thc t l ci t u tin ny dn chng ta ngay lp tc ti
dng ci t c s dng thng xuyn v tng tc nht: ci t tng tc tiu chun.
By gi, chng ta ch cn xc nh h thng ci t, v iu ny s ph thuc c bn vo vic liu
chng ta c mt kt ni Internet v tc ca n th no. R rng, nu chng ta khng c mt kt
ni Internet hoc tc truy cp ca chng ta qu thp, th chng ta khng c la chn no khc
ngoi vic phi chn ci t da vo mt b cc a CD-ROM hoc DVD-ROM; nu c mt tc

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truy cp Internet chp nhn c (nh cc ng ADSL) hoc tc truy cp cao (kt ni trc tip
ti Internet thng qua mt cng gateway), th la chn tt nht s l chn mt ci t qua mng.
Mt ci t qua mng a ra nhiu u im hn mt ci t c trin khai bng CD-ROM/DVDROM, v c bit vi Debian, v n s cho php ci t cc phin bn c sn mi nht ca cc gi;
hn na, vic cp nht tt c cc gi c ci t trong h thng l d dng vi vic thc hin ch
mt lnh duy nht. Nhng vic ny khng nn lm cho chng ta b qua mt ci t c s dng CDROM/DVD-ROM nu, nh c nhc nh, chng ta khng c mt kt ni Internet hoc kt ni
qu chm (chng ta khng nn nh gi thp hoc cc gi m nhng CD-ROM/DVD-ROM
c cha, v Debian c c trng nh mt pht tn ch a vo cc gi c kim th rng ri).
V mt khi chng ta hon tt vic ci t th chng ta lun c th thay i ni dung tp
/etc/apt/sources.list v b sung thm cc dng ph hp truy cp Internet, c bit cho cc
cp nht an ninh.

5.1.2. Cc dng gi
Tip theo chng ta tp trung vo Debian v h thng gi ca n. Mt gi Debian c th c xc
nh bng m rng tp .deb ca n. Tt c cc gi c a vo trong pht tn chnh thc ca
Debian l t do theo cc ch dn phn mm t do ca Debian. iu ny m bo cho s s dng v
phn phi li t do cc gi v tt c m ngun ca chng. Pht tn Debian khc bit gia 4 lp gi
khc nhau. Cc gi ca ring pht tn c a vo trong lp chnh, trong khi cc lp contrib, nonfree (khng t do) v non-US (khng phi ca M) c t chc Debian cung cp v li ch ca
nhng ngi s dng ca h:

main (chnh). Cc gi tun th vi cc ch dn phn mm t do ca Debian, ni cch khc,

s dng v phn phi li mt cch t do tt c cc tp nh phn to nn chng, b sung thm
vo m ngun y ca chng, c m bo.

contrib. Cc gi m, trong khi cng t do v v th ging nh cc tp nh phn c m ngun

ca chng sn sng, ph thuc vo cc gi khc m khng phi l t do.

Non-free (khng t do). Cc gi d chng c th l min ph, vn c nhng iu kin hn

ch m theo vi cch thc no hn ch s dng hoc phn phi li chng.

non-US/main (khng M/chnh). Cc gi ca khu vc ny bn thn chng l t do.

nhng khng th c xut khu t mt my ch t ti M.

non-US/non free (khng M/khng t do). Cc gi m khng th c xut khu khi

M v chng c cha cc phn mm mt m hoc cc phn mm c th nh hng ti
nhng vn c lin quan ti cc bng sng ch.

Pht tn chnh thc ca Debian bao gm ni dung trong phn chnh (main) ca tp Debian.

5.1.3. Tnh trng pht trin gi

Tnh trng pht trin gi s a ra iu kin cho dng pht tn chng ta ci t. V th, c 3 dng
pht tn khc nhau:

n nh (Stable). y l phin bn chnh thc gn y nht ca pht tn Debian

GNU/Linux. N bao gm cc phn mm v nhng thay i c kim th tt n nh v ch
kt hp nhng hiu chnh quan trng v an ninh v kh nng s dng.

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GNU/Linux c bn

Kim th (Testing). Pht tn bao gm cc gi c mong i s tr thnh mt phn ca

pht tn n nh tip sau. C mt lot cc yu cu rt nghim ngt m mi gi phi tha
mn trc khi chuyn t khng n nh sang kim th. Vic kim th khng c nhng cp
nht ca i an ninnh ti cng thi im khi chng c pht hnh.

Khng n nh (Unstable). Pht tn ny bao gm cc gi Debian gn y nht, v h qu l,

c kim th mi nht. V th, chng c th cha nhng vn nghim trng nh
hng ti tnh n nh ca h thng.

D tt c cc gi c nhng ph thuc ca ring chng, khng c vn g trong vic trn cc gi

ca cc pht tn khc nhau. apt-pinning (khuyn co, man apt-pinning) lm cho nhim v ny d
hn nhiu. Ngay c nh th, trong cc h thng c khuyn co hy ch s dng cc gi ca pht
tn n nh, chng l tin cy nht.

5.2. Ci t Debian Etch

Nh c bnh lun, Debian a ra nhiu dng ci t, t CD-ROM/DVD-ROM, b nh USB v
cc a, cho ti s dng mng. Cc dng ci t c s dng ph bin nht l: CD-ROM/DVDROM, CD-ROM ti thiu hoc ci t qua mng. Nu chng ta c th lm ch c ci u v ci
cui, th ci th 2 l ph hp. V th, chng ta s bt u bng vic ci t h thng u tin bng
vic s dng tp hp cc a DVD-ROM v, mt khi kt thc, chng ta s phn tch nhng khc
bit gia qu trnh ny v ci t qua mng.
Ln u tin trong Debian GNU/Linux, cc a CD v DVD a kin trc c a ra cho php a
kin trc s c ci t t mt a duy nht.

5.2.1. Cc thnh phn ca Debian Etch

Debian GNU/Linux 4.0 hay Debian Etch h tr 12 kin trc chnh v mt s bin th ca tng kin
trc c bit ti nh l cc thnh phn (cc nhn c bin dch trc khc nhau c thit k
h tr cc dng phn cng khc nhau).
V d, Debian GNU/Linux 4.0 cho kin trc Intel x86 l mc nh vi phin bn nhn 2.6.18. c
thm thng tin, bn c th tham kho cc ti liu c nhng ch dn ci t cho h thng Debian
GNU/Linux 4.0 (tn kha etch), cho kin trc Intel x86. Hn na, n gm cc ng lin kt ti
cc ti nguyn thng tin khc, b sung thm cho thng tin v cch lm tt nht cho h thng Debian
mi ca bn.

5.2.2. Ci t Debian GNU/Linux 4.0 cho Intel x86

Ti liu c bn m Debian a ra ci t n l Ci t Debian GNU/Linux 4.0 cho i386, c
a vo DVD1 (/doc/install/manual/en/index.html) c sn trong cc ngn ng khc nhau, bao
gm c ting Ty Ban Nha (/doc/install/manual/es/index.html). Chng ti khuyn co c ti
liu ny v c mt bn sao ca n trong tay trong trng hp c bt k vn g, nh khng c a
DVD-ROM c kh nng khi ng.

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GNU/Linux c bn

5.3. Ci t Debian Etch t DVD-ROM

Chng ta s trin khai ci t ny trong mt my tnh tiu chun qua mt a cng ATA c kt
ni nh l a ch qua cng IDE tiu chun gc ban u. nhng ni cc trnh kim sot v cc a
SCSI c kt ni, chng s c d tm ra m khng c vn g trong qu trnh khi ng, nh
trong trng hp cc a Serial-ATA. T trang web Debian chng ta c th ti v 3 a DVD ca
phin bn ny d vi mt h thng my bn c bn chng ta s c vi ch mt a u tin.

5.3.1. Trc khi bt u ci t

Trc khi bt u vi bn thn vic ci t, chng ta s cn chc chn rng c mt khng gian a
ti thiu trn a cng (khuyn co, c t nht khong 2-3 GB khng gian trng). Nu a mi, c
th bt u trc tip vi vic ci t thm ch nu chng ta cng cn nhc ci t h iu hnh khc
trn n (tt c iu chng ta s phi lm l li khng gian cho n vi dng phn vng n i hi).
Nu c mt khng gian m chng ta dnh c trc , v chng ta c trong u s ci
t GNU/Linux, hoc c mt phn vng ca bt k h iu hnh no khc ni m chng ta mong
mun ci t n, th cng c th tip tc vi vic ci t, ni cch khc khi ng t DVD-ROM.
Nu a cng l y v ch c mt phn vng (i khi chng ti khng khuyn co v ni chung
iu ny lm cho hiu nng ca bt k h iu hnh no cng suy gim ng k, v c bit nhng
h iu hnh c cc h thng tp rt khng n nh), chng ta s cn gii phng khng gian a sao
cho ci t c Debian GNU/Linux 4.0. Kh khn trin khai hot ng ny s ph thuc
nghim ngt vo h thng tp no phn vng c.
C kh nng rng h iu hnh theo yu cu thuc v h sn phm ca Microsoft; nu h thng tp
l dng FAT hoc FAT32 (c MSDOS, Windows95 v Windows98 s dng) th vn l kh n
gin vt qua, v bn thn pht tn ny a ra mt ng dng ( fips20.exe trn
DVD1/tools/fips20.zip) s gip chng ta to li phn vng cho a cng v to khng gian
ci t GNU/Linux.
Nu chng ta c mt h iu hnh GNU/Linux c ci t ri, th chng ta c th s dng mt
trong nhiu ng dng n c cho vic thay i kch c cc phn vng ca a v to cc phn vng
mi. Nh partman, v d th (mt cng c gc GNU/Linux), cfdisk, gparted (trnh son tho
ha cho vic phn vng a cng trong GNU/Linux v Gnome) hoc qtparted (trnh son tho
ha cho vic phn vng trong GNU/Linux v KDE). Nhng ng dng qun l cc h thng tp
dng FAT v FAT32 cng nh NTFS.
Nu chng ta khng c h iu hnh GNU/Linux c ci t th chng ta c th s dng Gparted
Live CD, y l mt live CD bao gm mt h iu hnh GNU/Linux c bn v nh chy c trc
tip t CD-ROM c cha ng dng Gparted.
V nh mt la chn cui cng, chng ta c th lun nhn sang cc ng dng thng mi.
Bt chp cc ng dng m chng ta s dng, chng ta s lun phi chng phn mnh cho a trc.
Trnh chng phn mnh a l mt tin ch phn tch cc a cc b, tm v tng cng cho cc tp
v th mc b phn mnh. N cng c th chng phn mnh cho cc a t mt dng lnh bng vic
s dng lnh defrag. iu ny s gip trnh c cc vn , v chng ta c th chng phn
mnh cho cc tp vi mt phn ca chng cui ca phn vng. V th, khi chng ta thay i kch
thc v ly ch t phn cui ny, chng ta c th xa mt nhng tp v trong trng hp t
nht chng ta c th nh mt thng tin, m nu chng l cc tp h thng, th chng ta c th lm

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GNU/Linux c bn

cho h iu hnh khng lm vic c na.

V th, rt quan trng chng phn mnh cho a trc khi ti phn vng, v cng vy to cc bn
sao lu ca tt c cc thng tin trn a. An ton tt hn l xin li.

5.3.2. Khi ng h thng ci t

i c ti im ny, chng ta bt u vi bn thn vic ci t ri. lm iu ny, chng
ta s khi ng my tnh chc chn rng thit b u tin c c khi my khi ng l DVDROM (bng vic vo trong BIOS), v chng ta s t DVD1 vo . Trong vi giy mt mn hnh
cho mng s xut hin nh sau:

Hnh 5.1
Nu chng ta nhn phm F1, mt mn hnh ging nh sau s xut hin:

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 5.2
Chng ta c th nhn bt k la chn no m thc n a ra, nu chng ta nhn F6, v d th, mn
hnh sau s xut hin:

Hnh 5.3
Nhng th v hn c l nhn F3, s a ra cho chng ta cc phng php khc nhau cho php ci
t. Chng ta c th ci t bng vic s dng phng php mc nh, vi trnh ci t ha,
trong ch chuyn gia cho kim sot ln hn hoc trong ch chuyn gia vi trnh ci t
ha. V th, hy g trong expertgui ci t trong mt ch chuyn gia vi trnh ci t ha:

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 5.4
v hy bt u vi vic ci t:

Hnh 5.5
Lm xong iu ny, nhn s ti (trong vi giy chng ta s thy cc u ra ca nhng kim th khc
nhau c trin khai trn mn hnh) v ngay lp tc sau mn hnh Chn Ngn ng (Choose
Language) s xut hin sao cho chng ta c th chn ngn ng ci t bng s dng cc con tr.

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 5.6
Ti y, bng vic nhn t hp phm Alt+F2 v nhn Enter, chng ta c mt trnh bin dch (shell)
m, d rt c bn, c th c s dng bt k khi no trong qu trnh ci t.
Trong tty3 (Atl+F3) nhn li cc thng ip ca n (ni cch khc, ni dung ca tp
/var/log/messages).

5.3.3. Cu hnh ngn ng ci t

c khuyn co chn ting Anh (English) trong mn hnh chn ngn ng (Choose language)
trnh cc li dch tim tng. Ni chung, v nhng ni c kh nng, lun u tin lm vic vi ngn
ng gc ban u; d, mt ln na. cc c gi c t do quyt nh ngn ng no l tt nht cho
h; trong trng hp ny, h c th chn ngn ng s c s dng trong qu trnh ci t.
V ti liu hng dn ny bng ting Ty Ban Nha, n tun theo cng trit l v tt c cc hnh
chp ci t c lm trong ngn ng .
By gi chng ta chn ngn ng v nhn phm Tip tc (Continue):

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 5.7
Trong mn hnh Chn quc gia, lnh th hoc khu vc (Choose a country, territory or area), nh vi
ngn ng, cc c gi c t do quyt nh chn ci g. Trong trng hp ny, chng ta chn
Ty Ban Nha (Spain):

Hnh 5.8
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GNU/Linux c bn

Tip theo, ph thuc vo ngn ng v quc gia c la chn, chng ta s c cho vi tham s
bn a v chng ta chn mt trong nhng h tr UTF-8:

Cu hnh cho ngn ng

Ngn ng ci t khng qui
nh cu hnh bn phm hoc
ngn ng trong chng ta
tng tc vi h thng hoc
cc cu hnh ngn ng khc.
La chn ny ch hp l trong
qu trnh ci t.

Hnh 5.9

5.3.4. Cu hnh bn phm

Nh gi ban u, giao din ci t s nhc chung ta thit lp cu hnh cho bn phm trong mn
hnh Chn Trnh by Bn phm (Choose Keyboard Layout) v chng ta s chn trnh by bn phm
m chng ta mun s dng:

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 5.10
Chng ta s nhn Tip tc (Continue) sao cho thit b u vo phn ng c vi vic nh x cc k
t bn phm ting Ty Ban Nha. Trong tty2 chng ta c th kim tra tnh hp l rng qu thc
chng ta c cc du ri, v d th.

5.3.5. D tm v kch hot CD-ROM

Bc tip sau l d tm v kch hot CD-ROM (DVD-ROM). Chng ta c ni rng n c d
tm ra v c khuyn co chn tt c cc module m chng ta s ti ln:

Hnh 5.11
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GNU/Linux c bn

V, tip sau, nu chng ta ang trin khai ci t trn mt my tnh xch tay, th chng ta s c
hi liu chng ta c mun khi to cc dch v th (card) PC s dng th PCMCIA hay khng,
m chng ta s tr li la chn C (Yes):

Hnh 5.12

5.3.6. Cu hnh mng

Bc tip theo ca qui trnh ci t m chng ta s trin khai l d tm phn cng mng:

Hnh 5.13

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GNU/Linux c bn

Chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh cho mng bng DHCP hoc bng tay. Trong trng hp ny,
chng ta s chn la chn thit lp cu hnh cho mng bng DHCP.

Hnh 5.14
Mt khi chng ta thit lp cu hnh cho mng ri, th ti lc phi t tn cho h thng m chng
ta ang ci t, chng ta c hi Tn ca my tnh, theo mc nh n gi gi l debian. Chng ta
c th xa gi v a vo mt ci tn chng ta mun, gm ch mt t.

Hnh 5.15

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GNU/Linux c bn

By gi, tt c th chng ta phi lm l ch nh tn cc b ca h thng. Nu n nh hnh thnh

mt phn ca mt mng, v v th, cn mt min, th iu ny s c ch nh mn hnh tip sau.

5.3.7. Phn vng a cng

Mt khi chng ta ch nh tn ca my v min ca n ( nhng ni cn thit) th qui trnh ci
t s gi rng chng ta d tm cc a v sau phn vng cc a.

Hnh 5.16
Khi ni v vic phn vng cc a, th kch thc, cc c tnh v s lng cc phn vng s ph
thuc nhiu vo mc trong dng s dng v lng khng gian a cng sn sng. V y l mt
ci t cho cc mc ch o to, thng tin c a ra tip sau trong cc phn vng s c to ra
vi gi thit rng chng ta ang lm vic trong mt khng gian gia 5 v 15 GB c thit k cho
ci t mi.
Chng ta cn to t nht 2 phn vng: phn vng u kch hot h thng v phn vng th 2 cho
hon i (ng l chng ta c th thc hin cc ci t m khng c s hon i, nhng, nh
c lu , n khng c khuyn co cao ). gia tng tnh hiu qu ca h thng, chng ta s
to 6 phn vng.
Cng c m Debian a ra cho vic phn vng a l cfdisk v n hot ng da vo vic s dng
cc con tr dch chuyn qua cc phn vng a (phn bn trn ca mn hnh, vi cc con tr Ln
v Xung), cng nh chn cc hnh ng tim nng m c th c trin khai tng lc (phn
di ca mn hnh, vi con tr Phi v Tri), khi chng s thay i ph thuc vo tnh trng ca
phn vng c chn. to mt phn vng mi, chng ta cn chn la chn [Mi] (New); tip
n, nu chng ta c th vn to cc phn vng ch gc ban u (s lng ti a l 4), th chng ta
s c yu cu liu chng ta c mun to n nh mt phn vng ch hay logic khng; sau
chng ta cn ch nh kch thc ca phn vng, v cui cng, v tr vt l ca n trn a (c

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GNU/Linux c bn

khuyn co to mt phc tho nh cch m chng ta mun lm iu ny trc khi bt u phn

vng cho a, v to cc phn vng trn c s ny, sao cho chng ta lun c th tr li cu hi
ny [ngay t u]).
Phn vng u tin l phn vng c thit k t ch cho gc root (/); n khng cn phi rt ln
v v l do ny chng ta s phn b n t nht 10% dung lng a cng, u tin trong mt phn
vng ch gc ban u (primary), nhng nu chng ta khng c n, th chng ta c th to n nh
mt phn vng logic m khng c vn g. Chng ta s ch nh rng phn vng ny ch bt u
ca khng gian trng v rng dng ca h thng tp c chn cho phn vng ny l ext3.
Phn vng th 2 s c s dng cho phn vng hon i (swap). N nn c t nht kch c y ht
vi RAM, 512MB, 1024MB , vi kch c ny chng ta s chc chn, an ton cho nhng trng
hp ngoi l, rng n s khng bao gi b bo ha; cng c u tin cho phn vng ny l phn
vng ch gc ban u (primary), nhng nu n phi l mt phn vng logic, th n cng s khng
nh hng ti hiu nng ca h thng. Nu chng ta c hn mt ci t GNU/Linux trn cng mt
my tnh, th chng ta c th s dng cng chung phn vng hon i cho tt c cc ci t , v
thng tin c th lu tr trong khi h thng hot ng l hon ton linh hot bin ng. H thng
tp cho phn vng hon i s l dng hon i (swap area).
Phn vng th 3 s dnh cho th mc usr (/usr); chng ta cn nh trong u rng phn vng ny s
t ch cho hu ht cc phn mm s c ci t, ngha l kch c ca n s phi ln ng k,
khong 40% dung lng a. H thng tp ca n s l ext3.
Phn vng th 4 s c s dng cho th mc var ( /var), ni cc th vin, cc tp lu k , s
c lu gi. Nh trong trng hp trc, n cng s l ext3.
Phn vng th 5 chng ta s s dng cho cc th mc gc home ca ngi s dng ( /home), c
thit k lu tr cc d liu ca ngi s dng, v ph thuc vo kch c ca a cng, chng ta
c th phn b khong 10%-20% dung lng a cho n, ph thuc vo s lng ngi s dng v
thng c lm t h thng. Phn vng ny cng s l ext3.
Khng gian cn li, phn vng th 6, s c s dng cho th mc tm ( /tmp) v h thng tp ca
n cng l ext3.
S phn phi cc phn vng trn ch l mt gi , vi 2 mc ch: mt mt, ci thin hiu nng
trong mi lin h vi mt ci t da trn ch mt hoc hai phn vng, v mt khc lm cho h
thng mnh m hn. Trong s nhng u th khc, nh vic d liu c phn tn trong cc phn
vng khc nhau c ngha l s hng mt trong s phn vng khng t ng ng mt tt c thng
tin ca h thng. R rng, c th to cc phn vng khc hoc b qua mt vi trong s phn vng
m chng ta xut (trt t cc phn vng khng nh hng ti hnh vi ca h thng).
V th, d tm ra c cc a, th chng ta c th chn phng php phn vng, m c th hoc
c ch dn hoc bng tay. Nu l bng tay, th chng ta c th to cc phn vng chng ta mun,
vi kch c v dng h thng tp, nh chng ta gii thch trn, v d th.
V nu chng ta chn la chn c ch dn, th n s gi vic phn vng h thng cho chng ta.
V y l ci t u tin ca chng ta, chng ta s chn la chn c ch dn.

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 5.17
Tip sau, chng ta s c ch la chn cc thit b c phn vng, Nu chng ta c hn 1 a
cng, th chng ta c th s dng cc con tr chn a no chng ta mun lm vic. Khi chn
xong, chng ta nhn Tip tc (Continue).
Debian gi vi s phn vng khc nhau: tt c cc tp trong cng phn vng, b sung thm
mt phn vng cho cc d liu ca ngi s dng, hoc tch bch cc phn vng chnh. Nh chng
ta thy trc, khng c khuyn khch thc hin ci t trong cng mt phn vng.
V chng ta c mt la chn cho php chng ta tch bch cc phn vng mt cch t ng /home,
/usr/, /var v /tmp, nn chng ta s chn la chn ny cho ci t u tin h thng Debian
GNU/Linux ca chng ta.

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 5.18
Chng ta s tun theo s phn vng trc , c bng cc phn vng sau y:

Hnh 5.19
Nh chng ta c th thy, y l vic phn vng c xut m ng dng t ng gi . Nu

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GNU/Linux c bn

chng ta mun sa i mt phn vng (kch c, v tr h thng tp ca n), b sung thm hoc
thm ch xa bt k phn vng c xut no, th chng ta c th chn phn vng theo yu
cu v tin hnh nhng thay i ph hp, hoc i ti Hon (Undo) cc thay i i vi la chn v
phn trang cc phn vng.
Tuy nhin, nu chng ta mun p dng vic phn vng c xut ny, th chng ta ch cn chn
Kt thc (Finish) vic phn vng v ghi nhng thay i vo la chn a v nhn Tip tc
(Continue). By gi thng tin ny s c ghi vo MBR v nhng thay i s c hiu lc. Chng ta
thot khi ng dng cfdisk v tip tc vi vic ci t.

Hnh 5.20

5.3.8. Cu hnh thi gian

Ngay sau khi vic phn vng cho a cng, chng ta vo cu hnh thi gian cho h thng.

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 5.21
Tip sau, chng ta chn thi gian UTC cho ng h, thi gian vn nng c sp t.

Th mc
c thm thng tin v thi
gian iu phi chung - UTC,
hy
ti
thm
khon
Universal Time Coordinated
trn Wikipedia.

Hnh 5.22

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GNU/Linux c bn

5.3.9. Cu hnh cho ngi s dng v mt khu

Mt khi chng ta hon tt cc th tc cu hnh thi gian h thng, ti lc cu hnh cho ngi s
dng v mt khu.
Trc ht, h thng s hi liu chng ta c mun kch hot la chn mt khu c m ha hay
khng, sao cho ch ngi s dng gc root truy cp c tp c cha cc mt khu ( /etc/shadow).
iu ny th hin bin php an ninh b sung cho h thng ca chng ta.
Cu hi th 2 l hy quyt nh liu chng ta s cho php ngi s dng gc root truy cp h thng
hoc liu chng ta c mun to ra mt ngi s dng c cc quyn nh ngi qun tr bng vic s
dng lnh sudo hay khng. y, chng ta s cho c gi quyt nh cch m anh ta mun lm
vic khi trin khai cc nhim v qun tr; trong ln ci t u tin ny, chng ta s cho php ngi
s dng gc root truy cp h thng.

Hnh 5.23
By gi chng ta cn ghi mt khu ca gc root. iu quan trng phi tun theo nhng khuyn co
trong vic chn mt khu v hy nh mt khu . khng nh rng mt khu c yu cu
c a vo v trnh kh nng g b li, c yu cu g li mt khu nh mt s khng nh.

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 5.24
Nh nhc ti, lun lm vic nh gc home l mt chnh sch ti v nhiu l do khc nhau. V
th, h thng khuyn co chng ta to ra mt ti khon ngi s dng thng thng.

Hnh 5.25

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GNU/Linux c bn

H thng s yu cu chng ta tn y ca ngi s dng mi:

Hnh 5.26
v tip sau, tn ca ti khon ny, ni cch khc, ngi s dng s truy cp h thng:

Hnh 5.27

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GNU/Linux c bn

v, cui cng, mt khu ca ngi s dng, m v cng l do trn, cn phi c g 2 ln:

Hnh 5.28

5.3.10. Ci t h thng c bn
Vi tt c thng tin ny, h thng bt u vic ci t h thng c bn:

Hnh 5.29

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GNU/Linux c bn

iu u tin n s hi l nhn m chng ta mun ci t. Nh chng ta c th thy t nh sau,

chng ta c th chn gia 4 nhn. Chng ta s chn la chn u tin:

Hnh 5.30

5.3.11. Cu hnh cho trnh qun l gi

Hnh 5.31

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GNU/Linux c bn

5.3.12. Chn v ci t cc chng trnh

Hnh 5.32

5.3.13. Ci t GRUB
Tip sau, gi ny bt u vic ci t GRUB boot loader. N phn tch a cng v tm tt c cc h
iu hnh c ci t sao cho mt khi ci t Debian hon tt th khi chng ta khi ng li my
tnh, chng ta c th chn gia cc h iu hnh c ci t. N s hi chng ta khng nh ci
t n ln MBR, v chng ta s tr li khng nh iu .

5.3.14. Khi to li h thng

Chng ta i ti cui ca vic ci t h thng c bn, v y l mn hnh c hin th:
ti lc khi to li h thng khi ng h thng c bn m chng ta ci t ln a cng,
v t bt u ty bin ci t GNU/Linux u tin ca chng ta. V th, chng ta s b DVDROM ra v nhy la chn Tip tc (Continue) c ch ra trn nh trc.

5.3.15. Khi ng h thng c bn

Nu mi th c thc hin nh mong i, th khi khi to li, chng ta s thy rng h thng cho
php chng ta chn h iu hnh Debian GNU/Linux. :

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 5.34
Sau mt lt, trong khi mn hnh s hin th cc kt qu ca cc tin trnh khc nhau c thc thi
khi khi ng, h thng s hin th mn hnh cho mng v mi chng ta tip tc vi vic ci t,
nhc chng ta rng chng ta c th lp li qui trnh ny bt k khi no chng ta mun bng vic
chy lnh base-config vi ti khon gc root. Chng ta nhy OK v tip tc:

Hnh 5.35

5.3.16. Cu hnh apt

Trong phn ny chng ta c hi v cc ngun ni m apt phi i ti tm thng tin cho vic
xy dng c s d liu ca n v cc gi (cc ph thuc, tnh trng ci t...). V chng ta ang
trin khai mt ci t hon ton da vo DVD-ROM, nn chng ta s chn la chn u tin,
cdrom, v nhy OK.

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Hnh 5.36
Trn mn hnh sau, chng ta s nhy OK ln na:

Hnh 5.37
V v chng ta chn DVD-ROM 1, sau mt lt trong lc apt trch xut thng tin v cc gi m
DVD ny cha, chng ta s c hi liu c mun b sung thm ni dung ca DVD khc vo c s
d liu hay khng. Mt khi chng ta chn DVD-ROM 2 vo c, th chng ta s tr li cu hi
l c:

Hnh 5.38

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Chng ta lm y ht vi DVD-ROM 3. Mt khi ni dung ca c 3 DVD-ROM c qut, th

chng ta s c hi liu c mun b sung cc ngun khc t apt c th ly c cc gi hay
khng, v ti lc ny chng ta s tr li khng.

5.3.17. Tasksel
Tip theo, chng trnh la chn gi tasksel s chy:

Hnh 5.39
Chng ta s khng nh du bt k la chn no, v chng ta cng s c kh nng chy chng
trnh ny t dng lnh mt khi chng ta hon tt vic ci t. Nh l gc root chng ta n gin
s phi chy lnh tasksel. Cng c chng trnh la chn gi khc, l dselect.
Tip theo, chng ta s c hi v cu hnh Exim; v hi tho ny khng dnh ring thit lp cu
hnh cho chng trnh qun l th ny, nn chng ta s chn la chn 6 thot khi chng trnh.

Hnh 5.40

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V y l ni m cu hnh h thng Debian c bn kt thc:

Hnh 5.41
Cui cng, sau mt lt mn hnh s hin th debian login v tip n chng ta s g vo ngi s
dng m chng ta to ra trong qu trnh ci t, v d sofia, v sau khi nhn Enter, chng ta s
vo mt khu khi to phin lm vic trong h thng Debian GNU/Linux m chng ta va ci
t xong:

Hnh 5.42
By gi chng ta c mt h thng c bn tiu chun c ci t trn my tnh. By gi bt u
vic chnh sa h thng theo cc yu cu ca chng ta. t c ti im ny, iu rt quan
trng phn bit gia 2 dng h thng: cc h thng pht trin v cc h thng sn xut.
H thng pht trin l h thng c thit k th nghim, trong cc v kim th v th
nghim c trin khai, v ni m tnh n nh v hiu qu khng c ngay t u. y l mt h
thng c thit k c c tri thc v bn thn h thng. Tuy nhin, tnh n nh v hiu qu l
nhng quan tm chnh cho mt h thng c thit k sn xut. V th, chng ta cn chc chn
rng n bao gm ch v hon ton cc gi c yu cu nghim ngt, v vic c nhng gi khng
cn thit c ci t s l bt li cho hiu qu ca h thng. Chin lc ny c p dng trc

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khi xy dng mt h thng sn xut (mt my ch web, my ch ng dng ) lun bao gm s

lm vic trc ht trong h thng pht trin, ni m cc chin thut khc nhau c th c din tp
v c kim th sao cho chng ta c th a ra cc kt lun trc khi xy dng h thng sn xut.
H thng u tin ca chng ta r rng s l mt h thng pht trin, c v chng ta khng ngh
n s cp ti mt nhu cu c bit no, v v y l kinh nghim u tin ca chng ta trong vic
xy dng mt h thng, v mc ch chnh l c c tri thc. Chng ta s ci t v b ci t mt
lot cc gi, kim th cc cu hnh khc nhau , v tt nhin iu ny s nh hng nghim trng
ti tnh n nh v hiu qu ca h thng. V th, chng ti khuyn khch cc sinh vin mt khi h
hon tt phn ny v c c tng tng th v nhng g vic ci t mt h thng c lin can,
hy ci t li ton b h thng mt ln na t u, thch nghi n mt cch nghim tc cho
nhng yu cu ca ring h.

5.4. Ci t mng vi Debian Etch

Nhiu bc trin khai ci t mng l y ht nh mt ci t DVD-ROM, nn chng ta s nhn
mnh v tp trung ch vo nhng kha cnh khc vi qui trnh c m t trn.

5.4.1. Nhng c th ca ci t mng

S khc bit c bn gia mt ci t c thc hin t mt tp cc DVD-ROM v t mt mng l
v tr cc gi khi ci t chng. Trong khi i vi mt ci t c thc hin t cc a DVD-ROM
th chng ta s phi chn t nht mt trong s chng vo a mi ln chng ta ci t mt gi mi
sao cho chng ta c th ly ra c nhng d liu cn thit t , cn vi mt ci t mng th cc
gi c ly t xa, cho php chng ta trc ht, truy cp ti phin bn mi nht ca chng, v cp
nht tt c cc gi m chng ta ci t vi ch mt dng lnh duy nht (apt-get upgrade).
Cng lc, trin khai mt ci t mng, chng ta thng cn ch mt CD-ROM hoc duy nht mt
DVD-ROM c cha thng tin cn thit cho vic khi ng mt h iu hnh c bn t chng ta
c th lm cho chng trnh ci t chy c (m c a vo ri trong a CD-ROM/DVDROM, cng vi cc module c th l cn thit cho vic thit lp cu hnh truy cp mng), v t y
tr i, phn cn li ca thng tin s c ly t xa.

5.4.2. Nhng kha cnh chung cho cc phng php ci t

khc nhau
Nh lu ti, nhiu bc chng ta cn theo trin khai mt ci t mng l tng t nh i
vi vic trin khai mt ci t c s dng cc a DVD-ROM. V th, chng ta c th a ra
chng trnh ci t theo cch thc y ht nh trn ([5.3.1.] v [5.3.2.]) v bt u i theo cng cc
bc thit lp cu hnh ci t cho ngn ng, bn phm, phn vng a cng v kch hot cc
phn vng ([5.3.3.], [5.3.5], [5.3.6.] v [5.3.7]).
Ti lc ny, thng th nhn s nhn c card mng ca chng ta v, nu khng, chng ta s x l
thit lp cu hnh cho module ph hp lm cho n hot ng. Trong nhiu trng hp th vic
thit lp cu hnh, vic truyn cc tham s c th c thc hin t ng thng qua modprobe, mt
chng trnh c th c khi xng t bn thn giao din ci t sau khi chn mt module. Thc
hin xong iu ny, chng ta s cn thit lp cu hnh cho mng (thng qua DHCP l thun li
nht), ch nh t site m chng ta s c c cc ngun, v t y tr i, tun theo cc bc y ht
nh vi CD-ROM hon tt ci t.

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5.4.3. Ci t module mng

y l im mu cht cho vic trin khai ci t mng, v y l ni m, nu trnh iu khin ca
card mng khng c bin dch trong nhn, th chng ta s phi chn mudule c yu cu c
c s truy cp ti n. Trc ht, chng ta cn tm ra liu card mng ca chng ta c c d
tm ra cha trong qu trnh khi ng v liu trnh iu khin tng ng ca n c ti ln hay
cha. lm vic ny, chng ta s truy cp ca s dng lnh th 2 (Alt+F2) v chy lnh dmesg.
By gi chng ta cn tm, t cc dng khc nhau c lnh ny tr v, liu c bt k mt tham
chiu no ti card mng ca chng ta hay khng. Nh mt v d, i vi mt card RTL-8029
(Realtek Semiconductors) chng ta s c:
sofia@debian:~$ dmesg . . . ne2k-pci.c:v1.02 10/19/2000 D. Becker/P. Gortmaker
http://www.scyld.com/network/ne2k-pci.html PCI: Found IRQ 11 for device 00:0b.0
PCI: Sharing IRQ 11 with 00:07.2 eth0: RealTek RTL-8029 found at 0xe400, IRQ 11,
52:54:00:DB:FB:D4. . . .

Nu tm kim thnh cng, trc ht chng ta cn xc nh chng ta c card mng no. lm iu

ny, iu tt nht l ly ti liu i vi n hoc xem k n bng mt. Nu iu ny l khng th, cn
c cc chin lc khc xc nh card ca chng ta l g, nh vic nhn Alt+F2 truy cp ca s
dng lnh v xem k ni dung ca tp /proc/pci (bng vic s dng cat, v d th), hoc chng ta
c th tham chiu ti thng tin m h iu hnh khc chng ta ci trn my tnh cng c kh
nng cung cp c.
Mt khi chng ta bit dng card mng no chng ta c, th chng ta cn tm module no s cho php
chng ta truy cp ti card ny. Chin lc an ton nht cho mc ch ny l s dng bt k my tm
kim no, v d, Google, g vo cc t kha card ca chng ta, (tham chiu ca card NIC Linux
module, v d th) v c mt s trang chng ta tm thy. Chng ta cng c th i ti cc trang ca
cc pht tn GNU/Linux chnh v g vo tham chiu card tm. Cch cui cng, chng ta c
th i ti ti liu cc module mng ca nhn, ni n ch nh module tng ng cho tt c cc card
c h tr.
Cng tt bit liu nh sn xut pht trin module ca ring mnh hay khng. Vic tm mt
module cho mt card c th l nhim v kh phc tp, n thm ch c th l khng th, v c th
khng c s h tr cho card hoc c th cc phng php tin tin l cn thit thit lp cu
hnh cho n; v l do ny, chng ti lun khuyn co s dng cc card c kh nng l tiu chun
nht c th.
Mt khi chng ta tm ra c module no chng ta cn, th sau khi ci t nhn, chng ta nn
chn gi c a ra cho chng ta t thc n chnh Cu hnh cc Module Trnh iu khin Thit
b (Confugure Device Driver Modules). Sau mt mn hnh cnh bo, nhc chng ta rng nhiu trnh
iu khin c a vo trong nhn, chng ta s nhn vo mn hnh chn module Chn Chng
loi (Select Category), (chng ta c th truy cp giao din ny bt k khi no bng vic chy lnh
modconf. Lnh ny phc v nh mt giao din mt tin [front-end] cho vic qun tr cc trnh iu
khin c bin dch theo mt cch thc module ha vi nhn) v bng vic s dng cc con tr
chng ta s chn la chn nhn/cc trnh iu khin/mng (kernel/drivers/net). Mt khi nm trong
mn hnh chn cc module card mng ri, hy chn cc module Chn Nhn/cc trnh iu
khin/mng (Select Kernel/drivers/net), chng ta s chn module chng ta cn, mt ln na s dng
cc con tr. Sau khi tr li c (Yes) cho cu hi liu chng ta c thc s mun ci t module ny
khng, chng ta c th autoprobe t ng thit lp cu hnh module cho chng ta, tr phi

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chng ta cn truyn mt tham s c bit cho module theo yu cu. Sau vi giy, chng ta s c
mt thng ip ni cho chng ta liu module c ci t ng hay cha.

5.4.4. Cu hnh mng

Mt khi chng ta bit rng card mng hot ng ri, th t thc n chnh ci t chng ta s i
theo bc c xut Cu hnh Mng (Configure the Network) thit lp cu hnh mng. Trc
ht, chng ta s cn thit lp cu hnh tn my ch - host name (trc khi c Debian gi , v d
th), m khng a vo min. Tip sau, chng ta s cn a vo a ch IP, mt n mng, cng
gateway, tn min v cc my ch DNS (cho ti 3, cch nhau bng cc du trng).

5.4.5. Cu hnh apt

Mt khi chng ta thit lp cu hnh mng, th cc bc tip sau chng ta nn theo l y ht nhng
bc vi ci t CD-ROM, cho ti khi chng ta c Cu hnh Apt (Apt Configuration). Ti thi im
ny, thay v chn la chn CD-ROM, chng ta s chn la chn mng ph hp nht. V cc mc
ch thc t, l y ht chn giao thc HTTP nh FTP. Sau khi chn chng ta s c hi liu
chng ta c mun s dng cc gi dng khng phi ca M khng (non-US) hay khng, v nguyn
tc, tr phi c nhng vn v php l, cn khng th chng ta s chn c.
V cu tr li cho cu hi sau y, vic tham chiu ti s dng cc gi khng t do, cc sinh vin
c php tin hnh nhng la chn ca ring h theo nhng nguyn tc o c ca ring h. Tip
theo, chng ta s c hi v tnh trng cc site cha cc bn sao (mirror) t apt s ly c
cc gi; chng ta lun nn chn mt site truy cp c tt nht, m c xu hng s l mt site gn
chng ta nht v a l. Khi chn xong tnh trng, chng ta s c hi chn mt my ch c
th (ng dng netselect c thit k to thun li cho s la chn cc my ch ca cc gi
da vo cc tiu ch v tc truy cp). Khi vn ny c gii quyt xong, chng ta s c ch
ra mn hnh cu hnh truy cp y quyn; nu chng ta khng cn s dng dch v ny, th chng ta
s b li dng trng.
iu quan trng v nhng l do an ninh phi c c cc gi sng cn t cc my ch an ninh. V
l do ny, khuyn co ly chng c bit t http://www.debian.ort/security/. hon tt c tt c
cc bc, th apt s kt ni vi site mirror m chng ta ch nh thit lp cu hnh cho c s
d liu ca mnh. T y tr i, phn cn li ca vic ci t chng ta s tun theo cc bc y ht
nh chng ta lm vi ci t bng CD-ROM.

5.5. Kt lun
Trong hi tho ny chng ta hc c cch ci t GNU/Linux trn my tnh ca chng ta. D
by gi h thng ca chng ta l rt c bn, th mc ch ca hi tho hon ton c tha mn,
v chng ta a ra cng vic c bn bt u tn dng tnh mm do v sc mnh ca h iu
hnh ny. Trong hi tho tip sau chng ta s hc cch thit lp cu hnh cho h thng v cch ci
t cc ng dng mi sao cho chng ta c th ty bin c n v trang b cho n vi tt c cc
cng c m chng ta thy l cn thit p ng cc nhu cu ca chng ta.

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6. Cc cu hnh c bn
6.1. H thng ng nhp
Nu chng ta cn cha thit lp cu hnh cho mi trng ha, th khi chng ta khi ng mt h
thng GNU/Linux, mt mn hnh s xut hin hi ngi s dng t xc nh bn thn anh hoc ch
ta trc khi bt u s dng h thng. Trn thc t, hu ht cc pht tn u a ra vi ca s dng
lnh lm vic cng mt lc c m chng ta c th truy cp thng qua Alt+F1, Alt+F2
iu ny cho php chng ta lm vic cng mt lc vi vi ti khon, c nhiu phin lm vic m ra
chy cc chng trnh khc nhau... Chng trnh c trch nhim qun l tng trong s cc
ca s dng lnh l getty. iu duy nht m chng trnh ny lm l m mt kt ni vi thit b
ph hp (trong trng hp cc ca s dng lnh mn hnh, th l /dev/ttyX, trong X l s
ca s dng lnh) v a ra ng dng ng nhp. C ch ny trao cho chng ta nhiu s mm
do, v bn thn chng trnh getty cho php giao tip vi cc thit b khc nhau c ngha l chng
ta c th kt ni mt ca s dng lnh ti cng ni tip ca my tnh, kch hot mt ca s dng
lnh bng vic s dng mt ng in thoi v mt modem
Trc khi khi xng ng dng ng nhp, mt thng ip cho mng s hin ra trn mn hnh.
Chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh cho thng ip ny trong tp /etc/issue, vit bt k th g
chng ta mun. Trong cng tp ny chng ta cng c th ch ra mt s bin h thng tham chiu ti
chng nh:
Bng 6.1
\d

ngy hin hnh

\s

tn h iu hnh

\l

s ca s dng lnh

\m

kin trc my tnh

\n

tn my tnh

\o

tn min

\r

phin bn ca h iu hnh

\t

thi gian hin hnh

\u

s ngi s dng tch cc trong h thng

Mt khi chng ta vo c h thng, th chng trnh login s chm sc vic hin th thng ip
trong ngy. Thng ip ny l nhng g c vit trong tp /etc/motd, m chng ta cng c th
thay i. C ch ny l rt hu ch thng bo cho tt c nhng ngi s dng v mt s kin c
bit, cnh bo cho h v bt k vn g Nu mt ngi s dng mun b thng ip ny, anh
ta c th lm vy bng vic to mt tp rng c tn l .hushlogin trong th mc home ca anh ta.

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Sau khi hin th thng ip ny, qui trnh ng nhp a ra trnh bin dch (shell) c cu hnh cho
ngi s dng ny mt cch mc nh. iu u tin cc lnh bin dch s lm l thc thi ni dung
ca tp .profile (m nn c nm trong th mc home ca ngi s dng). Tp ny phc v
chy cc ch dn c cu hnh mi ln ngi s dng vo h thng. B sung thm vo iu ny
mt ~/.profile, chng ta cng c /etc/profile, m c thc hin cho tt c nhng ngi s
dng h thng v s c thit lp cu hnh chung cho tt c nhng ngi s dng vi cc la chn
m chng ta mun khng cn phi t ra nhng ch dn theo tng ngi s dng .profile.

6.2. Khai thc bash

D tp .profile c thc thi bt chp trnh bin dch shell m chng ta s dng, cc tp .bashrc
hoc .bashprofile ch c xu th thc thi khi chng ta s dng trnh bin dch hoc bash shell
(d n c th c thit lp cu hnh t .profile ca ngi s dng), ni m s thc thi lnh ny
c gi). Hy nhn vo mt t cc ch dn m chng ta c th thy trong cc dng :
#BASIC CONFIGURATIONS mesg n umask 022 #PATH export PATH= /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:
/usr/ sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin/X11 #PROMPT export PS1='\h:\w\$ ' #USER ALIAS
alias l='ls - - colour=auto' alias ll='ls - - color=auto -al' alias
rm='rm -i' alias cp='cp -i' alias mv='mv -i' alias v='vim'

Nh chng ta c th thy trong tp ny chng ta c th nh ngha bt k th g chng ta mun. Hai

ch dn u tin ca tp bi b cc thng ip n ca ngi s dng v thit lp cu hnh cho cc
quyn m cc tp mi chng ta to s c. Ch dn sau y l nh ngha v PATH. PATH l cc th
mc ni m chng ta c cc lnh, chng trnh, ng dng , m chng ta mun c kh nng gi t
bt k ni no bn trong h thng tp m khng phi vit ng dn y [chng ta tch bch
tng th mc PATH bng du hai chm (:)]. Khai bo sau l du nhc h thng. Du nhc l dng
xut hin trong trnh bin dch (shell) trc k t # (cho ngi s dng gc root) hoc $ (cho
tt c nhng ngi s dng khc). Chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh cho du nhc ny cho bn thn
chng ta khi chng ta mun s dng cc bin h thng sau:
Bng 6.2
\d

ngy h thng

\h

tn my

\s

trnh bin dch (shell) chng ta s dng

\u

tn ngi s dng

\v

phin bn ca trnh bin dch bash

\w

th mc hin hnh

\!

s lnh theo lch s

\$

# xut hin nu chng ta l ngi s dng gc root

v $ xut hin cho tt c nhng ngi s dng khc.

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Bin PATH
Nu chng ta mun chy cc chng trnh t th mc chng ta ang ng m khng phi t du ./ ng
trc, th chng ta c th thm th vo khai bo ca PATH. Nu PATH khng c chng trnh m chng ta
cn chy, th chng ta c th ch nh y ng dn ca n trong dng lnh. Trong bt k trng hp
no cng khng c khuyn co thm ./ vo PATH v n c th tr thnh mt l hng an ninh.

Cui cng, chng ta c b danh (alias) ca ngi s dng. B danh2 l

Chng ta c th thy tt c
nhng th ng ngha, thng cho cc lnh m chng ta s dng (2)
cc b danh c xc nh t
thng xuyn nht ( trnh phi vit chng y ). V d, trong mt
trong nhng b danh m chng ta c trong v d chng ta xc cng mt lnh alias.
nh khi chng ta vit lls --colour=auto should execute.. Bng
cch ny, chng ta c th s dng cc lnh di m khng phi vit mi th mi lc chng ta s
dng chng.
Trong vic xc nh c PATH v du nhc, chng ta s dng lnh
export. Lnh ny cho php chng ta xc nh nhng g chng ta gi
mt bin mi trng. Trnh bin dch shell s dng cc bin trin
khai nhng hnh ng nht nh, tit kim vic g nht nh cc thng
tin... Chng ta c th thy tt c cc bin c khai bo bng vic s
dng cng y lnh export. Vi set v unset chng ta cng c th iu
khin cc thuc tnh khc ca trnh bin dch lnh.

Lnh echo
Vi echo $VariableName
chng ta c th thy ni dung
ca cc bin v cc thuc
tnh ca chng.

Mt s bin v thuc tnh m trnh bin dch bash c mt cch mc nh, l:

PWD:

th mc hin hnh.

BASH VERSION:

RANDOM:

SECONDS:

HOSTNAME:

DOSTYPE:

MACHTYPE:

HOME:

HISTFILESIZE:

HISTCMD:

HISTFILE:

phin bn ca trnh bin dch bash m chng ta ang s dng.

to ra mt s ngu nhin mi ln chng ta hin th ni dung ca mnh.

s giy tri qua k t khi chng ta m trnh bin dch shell.
tn ca h thng.

dng h iu hnh m chng ta ang s dng.

kin trc ca my tnh.

th mc home ca ngi s dng.

kch c ca tp lch s (s lnh c lu tr)

s lnh hin hnh trong lch s.

tp lu gi lch s ca cc lnh (ni chung,

ngi s dng).

.bashhistory

th mc home ca

Bng vic iu khin cc bin chng ta c th ty bin trnh bin dch lnh ca chng ta nhiu
hn khi ty bin n tt hn cho cc nhu cu v khu v ca chng ta.

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6.3. H thng khi ng

D vi vic ci t h iu hnh th mt h thng khi ng c thit lp cu hnh v c ci
t ri, nn trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt chi tit hn vo nhng la chn no chng ta c
cho v cch m chng ta c th ty bin chng v thch nghi chng cho cc yu cu ca chng ta.
D c nhiu, th Lilo v Grub l nhng la chn ph bin nht trong cc mi trng GNU/Linux,
nn chng ta s ch tp trung vo 2 th ny.
Trc khi i vo chi tit v cu hnh ca 2 chng trnh ny, chng ta s gii thch cch m mt h
thng khi ng my tnh c nhn PC tiu chun lm vic. Nh chng ta bit, chng ta c th
thit lp cu hnh cho s tun t khi ng mt my tnh t BIOS hoc EFI. Thng thng, s tun
t ny c xu hng bt u tip tc tm trong a vi CD/DVD v cng. D chng ta c th
ci t Lilo hoc Grub ln mt a hoc vng khi ng ca mt CD, th thng thng nht ci
t n ln a cng sao cho khng phi chn a mi ln chng ta khi ng my tnh ca chng ta.
Khi h thng khi ng ca my tnh tm a, th u tin n s xem xt l liu MBR (Bn ghi
Khi ng Ch - Master Boot Record) ca a u tin ( ch ca knh IDE u tin hoc a u
ca knh SCSI) c cha bt k lnh h thng no s phi ti ln hay khng. MBR l rnh u tin
ca a cng, ni m thng tin v cc phn vng c thit lp cu hnh c lu tr, v mt cch
ty , chng trnh c trch nhim khi to h iu hnh. Nu chng trnh ny khng c tm
thy y, th vng khi ng ca phn vng tch cc ca a s c xem xt. Bt k khi no
chng ta mun ci t mt chng trnh trong h thng khi ng ca my tnh th chng ta phi
t n vo mt trong cc vng . Trong hnh tip sau chng ta c th thy ton b qui trnh ny khi
tun t khi ng trc ht l a v sau l a:

Hnh 6.1
Bt k khi no chng ta ci t mt h thng khi ng, chng ta cn nh rng trt t trong tun
t ny c trin khai l quan trng: nu chng ta ci t mt h thng khi ng ln MBR v mt

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GNU/Linux c bn

h thng khi ng khc ln phn vng tch cc, th ca MBR s c chy v y l vng m
BIOS v EFI xem xt trc. Nu chng ta khng c mt phn vng tch cc, th chng ta cn t
mt chng trnh khi ng trong MBR. Trong tt c cc s vic, c khuyn co nht l lun ci
t chng trnh ln MBR v n l th u tin s c xem xt. D chng ta c th c cc h
iu hnh khc c ci t trn cc a khc, th chng ta nn ci t Lilo hoc Grub ln mt trong
nhng vng . Trong thit lp cu hnh ca chng trnh chng ta s ni cho chng trnh khi
ng bit h iu hnh chng ta mun ti ln nm u.
Thng thng, trong cc my tnh hin i th tun t khi ng l: CD/DVD, a cng, USB,
mng...

6.3.1. Grub
Grub cho php chng ta nhiu cu hnh khc nhau trin khai hu ht mi hnh ng vi h thng
khi ng ca my tnh. Grub cng phc v ci t mt chng trnh trong vng khi ng ca
my tnh m chng ta mun.
N a ra nhiu kh nng lm cho n rt linh hot: n cung cp mt trnh bin dch nh cc lnh
khi chng ta khi ng my tnh, trao cho chng ta s truy cp ti cc tp phn vng ca a m
khng phi ti bt k h iu hnh no Nh trong trng hp trc, trong phn ny chng ta s
ch xem xt cu hnh c bn ca n. Nu chng ta mun i su hn v s dng n, chng ta c th
nghin cu sch ch dn ca n hoc sch dy cch lm HOWTO tng ng.
H thng khi ng Grub3 c ti ln trong 2 pha. Thng thng, vi
s ci t gi, 2 tp tng ng vi 2 pha c kt hp vi nhau.
Khi chng ta khi ng Grub nu chng ta khng mun c ch ra
bt k thc n no cho vic chn h iu hnh m chng ta mun ti
ln, th tt c mi th chng ta phi lm l chy chng trnh Grub v
chy trong trnh bin dch cc lnh m n ch cho chng ta:

(3) Grub (Trnh ti khi ng

Ln Thng nht - Grand
Unified
Bootloader)
l
chng trnh ti khi ng
ca d n GNU.

H thng khi to
H thng khi to mt h thng tng t nh GNU/Linux cho php chng ta, vi cng h thng tp, ti ln
hng lot cc nhn khc nhau. Bng cch ny, chng ta c th lm vic vi cc nhn khc nhau m khng phi
ci t li h thng t u. thit lp cu hnh cho n, chng ta s ch cn ch nh 2 vng cc b, t nhn
m chng ta s s dng vo trong tng vng .
$ install (hd0,0)/PATH/stage1 d (hd0) (hd0,0)/PATH/stage2

Lnh ny ci t Grub vo MBR ca a ch (master) ca knh IDE u tin. Cch thc tham chiu
ti cc a thay i rt t so vi cch m n c thc hin trong GNU/Linux v vi Lilo. Trong
hdX th X, thay v a, b, , l 0, 1 i vi cc phn vng, chng ta cng bt u vi s a t
tn cho a u v khng ging nh hda1, chng ta nn vit (hd0,0) v tip tc cho phn cn li.
Vic c ch dn theo cch ny hy xem cch m tham s u tin phc v ch nh ni c tp
ca pha u tin ca Grub (chng ta ch nh phn vng tng ng, PATH ca th mc v stage1
ca tp). Ni chung, khi chng ta ci t gi Grub chng ta cng b sung thm 2 tp cho tng
gi ca cc pha ti ln (chng thng c thy trong /usr/share/grub/i386-pc/). Tham s d
(hd0) ch rng pha u ca Grub s c ci t trong MBR ca a u tin. La chn cui cng
ch ni m tp nm cho pha ti ln th 2, c pha u thc hin.
Truyn cc tham s ti nhn Linux
Vi Grub chng ta c th truyn cc tham s ti nhn Linux ti thi im khi ng. iu ny l rt hu ch

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GNU/Linux c bn

khi chng ta mun trin khai mt hnh ng c bit trong h thng; v d, bng vic truyn single hoc 1 th
h thng c th khi to mc chy 1, vi root=/dev/hda3 m chng ta c th ch nh cho gc root ca h
thng tp...

Vi cu hnh ny, khi chng ta khi ng li my tnh, trnh bin dch cc lnh ca Grub s xut
hin mt cch mc nh. Vi n chng ta c th iu khin nhiu kha cnh ca a, khi ng h
iu hnh m chng ta mun Nu chng ta mun khi ng mt h thng GNU/Linux th chng
ta s vit cc lnh sau:
$ kernel (hd0,0)/vmlinuz root=/dev/hda1 $ boot

Vi ci u chng ta ang ch nh ni m nh ca nhn nm (vi cc tham s chng ta mun) v

vi ci th 2 chng ta bt u tin trnh ti ln h iu hnh. Nu chng ta chn mt la chn thc
n sao cho chng ta khng phi vit cc lnh mi ln chng ta khi ng my tnh, th chng ta
c th to ra mt tp thc n ging nh tp sau (cc bnh lun bt u vi #):
#Specification of the operating system to be loaded by #default. This number corresponds
to the order of the #systems on the sections local to the #operating systems. default 0

Tr gip cho Grub

xem tt c cc lnh c sn trong trnh bin dch sheel ca Grub, chng ta c th nhn phm Tab. Tr gip
cng c a vo cho mt tham chiu y ca tt c cc lnh.
#Lets specify that it should wait 10 seconds before loading the system #configured by
default.
timeout 10 #Boot configuration for a GNU/Linux system title Debian GNU/Linux kernel
(hd0,0)/vmlinuz root=/dev/hda1 #Boot configuration for a Windows XP title Windows XP system
root (hd0,2) makeactive

ci t4 Grub vi thc n khi ng ny, chng ta phi chy lnh

Cch khc ci t grub
y ht nh trn nhng b sung thm tham s p (4)
l s dng chng trnh grub(hd0,0)/PATH/menu.lst vi a, ng dn, v tp thc n. bo
install.
v h thng khi ng chng ta c th t lnh password trong phn
tng th ca tp cu hnh. Bng cch ny, khi chng ta mun vo trnh
bin dch shell ca Grub t thc n th chng ta c yu cu mt khu. Nu chng ta s dng
lnh ny th rt quan trng l ch gc root mi c th c c tp cu hnh ny (d trong trng
hp ny cng c la chn t mt khu c m ha bng MD5).
Cng c dng khi ng khc s dng mt nh gi l a RAM - RAM Disk ( initrd). Dng khi
ng ny phc v cho vic to cu hnh theo module ca nhn Linux. N thng xuyn c s
dng khi chng ta cn mt nhn vi mt s dng cu hnh c bit, a vo cc module trong
cng nhn, to ra mt nh khi ng cho mt a live CD, c cng nh cho tt c cc my
tnh ca mt phng th nghim c lu tr ch trong mt my ch duy nht... Trong bt k trng
hp no, nhng ci t tiu chun ca h iu hnh hu ht khng bao gi s dng dng khi ng
ny. Nu chng ta mun to mt nh dng ny, chng ta c th thy nhiu hn trong sch ch dn
initrd v trong sch ch dn cho mkinitrd program.

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GNU/Linux c bn

6.4. Truy cp cc phn vng v thit b khc

Cc h thng dng UNIX i x vi tt c cc thit b ca my tnh
dng nh chng u l cc tp. iu ny trao cho chng ta nhiu s
mm do v chng ta c th tn dng c tt c cc c ch v chc
nng m chng ta s dng vi cc tp v p dng chng vo cho
cc thit b. Trong th mc /dev/ chng ta c tt c cc thit b m h
thng nhn c. Nu h thng khng nhn c mt thit b mt
cch ng n, hoc nu chng ta mong mun to ra mt thit b c
bit, th lnh mknod cho php chng ta trin khai dng hot ng ny,
d iu quan trng phi bit chnh xc chng ta mun lm g trc khi
s dng n, v vic s dng sai c th gy thit hi cho cc phn ca
h thng.

Cc th mc a v
CD/DVD
i vi a v CD/DVD,
nhiu pht tn to mt th
mc mc nh ni chng c
th c kch hot (/floppy/
hoc
/mnt/floppy/
v
/CDROM/ hoc /mnt/CD-ROM/).
Cc th mc /mnt/ v
/media/ cng thng c
cung cp v trong chng ta
c th to cc th mc cho
nhng thit b khc m chng
ta c trong h thng.

i vi nhng n v lu tr, h thng a ra cho chng ta mt dng

hot ng khc truy cp cc h thng tp ca mnh, hot ng kch
hot (mount). i vi hot ng ny, chng ta s s dng cc lnh
mount v umount, chng s kch hot v gii hot tt c h thng tp ca mt thit b/n v c bit
trong mt th mc h thng ang tn ti. Cch c bn s dng lnh l mount directory device
(th mc thit b), trong device (thit b) c th tham chiu ti bt k thit b no trong knh IDE
hoc SCSI (/dev/hdXX, /dev/sdXX, a /dev/fdX, cc bng t sao lu, cc b nh USB, v
directory l v tr th mc ni m chng ta s kch hot cu trc tp ca thit b). Hu ch nu th
mc ni chng ta kch hot cc thit b l rng, v khng c kh nng truy cp cc thit b khi
th mc ny c s dng nh mt im kch hot).
gii hot mt trong cc thit b, chng ta c th s dng lnh umount directory (th mc),
trong th mc phi l im kch hot c s dng. Nu chng ta kch hot t trung gian trc
khi chng ta ni cho h thng, th n c th cp nht b nh tm cache ca h thng tp ca thit b.
Cng vy, chng ta khng th gii hot thit b nu bt k ngi s dng hoc ng dng no ang
s dng bt k trong s cc tp hoc th mc ca n (h thng c th hin th mt thng ip li
nu chng ta c th iu ny).
Lu rng chng ta khng ang ch nh dng h thng tp c s dng trong n v m chng ta
ang kch hot ti bt k im no trong hot ng ; iu ny c ngha l n phi c xc nh
mt cch t ng. Nu chng ta mun ch nh dng h thng tp bng tay, th chng ta c th s
dng lnh mount vi thuc tnh -ttype. trong type c th l bt k th g trong bng sau (xem
sch ch dn mount c danh sch y ):
Bng 6.3
Dng

H thng

Ext

GNU/Linux (cc phin bn ca nhn trc phin bn 2.1)

ext2

GNU/Linux (cc phin bn ca nhn sau phin bn 2.1)

ext3

GNU/Linux (cc phin bn ca nhn sau phin bn 2.2 hoc 2.4)

swap

H thng hon i Swap trong GNU/Linux

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GNU/Linux c bn

Dng

H thng

sysv

Cc h thng dng UNIX

minix

MINIX

iso9660

H thng tp hu ht cc CD s dng

nfs

H thng tp t xa (H thng tp mng Network File System)

smbfs

H thng tp t xa trong cc mng Windows (H thng tp Samba)

ntfs

Cy ca WindowsNT

msdos

MS-DOS

vfat

Cy ca Windows95

Kch hot v gii hot cc h thng tp

Mc nh, cc quyn u tin ca siu ngi s dng (superuser) l cn thit kch hot/gii hot cc h thng
tp. Nhng g thng xy ra l mt ngi s dng c xc nh nh mt ngi qun tr trong tp sudoers sao
cho lnh sudoer ng trc c th trin khai cc nhim v, c tp sudoers ny cho php.

Ngoi vic vo dng h thng tp c s dng t n v m chng ta mun kch hot, chng ta
cng ch ra nhng la chn khc c th rt hu ch trong nhng tnh hung nht nh (lun c
ng trc bng -o v c tch bch bng du phy, nu chng ta mun vo hn mt dng):
Bng 6.4
ngha ca la chn

Cho php Khng cho

php

Chy cc tp nh phn

exec

noexec

S dng bit ca SetUserId

suid

nosuid

Cc tp ch c

ro

rw

H thng c ng b (s dng b nh tm ca a)

sync

async

Gii thch cc khi hoc k t c bit

dev

nodev

Cho php bt k ngi s dng no kch hot hoc gii hot thit b

user

nouser

H thng dng hon i swap

sw

(Nu chng ta vo mc nh defaults, th c th s dng cc la chn rw, dev, exec, auto, nouser v async).

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh sau y ch mt v d v cch s dng lnh ny kch hot mt lot cc thit b khc nhau.

Hnh 6.2
Ngoi cc lnh s kch hot v gii hot cc n v, h iu hnh cn cung cp cho chng ta cch
khc lm iu y ht v lun gi cu hnh y ht cho tng n v. Trong tp /etc/fstab chng ta
c th lu gi thng tin ny sao cho mi dng ch mt n v vi th mc kch hot tng ng v
cc la chn m chng ta mun thit lp cu hnh. C php ca tng dng ny s l:
<dev> <dir> <typeSystem> <options> <dump> <order>

Trong trng u tin, chng ta phi ch nh thit b ch nh chng ta lm vi lnh mount v

trng th hai s cha th mc trong chng ta mun kch hot n v theo yu cu. Trong
typeSystem, chng ta c th ch nh h thng tp m n v s dng hoc auto sao cho n d
tm ra mt cch t ng. Trong options, chng ta c th vit nhng th y ht nh chng ta lm
khi s dng lnh mount, c tch bch bng du phy, nu chng ta mun t vo hn mt la
chn. Mt la chn hu ch trong trng ny l cu hnh ca auto hoc noauto, vi n chng ta c
th ni cho h thng t ng kch hot (hoc khng) n v s phi c khi ng ln. Trng
dump ch nh liu chng ta c mun lm cc bn sao lu (nhiu thng tin hn trong sch ch dn
dump). Nu chng ta khng s dng h thng ny, th chng ta c th vo s 0. Trng cui cng c
th c s dng ch nh trt t trong cc n v s c kch hot. Nu chng ta vo 0, th
chng ta ch nh rng trt t l khng quan trng. H thng tp gc root l th u tin phi c
kch hot; v th, s l 1 trong trng ny.
Mt khon u vo m chng ta lun thy trong tp ny v c th gy ngc nhin l th mc

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GNU/Linux c bn

/proc/,

n c mt ngha c bit. Trong thc t, khng c cc tp trong th mc ny; thay vo ,

chng ta c gi tr ca nhiu bin m nhn ca h thng s dng. Nh trng hp vi h iu hnh,
ni m n phi c kh nng tham chiu ti mi th nh mt tp, th trong th mc /proc/, chng ta
cng c th xc nh cc bin ni b nht nh ca nhn, dng nh chng cng l cc tp.
D thit k ny cho vic kch hot cc n v trong cu trc c tn ti
trt t ca cc th mc l rt mnh v a ra nhiu s mm do, th Lnh mount to
trong mt s trng hp qu l khng thc t. V d, mi ln chng ta Lnh mount to c s dng
mun sao chp mt tp vo mt a, chng ta phi kch hot n v , kch hot tt c cc thit b
c la chn t ng bt (n l
sao chp n v gii hot n tr li. Tip theo, c mt t ng dng khc thit lp mc nh) cho tp
lm cho ton b qui trnh d dng hn v tit kim cho chng ta tin cu hnh ny.
hnh mt s bc nht nh. Mt trong s l mtools, n l mt gi
vi mt lot ng dng cho php chng ta sao chp cc tp n v t mt a mt cch trc tip,
cng nh mt t cng c th v khc. Cng c mt gi gi l autofs, n t ng d tm ra bt k
thit b no c b sung thm vo h thng v kch hot n m khng cn ngi qun tr phi ghi
bt k lnh bt k no c.

6.5. Cu hnh thit b

D iu ny khng phi l vn ban u trong GNU/Linux, hin hnh ngy cng nhiu nh sn
xut cung cp cc trnh iu khin cho cc thit b c bit ca h cho GNU/Linux. Trc khi th
cu hnh cho chng, chng ta phi tm kim thng tin v chng trong cc sch ch dn h thng thc
t, cc module, Internet... h tr cho chng ta mt s vn khi chng ta bt u vi chng. D
hu ht cc thit b hin ti c cc sch ch dn v hng dn cch lm HOWTO hoc cc dng ti
liu khc, th iu quan trng phi tm ra liu c bt k dng trnh iu khin no c sn cho mt
thit b hay khng trc khi mua mt thit b mi.
D chng ta s ch a ra cch cu hnh cho mt s thit b thng c s dng nht trong cc
my tnh c nhn trong phn ny, th tin trnh c th khc nhau ng k t pht tn ny ti pht
tn khc. D chng ta s ch xem mt h thng s dng Debian GNU/Linux trong phn ny, th nu
chng ta hc cch m tin trnh c bn ny lm vic t u, th chng ta s khng c cc vn
hiu bit v cu hnh c s dng trong cc pht tn khc.

6.5.1. Bn phm
Vic cu hnh ng cho bn phm l rt quan trng gii quyt bt k vn no c th ny sinh
vi n. Trc ht, chng ta phi bit rng, khi h thng khi ng, mt bng k t tng ng vi
bng c thit lp cu hnh trong qu trnh ci t s c ti ln. Bng k t ny thng nm
trong /etc/console/boottime.kmap.gz hoc trong mt s th mc trong /etc/. Nu chng ta
thay i bn phm ri, th tt cc iu chng ta c th phi lm l thay i tp ny bng tp tng
ng cho bn phm mi v khi ng li my, khi bng mi c th c ti ln. Tt c cc bng k
t ang tn ti thng nm trong th mc /usr/share/keymaps/, c sp xp theo cc kin trc
ca my tnh v theo quc gia. c bit, bng k t c s dng trong ting Ty Ban Nha vi cc
my tnh da vo kin trc i386 v mt bn phm tiu chun, c th thy trong
i386/qwerty/es.kmap.gz.
D tt c cc bng k t c nn nh dng gzip, chng ta c th gii nn chng v thay i
mt s khon u vo, ty bin chng cho cc nhu cu ca chng ta. Trong tng dng, chng ta

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GNU/Linux c bn

s tm hng dn keycode, n ch ra rng chng ta ang xc nh mt phm, c ch ra dng s

sau lnh (chng ta c th tm ra s no tng ng vi tng trong s cc phm trn bn phm bng
vic s dng lnh showkey). Sau khi thc hin nh ngha ny, chng ta cn xc nh iu g xy ra
khi phm c nhn ln t bn thn n, hoc vi phm Shift
Hy xem mt v d:
keycode 53 = minus underscore control keycode 53 = Delete

Trong dng u, chng ta ch k t tng ng khi chng ta nhn phm ln bn thn n ( minus [du
tr]) hoc vi phm Shift ( underscore [gch di chn]). Dng th hai ch chc nng s c thc
hin nu chng ta nhn phm cng vi phm Ctrl (k t sau c th b loi b). Tt c thng tin bn
cn thit lp cu hnh cho mt tp dng ny s c tm ra ng trong sch ch dn c gi l
keymaps, m l hu ch nu vn ny sinh khi s dng cc bn phm c bit hoc cc bn phm
c ch to ti cc quc gia khc. Nu chng ta khng mun khi ng li my khi thay i tp
bng m ny, th chng ta hy s dng lnh loadkeys ( dumpkeys ch cho chng ta cc bn phm
c cu hnh).
Phng ch ca ca s dng lnh
S dng chng trnh consolechars, chng ta c th ti phng ch chng ta mun trong ca s dng lnh.
Chng ta cn phn bit r rng gia mt phng ch v mt bng k t: bng k t xc nh ngha ca tng
phm, trong khi phng ch ch n gian l th hin ha m chng ta trao cho phm. Tt c cc cu hnh
phng ch cho k t thng thy trong etc/console-tools/config.

Kha cnh khc c lin quan ti bn phm l cu hi v hin tng bin

thit lp cu hnh cho
m sc, cc du trng m... Chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh cho tt Ti
bng cc phm v bn a
c mi th bng vic s dng tp /etc/inputrc (tt c cc hng dn Cch khc ti thit lp cu
cho tp ny c ch nh trong sch ch dn readline). Nhng g c hnh bng cc phm v bn a
th hu ch hn l convert-meta, m, nu chng ta v hiu ha set trong Debian l s dng aptreconfigure
console-data
convert-meta off, cho php chng ta s dng cc du trng m v
hoc
apt-reconfigure
hin tng bin m sc. Cui cng, cu hnh quan trng khc (m l
locales mt cch tng ng.
gin tip c lin quan ti bn phm) l cc bn a. Vi cc bn a,
chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh vng a l hoc cc vng trong
chng ta ang sao cho chng ta c th s dng cc phm c bit ca bn phm, xem ngy thng
nh dng m chng ta quen Cu hnh ny s c nhiu th vin h thng s dng; iu ny c
ngha l cu hnh ny s c s dng cho nhiu lnh v ng dng trong h thng ty bin thch
nghi nhng chc nng nht nh cho bn a ca chng ta. Chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh iu
ny trong /etc/locale.gen v chng ta c th s dng cc lnh locale-gen v locale xem cu
hnh hoc cp nht n.

6.5.2. Card mng (dng Ethernet)

thit lp cu hnh cho mt card mng mi (dng Ethernet), iu u tin chng ta phi lm l b
sung thm module nhn cn thit sao cho n c th nhn c ng. D vi mt s card chng ta
c th khng trin khai bc ny v bn thn nhn c bin dch ri nhn bit c hu ht cc
card ph bin, th chng ta phi chc chn (trc khi mua card) rng trnh iu khin hoc module
cn thit l sn c.

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GNU/Linux c bn

Module card mng

Chng ta c th tm ra module no card mng ca chng ta cn bng vic s dng lnh discover -module
Ethernet. Nu chng ta mun cu hnh cho n sao cho n lun ti ln, th chng ta phi ghi ln n trong
/etc/modules (nu khng, chng ta c th chn n bng modprobe hoc insmode).

Mt khi h thng nhn c card, th chng ta c th cu hnh cho n theo chng ta mun.
Trong tp /etc/network/interfaces, chng ta c th ch nh ton b cu hnh; chng ta cng s
c cc cu hnh ca tt c cc giao din khc trong h thng trong tp ny. Mt giao din l mt
thit b (thc s hoc o) c kt ni ti mng m vi n th h thng c th giao tip vi cc my
tnh khc, a ra nhng dch v nht nh... Giao din l cng gateway m h thng c th s dng
giao tip. Tp ny s c s dng ch nh cc hng dn cn thit lm cho thit b chy.
Hy xem n vi mt v d:
#loopback interface auto lo iface lo inet loopback #NIC auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.0.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.0.0 #optional broadcast
192.168.0.255 #optional gateway 192.168.0.1 #optional

Khon u tin chng ta s thng thy trong tp ny l giao din truy

ngc (loopback interface). Giao din ny khng tng ng vi bt k NIC
thit b hay card no trong my tnh, nhng l mt c ch trong h iu Cc card mng cng c
tham chiu ti nh l cc NIC
hnh lm cho n c kh nng s dng cc giao thc truyn thng trong (Card Giao din Mng ni b. Trong thc t, nu chng ta trin khai cc chc nng mng m Network Interface Cards).
khng giao tip vi bt k my tnh no khc, th thm ch khng cn
phi c mt card mng c ci t. Chng ta s thy ch dn auto trong tt c cc khon vo,
trc khi ch nh cu hnh ca thit b. Ch dn ny ch ra rng card c th c kch hot t ng
khi h thng khi ng. Ch dn iface ch nh dng card v giao thc s c s dng vi n
thng qua c php sau: iface device familyProtocol methodConfiguration. Vi cc card
Ethernet, thit b s l ethX, trong X s l mt s bt u bng 0, ch s lng card c ci t
trong my tnh. H ca vic s dng giao thc truyn thng thng l bt k th g sau y:

Inet:

IPv4, c s dng trong Internet v hu ht cc mng cc b.

Inet6:

Ipx:

IPv6, phin bn mi ca IPv4, ang c trin khai dn dn.

Cho cc mng ca Novell.

Cui cng, trng cui cng c s dng ch cch card mng c thit lp cu hnh (a ch,
mng trong n c, cng gateway phi c s dng ). Bng sau y ch nhng la chn no l
cho h cc giao thc inet:
iproute2
T phin bn 2.2 ca nhn Linux, c kh nng s dng mt h tng mng mi gi l iproute2. Chng ta c th
s dng iu ny iu khin tt c cc kha cnh c lin quan ti cc NIC v cc bng ni b ca chng ta
m h iu hnh s dng iu khin mi th c lin quan ti mng.

Bng 6.5

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GNUFDL PID_00148369
Cu hnh

GNU/Linux c bn

La chn

M t

loopback

Phng php xc nh giao din loopback (n phi c s dng vi lo).

staticinterface

Phng php cho vic cu hnh mt NIC vi mt a ch IP tnh

address

a ch IP ca giao din. Trng phi c in thng tin.

netmask

Mt n ca a ch IP. Trng phi c in thng tin.

broadcast

a ch pht. Nu iu ny cha c ch nh, th h thng s tnh n t ng.

network

a ch ID ca mng.

gateway

a ch IP ca cng gateway m chng ta s dng cho giao din ny.

Phng php cu hnh t xa cho IP ca tt c cc my tnh trong mt mng cc b
(Giao thc cu hnh my ch ng - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).

dhcp

hostname
leasehours

IP ca my ch DHCP.
Thi gian tnh bng gi, m IP c thu (iu ny c lm mi li, mt khi thi
gian ht).

leasetime

Thi gian tnh bng giy, m IP c thu

vendor

B xc nh dng my ch (thng l dhcpd)

client

B xc nh dng my trm (thng l dhcpd)

Phng php cho vic cu hnh IP t xa ca tt c cc my tnh trong mt mng cc
b (Giao thc khi ng BOOT). Hin hnh, DHCP l giao thc c s dng rng
ri hn c.

bootp

bootfile

Tp s c s dng khi khi ng.

server

a ch IP ca my ch BOOTP.

hwaddr

a ch MAC ca my th BOOTP.
Phng php c s dng vi giao thc t im ny ti im kia, c s dng
trong nhiu modem.

ppp

provider

Nh cung cp dch v.

D chng ta s khng i vo chi tit hn ni m cc mng my tnh c quan tm ti trong phn

ny, th iu quan trng phi lu rng chng ta c nhiu lnh c sn cho vic iu khin cu hnh
mng ca h iu hnh. c s dng rng ri nht l ifconfig, vi n chng ta c th thy cc
thit b c cu hnh, ifdown v ifup, n cho php chng ta bin giao din m chng ta mun bt
hoc tt v route ch cho chng ta bng nh tuyn ca h thng.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

6.5.3. Card Wifi

Mt mng cc b khng dy (wireless LAN), cng c bit ti nh l WiFi, l mt cng ngh da
vo tiu chun IEEE 802.11. Nhng nh ngha chung nht l nhng sa i b sung b, a v ga ca
giao thc gc ban u. Cc tiu chun 802.11b v 802.11g s dng bng ph 2.4 GHz, m c ngha
rng chng c th can thip vi nhng thit b khc s dng cng bng ph , nh cc in thoi
khng dy. Tiu chun 802.11a s dng bng ph 5 GHz.
S dng cc ph tn s radio c cc chnh ph iu chnh mnh m. Hu ht cc thit b card
WLAN khng th c phn phi nh m m. Mt phn ca thit b xc nh cc tn s ca sng
radio thng c phn phi nh l phn do, m, v nguyn tc, c ngha l n khng th c
sa i.
Cc mng giao tip khng dy ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin, trong cc thit t trong nc cng
nh trong cc mng vt l ca c quan. Nhng im truy cp lm cho c kh nng kt ni bt k
my tnh no trong vng ln cn ti mng , c s dng cc th WiFi (bt chp chng l PCI,
PCMCIA, c tch hp trong bo mch ch hoc trong mt b thch nghi USB). iu ny n gin
ha nhiu cho vic i dy trong cc ta nh.
i vi h thng GNU/Linux d tm v cu hnh mt card khng dy ph hp, chng ta phi
thm cc module cn thit vo nhn ca h thng, m trong nhiu trng hp c bin dch ri
trong nhn y ht. Nu chng ta khng c bt k dy cp Ethernet no khc c ci t, th n s
c tham chiu ti nh l eth0, hoc eth1 nu chng ta c mt dy cp... Ti thi im ny,
iu duy nht chng ta cn phi lm sao cho card s kt ni c ti im truy cp s l phi son
tho tp /etc/network/interfaces v b sung thm cu hnh c yu cu vo sao cho mt a
ch IP c th c ch nh. V bn cht t nhin, giao din ca h thng ny c th c i x
nh bt k giao din no khc, c s dng cc c ch tng la ca h thng, vi cc ng dng
iproute2 Chng ta by gi s xem xt mt v d cu hnh ca card eth1, n l WiFi:
# wireless network auto eth1 iface eth1 inet dhcp wireless_essid miwifi wireless_channel 6
wireless_mode managed wireless_keymode open wireless_key1 millavehexadecimal wireless_key2
s:millaveascii wireless_defaultkey 1

Nu chng ta xem xt khon u vo trong sch ch dn cho lnh, th chng ta s thy ngha ca
tng khon ca cc lnh trc.

6.5.4. Cc modem
ng dng pppconfig thng c s dng thit lp cu hnh cho
mt modem; ng dng ghi cc tp cu hnh cn thit cho daemon ca
h thng PPP, n l chng trnh c nhim v thit lp kt ni Internet.
Bt k khi no s dng pppconfig (hoc cc ng dng tng t), mt
lot cc bc phi c thc hin, nh c gii thch bn di:

Cc gi ppp v pppconfig
Cc gi bao gm cc chng
trnh theo yu cu cho mt
modem kt ni ti Internet
thng c gi l ppp v
pppconfig.

1. Tn ca nh cung cp: nh cung cp l cng ty m chng ta

c hp ng dch v kt ni Internet. Tn ny c th c s
dng xc nh tng kt ni chng ta thit lp cu hnh mt cch ring r.

2. Cu hnh cc my ch tn: Khi chng ta thit lp hp ng vi nh cung cp ca chng ta,

chng ta thng c trao (cc) a ch IP ca cc my ch tn s phi c s dng. Nu

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

chng ta c nhng a ch IP , th chng ta phi ch nh rng

chng ta ang s dng mt cu hnh tnh, sau chng ta s
c yu cu cho cc IP . Chng ta s ch chn mt cu hnh
ng khi nh cung cp ca chng ta ni cho chng ta rng cu
hnh DNS l ng. Vi la chn th 3, n ni cho chng ta
rng DNS s c i x bng bin php khc, chng ta c th
s dng cu hnh tp /etc/resolv.conf.

Gim st
Vi pppconfig, chng ta c
mt thc n cho php chng
ta thm, sa hoc xa cc kt
ni. Cc bc chng ta ch ra
y tng ng vi s to ra
mt kt ni mi.

3. Phng php xc thc: phng php xc thc s l PAP hoc CHAP. Thng thng, cc nh
cung cp thng s dng PAP (Giao thc Xc thc im ngang hng - Peer Authentication
Protocol), d chng ta s tm ra v iu ny nu n khng lm vic v bt k l do g.
4. Tn v mt khu ngi s dng: y l thng tin cc nh cung cp trao cho chng ta sao cho
chng ta c th kt ni v truy cp cc dch v ca h.
5. Tc modem: ph thuc vo modem chng ta c, chng ta c th truy cp Internet mt
tc ln hn hoc nh hn. Hin hnh, tc ca tt c cc modem l 115200 bps, c
ngha l hu ht iu c khuyn co l hy gi tr 115200. Nu chng ta cho mt
modem chm hn, th iu ny thng c d tm ra v gi tr c t ng thit lp
cu hnh khi kt ni.
6. Quay s dng xung (pulse) hoc ting (tone): hu ht cc in thoi by gi lm vic vi
quay s dng ting, d h thng quay s c dng xung vn cn c s dng ti mt s
vng ho lnh.
7. S in thoi: s ny cng s c nh cung cp dch v Internet a ra.
8. Cng giao tip: cng giao tip l cng chng ta kt ni modem qua . Nu chng ta yu
cu h thng d tm modem mt cch t ng, th n s kim tra tt c cc cng v thit lp
cu hnh cho chng mt cch t ng. Nu khng, chng ta c th vo /dev/ttySX, trong
X l 0 cho COM1, 1 cho COM2
Tt c cc cu hnh thng c lu trong cc tp nm trong th mc /etc/ppp/. D cng c
kh nng sa cc tp v thay i nhng ch dn mt cch t ng, c khuyn co s dng mt
ng dng t ng, v vic thit lp cu hnh cho cc tp kh l phc tp. thit lp kt ni vi
nh cung cp ca chng ta, chng ta phi khi to daemon bng cch chy /etc/init.d/pppstart.
dng, chng ta c th s dng /etc/init.d/ppp stop.

6.5.5. ADSL v PPPoE

ng thu bao s khng i xng ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) l mt cng ngh
giao tip lm cho c kh nng truyn cc d liu thng qua cc cp in thoi v truyn hnh. Giao
tip khng i xng ng rng tc theo thi gian ti v v ti ln l khc nhau. Thng th, tc
ti ln l thp hn.
ADSL s dng mt modem cp hoc mt b tp trung ph thuc vo phng php c nh cung
cp dch v Internet trin khai. C 2 phng php u kt ni cc thit b tng ng ti giao din
Ethernet ca my tnh (thng th, giao din u, l eth0 v i khi ti mt cng USB).
Cu hnh l tng cho giao din Ethernet c th l trong ch DHCP, vi cp ca modem cung
cp a ch IP, DNS khi iu ny c ngha rng mi iu thit lp cho t bn thn n t ng.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

PPPoE (Giao thc im - im qua Ethernet [Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet]) l mt giao
thc rt tng t PPP m s dng mt giao din Ethernet thay v mt modem. Dng giao thc ny
tng c mt s nh cung cp dch v Internet ADSL s dng.
Kt ni ADSL thng l mt phn ca dch v in thoi. Cc tn hiu (cc tn hiu in thoi v
ADSL) c chia thnh mt thit b gi l b tch (splitter), n tch chng thnh cc di tn s
tng ng ca chng. Tn hiu ADSL sau i vo mt thit b c gi l mt b trung tm c
kt ni ti giao din Ethernet ca my tnh vi mt cp i xon, vi cc u kt ni RJ45 hoc ti
mt trong cc cng USB ca my tnh.

6.5.6. Card m thanh

Card m thanh cn mt module nhn h thng c chn vo lm vic ph hp. Nu chng ta
ci t ng dng discover, th chng ta c th pht hin module no tng ng cho card m thanh
ca chng ta bng vic s dng lnh discover --modulesound. Chng ta cng c th xc nh cc
nh sn xut v con chip bng vic s dng lnh lspci | grep audio.
ci t module , chng ta c th s dng cc lnh insmod hoc ALSA
modprobe, v nu chng ta mun cho n c thit lp cu hnh ALSA l mt d n pht
vnh vin, th chng ta s vit n vo trong tp /etc/modules. D trin nhiu phn mm c lin
ti cc ng dng x l
chng ta c th s dng ri card m thanh ph hp mt khi module quan
m thanh, cc module mi
tng ng c a vo, th n thng cng l ph bin ci t cho nhn Linux.
h tng ALSA (Kin trc m thanh Linux Tin tin - Advanced Linux
Sound Architecture). Thng thng, hu ht cc pht tn c kin trc
ny l mc nh; tuy nhin, nu khng phi vy, th c th n c ci t vi gi tng ng.
i vi mt ngi s dng bnh thng c kh nng s dng cc thit b m thanh, iu cn thit
i vi ngi s dng s l mt thnh vin ca nhm audio.
addgroup audio user

iu ny s c ngha l user s c thm vo danh sch cc thnh vin ca nhm ngi s dng
audio trong cu hnh tp /etc/group.

6.5.7. My in
Cc my in c th c thit lp cu hnh bng vic s dng nhiu ng dng khc nhau trong
GNU/Linux. D lpd (Daemon My in Dng - Line Printer Daemon) tng l mt trong nhng
chng trnh qun l my in u tin xut hin trong cc h thng dng UNIX, th hin c kh
nhiu chng trnh d dng thit lp cu hnh v qun l. Chng ta s tho lun mt s trong nhng
chng trnh c s dng rng ri nht bn di:

lpd:

mt trong nhng daemon in u tin cho cc h thng dng UNIX. N phi c thit
lp cu hnh bng tay.

Ipr:

Phin bn BSD ca lpd. Rt c khuyn co s dng mt s dng b lc t ng nh

magicfilter hoc apsfilter thit lp cu hnh cho cc my in. Dng b lc ny t
ng d tm ra dng tp s c in v chun b vic in ph hp (n s dng mt b lc gi
l IFHP).
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GNUFDL PID_00148369

Lprng:

gnulpr:

CUPS:

GNU/Linux c bn

cc ng dng da vo lpr vi u im kt hp c mt cng c thit lp cu hnh

gi l lprngtool, n lm cho c kh nng thit lp cu hnh cho my in d dng vi giao
din ha.
Phin bn GNU ca h thng in lpr. N cng kt hp cc cng c thit lp cu hnh
bng ha, cc cng c qun l dch v...
vit tt ca Common UNIX Printing Systmes - Cc h thng In Chung ca UNIX; tp
hp cc ng dng ny l tng thch vi cc lnh lpr v cng c th c s dng trong cc
mng Windows. N s dng mt tp hp cc b lc ca ring n v h tr hu ht cc my
in trn th trng.

D tt c cc ng dng c cc phng php cu hnh ring ca chng, th tt c u s dng tp

/etc/printcap lu gi n. Ni chung, chng cng s dng mt s dng daemon sao cho h
thng in s hot ng c. Daemon c th c thit lp cu hnh sao cho my tnh c kt ni
ti my in phc v nh my ch in. Theo cch ny, nhng my tnh khc nhau trong cng mt
mng s c kh nng s dng cng mt my in, lm tit kim c cc ti nguyn. i vi cc my
trm in, cc chng trnh y ht c th c s dng, ch nh, trong khi thit lp cu hnh, m my
in l xa (a ch IP ca my ch in v hng i in s thng c yu cu).
Nu chng ta mun thit lp cu hnh cho my ch in cho cc mng
Windows hoc thit lp cu hnh cho mt my in ca mt my ch Swat
Windows t mt my trm GNU/Linux, chng ta phi s dng cc (Cng c Qun tr Web ca
Samba) l mt cng c rt
dng chng trnh khc. Samba l mt tp hp cc ng dng hu ch cho vic thit lp cu
GNU/Linux s dng cc giao thc ca cc mng Windows. D c hnh cho mt my ch samba.
nhiu chc nng hn ngoi nhng chc nng thit lp cu hnh mt
my ch hoc my trm in, s dng cc my in trong Windows chng ta cn s dng tp hp cc
ng dng ny hoc nhng ng dng c CUPS cung cp.
Thit lp cu hnh an ninh cho my ch in
Khi thit lp cu hnh cho mt my ch in, iu quan trng phi xc nh my/ngi s dng no c php s
dng my in . Nu khng, mt ngi s dng chng i c th li dng ch b tn thng v li dng cc
ti nguyn ca chng ta, in ht giy ca my in...

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

7. Daemons v cc mc chy
7.1. Daemons
Nh chng ta bit, GNU/Linux cho php chng ta chy bao nhiu tin trnh ty cng mt lc,
bng vic chia s thi gian CPU nh nhau gia cc tin trnh . Trn thc t, c ch cho vic iu
hnh cc tin trnh cng phi tnh ti nhng g c bit nh l cc ngt. Ngt l mt tn hiu vi
c ti nhn ca h thng t bt k thit b no m chng ta ci t ln my tnh ca chng ta.
Cc ngt thng c kt ni ti mt tin trnh nht nh, c ngha l nhn phi nh thc tin trnh
theo yu cu (nu n ang khng chy) v ti nh tuyn ngt sao cho n x l tin trnh
mt cch ph hp. V d v mt ngt l khi chng ta nhn phm trn bn phm hoc di chut; khi
chng ta lm th, th thit b s gi mt tn hiu phi c ti nh tuyn ti ng ng dng sao cho
n c i x mt cch ng n.
iu hnh ng tt c cc ngt ny sinh, nhn khng thng xuyn nghe cc thit b trong h
thng, m ch cc tn hiu ca chng. Thay vo , h thng chy cc hot ng ca cc tin trnh
trong mt hng i thc hin v ch khi ngt ny sinh, th h thng can d vo vi thit b sinh ra
ngt . iu ny din ra theo cch thc nh vy nh vo nhng khc bit ln v tc cc thit b
v CPU ca h thng. Cch thc m cc ngt c i x l c bn cho bt k h iu hnh no, v
c ch ny, cng vi cc c ch khc, l c ch lm cho c kh nng chy bao nhiu tin trnh
ty chng ta mun v, ngay khi ngt ti, nh thc cc tin trnh ang ch n.
Daemon (gim st a v s thc thi - Disk and Excution Monitor) l mt tin trnh m, thng
thng, chng ta ti vo b nh, ch mt s tn hiu (t mt ngt trong mt thit b hoc bn
thn nhn) nh thc v thc thi cc chc nng c yu cu x l n. D nh ngha ny cng
c th p dng cho cc tin trnh khc trong h thng (c ngi s dng hoc bn thn h thng
khi to), mt daemon cng c xu hng chy theo cch thc ny (d n khng chy trong mt s
trng hp c bit nht nh). Theo cch ny, cc daemon m chng ta ti ln khng tip nhn
CPU khi chng khng thc s cn thit v chng ta c th lun lm vic c trn my tnh m
khng c vn g bt k vic chng ta ti ln bao nhiu tin trnh vo b nh.
Shell scripts ca cc daemon
Shell scripts ca cc daemon khng g hn l mt cng c to thun li cho ton b tin trnh khi ng, tin
trnh tt my... Trong mt s trng hp, chng ta cng c th s dng cc c ch v t chc ca cc daemon
thc thi nhng hot ng nht nh m chng ta c quan tm (vit mt shell script thc thi khi mt mc
chy xc nh c a vo).

D mt daemon s l mt tin trnh nh bt k tin trnh no khc chy nn, th cch m trong
chng ta t chc v ng x vi chng l khc nhau i vi phn cn li ca cc lnh v chng
trnh trong h thng. Thng thng, tt c cc daemon c mt shell script nm trong th mc
/etc/init.d/ lm cho c kh nng khi ng n, dng n hoc xem tnh trng chy ca n.
trin khai mt trong nhng tc v , chng ta phi chy shell script tng ng vi daemon m
chng ta mun lm vic, bng cch ch nh mt s cc thng s sau y:

start:

stop:

khi ng daemon. Nu n ang chy ri, th mt thng ip bo li s xut hin.

dng daemon. Nu n cn cha chy, th mt thng ip bo li s xut hin.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

restart:

reload:

GNU/Linux c bn

khi ng li daemon. N c s dng c li cc tp cu hnh.

d khng phi tt c cc daemon cho php iu ny, th tham s ny c th c s

dng ti li cc tp cu hnh, m khng phi dng n.

Hnh 7.1
Hu ht cc script s dng mt chng trnh gi l startstop-daemon c h iu hnh
cung cp v c s dng cho vic iu hnh cc tin trnh . Khi chng ta ang iu hnh
mt my ch, th chng ta thng xuyn s phi thit k cc daemon ca chng ta trin
khai mt tc v nht nh. Th mc cha tt c cc shell script ca cc daemon cng thng
cha mt v d ca mt shell script (/etc/init.d/skeleton) sao cho chng ta c th s
dng n khi chng ta cn thit lp mt shell script mi cn cha c trong pht tn. Chng
thng c lp trnh nh sau:
#!/bin/sh PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin: /usr/sbin:/usr/bin
DAEMON=/usr/sbin/daemon NAME=daemon DESC="some daemon" test -x $DAEMON || exit 0 set -e
case "$1" in start) echo -n "Starting $DESC: $NAME" start-stop-daemon --start --quiet
--pidfile \ /var/run/$NAME.pid --exec $DAEMON echo "." ;; stop) echo -n "Stopping $DESC:
$NAME " start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --pidfile \ /var/run/$NAME.pid --exec $DAEMON
echo "." ;; restart|force-reload) echo -n "Restarting $DESC: $NAME" start-stop-daemon
--stop --quiet --pidfile \ /var/run/$NAME.pid --exec $DAEMON sleep 1 start-stop-daemon
--start --quiet --pidfile \ /var/run/$NAME.pid --exec $DAEMON echo "." ;; *)
N=/etc/init.d/$NAME echo " Usage: $N {start|stop| \ restart|force-reload}" >&2
exit 1 ;; esac exit 0

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Chy mt daemon
chy mt daemon, chng ta phi gi n vi ng dn y ca n /etc/init.d/ nameDaemon (tnca-Daemon) v vo tham g theo yu cu. Mt s pht tn c lnh service, lm cho c kh nng lm iu y
ht m khng phi ch nh ng dn hon chnh.

Nh chng ta thy, trong cc bin c khai bo u ca shell script, chng ta phi ch nh

PATH no l cn thit cho vic x l daemon , chng trnh m chng ta s chy ( DAEMON), tn m
chng ta s trao cho n (NAME, m phi l y ht nh tn ca shell script) v m t ca n ( DESC).
iu duy nht l phn m nhn din ny lm vic khi khi ng daemon l s ghi mt tp vo trong
th mc /var/run/ vi PID ca tin trnh . Khi n dng, th PID ny s c tm kim v tn
hiu dng s c gi ti tin trnh tng ng. Thng thng, chng ta s thy cc shell script c
chun b cho vic trin khai nhiu hnh ng vi daemon m chng ta s iu khin, d, t nht,
chng phi tt c cng c cu trc ny.
Lp trnh cc daemon
D cc daemon l cc chng trnh nh bt k chng trnh no khc, th vic lp trnh chng l th g
khc vi vic lp trnh cc ng dng cho ngi s dng v chng ta cn a vo cc chc nng cho vic treo
chng v nh chng ch cc tn hiu nh thc chng dy

7.2. Cc mc chy
Cc daemon m chng ta c chy ti mt thi im xc nh, ch cho chng ta cc dch v m h
iu hnh ang a ra v/hoc nhn. Thc t l chng ta c th c qu nhiu daemon khc nhau
ng ngha l chng ta cn t chc chng cho ph hp. Chng ta hiu mt mc chy (hoc mt
mc thc thi) nh l s thc thi cc daemon nht nh no , m, ti lt chng, a ra cc dch
v nht nh. Khi ci t mt my ch, thng phi thit k mt cu hnh sao cho cc dch v nht
nh c th c a ra nhng thi im nht nh v khng vo nhng thi im khc. cho
php dng chc nng ny, h iu hnh a ra cho chng ta cc mc chy khc nhau m chng ta
c th p dng cho cc nhu cu ca chng ta.
D chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh cho s cc mc chy m chng ta mun v cc chc nng ca
tng mc chy , th cc h thng dng UNIX thng a ra cho chng ta 6 mc chy khc nhau
vi cc thuc tnh sau y:
Bng 7.1
Mc chy

Chc nng

Mc chy 0 c cu hnh dng h thng.

Mc ny c gi l ngi s dng duy nht, khi n ch cho php ngi s dng gc root vo h thng.
Ch mt s lng ti thiu cc daemon c khi to v n c s dng cho vic duy tr cc tc v.

2-5

Cc mc chy t 2 ti 5 c cu hnh theo cc yu cu ca tng tin trnh ci t. Khi ci t h thng,

tt c chng u nh nhau, theo mc nh. Nhng mc cn c gi l cc mc a ngi s dng,
theo mc nh, chng cho php hn mt ngi s dng lm vic vi h thng.

Mc chy cui cng ny c chun b cho vic khi ng li h thng. N rt tng t vi mc chy
0 nhng n c chc nng khi ng li.

Lnh cn thit thay i mc chy l

init

(chng ta vo mc chy m chng ta mun nh mt

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

tham s) v runlevel (mc chy) c th c s dng xem mc chy hin hnh ca chng ta.
iu duy nht l cc lnh halt, reboot, shutdown hoc poweroff thc hin l gi mc chy 0
hoc 6 sau khi thc hin mt hot ng nht nh (xem sch ch dn c thm thng tin). Ch
ngi s dng home ca h thng c th s dng tt c cc lnh .
Cch thc nhng daemon c t chc trong tng mc chy l rt n gin. Mi mc chy c
mt th mc t ti /etc/rcX.d/ trong X l s ca mc. Trong cc th mc , chng ta s thy
cc lin kt biu tng ti cc shell script ca cc daemon nm trong /etc/init.d/, m chng ta c
th s dng ni cho h thng liu chng ta c mun khi ng hay dng daemon m chng ch
ti hay khng. Tn ca bn thn lin kt xc nh hot ng m chng ta s thc hin: nu lin kt
bt u vi mt k t s (khi ng [start]) - chng ta ni cho h thng rng chng ta mun khi
ng daemon, trong khi nu n bt u bng mt k t k (git [kill]) - chng ta ni cho h thng
rng chng ta mun dng hoc git n. Nu tn khng bt u bng cc k t , th h thng s
khng lm g c. Sau k t , mt s vi 2 ch s, gia 00 v 99, phi c a vo, ch ra trt
t trong chng phi khi ng hoc dng. Trt t ny l quan trng, v mt s daemon cn cc
daemon khc phi chy trc khi chng c th khi ng c.
Khi thay i mc chy, h thng s xem xt cc daemon ca th mc tng ng v s bt u,
trc ht, bng vic dng cc daemon c ch nh v sau s khi ng nhng daemon khc.
iu duy nht chng ta lm y l gi daemon bng vic a vo cc tham s start hoc stop
sao cho nu chng ta dng bt k daemon no ang khng chy khi , th s khng c vn g v
bn thn shell script c tnh ti iu ny. iu ny c th c s dng thay i mc chy m
khng tnh ti mc trc m chng ta nm trong. Bng sau y ch ra mt v d v cch thit
lp cho 3 mc chy:
Bng 7.2
Mc chy 2
K50sshd
K51apache-ssl
K52tftpd
K53telnet

Cc daemon ang chy

S10sysklogd
S12kerneld
S20dhcpd
S50proftpd
S90apache

sysklogd
kerneld
dhcpd
proftpd
apache

Mc chy 3
K50dhcpd
K51proftpd
K52apache
K53tftpd
K53telnet

S10sysklogd
S12kerneld
S20sshd
S50apache-ssl

sysklog
kerneld
sshd
apache-ssl

Mc chy 4
K50dhcpd
K51proftpd
K52apache
K53tftpd
K53telnet

S10syslogd
S12kerneld
S20tftpd
S50telnet

sysklogd
kerneld
tftpd
telnet

Tp /etc/inittab gm tt c cc nh ngha ca cc cu hnh cc mc chy: mc chy mc nh,

s cc bng iu khin sn sng cho tng mc chy . Mi dng ca tp l mt ch lnh vi c

Trang 131/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

php: <id> :<runlevels> : <action> : <process>. Trng u tin l m nhn din ca lnh;
trng tip sau ch mc chy trong ch lnh l hp l, hot ng m chng ta s thc hin v
tin trnh m s c khi ng. V d sau gii thch cch thit lp cu hnh cho cc ch lnh :
# The default runlevel (in this case, 2) id:2:initdefault: # Scripts to be run when the
system boots up (before # entering the default runlevel) si::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS #
Program
that is called up when entering runlevel # single user (the wait operation indicates that the
# process is launched and nothing else happens) ~~:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin # Configuration of
the
different runlevels # available in the system l0:0:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 0
l1:1:wait:/etc/init.d/rc
1 l2:2:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 2 l3:3:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 3 l4:4:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 5 l6:6:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 6 # Command that runs when pressing
Ctrl+Alt+Del ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now # Definition of the consoles
open
on each # runlevel (the respawn action indicates # that when the process finishes running #
getty
will launch again) 1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty1 2:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty2
3:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty3 4:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
5:23:respawn:/sbin/getty
38400 tty5 6:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6

Quan st thy
Chng ta cng c th s dng tp ny thit lp cu hnh cho mt ca s dng lnh giao tip vi h thng
thng qua mt modem v my tnh khc vi ch lnh T1:23:respawn:/ sbin/mgetty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS1.
Theo cch ny, chng ta c th c mt bng iu khin ca h thng trong mt ca s dng lnh khc, giao
tip vi mt ng in thoi.

Nh chng ta thy, tp ny c s dng thit lp cu hnh cho mi iu c lin quan ti cc

mc chy theo mt cch thc rt mm do, n c ngha rng chng ta c th thay i bt k th g
chng ta mun, p dng n tt hn cho cc nhu cu ca chng ta. Hy lu rng, d chng ta
ang xc nh mc chy mc nh y, th chng ta cng c th ch nh n khi khi ng h
thng vi Grub. iu ny l rt hu dng, v d, khi chng ta c nhng vn nghim trng trong
h thng m chng ta khng th gii quyt c mt cch tha ng; nu chng ta khi ng vi
mc chy u tin (vo s 1 hoc single trong Grub), th ch nhng chc nng c bn nht s ti
ln v chng ta s c kh nng truy cp h thng sa bt k th g cn thit.

7.3 Khi ng h thng

Tin trnh cha ca tt c cc tin trnh khc l init. Tin trnh ny c trch nhim khi ng nhng
tin trnh khc m sn sng trong mc chy c thit lp cu hnh. Tuy nhin, trc khi vo mc
chy ny, tt c cc shell script ca /etc/rcS.d/ (c thit lp cu hnh trong /etc/inittab), m
c th l cc daemon ging nhng daemon ca cc mc chy khc hoc n gin l cc shell script
cn thit cho h thng (ti bng k t, ti cc module ca nhn...), s chy. Nu chng ta mun loi
b bt k th g trong s chng, th chng ta phi bit chnh xc nhng g chng ta ang lm, khi
chng thng l c bn i vi h iu hnh lm vic mt cch ng n. Mt khi nhng
daemon c khi to (hoc cc shell script), th chng ta vo mt mc chy c cu hnh

Trang 132/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

theo mc nh, dng v bt u cc daemon c ch nh . Mt khi chng ta hc c cch

m tt c iu ny c t chc, th chng ta c th bt u p dng tin trnh khi ng h thng
vo cho cc nhu cu ca chng ta bng vic to ra v t cc daemon m chng ta mun vo bt k
v tr no chng ta tho lun.

7.4 Cc daemon c bn
Ph thuc vo pht tn GNU/Linux chng ta s dng, tin trnh ci t y ht s thit lp cu hnh
cho nhng daemon nht nh ri. D vy, tt c cc pht tn c xu hng kt hp daemon cho h
thng lu k v h thng lu k cho vic chy thng xuyn v c tr ca cc ng dng (d cc
cu hnh ca chng c th khc nhau i cht). Trong phn ny, chng ta s xem xt cch m 3
daemon c bn lm vic v cch m chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh cho chng. iu quan trng
phi bit cch iu hnh cc daemon c bn v chng c th gip chng ta nhiu vi mt s cc
tc v qun tr ca chng ta.

7.4.1. Cc lu k h thng (sysklogd)

Cc lu k h thng l cc tp c kh nng theo di m mt daemon ca h iu hnh sinh ra sao
cho bt k hnh ng no c thc hin trong h thng cng c th c theo di ngc tr li.
Daemon c trch nhim cho cc tc v l sysklogd, n c thit lp cu hnh trong
/etc/syslog.conf. Mi dng trong tp ny cu to t mt qui nh vi 2 trng: b chn v hnh
ng. B chn c s dng thit lp cu hnh cho dch v m chng ta mun lu k v mc u
tin. Hnh ng c s dng ch ra ni u chng ta mun ti nh tuyn cho cc lu k (ti
mt tp, mt bng iu khin...). Bng sau y ch ra cc la chn l hp l cho cc trng .
Thng thng, tt c cc tp lu k ca h thng c lu gi trong
th mc /var/log/. Mc d hu ht cc tp lu k nh dng vn
bn th v chng ta c th thy chng vi bt k trnh son tho no,
th cng s c mt s tp lu k m khng lu cc d liu theo nh
dng ny. Thng thng, chng l cc tp /var/log/wtmp v
/var/log/btmp, chng l nhng lu k cc khon ca ngi s dng
nhp vo trong h thng v cc khon khng hp l, mt cch tng
ng. thy cc tp , chng ta c th s dng cc lnh last v
lastb. Nu chng ta c nhng lu k c thit lp cu hnh trong
bt k tp no khc, th chng ta cng c th thy c chng bng
cch vo thuc tnh tp -f vi lnh last.

klogd
Nhn ca h thng cng a
ra daemon qun l cc lu
k ca n gi l klogd.

lastlog
Chng ta cng c th thy cc
lu k cc khon ca ngi s
dng mi nht bng vic s
dng lnh lastlog.

Bng 7.3
B chn
Dch v

ngha

u tin

ngha

authpriv Cc thng ip cho php hoc cc kha cnh an ninh.

emerg

H thng khng dng c

cron

Daemon crond v atd.

alert

Hnh ng phi c thc hin ngay

lp tc.

daemon

Cc daemon ca h thng khng c la chn lu k.

crit

Cc iu kin sng cn

ftp

Daemon ca my ch FTP (Giao thc truyn tp [File err

Transfer Protocol]).

Trang 133/232

Cc iu kin li.

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn
B chn

Dch v

ngha

u tin

ngha

kern

Cc thng ip ca nhn h thng

warning Cc iu kin khn cp.

lpr

Cc thng ip ca h thng ph in n

notice

mail

Cc thng ip h thng ph th (nu chng ta thit info

lp cu hnh cho n)

Cc thng ip thng tin

news

Cc thng ip h thng ph tin tc (nu chng ta debug

thit lp cu hnh cho n)

Cc thng ip g ri li.

syslog

Cc lu k do bn thn daemon syslogd sinh ra

user

Cc lu k ca cc ng dng mc ngi s dng

uucp

Cc thng ip c h thng UUCP sinh ra (Giao thc

sao chp Unix-sang-Unix [Unix-to-Unix Copy
Protocol])

Cc lu thng thng nhng quan

trng

local0~7 dnh cho s dng cc b

Cc dch v v u tin c th c kt hp theo mun ca chng ta

Bng 7.4
Hnh ng
n
Tp
thng

Gii thch
thng ng dn hon chnh ca tp c ch nh. Nu chng ta t mt du gch ngang (-) trc, th
khng cn thit i vi tp phi c ng b mi ln chng ta ghi ln n (d lu k s b mt nu
mt in).

ng c tn

H thng ny lm cho c kh nng ti nh tuyn cc thng ip ti mt ng c to ra trc khi

khi to daemon sysklogd vi lnh mkfifo. N c ch nh bng vic t mt k t dng thng
ng (|) ng trc tn tp. Rt hu dng i vi cc hot ng g ri li chng trnh.

Bng iu khin Bng vic ch nh /dev/tty trong X l s bng iu khin hoc

c ti nh tuyn ti mn hnh c ch nh.

/dev/console,

cc lu k s

My xa

ch nh rng cc lu k phi c ti nh tuyn ti mt my xa, chng ta phi t trc tn

ca my xa vi mt biu tng @.

Ngi s dng

Nu chng ta ch nh tn ca ngi s dng hoc nhng ngi s dng (cch nhau bng du phy),
th cc lu k tng ng s c ti nh tuyn ti h.

Ngi s dng Vi mt du sao (*) chng ta s ch nh rng cc lu k phi c ti nh tuyn ti tt c nhng

trc tuyn
ngi s dng ang trong h thng khi lu k ny sinh. iu ny c s dng cnh bo cho
nhng ngi s dng rng mt s hnh ng sng cn xy ra trong h thng.
(Cc hnh ng c th c t vo tt c cc b chn m chng ta c th mun).

Cch c x ny ca cc tp lu k a ra nhiu s mm do nu chng ta mun thit lp cu hnh

cho chng khi chng ta ci t mt my ch, n l tc v rt quan trng nu chng ta cn kim sot
cc kha cnh m hu ht lm chng ta quan tm trong h thng. Tuy nhin, nu chng ta phi lu
tt c cc lu k c sinh ra trong mt my ch, th chng ta c th nht nh kt thc bng vic
lm bo ha a v kch thc cc tp tng. trnh iu ny, c mt h thng xoay vng cc
lu k, bao gm vic nn thng xuyn cc tp v ch lu nhng tp no tng c cho mt giai
on nht nh. D chng thng c nn mi ln trong tun v ch nhng tp lu k ngc v
mt hoc hai thng trc s c lu gi, th chng ta cng c th thit lp cu hnh cho tt c iu

Trang 134/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

ny bng vic s dng tp /etc/logrotate.conf. Cc lu k ca cc my ch v/hoc cc ng

dng nht nh cng c th c thit lp cu hnh r rng sao cho chng c th c kim sot
mt cch ng n. Cu hnh c c nhn ha ca cc lu k i vi cc ng dng thng nm
trong /etc/logrotate.d/. V cc b, h thng s dng mt s chng trnh iu hnh ton b
h thng lu k ny theo cch thc tt hn. Chng ta c th s dng trnh ghi lu k ghi vo h
thng lu k ca h thng. savelog v logrotate cng c th c s dng lu v, nh mt la
chn, nn mt s tp lu k m chng ta c (vi ci sau, chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh cho
nhiu la chn hn so vi ci trc). Nhng lnh cng c th c s dng to ra nhng tp
lu k ca ring chng ta hoc, nu cn, iu hnh cc tp lu k h thng bng tay ( c thm
thng tin v cch ng x v iu hnh cc tp , xin xem cc sch ch dn).
Quan st thy
Nu chng ta mun thit lp cu hnh trong h thng sao cho chng ta c th thy c tt c cc lu k c
sinh ra, th chng ta c th b sung thm dng *.* /dev/ttySX (trong X l bng iu khin ni m chng
ta mun thy cc lu k ) ti tp /etc/syslog.conf v khi ng li daemon sysklogd.
Cc kha cnh php l ca qun tr
Ph thuc vo my ch chng ta ang qun tr, chng ta phi tnh ti hiu lc php l (theo quc gia), m,
trong mt s trng hp, i hi rng chng ta gi li cc tp c cha mt s dng lu cho mt khong thi
gian nht nh.

7.4.2. Thc thi thng xuyn (cron)

Nhiu tc v qun tr ca mt my ch phi c thc hin thng xuyn. Cng c nhiu hnh
ng, nh vic cp nht cc lu k hoc cc c s d liu ni b s dng cc lnh nht nh, chng
cn phi c thc hin thng xuyn i vi h thng lm vic ng n. V l do ny, iu rt
quan trng i vi h iu hnh phi cung cp cho chng ta mt s dng cng c cho vic thit lp
cu hnh cho tt c cc thc thi thng xuyn mt cch c hiu qu.
Daemon cron l mt cng c iu hnh ton b h thng cho tt c cc thc thi thng xuyn .
N c t chc rt n gin: tp /etc/crontab l ni m cu hnh ni b ca daemon ny c
lu gi; cc th mc /etc/cron.daily/, /etc/cron.weekly/ v /etc/monthly/, c cc shell script
ca cc chng trnh s chy hng ngy, tun hoc thng, mt cch tng ng. Cng cn c
/etc/cron.d/, ni m chng ta c th t cc tp trong mt nh dng c bit cho vic thit lp
cu hnh cho s thc thi ca cc chng trnh nht nh theo mt cch thc mm do hn.
Thit lp cu hnh cho cron
Nhiu ng dng ca h thng i hi mt s dng cp nht thng xuyn, thng c thit lp cu hnh bng
vic s dng cron. Nu my tnh c bt sut ngy, th iu quan trng phi thit lp cu hnh cho cron mt
cch ng ph hp, sao cho cc hot ng din ra ti mt thi im m chng ta bit my tnh s c bt.

Thng th chng ta s thy cc ch lnh sau y trong /etc/crontab:

SHELL=/bin/sh PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin: /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin #m h dom
mon dow user command 25 6 * * * root test -e /usr/sbin/anacron || run-parts --report
/etc/cron.daily 47 6 * * 7 root test -e /usr/sbin/anacron || run-parts --report
/etc/cron.weekly 52 6 1 * * root test -e /usr/sbin/anacron || run-parts --report
/etc/cron.monthly

Trang 135/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

nh ngha ca cc bin SHELL v PATH, chng c s dng ni

cho daemon dch cc lnh s c s dng v ng dn PATH s th
no. 3 dng sau c hnh thnh t cc trng: <minute> <hour>
<dayMonth> <month> <dayWeek> <user> <command>. 5 trng u ch
khi no lnh tng ng s chy (chng phi mch lc) v trng th 6
ch ti khon ca ngi s dng s c s dng chy lnh c
ch nh trong trng cui cng. Lu cch trong tp cu hnh, cc
lnh m chy mt ln trong ngy, mt ln trong tun v mt ln trong
thng, c trch nhim khi to cc shell script nm trong cc th mc
c ch nh. Nu chng trnh anacron tn ti, th chng s chy vi
n; cn nu khng, th run-parts s c s dng, m, trong khi n
khng c nhiu chc nng nh anacron, cng c th c s dng
chy tt c cc shell script nm trong mt th mc nht nh. Cu hnh
ny l cu hnh cho php chng ta c ton b cu trc th mc m
chng ta tho lun trn. Nu chng ta mun, chng ta c th thay
i cc ch lnh ca tp ny thch nghi c chng cho cc nhu cu
ca chng ta.

Chng trnh anacron

Nu chng ta ci t
GNU/Linux ln mt my tnh
khng c bt c ngy, th
c khuyn co ci t
chng trnh anacron v n s
chy cc script c thit lp
cu hnh vi cron mt cch
ph hp (thm ch nu trong
nhng thi im khc so vi
mong i).
Cu hnh ca cc thc thi
thng xuyn
Nu chng ta s dng tp
/etc/crontab thit lp cu
hnh cho nhng thc thi
thng xuyn ca ring chng
ta, th mi ln chng ta sa
i n, chng ta phi khi
ng li daemon cron. iu
ny s khng cn thit nu
chng ta s dng cu trc th
mc ca n.

D chng ta cng c th s dng tp cu hnh y ht ny cho vic a

vo cc lnh ca ring chng ta, s l tt hn s dng cu trc cc
th mc c bn thn daemon a ra. iu duy nht khng xut hin
trong cu hnh ny l /etc/cron.d/, daemon tnh ti mt cch t ng
ri. Chng ta c th t cc tp vi c php chnh xc y ht nhau nh
/etc/crontab trong th mc ny sao cho t lch c cho cc thc thi c c nhn ha. iu
ny c ngha l chng ta c ton b s mm do. Trong khi c khuyn co s dng ton b cu
trc ny cho cc tc v qun tr thng xuyn trong h thng, th chnh khi nhng ngi s dng
thit lp cu hnh cho mt s tc v thng xuyn, thng xuyn hn s s dng cc tp c bit
cho tng tc v. Lnh crontab c th c s dng vo cc tham s -u USER -e v tp cu hnh
c bit cho ngi s dng c ch nh s c son tho. Cc tp ca ngi s dng c bit s
c lu trong th mc /var/spool/cron/crontabs/ (trn thc t, tp /etc/crontab l y ht nh
tp c bit ca ngi s dng gc root).
hn ch nhng ngi s dng no m c th s dng daemon ny,
chng ta c th sa cc tp /etc/cron.allow v /etc/ cron.deny,
ni m chng ta c th ch nh, mt cch tng ng, danh sch nhng
ngi s dng m chng ta cho php s dng cron v nhng ngi m
chng ta s khng cho php.

7.4.3. Cc thc thi tr (at v batch)

D cron lm cho c kh nng i vi cc hot ng nht nh din ra
thng xuyn, theo mi chu k thi gian nht nh, th daemon atd li
lm cho c kh nng thc thi mt lnh hoc chy mt ng dng ti
mt thi im nht nh. Khi xy ra vi daemon trc , chng ta c

Trang 136/232

Quan st thy
Lnh crontab, c s dng
khi lu tp, kim tra c php
cho ng.

Ti h thng
Ti h thng l mt tham s
ni cho chng ta s hot ng
ang din ra trong my tnh.
Chng ta c th s dng lnh
top thy ti ny trong mt
nh dng tng tc.

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

th thit lp cu hnh cho nhng ngi s dng no c th s dng n hay khng, bng vic s
dng cc tp /etc/at.allow v etc/at.deny. Trong trng hp ny, chng ta khng c mt tp cu
hnh r rng cho daemon, nn chnh lnh at m chng ta s dng ch nh thi im ti chng
ta mun mt hot ng nht nh vi c php xy ra: at f file TIME (tp thi gian). Thng
th, tp l mt chng trnh hoc shell script c to ra t cng y ht ngi s dng , ni m
cc ch lnh cn phi c thc thi, c vit. Vic ch nh TIME c th l mt th tc rt phc
tp, khi m n c th xc nh mt gi (HOUR) vi nh dng hh:mm, mt thi im sau thi im
thc thi vi + XX minutes ... (tt c cc nh dng c kh nng c ch nh trong sch ch dn
tng ng). Vi atq chng ta c th thy cc hot ng b tr v atrm c th c s dng xa
bt k hot ng no trong hng i. Cui cng, nu chng ta mun chy tt c cc cng vic trong
hng i at, th chng ta c th s dng lnh atrun. iu ny cho php chng ta vo tham s -l
LOADAVERAGE trong LOADAVERAGE phi l mt s ch ra thi im ti cc lnh b tr c th thc
thi khi h thng ang ti ln. iu ny lin kt trc tip vi lnh batch, n lm chnh xc iu y ht
nh at v tun theo c php y ht, nhng vi n chng ta cn phi ch nh thi gian thc thi chnh
xc. Cc hot ng c thit lp cu hnh trong hng i ny s c kt thc khi ti h thng
xung di 1.5.
C ch ca hng i chy
Ton b h thng ca at v batch lm vic vi cc c ch hng i thc thi (mi c ch cho tng lnh). D
chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh xa hn cho h thng, thng th, chng s l trin khai bt k dng
thc thi c tr no trong h thng.

Theo cch ny, khi chng ta cn chy mt lnh c th ti mt thi im nht nh, th chng ta cn
s dng lnh at, trong khi, i vi cc hot ng khc m chng ta mun thc hin m khng cn
c chng lm vic theo cch thng thng ca my tnh, th chng ta phi s dng lnh batch. Cc
th mc /var/spool/cron/atjobs/ v /var/spool/cron/atspool/ l ni m cc tp tng ng
vi tt c cc tc v c tr c lu gi.

Trang 137/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

8. Ci t cc ng dng
8.1. Gii thiu
Vic qun l v iu hnh cc gi l mt kha cnh c bn ca bt k pht tn GNU/Linux no. Mt
gi l mt hoc nhiu chng trnh, th vin hoc cc thnh phn phn mm c nh ng vo
mt tp duy nht, n c chun b c ci t v c tch hp vo trong h iu hnh. Khi
thit k bt k pht tn no, iu rt quan trng phi a ra c cc cng c cn thit cho vic ci
t v qun l cc gi mt cch ng n. Cc cng c cng s c a ra, c bit cho cc lp
trnh vin phn mm, sao cho cc gi mi khc c th to ra c. Nhng gi thng bao gm
nhng th thc thi c ca chng trnh v nhng ph thuc ca n v cc xung t vi cc ng
dng khc. Khi mt gi c ci t, cc ph thuc ch ra liu cc chng trnh khc c cn cho
ng dng lm vic ng hay khng, trong khi nhng xung t s ni cho chng ta v bt k s
khng tng thch no gia cc chng trnh c ci t v cc chng trnh m chng ta
mun ci t. Cc h thng gi c thit k sao cho nhng ng dng mi c th c ci t d
dng, khi m mt s th vin s c nhiu hn mt chng trnh s dng v c th khng c
ngha khi c cc ng dng s dng chng li ci t chng mt ln na.
Hin hnh, hu ht cc pht tn s dng mt trong 2 nh dng gi c s dng rng ri nht trong
th gii GNU/Linux: deb hoc rpm. Mt khc, cc gi deb l nhng gi m pht tn Debian
GNU/Linux s dng trong pht tn ca mnh, trong khi rpm (trnh Qun l Gi ca RedHat RedHat Package Manager) l bm sinh i vi RedHat. Cc pht tn da vo mt trong 2 th trn
thng p dng h thng gi tng ng, khi m a s ln cc chng trnh c ng gi bng
vic s dng cc nh dng . Mt khc, cc chng trnh vi mt giy php GPL hoc tng t,
cng thng c phn phi vi m ngun ca chng (c ng gi v c nn vi mt s nh
dng tiu chun, nh tar). Chng ta cng c th ci t chng trnh trong h iu hnh ca chng
ta bng vic s dng m ngun ny, bng vic bin dch n v t nhng th thc thi c vo v tr
tng ng.
Trong phn ny, chng ta s xem xt cch m h thng gi ca pht tn
Debian5 c t chc nh vo s lng ln cc cng c c cung cp (5) Debian GNU/Linux tng
v s mm do ca cu hnh ca n. Trong phn cui, chng ta s hc l pht tn u tin to ra mt
h thng gi.
cch ci t mt chng trnh c s dng m ngun ca n, khi m
trong mt s trng hp chng ta c l thy rng chng trnh m
chng ta cn khng c ng gi. Phng php ci t ny tng l mt phng php m lun
c s dng trc khi cc h thng ng gi u tin xut hin, n c to ra lm cho ton
b qui trnh ny c d dng hn.

8.2. H thng ng gi Debian

Cc ng dng c s dng iu khin h thng ng gi Debian GNU/Linux v c bn l mt
trong 2 dng: Cng c ng gi Tin tin (Advanced Packaging Tool) apt v Gi Debian (Debian
Package) dpkg programs. Tp hp cc ng dng apt c s dng thit lp cu hnh t nhng
ni m chng ta ly cc gi v cc gi chng ta mun v tp hp gii quyt c bt k s
ph thuc v xung t no vi cc gi khc. Cc chng trnh dpkg c th c s dng ci t

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

cc gi, thit lp cu hnh cho chng, tm ra nhng gi no c ci t... C nhng ng dng

khc, nh dselect hoc aptitude, chng c th c s dng iu khin cc chng trnh apt
v dpkg, a ra, trong mt mi trng duy nht, cc cng c tng tc. M hnh sau y ch ra s
:

Hnh 8.1
Cc chng trnh m mc ch cui cng l ci t cc ng dng th l cc chng trnh dpkg.
Nhng chng trnh gii nn tp .deb v ci t chng trnh. Cc ng dng apt gip chng ta
nh v cc phin bn mi nht ca cc chng trnh m chng ta cn. sao chp cc tp t cc
ngun t chng ta trch lc chng (FTP, CD-RM, Internet...) ti a v kim tra bt k s
ph thuc v xung t no gia cc gi c v mi sao cho chng c th c ci t mt cch ng
n. Cc ng dng apt chnh l nh sau:

apt-config:

ng dng ny c s dng thit lp cu hnh cho mt s la chn apt (kin

trc h thng ca chng ta, th mc ni m chng ta lu cc tp, ).

apt-setup:

Apt-cache:

Apt-cdrom:

Apt-get:

ng dng ny c s dng thit lp cu hnh cho cc ngun ca cc gi (t

chng ta c c chng).
qun l b nh cache ca cc gi (th mc ni m cc tp
trc khi chng c ci t).

.deb

c lu gi

ng dng cho vic qun l cc CD-ROM cha cc gi.

vic cp nht, ci t hoc ti v cc gi.

Ton b cu hnh ca

apt

nm trong th mc

/etc/apt/.

Trang 139/232

Tp

/etc/apt/sources.list

l ni cu

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

hnh ca cc ngun (cc gc ban u) ca cc gi c lu gi. T nhng ngun ny, mt danh

sch cc gi c sn c sinh ra, m chng ta c th t vn v ci t bt k khi no chng ta mun.
Thng thng, nh dng ca tp ny s dng c php sau:
deb http://site.http.org/debian distribution section1 section2 section3 deb-src
http://site.http.org/debian distribution section1 section2 section3

Cc chng trnh dpkg

D cc ng dng apt cng c th c s dng ci t cc gi, iu duy nht m chng lm l gi cc
chng trnh gi l dpkg.

Trng u tin trong tng dng ch ra dng tp m chng ta ang

tham chiu ti: cc tp nh phn ( deb) hoc m ngun (deb-src). Tip
sau, chng ta s thy tham chiu ti ngun ca cc gi, c th l mt
CD-ROM, mt a ch Internet... Trng phn phi ni cho apt phin
bn no ca Debian GNU/Linux chng ta ang s dng. Trng ny l
quan trng v mi phin bn ca pht tn c cc gi ca ring n.
Chng ta c th s dng cc trng cui cng ch nh cc dng gi
no chng ta mun s dng.

Cc gi t m ngun
Cc h thng gi cng lm
cho c kh nng to ra cc gi
vi m ngun ca cc ng
dng. Nu tt c iu chng ta
mun lm l s dng ng
dng, th khng cn thit phi
ti v cc gi m ngun.

Nu chng ta thay i tp ny bng tay, th chng ta c th s dng lnh apt-get update cp

nht tt c cc gi sn c trong h thng. chn cc gi ca mt CD-ROM vo trong danh sch
cc gi c sn, chng ta c th s dng aptcdrom add, vi n chng ta c th khai thc CD c
chn vo v cp nht danh sch cc gi trong h thng. Nu bt k ngun no tng c cha cc gi
y ht nh nhau, th trong ci t, bn thn ng dng apt s d tm ra gi no trong s cc gi l
gn y nht hoc gi no c th mt t thi gian ti v nht v sau ti n v t ngun tng
ng. B sung thm, chng ta c th s dng chng trnh netselect thit lp cu hnh cho ton
b h thng ti v mt cch chi tit hn.
La chn rt th v khc m hu ht cc pht tn a ra l vic cp nht cc gi trong bt k ch
b tn thng hoc li no tng b pht hin. Vi Debian, tt c iu chng ta phi lm l b sung
dng sau vo trong tp /etc/apt/sources.list:
deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free

Khi cc gi sng cn c d tm ra, chng c t trong ngun ny, sao cho bng vic chy aptget update, chng ta c th tm ra nhng cp nht mi no phi c thc hin trong h thng v
cc gi c yu cu c th c ci t li.
D cc chng trnh dpkg c th c s dng thay i bt k kha cnh no ca cc gi c
ci t trong h thng, hy to cc gi mi, sa i cc gi c ci t , chng ta s ch xem xt
cc gi quan trng nht mc ca ngi s dng trong qu trnh ny, sao cho chng ta c th trin
khai tt c cc hot ng c bn. Cc chng trnh dpkg chnh l nh sau:

dpkg-divert:

c th c s dng thit lp ch ni m chng ta s ci t mt s gi ci

t trong h thng. Rt hu dng cho vic trnh cc vn vi cc ph thuc.

dpkg-reconfigure:

bn thn gi deb rt thng bao gm mt s c ch thit lp cu hnh

cho mt s cc la chn ng dng mt cch tng tc. Vi ng dng ny, chng ta c th ti

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

cu hnh gi m chng ta mun bng vic s dng cc c ch y ht c s dng trong khi

ci t.

dpkg-scanpackages:

chng trnh ny c th c s dng qut mt th mc nht nh

ca h thng m c cha cc tp .deb, sao cho mt tp nh ch s c sinh ra. Chng ta
c th s dng tp nh ch s ny a vo th mc nh mt ngun apt khc. Rt hu
dng khi chng ta ti cc chng trnh khng chnh thc ca pht tn v.

Dpkg-scansources:

dpkg-split:

y l mt ng dng vi cc chc nng y ht nh ng dng trn nhng

cho cc gi m ngun.
chng trnh ny c s dng a ra v hp nht mt gi trong mt lot
cc tp khc nhau.

Vi cc chng trnh , chng ta c th iu khin cc gi ca chng ta theo bt k cch g chng

ta mun. ng dng chnh, dpkg, l ng dng m cho php chng ta ci t, lit k hoc xa cc gi
trong h thng. lit k cc gi c sn, chng ta c th a vo tham s -l m s ch ra mt danh
sch hon chnh cc gi v tnh trng ci t ca chng (c ci t, c ci t nhng cha
c thit lp cu hnh). Nu chng ta mun thy tt c cc thng tin ca mt gi nht nh, chng
ta c th s dng tham s -p theo sau l tn ca gi, n c th ch ra tt c cc ph thuc, cc xung
t vi cc gi khc, s phin bn, m t...
ci t cc gi mi, chng ta c th s dng tham s -i theo sau Tin ch dpkg
tn tp. Nu c cc vn vi cc ph thuc, chng ta c th b qua
Vi dpkg, chng ta cng c
chng bng --ignoredepends=X, trong X ch s ph thuc, d th s dng cc mu template
chng ta phi rt cn thn vi cch thc trong chng ta s dng chn, ci t, xa cc
tham s ny v, khi chng ta b qua cc ph thuc, th chng trnh gi trong h thng.
c ci t c l khng lm vic ng chnh xc. Nu tt c iu
chng ta mun lm l gii nn tp .deb thy n c cha g, chng ta cng c th s dng -x.
xa cc gi, chng ta phi vo -r, theo sau l tn gi, n c th xa chng khi h thng, nhng lu
cc tp cu hnh li (chng ta c th s dng -P xa mi th).
Tham s rt th v khc l --force-things X (trong X l mt trong nhng la chn sau), m c
th gip chng ta nu bt k tnh hung no sau y pht sinh:

auto-select:

ci ny t ng chn cc gi phi c ci t hoc b ci t vi gi mi m

chng ta chn.

Downgrade:

Remove-essential:

depends:

Depends-version:

conflicts:

ci ny ci t gi thm ch nu c nhng phin bn gn y hn ca n.

d gi c xem l c bn cho h thng, th ci ny s xa n.

ci ny khng tnh ti cc ph thuc, nhng cn nhc chng nh cc cnh bo.

ci ny khng tnh ti cc ph thuc ca phin bn cc gi.

ci ny ci t gi, thm ch nu n xung t vi bt k gi no khc trong h

thng.

...

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

D tt c cc chng trnh chng ta tho lun trong phn ny c nhiu la chn v c nhiu
chng trnh na, th nhng chng trnh chng ta m t s l (vi h thng gi ca pht tn
m chng ta ang s dng) trin khai hu ht bt k tc v no cn thit. D chng ta nhc ri
rng cc chng trnh nh dselect hoc aptitude c th c s dng trin khai cc th tc ci
t v xa trong cc gi, th iu quan trng hc v cc lnh ph hp khc v chng c th rt
hu dng cho vic thc hin cc hot ng nht nh hoc t ng ha cc qui trnh chn v ci t.

8.3. Bin dch cc chng trnh mi

Khi qun tr bt k my ch no, chng ta c th s thy rng trong mt s trng hp chng ta
phi s dng mt s chng trnh m pht tn ca chng ta khng c hoc chng ta cn phin bn
mi nht ca mt my ch ng dng m cn cha c ng gi ph hp... Trong cc trng hp
, chng ta lun c th ti v m ngun ca chng trnh v bin dch n bng tay. iu quan
trng hiu s khc bit gia vic bin dch mt chng trnh c c th c kh nng thc thi
c ca n v vic ti v trc tip tp nh phn. Khi chng ta bin dch mt chng trnh, iu ny
s dng cc th vin c sn trong h thng, trong khi nu chng ta ti n v trc tip, th nhng g
c th xy ra nhiu nht l n s khng lm vic ng n v n s c gng s dng th vin y ht
m khng l y ht chnh xc nh ci c ci t trong h thng. V l do ny, iu c khuyn
co nhiu nht phi lm khi chng ta cn ci t mt chng trnh mi v chng ta khng c gi
tng ng, l bin dch li n.
Khi chng ta ti cc ngun ca mt ng dng v, chng ta s c c mt tp tng c ng gi
v c nn vi tar v gzip hoc th g tng t. S thng c mt tp b sung vo gi l
README (Hy c ti), n gii thch tng bc phi c thc hin bin dch chng trnh mt
cch ng n. D vic c n c khuyn co, th trong hu ht cc trng hp qu trnh ci t
l y ht.
iu u tin chng ta phi lm bin dch chng trnh mi l gii nn n v trch tch n
khi gi . Mt khi chng ta lm xong iu ny, th chng ta s c m ngun c cu trc
trong nhiu th mc khc nhau. Trong gc root ca n, chng ta c th thy (hoc khng) mt tp
gi l Makefile. Tp ny ni cho trnh bin dch cc th vin no c s dng, cch m cc tp
m ngun phi c bin dch Nu chng ta c tp Makefile , th chng ta c th bin dch
chng trnh c ri bng vic chy make. Khng cn thit vo bt k tham s no v, mt cch
mc nh, n tm kim tp makefile v thc hin cc hnh ng c ch nh trong . Nu qu
trnh khng c thng ip li no, th chng ta sau c th chuyn th c kh nng thc thi
c sinh ra t n vo mt trong cc th mc ca ca ng dn c thit lp cu hnh
PATH; bng vic lm ny, chng ta s khng phi vit ng dn hon chnh mi ln chng ta mun
chy n. Nhiu tp makefiles cng a ra c cc ch lnh sao cho chng ta khng phi trin khai
bc cui cng. Thng thng, bng vic chy make install, chng trnh y ht s c trch nhim
t cc tp nh phn v cc tp ti liu, nu p dng c, vo ng ch. Cui cng, nu chng ta
khng mun lu m ngun ca chng trnh, th chng ta c th xa tt c cc ni dung ca cc th
mc m chng ta to ra.
Bin dch mt chng trnh
Khi chng ta bin dch mt chng trnh, chng ta s hu ht c kh nng phi c cc ngun hoc cc u
ca cc th vin s c s dng trong h thng c ci t. Thng thng, cc gi thng c cng tn
nh th vin, nhng vi mt b sung -dev (ngha l vit tt ca pht trin) cui.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Thi gian bin dch

Qu trnh bin dch cho mt chng trnh c th mt t vi giy ti vi gi, ph thuc vo ng dng theo yu
cu. V d, vic bin dch nhn Linux s mt u khong t 5-10 pht ti 2 gi (ph thuc vo phin bn
nhn v sc mnh ca my tnh theo yu cu).

Nu chng trnh khng kt hp tp makefile, th n thng a vo mt s dng shell script sao

cho tp c th c sinh ra mt cch t ng (thng thng, script ny thng c gi l
configure). Khi chng ta chy shell script ny, th h thng s c kim tra m bo rng tt c
cc th vin cn thit cho mt s bin dch ng n c ci t v mt thng ip cnh bo s
c sinh ra nu bt k th vin no khng hin din. Mt khi shell script ny chy ng, th
chng ta s c mt makefile, n c ngha rng tin trnh m chng ta s tun theo sau c m
t nh trn. Hnh sau y ch cch m tin trnh xy ra.

Hnh 8.2

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

D hu ht m ngun ca cc chng trnh c t chc nh chng ta gii thch y, th chng

ta c th i qua cc dng ci t khc. C mt s dng kt hp cc thc n, cc mi trng X hoc
cc phng php khc thn thin vi ngi s dng hn. Gn y, c mt s ng dng lm cho c
kh nng trin khai ton b qui trnh ci t bng vic ti m ngun v trc tip t Internet.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

9. Hi tho v cc cu hnh c bn
9.1. Gii thiu
Trong hi tho 2, chng ta hc cch ci t mt h thng c bn sao cho, trn c s , chng ta
bt u lp rp c mt h thng c ty chnh cho cc nhu cu ca chng ta. y s l ch
ca 2 hi tho cui. Trong hi tho th nht, sau khi ch nh nhng kha cnh nht nh c lin
quan ti thit lp cu hnh cho h thng ci t gi, chng ta s thit lp cc nn tng cn thit cho
vic ci t cc ng dng theo yu cu. Chng ta sau s hc cch s dng cc cng c khc nhau
m Debian cung cp cho vic qun l gi, ni cch khc, cch ci t, b ci t, cp nht... cc ng
dng v chng ta s thit lp cu hnh cho mt s ng dng thng c s dng nht, cn thit
trong hu ht cc h thng dng UNIX. Hi tho cui cng s cp ti h thng ha. Trong hi
tho , chng ta s hc cch ci t, thit lp cu hnh v ty chnh n cho nhng nhu cu ca
chng ta v, cui cng, cch ci t v s dng cc ng dng lm cho h thng c kh nng lm
vic c.

9.2. Trnh ti khi ng (Bootloader)

Trc ht, chng ta phi chc chn chng ta ci t mt h thng ti khi ng c kh nng qun l
tt c cc h iu hnh c th m chng ta ci t ln my tnh ca chng ta m khng c bt k
vn no. Cu hi ny tng c cp ri mt cch s b trong hi tho trc, trong qu trnh
ci t. Nu chng ta ci t ri trnh ti khi ng v kim tra l n lm vic ng, th chng
ta c th i tip ti phn tip sau; tuy nhin nu iu ny c vn , ni cch khc, nu chng ta cn
sao lu a chng ta to ra trong qu trnh ci t mi ln chng ta mun khi ng h iu hnh
ca chng ta, th ti lc ci t mt h thng qun l khi ng hoc trnh ti khi ng vo
cng trnh th tc rm r phi s dng a mi ln chng ta khi ng h thng. Trong mi
trng hp, lun nm trong mi quan tm ca chng ta ci t mt trnh ti khi ng, khi m
n s cho php chng ta khi ng cc nhn khc nhau, v nhiu vic khc na.
Nh chng ta gii thch, c cc trnh ti khi ng khc nhau, bao gm Lilo v Grub. Grub l
mt trnh ti khi ng mnh t d n GNU, m c bit n l c kh nng qun l qu trnh
khi ng ca bt k h iu hnh no m chng ta ci t ng ln my tnh ca chng ta; d vy,
vic s dng v thit lp cu hnh cho trnh ti khi ng ny l th g phc tp.
Trong mi trng hp, nu chng ta khng c mt trnh ti khi ng v chng ta mun ci t mt
ci, th iu u tin chng ta phi lm l khi ng h iu hnh m chng ta c v kim tra xem
liu ng dng c ci t hay cha; lm iu ny, chng ta c th s dng lnh man cho ng
dng , v d th.

9.2.1. Ci t Grub
Hin hnh, Grub l trnh ti khi ng mc nh. Trong mi trng hp, nu chng ta cn ci li n,
th chng ta nn c phn tip sau hc v h thng qun l gi, cu hnh ca n v cch s dng
n; hoc, n gin, nu chng ta vo c cc ni dung ca tt c cc a CD/DVD trong c s
d liu khi ci t hoc chng ta quyt nh trin khai ci t c s dng Internet, th chng ta s
chy dng sau:

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

brau:~# apt-get install grub grub-doc

Nu chng ta khng mun ci gi ti liu, th chng ta c th lm m tham s cui t dng trn.

Mt cch khuyn co lm vic vi Grub, l hy s dng, trc khi vit vo MRB, cc kim th
chng ta ngh c th ph hp cho a v kim tra xem n c lm vic ng hay khng khi khi ng
t n. lm iu ny, chng ta phi sao chp cc tp cn thit trong /boot/:
brau:~# cp /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/stage* /boot/ brau:~# cp
/usr/share/doc/grub/examples/menu.lst
/boot/

Mt khi chng ta lm xong iu ny, chng ta s sa tp cu hnh ca Grub, /boot/menu.lst, v

chng ta s chnh n cho cc nhu cu ca chng ta. Hot ng ny c th l th g phc tp v,
trong s nhiu yu t khc, l s thay i thut ng nhng ni m cc a cng c quan tm; v
th, xc nh thit b trong mt tp nht nh hin din, chng ta c th s dng lnh find,
mt khi chng ta vo c ch lnh ca Grub, bng vic s dng grub. V th, v d, nu
chng ta mun tm kim mt tp, v tr an ninh ca n chng ta s phi ch nh trong tp cu hnh
ca Grub, nh /vmlinuz, chng ta nn x l nh sau:
brau:~# grub GRUB version 0.91 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory) [ Minimal BASH-like line
editing is supported. For the first word, TAB lists possible command completions. Anywhere
else TAB lists the possible completions of a device/filename. ] grub> find /vmlinuz (hd2,0)

Grub c nhiu lnh hn na, c mt danh sch mt s lnh, n gin hy nhn phm Tab trong
dng lnh c c th sau:
grub> Possible commands are: blocklist boot cat chainloader cmp color configfile deb ug
device displayapm displaymem embed find fstest geometry halt help hide impsp robe initrd
install ioprobe kernel lock makeactive map md5crypt module moduleno unzip partnew parttype
password pause quit read reboot root rootnoverify savede fault serial setkey setup terminal
testload testvbe unhide uppermem vbeprobe grub>

c c tr gip v bt k lnh nht nh no, tt c iu chng ta phi lm l vo help trn bn

phm theo sau tn ca lnh. Mt cch lm vic tt trong tp cu hnh ca Grub, /boot/menu.lst l
m mt phin mi trong mt ca s dng lnh tty khc v dn dn sa tp khi chng ta ang lm
vic vi giao din lnh ca Grub.
Mt khi chng ta hon tt sa i tp cu hnh, v a mt a trng vo trong a, th
chng ta s s dng bn phm g trong lnh , thay X bng s ca a cng, v Y bng phn
vng tng ng vi dng lnh sau:
grub> install (hdX,Y)/boot/stage1 d (fd0) (hdX,Y)/boot/stage2 p (hdX,Y)/boot/menu.lst

Vi dng trc, chng ta truyn thng tin ca MRB ( stage1), Grub v giao din dng lnh ca
n (stage2) v thc n khi ng (/boot/menu.lst) m chng ta thit lp cu hnh trong tp
cho a (fd0). Chng ta sau s c kh nng khi ng li my, khi ng bng vic s dng a
m chng ta va to ra v kim tra xem liu cu hnh ca chng ta c ng hay khng.
Rt th v c mt a mm Grub, v, khi s dng giao din dng lnh, chng ta c th th khi
ng cc h iu hnh khc c ci t trong my tnh mt cch trc tip, sao cho thc hin cc

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

kim th g ri cho cc ni dung ca tp /boot/menu.lst. Nh mt v d, th tc m phi c

tun theo khi ng mt h thng ca Microsoft c ci t nh mt (hd0,0) c gii thch
y v chng ta sau s tho lun v cc lnh cn thit khi ng mt h thng GNU/Linux
c ci t nh l (hd1,0):
i vi mt h thng ca Microsoft:
grub> rootnoverify (hd0,0) grub> makeactive grub> chainloader +1 grub> boot

i vi mt h thng GNU/Linux:
grub> kernel (hd1,0)/vmlinuz root=/dev/hdc1 grub> boot

Mt khi chng ta c c trnh ti khi ng m chng ta mun trin khai trong a mm ca chng
ta, th tt c iu chng ta phi lm l truyn cu hnh y ht ti MBR ca a cng khi ng;
bng vic s dng y ht dng lnh ca a mm, chng ta s g vo:
grub> install (hdX,Y)/boot/stage1 d (hd0,0) \ (hdX,Y)/boot/stage2 p (hdX,Y)/boot/menu.lst

Nh chng ta thy, vic s dng Grub l th g phc tp, n gii thch v sao chng ti ngh
rt c khuyn co phi c cc tp ch dn man v cc ti liu c ci t vi gi Grub-doc,
m cng c th c thy ti http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/sto, trc khi nh ci t v thit
lp cu hnh cho n.

9.3. H thng gi
By gi chng ta s phn tch v hc cch s dng h thng gi Debian, c th l cng ci v ng
tin cy nht i vi cc h thng gi ang tn ti trn th gii ca GNU.
Trong cc phn sau, chng ti s hc cch thit lp cu hnh cho c s d liu ca n, cch s dng
n, ci t cc gi khc nhau, cp nht n Thng c nhiu cch thc khc nhau t c
cng kt qu. Mt s phng php s c gii thch y, vi 2 ch chnh: ci u l cho
cc c gi c kh nng chn ch no h mun s dng, v ci th 2 l cho cc c gi
bit lun c hn mt gii php cho cng mt vn , trong trng hp c bt k phng php no
khng lm vic.
Hot ng
9.1 c s hiu bit ton din v cch m h thng gi ca Debian lm vic, chng ti khuyn co c:

APT HOWTO: http://www.de.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/index.en.html

http://www.de.debian.org/doc/manuals/ debian-faq/ch-pkg basics.en.html

http://www.de.debian.org/doc/manuals/ debian-faq/ch-pkgtools.en.html

Sch ch dn v: apt, apt-cache, apt-get, sources.list, dpkg v dselect.

lm cho vic c c d dng hn, chng ta c th ch cho ti khi chng ta thit lp cu hnh cho my
in v hc c cch in sch ch dn.

9.3.1. /etc/apt/sources.list
Tp /etc/apt/sources.list l ct li ca cu hnh h thng gi ca Debian. V n l mt tp vn
bn, ging nh hu ht cc tp cu hnh trong cc h thng dng UNIX, nn chng ta c th sa i
n bng tay hoc s dng mt s cng c m h thng c cho mc ch ny. Ni dung ca tp ny
s ph thuc mc no vo tc ca kt ni Internet, gi thit chng ta c mt kt ni. Tuy

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

nhin, chng ta khng bao gi qun chy lnh sau nh l gc root, mt khi chng ta sa tp :
brau:/etc/apt# apt-get update

Nu chng ta sao nhng lm iu ny, th c s d liu ca h thng gi c th khng c cp nht

v v th, khng s thay i no chng ta lm c th c c bt k tc ng no. Trong mt ci
t trong cc gi c c t xa, th lnh ny phi c chy thng xuyn, sao cho c s d liu
lun c cp nht; v l do ny, khng phi l tng ti a n vo trong cron system.
Mi dng ca tp ny tham chiu ti mt ngun cc gi v cc trng c tch bit nhau bng
mt du trng. Trc ht, chng ta phi ch nh xem liu ngun l cc gi nh phn deb hay nu
n l m ngun deb-src. Trng th 2 c s dng ch cch m nhng gi c truy cp:
CD-ROMs, http, ftp theo sau a ch . Cc trng cn li tham chiu ti dng cc gi m chng
ta mun truy cp bng vic s dng dng ny.
Trong trng hp l tng nht, chng ta s c mt kt ni nhanh ti Internet. iu ny s c kh
nng cho php chng ta trin khai ci t h thng c bn bng vic s dng Internet, cng nh
cung cp cho chng ta nhng phin bn mi nht ca cc gi. B sung thm, cch lm vic thun
tin nht vi cc gi, thm ch i vi chng ta l khng phi lo lng v vic chn a CD ng
trin khai cng vic ci t.
Tuy nhin, nhng g chng ta phi lm, trc khi lm bt k th g, l phi m bo rng ni dung
ca /etc/apt/sources.list l ng, v d:
deb http://ftp2.de.debian.org/debian/ stable main non-free contrib deb-src
http://ftp2.de.debian.org/debian/ stable main non-free \ contrib deb
http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US main \ contrib non-free deb-src
http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US main \ contrib non-free deb
http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free

Tt c cc a ch c a ra trn l chnh thc; ni cch khc, chng c Debian tha nhn.

Ngoi cc ngun ra, chng ta cng c th s dng cc gi khng chnh thc, ch v chng l
khng chnh thc khng c ngha l cht lng ca chng khng tt a chng vo trong tp
cu hnh. Mt a ch tt ni m thng tin v v tr ca cc gi c th thy l http://www.aptget.org.
Mt khi chng ta sa v lu tp , chng ta nn chy lnh apt-get update; sau mt lt, trong
lc h thng gi nhn bit c c s d liu ca n v hin th cc truy cp khc nhau c thc
hin trn mn hnh, chng ta s c c s truy cp ti cc gi mi.
Nu chng ta khng c mt kt ni Internet hoc mt kt ni m chng ta c li qu chm, th
chng ta s khng ngi s dng tp hp cc a CD/DVD ca pht tn ci t cc gi khc. Nu
chng ta khng chn cc CD v DVD vo trong qu trnh ci t cho ti thi im , th by gi l
lc lm th. Chng ta s chn a CD-ROM/DVD u tin vo c v s dng lnh apt-cdrom
add a ni dung ca n vo trong c s d liu.
brau:/etc/apt# apt-cdrom add Using CD-ROM mount point /CD-ROM/ . . . Repeat this process for
the rest of the CD in your set.

t c ti im ny, chng ta s lp li y ht tin trnh cho tng v mi a CD/DVD ca pht

tn. C kh nng, chng ta c th s dng mt s th tc kt hp cc d liu t cc a CD/DVD
khng chnh thc. Mt khi chng ta thit lp c cu hnh cho kt ni Internet ca chng ta,
nu cn, chng ta c th a vo cc ngun ca cc gi truy cp xa. lm iu ny, chng ta s

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

sa tp gi l /etc/apt/sources.list v sau chy apt-get

update,

c c cc gi mi.

9.3.2. apts sn sng

l vit tt t ch Cng c ng Gi Tin tin (Advanced Package Tool), m, nh chng ta
tho lun trong nhiu trng hp, l h thng c bn c trch nhim qun tr cc gi ca cc pht
tn da vo Debian. apt v c bn a ra cho chng ta 2 cng c: apt-get v apt-cache. Lnh u
tin ch c th c ngi s dng gc root ca h thng s dng, l cng c qun l gi: vic ci
t, b ci t, cp nht ; trong khi, lnh th 2, l lnh c s dng tm thng tin trong c s
d liu, d n c lin quan ti cc gi c ci t hay cc gi cn cha c ci t, c th c
nhng ngi s dng khc s dng. qun l d dng hn cc gi, cc ng dng khc c
pht trin; chng chy mt mc trn apt, nh mc gia dpkg hoc mc giao din mt tin (frontend) aptitude. Nhng trc khi xem xt cc h thng qun l gi khc nhau, chng ta nn hc mt
s khi nim v cc h thng v cch m h thng v h thng qun l c lin quan ti nhau.
apt

Cc dng gi, theo u tin ca chng

Trong h thng gi, c 5 dng gi khc nhau, c xc nh theo mc ph thuc vo bn thn h
thng. Theo th t u tin gim dn, chng c phn loi nh sau:
(c yu cu). Chng l cc gi c bn cho bn thn h thng lm vic ng.

Required

Important

Standard

Optional

Extra

(Quan trng). Chng l cc gi hin din trong bt k h thng dng UNIX no.

(Tiu chun). C cc gi c thy ph bin trong mt h thng GNU/Linux.

Thng th, chng l cc ng dng nh, khng l c bn cho h thng.
(Ty chn). C nhng gi c th c hoc khng trong mt h thng GNU/Linux.
Trong s chng, nhm ny bao gm tt c cc gi tham chiu ti h thng ha, khi m n
khng c xem l c bn. Trong thc t, trong nhiu my ch, mi trng ha b b ra,
vi quan im lm tng cc mc hiu nng ca h thng.
(Ph thm). Chng l cc gi hoc th hin nhng xung t vi cc gi vi mt mc
u tin cao hn hoc i hi cc cu hnh c bit m tr v khng thch hp cho vic tch
hp chng nh l cc gi ty chn.

Chng ta c th xc nh nhm no mt gi c th thuc v, bng vic s dng, v d, cu

ache show <tn ca gi> v kim tra cc ni dung ca trng u tin (Priority).

apt-

Mc ph thuc gia
(ph thuc). Gi m chng ta mun ci t ph thuc vo nhng gi v, do ,
nu chng ta mun gi ny lm vic ng, chng ta phi cho php apt ci t phn cn li
ca chng.

depends

recommends

suggests

(khuyn co). Ngi c trch nhim duy tr gi quyt nh rng nhng ngi
s dng sp ci t gi ny cng s thng s dng cc gi c khuyn co.
(gi ). Cc gi c gi l lm cho c kh nng c c mt hiu nng tt
hn so vi th c c t gi m chng ta nh ci t.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

(xung t). Gi m chng ta s ci t s khng lm vic ng nu cc gi khc

ca chng c ci t trong h thng.

conflicts

replaces

provides

(thay th). Ci t gi ny c ngha l vic b ci t cc gi khc.

(cung cp). Gi m chng ta s ci kt hp tt c cc ni dung ca cc gi c

nu trn.

Chng ta c th xc nh cc ph thuc ca mt gi vi, v d, cu apt-cache

depends

<tn gi>.

Cc hnh ng c thc hin trong cc gi

S dng cc c dpkg hoc dselect, chng ta s c c thng tin v nhng g ngi s dng nh
lm vi cc gi .

Unknown.

Cha tng c tham chiu no c thc hin i vi gi theo yu cu.

install.

Gi phi c ci t hoc cp nht.

remove.

purge.

hold.

Gi s c b ci t, nhng khng xa cc tp cu hnh ca n (m thng nm

trong /etc/).
Gi s c b ci t hon ton, v cc tp cu hnh c xa.

Ci ny c s dng ch rng khng hot ng no s c thc hin trong gi

ny (ni cch khc, phin bn v cu hnh ca n s c duy tr cho ti khi mt hot ng
nh vy c ra lnh chc chn).

Tnh trng ci t gi
Trong h thng gi, chng ta s thy:
(c ci t). Gi c ci t v thit lp cu hnh ng.

installed

half-installed

not-installed

unpacked

config-files

(c ci t mt na). Ci t gi bt u nhng, v mt s l do n
khng c hon tt.
(khng c ci t). Gi khng c ci t trong h thng.

(khng c ng gi). Gi c m gi, nhng khng c thit lp cu hnh.

(cu hnh - cc tp). Ch cc tp cu hnh gi theo yu cu c trong h thng.

apt-cache
Nh chng ti lu , apt-cache l mt lnh c s dng phn tch h thng gi v, v th,
khi n khng tim tng nguy him i vi h thng, th tt c nhng ngi s dng c th truy cp
n. Cc tham s thng c s dng nht cho lnh ny l nh sau:
(tm kim mu). Ci ny tm kim c s d liu cho cc gi m tn ca
chng gm mu hoc cc gi c cha mu t trong m t ca chng (nu kt qu l mt
danh sch rt di, bit rng cc mu l rt ph bin, th chng ta c th s dng cc ng
(pipe) v grep

search pattern

show package

(trnh by gi). a ra thng tin v gi.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

(gi chnh sch). a ra thng tin v tnh trng ci t, s phin bn v

hiu nh ca gi, cng nh bn gc ca n.

policy package

depends package

show package

(cc ph thuc gi). Ci ny lit k cc ph thuc gi.

(trnh by gi). N ch cc ph thuc trc tip v ngc tr li ca gi.

apt-get
l lnh c s dng qun l cc gi ca h thng. iu ny gii thch v sao n c th
ch c ngi s dng gc root ca h thng s dng. Cc tham s thng c s dng nht cho
lnh ny l nh sau:
apt-get

(ci t gi). Ci ny ci t gi. Nu ci ny ph thuc vo cc gi

khng tm thy c trong h thng, th apt s bo co iu ny cho chng ta v s hi liu
chng ta c mun ci t cc gi m ci gi chng ta mun ci t ph thuc vo v cha
c ci t, cng mt lc; thng th, mi quan tm ca chng ta tun theo t vn c
apt cung cp.

install package

update

upgrade

remove package

remove -purge package

clean

autoclean

(cp nht). Ci ny cp nht c s d liu

sa i. /etc/apt/sources.list.

apt.

Lnh ny phi chy mi ln tp c

(nng cp). p vic nng cp cc gi c ci t vo phin bn mi nht ang c.

(loi b gi). Ci ny xa gi nhng khng xa cc tp cu hnh, trong

trng hp bt k s ci t li no cng cn phi c thc hin.
(loi b - thanh lc gi). Ci ny xa gi hon ton, bao gm c
cc tp cu hnh tng ng.
(lm sch). Ci ny loi b cc bn sao ca cc gi ht hn tng c ln lt ci
t dn; trong tin trnh ny, mt bn sao gi c m c lu gi mt cch t ng trong
/var/cache/apt/archives bt k khi no mt gi c ci t. y l mt lnh rt hu
dng cho vic gii phng khng gian trn a m cc tp chim gi m, rt c th, s
khng bao gi c s dng li.
(t ng lm sch). Ci ny loi b tt c cc bn sao cc gi khng c m
gi, bt chp ngy thng ht hn.

9.3.3. dpkg
l vit tt ca trnh Qun l Gi Debian (Debian Package Manager) v n tng c hiu nh
l mt c s ca apt. Cc tham s c s dng ph bin nht l nh sau:
dpkg

-l.

lit k cc gi trong c s d liu v tnh trng ci t ca chng (la chn ny

thng c kt hp vi grep).

-L package.

lit k cc tp c trong gi.

-r package.

Ci ny c cng tc dng nh apt-get

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remove package.

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

-P package.

Ci ny c cng tc dng nh apt-get

remove -purge package.

-p package.

Ci ny c cng tc dng nh apt-get

show package.

-s package.

M t tnh trng ci t gi.

-S file. Tm

kim cc gi m tp thuc v.

9.3.4. dselect
l mt giao din ha ngi s dng GUI (Graphical User Interface) chy trong apt.
vo n, tt c iu chng ta phi lm l g vo lnh dselect v, bng vic s dng thc n giao
din, i chn cc gi khc m chng ta mun vn hnh v ch nh dng hot ng m chng ta
mun trin khai.
dselect

9.3.5. aptitude
l GUI khc chy trn apt, N khng c ci t mt cch mc nh, ngha l chng ta
phi ci t n trc khi chng ta c th s dng n.
aptitude

brau:/etc/apt# apt-get install aptitude

Mt khi n c ci t, th chng ta c th khi ng n bng vic s dng lnh aptitude v

chng ta s ngay lp tc thy rng vic s dng n ch n gin nh hoc thm ch cn n gin
hn vic s dng dselect, v n c thc n ko th c th c gi ln bng vic nhn phm F10.

9.4. locals: cu hnh vng min

D c th xy ra rng bn phm ca chng ta ang lm vic ng, nh khi chng ta c th s dng
cc du trng m, cc hin tng bin m sc v cc k t khc khng phi ting Anh, nh khi
chng ta ty bin thch nghi h thng cho cc nhu cu ca chng ta, v c bit khi chng ta mun
ci t giao din ha v lm cho cc ng dng chy trong n, nh khi chng ta s c trong tho
lun tip sau, chng ta s quan st thy rng iu ny khng phi th. Ti thi im ny, chng ta c
th x l thit lp cu hnh cho cc kha cnh ng sao cho khng phi lm th sau ny.
Trc ht, chng ta nn kim tra xem liu gi locales c c ci t hay cha:
brau:/# dpkg -l| grep locales ii locales 2.2.5-11.2 GNU C Library: National Language (locale)
results in

Nu khng c dng cui , th chng ta phi x l ci t v thit lp cu hnh cho gi :

brau:/# apt-get install locales

V nu c n ri, th chng ta nn g vo dng sau thit lp cu hnh li cho n:

brau:/# dpkg-reconfigure locales

Trong s nhiu la chn m chng ta a ra, chng ta chn [*] es ES UTF8, ni cch khc, chng ta
nhn mnh la chn v nhn thanh k t trng (space bar). Chng ta s dng phm Tab ti OK v
nhn phm Enter. Trong mn hnh tip sau, chng ta chn C. Quay v trong dng lnh , chng ta

Trang 152/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

sa tp /etc/environment sao cho n nm li nh sau:

LC_ALL=es_ES LANGUAGE=en_US LC_TYPE=es_ES LC_MESSAGES=UTF8 LANG=C

lm cho s thay i c hiu lc, tt c iu chng ta phi lm l g vo lnh locale-gen v

chng ta s ra khi tt c cc phin m chng ta c th m ti ln cu hnh mi.

9.5. Tp khi ng chnh, /etc/inittab

D tin trnh cho vic khi ng mt h thng GNU/Linux l phc tp,
th phn ny ch lm vic trong mt trong nhng tp chnh ca tin
trnh ny: /etc/inittab. Trong tin trnh khi ng, tp ny ch ra,
trong s cc yu t khc, mc chy chng ta s bt u v xc
nh cc tin trnh s khi to t ng trong lc khi ng th tc.
bit mc chy no chng ta ang trong, tt c iu chng ta phi lm
l g vo lnh runlevel. thay i mc chy, v home, chng ta s
dng lnh init <mc chy ch>.

c thm
bit thm v locales,
chng ti khuyn co ti thm
website
http://www.uniulm.de/ssmasch/locale/.

Th v m tp ny v lm quen vi cc ni dung ca n, khi m iu ny s a ra cho chng ta

mt s hiu bit tt hn v tin trnh cho vic khi ng mt h thng GNU/Linux.

9.6. Lp cc thit b, /etc/fstab

l tp cha thng tin v cc phn vng v thit b s c thit lp t ng trong qu
trnh khi ng v nhng th c th c thit lp sau , cng nh thng tin v vic ai s c
php trin khai cc th tc . Chng ta by gi s ch ra cc ni dung c kh nng ca tp ny v
phn tch chng.
/etc/fstab

# /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # <file system> <mount point> <type>
<options> <dump> <pass> /dev/hdg1 / ext3 errors=remount-ro 0 1 /dev/hdg2
none swap sw 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/fd0 /floppy auto user,noauto 0 0 /dev/hdg5
/usr ext3 defaults 0 2 /dev/hdg6 /var ext3 defaults 0 2 /dev/hdg7 /home ext3 defaults 0 2
/dev/CD-ROM /CD-ROM iso9660 ro,user,noauto 0 0 /dev/hdc1 /mnt/hdc1 ntfs ro,user,noauto,
gid=windows,umask=0007,utf8 0 0 /dev/hde1 /mnt/hde1 ntfs ro,user,noauto,gid=windows,
umask=0007,utf8 0 0 /dev/hde5 /mnt/hde5 ntfs ro,user,noauto,gid=windows, umask=0007,utf8 0 0
/dev/hde6 /mnt/hde6 vfat utf8,user,noauto 0 0 /dev/hde7 /mnt/hde7 vfat utf8,user,noauto 0 0

Cc dng u c t ng sinh ra bng tin trnh ci t v trong s chng, chng ta c th thy

cch m cc th mc khc c phn b bn trong cu trc GNU/Linux. C th dng s hu ht
lm chng ta ch s l proc /proc proc defaults 0 0, n c trch nhim thit lp th mc o
proc, m chng ta tho lun ri trong hi tho u tin.
Cc

dng

th

nht

cc

dng

nh
/dev/hdc1
/mnt/hdc1
ntfs
utf8,ro,noauto,user,gid=windows,umask=0007,utf8 0 0. Chng ch nh im gc ban u v
im lp rp cc phn vng thuc v h iu hnh Windows2000; ni cch khc, n c dng NTFS.
Chng ta khng th ghi vo cc phn vng t GNU/Linux, d chng ta c th c c cc ni
dung; iu ny c phn nh trong cc la chn ro,noauto,user,gid=windows,
umask=0007,utf8 (iu c bn khng li bt k khong trng no trong cc la chn, khi k t

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

ny l k t c s dng chia tch cc trng trong tp ny). Ni dung u ch ra rng y l

phn vng ch c; ni dung th 2, rng n s khng c thit lp mt cch t ng trong qu
trnh khi ng h thng; ni dung th 3 ch ra rng phn vng ny c th c bt k ngi s
dng no thit lp; ni dung th 4 ch ra rng ch cc thnh vin thuc v nhm Windows s c kh
nng truy cp c n (nh c xc nh trong tp /etc/group); la chn st cui cng thit lp
lp m ca thit lp v ni dung cui cng, bng m s c s dng.
Cc dng cui ca tp trc s c s dng kch hot cc phn vng FAT32, m c kh nng
ghi t GNU/Linux ln . V l do ny, l tng tt lun c mt phn vng nh vi dng nh
dng ny, v n s c kh nng truy cp c c t GNU/Linux v t Windows. D ng l c kh
nng kch hot mt h thng tp t dng lnh, nh, v d, c th xy ra nu chng ta kch hot
CD-ROM,
brau:/etc/apt# mount /dev/CD-ROM /CD-ROM -t iso9660 ro

th vn l tin li hn nhiu c thng tin c a vo trong tp

php chng ta lm iu y ht mt cch n gin bng vic g vo:

/etc/fstab,

khi iu ny s cho

brau:/etc/apt# mount /CD-ROM

9.7. Cu hnh thit b

cp ti nhng iu c bn ca qun tr gi, chng ta c th gii quyt c nhim v bt u
thit lp cu hnh cho h thng sao cho chnh sa n cho cc nhu cu c th ca chng ta. Tin
trnh v c bn bao gm 2 phn: thit lp cu hnh cho cc thit b phn cng khc nhau m
chng ta ci t ln my tnh, v ci t phn mm m chng ta s s dng.
Vic thit lp cu hnh phn cng ca h thng thng l phn i hi n lc nhiu nht, ni chung,
v mi my tnh s c cc thit b khc nhau v v th mi my tnh c th l mt th gii trong bn
thn n. Thng thng, trong cc h thng GNU/Linux, chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh cho bt
k thit b no, tuy nhin thng th l, d iu ny s t nhiu phc tp v ph thuc vo cch m
cc thit b c chun ha ra sao. Tuy nhin, cng ng rng chng l nhng tin trnh m trong
chng ta c th hc c nhiu nht, nh, thng l, vic thit lp cu hnh cho mt thit b i
hi cc tc v nht nh trc , nh vic tm ra chnh xc dng thit b no chng ta c, c c
tt c cc ti liu v cc dng thit b c a vo trong cc h thng GNU/Linux, cch m thit b
theo yu cu tch hp vi h thng
Bit rng khng phi tt c cc nh sn xut phn cng h tr cc h thng GNU/Linux, v c mt
s thm ch khng cung cp thng tin cn thit cc lp trnh vin ca cng ng GNU/Linux c
th vit m cn thit cho vic tch hp cc thit b vo h iu hnh, v vy, c khuyn co
rng, bt k khi no mua phn cng mi, chng ta s tm ra chnh xc sn phm no chng ta cn
(thng tin ny thng s chnh xc hn nhiu so vi thng c bn thn cc nh cung cp ca
bn thn cc phn cng a ra, m, i lc, chng thm ch l khng c), liu n c c h tr
y hay khng, thng tin no chng ta cn tch hp sn phm mi vo h thng ca chng ta
Ni chung, khi mua phn cng mi, iu s c cn nhc l mc tiu chun ha v cht
lng ca sn phm. nhng ni m s tiu chun ha l cn ti, th sn phm cng c tiu
chun ha bao nhiu, th s ngi s dng m n c, v th, cng nhiu kh nng n c h tr
y hn by nhiu. nhng ni m cht lng sn phm cn quan tm, t nm trc, cc nh
sn xut phn cng bt u thay th cc chc nng c th c trin khai vi phn cng bng
cc chc nng c cc phn mm trin khai gim chi ph (v d ni ting nht ca thc tin ny
c th l cc modem c bit ti nh l cc winmodem). Kt qu l, mt mt, gim hiu nng ca
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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

h thng, khi m n i hi gnh nng ln CPU vi nhng tc v mi, nhiu trong s thm
ch khng c thit k trin khai, v, mt khc, do nhu cu phi c phn mm thay th c
cho cc phn cng b loi b v iu , thng l, ch c pht trin cho cc dng h iu
hnh nht nh; v l do ny, c khuyn co trnh bt k sn phm no m c thit k c bit
ch cho mt h iu hnh c bit.
Qua tng phn cp ti thit lp cu hnh h thng, chng ta s tho lun mt s kha cnh ca
cc thit b khc nhau m chng ta c th s tri qua v cc vn tim n.
Trc khi chng ta bt u thit lp cu hnh cho cc thit b khc nhau trong h thng, chng ta
phi nh mt s chin lc c th l hu ch cho mc ch ny. Trc ht, lnh lspci c th c
s dng ly c nhiu thng tin v cch m cc thit b c h thng nhn bit trong qu trnh
khi ng. Nu thng tin ny l khng , th chng ta c th lun cn ti th mc o /proc/, ni
m tt c cc thng tin v phn cng h thng, cng vi nhng yu t khc, s c ghi nhn. C
kh nng, cc tp lu k, nm trong /var/log/ c th rt hu dng (mt phng php th v cho
vic xem xt cch m cc ni dung ca cc tp tin ha l s dng lnh tail vi tham s -f v
ti nh tuyn u ra ca n ti mt tty m chng ta ang cha s dng; nh mt v d, tail f
/var/log/messages > / dev/tty10.

9.7.1. Thit lp cu hnh cho chut

Nh trng hp trong hi tho v KNOPPIX, daemon s c trch nhim qun tr chut s l
Chng ta s ci t gi :

gpm.

brau:/etc/apt# apt-get install gpm

Khi kt thc ci t, mt script s khi ng t ng gip chng ta thit lp cu hnh cho chut;
Cc tham s chng ta phi a vo l c bn y ht nhng tham s m chng ta a vo trong hi
tho v KNOPPIX, nhng nu bt k th g hng, th chng ta lun c th khi to li chng
trnh cu hnh bng vic s dng lnh gpmconfig (thng th, cu hnh -m /dev/ psaux -t ps2 s
l hp l cho hu ht cc chut PS2 vi 3 nm). Cu hnh m gpm s s dng mi ln h thng c
khi ng c lu trong /etc/gpm.conf. Hu dng cho chut khi c 3 nm, v cc chc nng s
c ch nh cho c 3 nm , c bit trong cc mi trng ha. V l do ny, nu chng ta c
chut m ch c 2 nm, th chng ta c th nhn c 2 nm cng mt lc, cho cc chc nng m nm
th 3 c th thng lm.
Khi ng v dng

gpm

Nh chng ta va nhc ti, chng trnh c trch nhim qun tr cch m chut lm vic l mt
daemon. V th, chng ta s hnh ng nh c th vi bt k daemon thng thng no khc
khi to hoc dng n. Phn ny s a ra mt v d v cch khi to hoc dng cc daemon.
C vic khi ng v dng mt daemon c thc hin bng vic s dng mt script nm trong
/etc/init.d/. Thng thng, nu chng ta gi ti script ny m khng vo bt k tham s no, th
n s ch cho chng ta mt dng tr gip s h tr c cho chng ta bng vic ni cho chng ta
cch s dng n. V th hy x l dng daemon gpm:
brau:/etc/init.d# ./gpm stop Stopping mouse interface server: gpm

S dng

ps aux,

chng ta c th kim tra xem liu, mt cch c hiu qu, khng c tin trnh no
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GNU/Linux c bn

khc gi gpm chy, v ngoi ra, chng ta c th thy rng nu chng ta di chut, th khng c g xy
ra trn mn hnh. By gi chng ta c th x l khi ng n:
brau:/etc/init.d# ./gpm stop Starting mouse interface server: gpm

By gi, khi chng ta di chut, chng ta s thy mi tn xut hin trn mn hnh. By gi, hy
chng ta x l phn tch xem liu daemon ny s khi to t ng hay khng khi chng ta khi
ng my tnh. Tp /etc/inittab s ni cho chng ta mc chy trong h iu hnh s khi
ng: mc nh n s l 2; v th, trong tp ny, chng ta s thy mt dng tng t nh sau y:
# The default runlevel. id:2:initdefault:

V th hy chng ta kim tra xem liu th mc

/etc/init.d/gpm hay khng:

/etc/rc2.d/

c cha mt lin kt biu tng ti

brau:/etc/init.d# ls -l ../rc2.d/ | grep gpm lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 feb 21 13:03

S20gpm -> ../init.d/gpm

Nu lin kt biu tng ny khng c, v chng ta mun gpm khi to t ng trong qu trnh khi
ng, th chng ta nn to ra n bng tay bng vic s dng ls s. Nu, mt khc, lin kt c v
chng ta khng mun gpm khi to trong qu trnh khi ng, th tt c iu chng ta c th phi
lm l xa lin kt biu tng ; tuy nhin, khng c khuyn co xa cc script khi
/etc/init.d, khi m chng rt hu dng cho vic khi ng v dng cc daemon.

9.7.2. Thit lp cu hnh cho cc modem

Nh i vi tt c cc phn cng khc, cc modem c th c thit lp cu hnh hon ton bng
tay, nhng thc t ny thng ang b lng qun, qua thi gian, cc cng c mnh v tin cy
c pht trin, chng c th gip chng ta trnh nhng tc v nng nhc khi cu hnh cc modem
bng tay. Mt trong nhng cng c l pppconfig, n l cng c m chng ta gi y thit
lp cu hnh cho modem ca chng ta.
Tuy nhin, trc khi chng ta bt u thit lp cu hnh cho modem
ca chng ta, chng ta phi cng b rng khng phi tt c cc thit b
c ni ti hoc c bn thc s l cc modem nh vy. Nh chng
ta tho lun, nhiu nh sn xut, gim chi ph ca h, bt u
thay th cc thnh phn vt l bng phn mm, v v lch s, cc
modem tng c l l cc thit b u tin phi cam chu t thc tin
ny. Chng ta phi c bit thn trng vi cc modem trong, nh trong
thc t, rt t cc modem trong kt hp c vi tt c cc phn
cng m cc thit b ng phi c. Cc modem thc t c nhn
bit d dng bng s khc bit v gi c so vi cc modem rm. V l
do ny, nhiu thit b b gim xung ch cn l nhng n l ca
cc phn mm.

Tham kho
c thm thng tin v cc
thit b v cch m chng
tch hp trong GNU/Linux,
hy ving thm cc website:
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/
Winmodems-and-LinuxHOWTO.html,
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/
Linmodem-HOWTO.html,
http://www.idir.net/gromitkc/
winmodem.html.

V l do , thng c khuyn co rng chng ta s dng cc modem ngoi, bt k khi no c

th. Bt chp vic liu chng ta c mt modem thc s hay khng, th chng ti khuyn co c
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Modem-HOWTO.html. Bit rng chng ta s s dng pppconfig
thit lp cu hnh cho modem ca chng ta, tr phi chng ta ci t n trong th tc ci t h
thng (bn c th kim tra iu ny bng vic c gng khi ng ng dng mt cch ng n, ni
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cch khc, vo pppconfig trn bn phm hoc s dng

chng ta phi lm l ci t ng dng: Bibliography

dpkg -l | grep pppconfig),

iu u tin

brau:# apt-get install ppp pppconfig

Mt khi chng ta ang trong mn hnh chnh ca giao din ci t, chng ta phi chn To mt
kt ni (Create a connection) v trong mn hnh tip sau, chng ta s vo tn m chng ta s tham
chiu ti cu hnh ny, khi n c kh nng thit lp cu hnh v qun l hn mt kt ni.
Sau khi ch nh tn cho cu hnh mi, chng ta phi thit lp cu hnh truy cp DNS: chng ta c
th chn la chn mc nh, ch nh DNS tnh, hoc mt ch nh DNS ng, nu chng ta chc
chn rng nh cung cp dch v (ISP) ca chng ta s cung cp cho chng ta cc a ch DNS trong
qu trnh kt ni . Nu chng ta chn la chn mc nh, th chng ta s c yu cu vo cc a
ch IP ca DNS m chng ta mun s dng v chng s c lu trong tp tn ca cu hnh
/etc/ppp/resolv/nameofconfiguration.
Trong mn hnh tip sau, chng ta phi chn phng php xc thc cho vic thit lp cu hnh .
Thng th, tr phi trng hp ca chng ta l ngoi l, chng ta s chn la chn u, PAP. Tip
n, chng ta s vo tn v mt khu ca ngi s dng cho kt ni v chn tc kt ni; tc
mc nh l 115200, v vi hu ht cc kt ni, iu ny s lm vic m khng c vn g.
Sau khi ch nh liu ng in thoi ca chng ta l da vo quay s (dial-based) hay ting (tonebased) (hin hnh, hu ht l ting), chng ta phi vo s m s reo chung, m ISP ca chng ta c
th trao cho chng ta.
Ti c im ny, pppconfig s hi chng ta liu chng ta c mun modem t ng c d tm
ra hay khng. Vi modem lm vic, chng ta c th bn thn chng trnh d ra cng m
modem c kt ni ti, hoc chng ta c th t lm bng tay (lun ghi nh s ph hp: cng ni
tip u, COM1, /dev/ttyS0, cng ni tip th 2, COM2, /dev/ttyS1, ).
Mt khi chng ta vo c ttyS m modem c kt ni ti, th chng ta s truy cp ti mt mn
hnh tm tt cc d liu chng ta vo, n cng cho php chng ta thit lp cc la chn cao cp
nht nh (chng thng l khng cn thit). Nu cc d liu l ng, th chng ta c th chn la
chn Kt thc ghi cc tp v quay v mn hnh chnh Finished Write files and return to main
menu, v sau khi khng nh hot ng , tr v thc n chnh ca giao din, nu chng ta
khng mun thit lp cu hnh cho kt ni khc, th chng ta nn chn la chn Thot Ra khi tin
ch ny Quit Exit this utility, tr v dng lnh. Mt khi quay v vi dng lnh, c th kim
tra liu cc d liu c lu gi ng cha trong /etc/ppp/peers/nameofconfiguration. i
vi nhng ngi s dng cc kt ni PPP, cng c th th v ci t gi pppstatus gim st
giao thng qua kt ni , cng vi nhng yu t khc.
Vic thit lp v kt thc mt kt ni pon, poff
thit lp mt kt ni, tt c iu chng ta phi lm l g trong lnh Pon theo sau tn ca kt ni
m chng ta mun s dng; nu chng ta thit lp cu hnh cho mt kt ni ri, th s khng cn
thit phi ch nh tn ca n. V nguyn tc, nu s dng n khng b hn ch, th Pon c th c
bt k ngi s dng no chy.
kt thc kt ni, tt c iu chng ta phi lm l chy lnh Poff.

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9.7.3. Thit lp cu hnh cho cc modem DSL

Nh chng ta lm trong phn trc cho vic thit lp cu hnh cho cc modem truyn thng,
y chng ta s s dng mt cng c cho vic thit lp cu hnh cho cc modem DSL: pppoeconf.
Nhng trc khi bt u, chng ti khuyn co c http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/DSL-HOWTO.
Giao thc im im qua Ethernet PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet), l mt giao
thc rt tng t nh PPP m s dng mt giao din Ethernet thay v mt modem. Dng giao thc
ny tng c mt s nh cung cp dch v Internet ADSL p dng.
Kt ni ADSL thng l mt phn ca dch v in thoi. Cc tn hiu (cc tn hiu in thoi v
ADSL) c phn chia trong mt thit b gi l b chia (splitter), n chia tch chng thnh cc di
tn s tng ng ca chng. Tn hiu ADSL sau i vo trong mt thit b gi l mt b tp trung
(concentrator) c kt ni ti giao din Ethernet ca my tnh bng cp i xon vi cc u ni
RJ45. thit lp cu hnh cho kt ni:
# apt-get install pppoeconf

Khi chy pppoeconf, cng c s qut tt c cc giao din mng cho ti khi n tm thy mt giao
din truy cp c b tp trung. Chng ta s chn thit lp cu hnh cho PPPoE trong giao din ny.
Trong trng Vo tn ngi s dng ENTER USERNAME, chng ta g vo tn ca ngi s dng m
nh cung cp ch nh cho chng ta v sau l mt khu. Trong trng S dng DNS im USE
PEER DNS, chng ta s chn la chn sa i t ng, /etc/resolv.conf. Chng ta chn c
PPPoE chy khi khi ng v sau chn kt ni. Sau mt vi giy bn s thy th g tng t
nh iu ny trn mn hnh,
Every 2s: /sbin/ifconfig ppp0 Sun May 13 12:11:56 2007 ppp0 Link encap:Point-to-Point
Protocol inet addr:200.89.50.138 P-t-P:10.52.0.3 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT
RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1492 Metric:1 RX packets:5 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0
frame:0 TX packets:7 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:3
RX bytes:190 (190.0 b) TX bytes:199 (199.0 b)

9.7.4. Thit lp cu hnh cho cc card mng

Nu, v bt k l do g, chng ta khng thit lp cu hnh c cho card mng trong qu trnh ci
t, th by gi l lc lm vic . D thc t th tt c cc card mng c h tr trong cc h
thng GNU/Linux, v chng l cc thnh phn ch cht cho h iu hnh hng mng, th mt ln
na, chng ti mun khuyn co s dng phn cng c tiu chun ha nht c th, trnh
nhng phc tp khi ni v vic thit lp cu hnh cho h thng. C kh nng l card ca chng ta c
2 dng: dng u khi trnh iu khin ca n c bin dch trc tip t bn thn nhn, v dng
th 2 l trnh iu khin c bin dch theo mt cch thc module ha sao cho n c th c ti
ln sau . Cch d dng nht tm ra liu trnh iu khin ca card mng ca chng ta c
bin dch trong bn thn nhn hay cha l bng vic phn tch thng ip tr v ca lnh dmesg, nh
chng ta lm trong phn 5.4.3.
Nu, sau khi phn tch u ra ca lnh dmesg mt cch chi tit, chng ta i ti c kt lun rng
trnh iu khin cho card ca chng ta cn cha c ti ln, th chng ta c th chy lnh modconf,
n ti cc module vo trong nhn c n bin dch, v kim tra xem liu trnh iu khin
cho card c xut hin trong phn kernel/drivers/net hay cha. Nu y ng l vn , th tt
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GNU/Linux c bn

c iu chng ta phi lm l chn n ti n vo trong nhn.

Nu card mng ca chng ta khng c h tr mt cch mc nh, th chng ta phi dng ti
phng k bin dch li nhn.
Mt khi chng ta hon thnh vic ny, chng ta phi son tho tp /etc/network/interfaces
vo cc tham s tng ng vi card mng ca chng ta. Mt cu hnh c kh nng l:
#

/etc/network/interfaces

-configuration

file

for

ifup(8),

#ifdown(8)

The

loopback

interface
auto lo iface lo inet loopback # The first network card this entry was created during the
#Debian installation (network, broadcast and gateway are #optional) auto eth0 iface eth0 inet
static address 158.109.69.132 netmask 255.255.0.0 network 158.109.0.0 broadcast
158.109.255.255
gateway 158.109.0.3

Chng ti khuyn co c http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/NetworkingOverview-HOWTO.html, cng

nh http://www.fokus.gmd.de/linux/HOWTO/Net-HOWTO v sch ch dn man trong cc giao
din. Nu chng ta khng c card mng v cn trin khai kim th, th chng ta lun c th tnh ti
module dummy; trong trng hp ny, thit b, thay v c gi l eth0, c th c gi l dummy0.
Nu chng ta mun thit lp cu hnh cho hn mt card mng trong cng mt my tnh (m rt
thng thy khi s dng cc cng gateway, cng nh trong cc trng hp khc), cn thit phi vo
cc tham s tng ng vi nhn trong qu trnh khi ng trnh cc xung t gia cc thit b.
Khi ng v dng cc dch v mng: ifup, ifdown
Tt c cc dch v mng (cc dch v ca /etc/network/interfaces) c th c khi to li bng
vic s dng script /etc/init.d/networking vi tham s restart. ifup, n khi ng cc dch v
mng ca mt giao din c th, v ifdown s lm dng chng. V th, i vi cu hnh c nu
trn, nu chng ta mun dng v khi ng li cc dch v ca eth0, th chng ta c th x l nh
sau (lnh ifconfig c th c s dng kim tra cc kt qu):
brau:~# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:01:02:B4:3A:61 inet addr:158.109.69.132
Bcast:158.109.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX
packets:36409683 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:221 frame:0 TX packets:35938 errors:0 dropped:0
overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:1489273710 (1.3 GiB) TX
bytes:20116974 (19.1 MiB) Interrupt:5 Base address:0x9400 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet
addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:823 errors:0
dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:823 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:3169619 (3.0 MiB) TX bytes:3169619 (3.0 MiB) brau:~#
ifdown eth0 brau:~# ifconfig lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:823 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:823 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX
bytes:3169619 (3.0 MiB) TX bytes:3169619 (3.0 MiB) brau:~# ifup eth0 brau:~# ifconfig eth0
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:01:02:B4:3A:61 inet addr:158.109.69.132 Bcast:158.109.255.255
Mask:255.255.0.0 UP BROADC

AST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:36420981

errors:0
dropped:0 overruns:221 frame:0 TX packets:35965 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:1490867554 (1.3 GiB) TX bytes:20118868 (19.1 MiB)

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Interrupt:5 Base address:0x9400 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1

Mask:255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:823 errors:0 dropped:0
overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:823 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0
txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:3169619 (3.0 MiB) TX bytes:3169619 (3.0 MiB)

Card mng khng dy

Nu bn c mt card mng khng dy, bn c th kim tra lin kt sau: http://ftp.cl.debian.org/manes/wlan.html.

9.7.5. Thit lp cu hnh cho cc my in

Thit lp cu hnh c cho my in c th rt hu dng, khi n s cho php chng ta, cng vi
nhng iu khc, in ra cc tp man, cc tp cu hnh sao cho chng ta c th nghin cu chng
tt hn dng trn giy.
Vic in n trong Linux da vo mt h thng hng i c mt daemon iu khin m n chy khi
khi ng. Cc my in c th c kt ni ng ti cng song song hoc kt ni USB ca my tnh
(my in cc b) hoc c kt ni ti mng (my in mng).
nhng ni m dng my in a thch c kt ni, trong mt mi trng nh, th iu tt nht c
th s l s dng cng song song (/dev/lpX, thng l /dev/lp0) sao cho m bo rng my in
khng ph thuc vo phn mm ca n, nh hu ht cc my in mi ang xut hin trn th trng,
c bit nhng my in m kt ni thng qua cng USB, l nhng my in c thit k c bit cho
mt h iu hnh xc nh. Cc my in c bit mt cch ph bin nh l cc winprinters (cc
my in ch dnh cho Windows) (v chng l tng t vi nhng g chng ta gi l winmodem).
Trong mt mi trng chuyn nghip, iu tt nht c th l c mt my in kt hp c giao din
mng ca ring n, lm cho n, n gin, thnh mt nt khc trong mng. c thm thng tin v
cc my in v cch m chng tch hp trong cc h iu hnh GNU/Linux, chng ti khuyn co
ving thm site http://www.linuxprinting.org, ni bn s thy mt danh sch v s cc my in sn
sng trn th trng v thng tin v mc chng c h tr.
H thng In Unix Ph bin CUPS (Common Unix Printing System) l mt h thng in theo module
s dng Giao thc In Internet IPP (Internet Printing Protocol) iu hnh cc hng i. y l
mt h thng hin i v phc tp, n c th c s dng trong mt mi trng my bn nh
GNOME hoc KDE. Hn na, n i vi la chn duy tr h thng truyn thng lpr ca cc dng
lnh BSD.
Cu trc chung ca mt h thng in trong GNU/Linux l cu trc my khch - my ch phc v
(client server). My ch, CUPS, l mt my ch dng daemon v chng ta v th s ng x vi n
nh vy. Tp cu hnh ca my ch l /etc/cups/cupsd.conf. Trong tp ny, chng ta s c kh
nng thit lp cu hnh cho bao nhiu my tnh ty chng ta.
ci t h thng CUPS, chng ta phi chy lnh:
# apt-get install cupsys cupsys-client cupsys-bsd printconf foomatic-filters-ppds

Gi cui cng ny c cc nh ngha My in Postscript PPDs (Postscript Printer Definitions) ca

Adobe, n c CUPS s dng xc nh cc my in.
CUPS-PDF l mt my in o cho vic in n cc ti liu ti mt tp PDF. ci t n trong h
thng ca chng ta, chng ta c th chy lnh:
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GNU/Linux c bn

# apt-get install cups-pdf

Trong CUPS, c 2 cch thit lp cu hnh cho cc my in. Mt trong s l t tin ch c mi

trng ha cho my tnh bn GNOME hoc KDE cung cp. Cch kia l t website. Trong c
2 cch, chng ta cn cc quyn u tin ca ngi qun tr thit lp cu hnh cho cc my in.
In cc tp vn bn
Cc trnh nh dng (Formatters) l cc chng trnh c s dng, ch yu, ghi chp li cc tp
trong nh dng vn bn ti nh dng PostScript (ngn ng Postscript, v lch s, tng c trin
khai rng ri hn trong lnh vc in n). Cc chng trnh c th rt hu ch, khi chng cho php
chng ta in cc lnh tr gip, cc tp cu hnh ra giy, sao cho chng d dng hn c. Mt
trong nhng chng trnh l enscrip (cng c ng gi vi cng tn: chng trnh ny mnh
hn so vi chng trnh trc). Mt vi dng c a ra bn di nh mt v d v cch m
chng ta c th s dng n:
man man | mpage -2 -o |lpr

S dng dng ny, chng ta ti nh tuyn u ra ca sch ch dn man ti mpage, nh dng n sao
cho c 2 ct mi bng, khng c cc l, v ti nh tuyn u ra ca n ti my in trm lpr:
endscript /etc/fstab -B -fTimes-Roman7 -r

Vi dng ny, chng ta s in ra cc ni dung ca tp /etc/fstab m khng c u , bng vic s

dng phng ch Times - Roman, c 7 v nh dng rng.

9.7.6. Thit lp cu hnh cho card m thanh

V s lng ln cc card m thanh c trong th trng, hu nh khng c kh nng cung cp mt
m t cch m tt c chng s c thit lp cu hnh. Chng ti khuyn co c
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO/ v ti thm website ca cc d n m thanh quan
trng nht ti GNU/Linux: http://www.opensound.com/ v http://www.alsa-project.org/.
Kin trc m thanh Linux Cao cp ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture) l mt d n lm
vic theo mt giy php GNU, cung cp cho Linux cc thit b m thanh v MIDI.
Chng ta by gi s tho lun cch m chng ta nn x l nu chng ta cn thit lp cu hnh cho
mt card m thanh kh ph bin: SoundBlasterPCI (chipset ES1371). i vi cc dng card ny,
lnh lspci s ch cho chng ta mt dng ging nh sau:
00:0d.0 Multimedia audio controller: Ensoniq 5880 AudioPCI (rev 02)

Trc ht, chng ta s ti module tng ng ti card m thanh ny, bng vic s dng lnh
modconf, kernel/drivers/ sound, es1371.
Sau , chng ta s to nhm audio trong /etc/group v chng ta s a vo tt c nhng ngi s
dng s yu cu truy cp ti thit b m thanh trong nhm (nu chng ta mun tt c nhng
ngi s dng c c s truy cp ti n, th chng ta c th b qua bc ny v a ra tt c
cc quyn cho cc tp /dev/dsp v /dev/mixer; v sau lin kt cc tp /dev/dsp v /dev/mixer
ti nhm mi m chng ta to ra.
Vi iu ny, chng ta s ci t c card m thanh. Chng ta by gi c th kim tra xem iu
ny c ng l trng hp ca vic ch cho mt tp m thanh mt cch trc tip ti /dev/dsp, nh

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

c gi trong http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO/ hay bng vic s dng cc ng

dng m thanh chy trong tp ny. Chng ta s phi ch cho ti khi chng ta c mi trng ha
c thit lp cu hnh, trc khi chng ta c th ci t n.

9.8. Kt lun
Trong hi tho ny, chng ta hc c cch lm vic vi h thng gi Debian, n l c bn, khi
m n cho php chng ta hc cch ci t, b ci t v qun l chung cc ng dng. Chng ta cng
hc c cch thit lp cu hnh cho cc thit b phn cng khc nhau, vi iu ny, mt im c
bn l: GNU/Linux khng n gin nh cc h iu hnh khc, khi n i hi, ni chung, tri thc
su hn v thit b thc t cng nh bn thn h thng. Nhng, b p cho kha cnh ny, chng
ta c th m bo rng mt khi thit b c thit lp cu hnh, th n s lm vic ng v chng ta
s khng phi lo lng v n mt ln na. V chng ta s khng qun rng chng ta thm ch cn
cha thit lp cu hnh cho mi trng ha. D vy, khuyn khch nhng ngi trong cc bn
m c th ang bt u ngh ti vic i tip vo th gii GNU/Linux c th khng phi l mt
tng tt, mt nh ti v mt s lng ph thi gian, chng ti mun trch mt on t cun sch
Debian GNU/Linux 2.1 ca Mario Camou, John Goerzen v Aaron Van CouWenberghe, phn I,
chng 1, V sao Linux l tt hn:
Windows NT, tuy nhin, c hc ni ngn ng ca Internet ch mt t nm trc. N cn cha c bt
k s tng tng cng thng no tnh chnh, m y bnh tt vi cc li v s khng n nh. Cc doanh
nghip cn mt gii php m h c th t ln trc tuyn v mong i gi li c 100% thi gian sn sng,
nhng Windows NT khng th p ng c nhu cu ny. i ngc li, mt cng vic ph bin nht ca
ngi qun tr mt Windows NT l ph s phc hi; anh ta lng ph qu nhiu thi gian thc hin cng vic
nng nhc, nh vic khi ng cc my ch m b sp [...].
Aaron Van CouWenberghe.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

10. Kin trc X-Window

10.1. X-Window l g?
X-Window l mt kin trc ca s c thit k vo gia nhng nm 1980 cung cp mt mi
trng ha trong cc my trm. Khng ging nh cc mi trng ca s khc, kin trc ca XWindow c thit k c lp vi nn tng, sao cho n c th c ci t trong bt k my
tnh no lm vic c trn mt h thng dng UNIX. D kin trc ca s ca X-Window c mt
lch s rng ln trong cc dng giy php khc nhau, nhng trin khai khc nhau v nhiu i
cc lp trnh vin khc nhau tham gia vo, th hin nay n s dng ch yu trin khai c d n
X.Org pht trin. X.Org l mt trin khai m m ca H thng X Window c sinh ra nh mt r
nhnh ca d n XFree86.
X-Window c thit k vi mt kin trc my trm/ my ch phc v (client/server). Dng kin
trc ny c ngha l phn mm c cu trc trong 2 phn hon ton c lp vi nhau (my trm v
my ch phc v), chng giao tip bng vic s dng mt lin kt giao tip. D iu ny c ngha
l thit k v lp trnh l kh phc tp hn, th kin trc a ra c tnh mm do hon ton
theo ngha l my trm v my ch phc v c th nm nhng ni khc nhau v s dng cc nn
tng v/hoc cc h iu hnh khc nhau. Hn na, chng ta c th tn dng c cng y ht my
trm mt mc ln hn nhiu, khi m my trm s c kh nng cung cp dch v cho hn mt
my ch phc v ti mt thi im. Theo cch ny, cc my tnh ch phc v c th lm vic vi
mt mi trng ha v cc ti nguyn ca my trm. V bn cht t nhin, kin trc ny cng
cho php chng ta lm vic vi X-Window mt cch cc b trn my ni m my ch hin din, d
iu ny khng phi l c bn.
Kin trc ca Windows
Kin trc ca Windows (hay h thng Windows) l mt mi trng ha cho php chng ta c cc ng dng
khc nhau nm trong cc vng mn hnh khc nhau, thng b hn ch bi mt s dng ca s. Cc mi trng
thng a ra cc c ch cho vic di chuyn v iu hnh cc ca s sao cho cng vic l tng tc v
d dng hn thc hin.

Cc thnh phn to nn X-Window gm: my trm, my ch dch v v kt ni giao tip. My trm

v my ch dch v c thit k c lp vi nn tng v lin kt giao tip c thit k c
lp vi giao thc mng.
H qu l, chng ta c th s dng X-Window trong bt k dng kch bn no: v d, chng ta c
th my ch dch v c ci t trong mt my tnh vi Windows, kt ni ti mt my trm vi
GNU/Linux v s dng Internet nh mt knh giao tip (giao thc IPv4). D vic thit lp cu hnh
cho mi thnh phn (c bit l my trm) l ph thuc, theo mt cch thc nht nh, vo nn tng
trong n c ci t, th lin kt giao tip lm cho c kh nng tch bch cc thnh phn v trao
cho chng ngn ng ring ca chng sao cho chng hiu c ln nhau.
Lin kt ny s dng giao thc ring ca n gi l Giao thc Kim sot Qun l Hin th X XDMCP (X Display Manager Control Protocol), n l mt mc cao hn so vi mc ca mng
giao tip c s dng (gii thch v sao n c lp vi mng).

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 10.1
Trong kin trc ny, my ch phc v c lp trnh ng k cc s kin xy ra nh l mt kt
qu ca cc thit b u vo, nh bn phm, chut v bo co chng cho my trm. My trm x
l cc s kin v tr li cho my trm, ch ra cc kt qu ti cc thit b u ra (thng l mn
hnh). D n tng ban u v thit k ny c l a ra l thi gian tr li phi l rt chm, th giao
thc XDMCP v c bn c thit k cung cp mt lin kt nhanh gia my trm v my ch
dch v, sao cho chng ta c th thc s lm vic c mt cch tng tc. Ch nhng kch bn
trong chng ta c th lu c s bt tin ny l trong cc kt ni t xa c s dng cc mng
giao tip chm.
tm tt, cc c tnh v chc nng ca tng thnh phn ca X-Window l nh sau:
Bng 10.1
My trm

Qun l cc my ch dch v khc nhau ti cng mt thi im.

Ph thuc vo nn tng.
X l cc ng dng.

My ch dch v Kim sot hin th ca ngi s dng.

c lp vi nn tng.
X l cc thit b u vo.
Lin kt giao tip c thit k lm vic mt cch tng tc.
c thit k gim ti ti thiu giao thng trong mng.
Trong sut (c lp vi mng).
Khi m cc card mn hnh c pht trin, ngy cng nhiu cc ng dng v tr chi bt u cn
vic x l 2D hoc 3D nhanh hn. D kin trc ca cc ca s ca X-Window a ra nhiu u
im, khi m chng ta cn s dng cc dng ng dng , th thit k my trm / my ch dch v
khng phi l ph hp nht, khi m chng ta khng tn dng c u th ca tt c cc hot ng
x l 2D v 3D nhanh cc k m card video c ci t trn my ch dch v a ra. gii
quyt vn ny, mt cng ngh mi c gi l H tng Tr v Trc tip - DRI (Direct Rendering

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Infrastructure) xut hin vo nm 1998; n lm cho c kh nng tn dng c u th ca cc

chip x l ca cc card lu gi cng vic ca my trm X-Window. Theo cch ny, chng ta tip
tc c c tt c u th ca X-Window v tn dng c cc yu t c th ca cc card video.
Khng ging nh cc h iu hnh khc ni m mi trng ha
c tch hp su sc vi phn cn li ca cc chc nng, kin trc X- Cm nhn (look and feel)
Window hon ton c lp vi h iu hnh v khng gii hn chng Cm nhn l thit k c s
dng cho cc nm, cc thanh
ta vo bt k Giao din ha Ngi s dng GUI (Graphic User trt, cc thc n , trong
Interface) no. Trn thc t, kin trc ch cung cp cho chng ta cc mt giao din ha ca ng
cng c ha mc thp iu khin u ra ca mn hnh. Cc cng dng.
c c a vo trong th vin Xlib v ch yu gm cc chc nng
cho vic to v iu khin cc ca s, cc hot ng vi cc phng ch k t, d tm cc s kin
ca ngi s dng v cc hot ng ha. Vi nhng chc nng , chng ta c th a ra cho
cc ng dng ca chng ta mt cm nhn m chng ta mun, to ra cc GUI mi... Trn thc t,
iu ny to ra cng vic b sung cho cc lp trnh vin u tin ca cc ng dng trong XWindow, khi h by gi, ngoi vic lp trnh ng dng, phi pht trin cc th vin ca ring h
to ra cc thc n, cc biu tng... V X-Window tip tc pht trin, nhng g chng ta gi l cc
b cng c, l nhng th vin thng c trin khai vi Xlib v cung cp mt GUI c bit, bt
u xut hin.
Theo cch ny, khi chng ta thit k mt ng dng, chng ta c th s dng mt s b cng c,
chng a ra c cc cng c tiu chun cho vic to cc thc n, cc nm, cho vic qun l cc
hot ng ct - dn v chng ta c th tp trung vo vic lp trnh bn thn ng dng. Vic
khng xc nh mt cm nhn c bit cn l nhng cha kha khc cho thnh cng ca kin trc
X-Window, khi m mi nh sn xut phn mm hoc lp trnh vin phn mm c kh nng thit k
th ca ring h, thit lp n khc vi tt c nhng th khc.
D c nhiu b cng c khc nhau, th hnh sau y ch ra mt s ph bin nht tng c s dng
trong sut lch s ca X-Window:

Hnh 10.2

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Trnh qun l ca s window manager l mt my ch X-Window c trch nhim qun l tt c cc

ca s, cc mi trng ha cho my tnh bn, cc mn hnh o V bn cht t nhin, tt c
cc ng dng c th lm vic vi bt k trnh qun l ca s no, khi m tt c iu n lm l qun
l ca s ni m chng trnh hin din. D vic lp trnh mt trnh qun l ca s rt khc vi
vic lp trnh mt ng dng, th cc b cng c c bit cung cp mt s cm nhn c bit thng
c s dng. Hin hnh, c hng t cc trnh qun l ca s khc nhau (wmaker, sawmill, olvwm
), v bn thn nhng ngi s dng c th chn ci no m h thch nht.
Dng phn mm khc c kt ni mnh m ti X-Window l dng c trch nhim v cung cp
mt mi trng to ra cc ng dng, mi trng ha cho my bn, cc cng c qun tr h
thng Phn mm ph bin nht hin ang tn ti l Mi trng ha My bn K KDE (K
Desktop Environment) v Mi trng M hnh i tng GNU - GNOME (GNU Object Model
Environment). C 2 a ra mt b cng c c th, mt mi trng cho my bn vi nhiu chc
nng v cu hnh rt khc nhau v mt danh sch cc ng dng c tch hp ang c pht trin
lin tc. Hu ht cc pht tn GNU/Linux v UNIX a ra mt trong hai mi trng cho my
bn khi chng rt thn thin vi ngi s dng v a ra cc cng c v phn mm ca ring
chng, c cht lng cao v gip cho ngi s dng thit lp cu hnh cho h thng v my bn
ca ring h mt mc rng ln. Hai mi trng c th lm vic vi bt k trnh qun l ca
s no vi mt lot cc tnh nng c bn. Cc hnh sau y ch ra din mo ca 2 mi trng :

Hnh 10.3

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh 10.4
Cui cng, mt ng dng khc c s dng trong X-Window l trnh qun l phin, bao gm mt
lot cc chng trnh lm cho c kh nng lu cu hnh mt phin lm vic ca ngi s dng sao
cho cc ng dng c thit lp cu hnh s ti ln bt k khi no X-Window c khi to li.
Thng thng, nhng cng c c cung cp t ng trong cc mi trng tch hp; nu khng
phi th, th chng ta c th cn ti mi trng c bn thn X-Window cung cp: xsm.
Hot ng
10.1 c lch s ca X-Window trong bi: http://www.linux-mag.com/2001-12/xfree86 01.html.

Hot ng
10.2 Xem mt s v d ca trnh qun l ca s v cc mi trng ha cho my bn ang hin din ti
http://www.xwinman.org.

10.2. Cu hnh
Hu ht cc card video trn th trng hin ang c h tr, nhng i khi, khi mt card mi xut
hin trn th trng, n cn vi tun hoc thng trc khi n c h tr trong X-Window. Trong
mi trng hp, s lng cc nh sn xut h tr cho GNU/Linnux ang tng dn, v trong mt s
trng hp, h ang cung cp ri cc trnh iu khin ca ring h cho h iu hnh ny. D vy,
trc khi mua mt card video, iu quan trng phi kim tra xem c mt s dng trnh iu khin
m thch hp cho pht tn chng ta ang s dng. ci dt XOrg ln my tnh, chng ta trc ht
phi ti v cc gi cha cc cng c v phn mm c bn cho my trm v my ch. Thng thng,
nhng gi c gi l xorg, xserver-xorg,... v chng i vi nhiu s ph thuc ngun v mt
s tin ch c bn lm vic trong X-Window. Mt khi chng ta ci t nhng gi , chng ta

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

phi thit lp cu hnh cho cc thit b chng ta c mt cch ng n ph hp, sao cho chng ta c
th khi ng ng vi my ch v my trm X-Window. Ph thuc vo pht tn m chng ta ang
s dng, chng ta c th s dng chng trnh ny hay chng trnh kia hoc, trong nhng trng
hp nht nh, bn thn s ci t gi a ra mt ng dng thit lp cu hnh nh. Tuy nhin, cu
hnh ny phi lun tun theo cc bc nht nh, m chng ta s m t bn di, c phn loi
theo dng thit b c thit lp cu hnh:

Card video
Trnh iu khin (Driver): Cc h card video khc nhau i vi cc vi x l c th v
s dng cc chc nng c xc nh trin khai cc hot ng ca chng. iu
ny gii thch v sao chng ta phi tm ra trnh iu khin ph hp cho card ca
chng ta. Nu chng ta khng bit ci no l ph hp, th chng ta c th ci t mt
s dng ng dng t ng d tm ra phn cng; nu chng ta s dng, v d, lnh
discover, th chng ta c kh nng ni trnh iu khin no card ca chng ta c th
cn vi lnh discover --xdriver video.
Tn nhn din (Identifier): Tn nhn din card c th l bt k tn no chng ta
mun s dng tham chiu ti card ca chng ta. Tn nhn din ny c s dng
trong ni b tham chiu ng ti cc card chng ta ci t trong h thng.
Lng b nh (Amountofmemory): Ph thuc vo lng b nh ca card, chng ta s
c kh nng khi to cc hnh ha vi phn gii cao hn hoc thp hn v vi
cc mc su v mu cao hn hoc thp hn. D khng c bn a vo lng ny
(h thng s t ng d tm ra), th c khuyn co ch nh n trong cu hnh.
S dng khung b nh tm (framebuffer) ca nhn: khung b nh tm ca nhn l
mt trnh iu khin c bit ca Linux, lm cho c kh nng thc hin nhng hot
ng nht nh trong X-Window. D khng bt buc phi s dng n, th n thng
c s dng sao cho my ch X-Window c th giao tip trc tip vi nhn ca h
thng. Trong mi trng hp, nu n to ra bt k vn g, th chng ta c th lun
v hiu ha c n.

Bn phm
Qui nh XKB: i vi my ch X-Window iu khin c bn phm ng, n
cn bit nhng qui nh no p dng cho n. i vi cc bn phm PC tiu chun
nht, th qui nh xfree86 c s dng v qui nh ca mt tri (sun) thng
c s dng cho cc my trm ca hng Sun.
Mu bn phm: mu bn phm thng c xc nh bng mt s phm i theo. Cc
bn phm my tnh c nhn PC tiu chun c cc phm thc n v logo thng c
104 phm (chng ta xc nh chng bng tn PC104). Cc bn phm khng c cc
phm c xc nh nh l cc bn phm vi 101 phm (PC101).
Trnh by bn phm: Trong phn ny, chng ta phi xc nh quc gia gc ca bn
phm ang s dng tiu chun ISO 3166. M cho bn phm Ty Ban Nha l es, bn
phm cho Php l fr...
Cc la chn bn phm: la chn cho vic c nhn ha mt s phm trn bn phm.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Chut
Cng: Cng chut l kt ni s dng giao tip vi my tnh. Khi chng ta mua
mt chut, n s lun ch nh liu n l dng PS/2, dng ni tip, USB hay Nu
chut l dng PS/2, th cng s l /dev/psaux; i vi chut ni tip th cng s l
/dev/ttyS0 (COM1), /dev/ttyS1 (COM2) v c nh th, mt cch tun t.
Dng: Mt danh sch thng c a ra, sao cho chng ta c th ch nh dng
chut, t chng ta phi chn mt loi vi mu v nh sn xut tng t nht i
vi chut ca chng ta. Thng thng, mt khi chng ta bit c mu ca chut, th
chng ta c th chn c la chn ng.
Mu 3 nm: Nu chut ca chng ta ch c 2 nm, chng ta cng c th c kh nng
m phng nm th 3 (nm gia) bng vic nhn 2 nm cng mt lc. Nu chut
ca chng ta khng c nm gia, th chng ta nn kch hot la chn ny, v mt s
chng trnh X-Window cn mt chut c 3 nm.

Mn hnh
Tn nhn din (Identifier): Nh i vi card video, tn nhn din mn hnh c s
dng sao cho h thng c th tham chiu ti n trong ni b. Chng ta c th ch
nh bt k tn no chng ta mun cho mn hnh.
Cc mn hnh dng LCD: trong hu ht cc qui trnh thit lp cu hnh, chng ta s
c hi liu mn hnh ca chng ta c l dng mn hnh LCD hay khng (mn hnh
TFT). iu quan trng phi tr li cu hi ny ng v cch m mt mn hnh ny
hay khc c s dng l khc nhau mt cch tng ng.
Cc tnh nng: khi thit lp cu hnh cho cc tnh nng, chng ta s c hi v
phn gii ti a ca mn hnh, tc lm ti... D t nhiu cc cu hi dng ny s
ny sinh ph thuc vo chng trnh c s dng thit lp cu hnh cho XWindow, th iu quan trng phi c thng tin mn hnh sn sng v tr li cho
cc cu hi ng tn dng c tt c cc tnh nng.
Cc phn gii c sn: ti thi im ny, chng ta phi vo phn gii m
chng ta mun mn hnh hot ng khi chng ta khi ng X-Window. Cng l bnh
thng cho h thng hi chng ta xc nh su ca mu m chng ta mun s
dng mt cch mc nh; iu c khuyn co nht l hy s dng mt su mu
cao (16 hoc 24 bit) sao cho chng ta c th thy c tt c cc mu mt cch sc
so. Mt khi chng ta tr li cho cc cu hi , th
c l t nhiu ph thuc vo chng trnh chng ta s xsession
dng, ton b cu hnh s c lu gi trong tp Khi chng ta s dng startx
/etc/X11/XF86Config-4.
hoc xinit, cc lnh ca

Tt c cc phn khc m chng ta xem c t chc trong tp ny

v nu chng ta xem sch ch dn, th chng ta s thy rng chng ta
c rt nhiu kh nng hn na c a ra cho chng ta vi s mm
do hon ton cho vic cu hnh X-Window ca chng ta theo cch m
chng ta mun. kim tra xem liu chng c thc s lm vic hay
khng, chng ta c th chy x, ti im mt mn hnh vi cc rt
nh mu en v trng s xut hin v chut s xut hin nh mt du

Trang 169/232

tp /etc/X11/Xsession s
chy. Nu th mc gc home
ca ngi s dng m khi
to ln X-Window c cha
mt tp .xsession, th n s
l cc lnh trong tp ny m
s chy, thay v cc tp trong
tp khc.

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

X ( ra khi mn hnh ny, hy nhn t hp phm Ctrl+Alt+Backspace).

Nu chng ta ci t mt s dng trnh qun l ca s, th nhng g chng ta s thng lm khi
khi ng X-Window l hy s dng mt trong cc shell script xinit hoc startx. Chng s khi
to trnh qun l ca s c thit lp cu hnh v s trin khai mt s hnh ng khc theo yu cu
khi ng X-Window ln mt cch ng n. Mt khi mn hnh l ch ha, th chng ta
c th thay i phn gii bng vic s dng cc t hp phm Ctrl+Alt++ v Ctrl+Atl+-, hoc
quay v vi bng iu khin vn bn vi Ctrl+Alt+F1, Ctrl+Alt+F2 (vi Ctrl+Alt+F7, chng ta
c th tr v mi trng ha).
Mt tnh nng quan trng khc trong cu hnh ca X-Window l cu hnh ca Xwrappers.
Xwrappers cho php chng ta kim sot nhng ngi s dng no c th khi ng cc phin lm
vic vi X-Window vi cc gi tr khc nhau:

console:

bt k ngi s dng no trong bng iu khin c th khi to X-Window.

Rootonly:

anybody:

ch gc root c th khi to X-Window.

bt k ngi s dng no ca h thng cng c th khi to X-Window (thm ch

nu h khng c kt ni mt cch cc b).

iu ny l rt hu dng, c bit cho vic qun tr mt my ch trong nhng ngi s dng

thng khng c php lm vic vi mi trng ha v lng ti nguyn m my ch ny tiu
dng.

10.3. Trnh qun l hin th X

Trong phn trc, chng ta thy cch thit lp cu hnh cho X-Window mt cch cc b. Nh
chng ta lu thng qua phn , kin trc ca h thng ca s ca X-Window cho php my
trm v my ch c ci t trong cc my tnh khc nhau. thit lp cu hnh cho my tnh ca
chng ta sao cho n trin khai c cc chc nng ca mt my trm X-Window, chng ta phi ci
t mt s dng trnh qun l hin th X. Nhng chng trnh ny m ra mt cng giao tip vi n
cc my trm c th giao tip c vi my trm v lm vic vi X-Window t xa. D c nhiu
chng trnh dng ny, th mt trong nhng chng trnh u tin xut hin v trong nhiu
chng trnh khc da vo l xdm.
Cc trnh qun l hin th X c th lm vic c cc b v t xa. Cng vi nhng chc nng khc,
chng ch ra mn hnh (trong mt mi trng ha) sao cho nhng ngi s dng c th xc nh
c bn thn mnh vi s ng nhp v mt khu ca h. Chng lm vic nh bt k daemon no
khc ca h thng, sao cho chng ta c th thit lp cu hnh cho chng khi ng v dng khi
chng ta mun (bng vic s dng cc mc chy m h thng a ra). Chng ta phi nh rng nu
chng ta thit lp cu hnh cho n lm vic mt cch cc b, th khi chng ta khi ng h thng,
chng ta thy bn thn chng ta trong mn hnh ng nhp ha v khng vi bng iu khin m
chng ta quen (d chng s vn sn sng). Vi thit lp cu hnh ny, chng ta s khng cn c
kh nng s dng startx hoc xinit khi ng X-Window, v n s chy mt cch mc nh.
Khi chng ta ci t , th tt c cc tp cu hnh ca n s c t trong th mc
Chng ta by gi s cp ti tng th m cc tp cha:

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/etc/X11/xdm.

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Bng 10.2
xdm-config

a im ca cc tp cu hnh ca xdm.

xdm.options

Cc la chn cu hnh ton cu.

Xaccess

nh ngha thit b xa m chng ta khng cn truy cp c na.

Xservers

Cc my ch cc b ca xdm.

Xresources

Cu hnh ca mn hnh ng nhp: mu, cc ngun, kch c...

Xsetup

Script s chy khi chng ta khi ng xdm.

Xstartup

Script s chy khi mt ngi s dng vo X-Window. Thng s c cc hnh ng

c lin quan ti xdm.

Xsetup

Script s chy khi chng ta vo mt phin lm vic ca ngi s dng. Thng c

nhng hnh ng nht nh cho nhng ngi s dng, mc d s thc thi ca cc
tp thng c gi ti /etc/X11/Xsession.

Xreset

Script s chy khi cc phin lm vic ca ngi s dng kt thc.

Chng ta s thy cu hnh ca cc my ch cc b trong tp Xservers. Nu chng ta mun v hiu

ha my ch cc b, th chng ta c th bnh lun tt c cc dng trong tp . Theo cch ny, thm
ch nu chng ta c mt my trm X-Window c ci t, theo mc nh, th n c th khng
khi ng trong my cc b. Mt khc, nu chng ta mong mun ci t hn mt my, th chng ta
c th son sa tp v b sung thm cc lnh nh sau:
0 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X :0 vt7 :1 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X :1 vt8

Hai lnh ch ra rng chng ta mun c 2 ci t ca X-Window, mt ci t trong bng iu

khin 7 (vt7) v mt ci t trong bng iu khin 8 (vt8), c kh nng truy cp c bng cc t
hp phm Ctrl+Alt+F7 v Ctrl+Alt+F8 mt cch tng ng. Hy chng ta kim tra cch m mi
lnh a vo :0 hoc :1, ph thuc vo ci t X-Window c tham chiu ti. Mc nh, chng ta
s lun s dng 0, nhng chng ta phi tham chiu ti n theo cch ny nu chng ta mun c hn
mt my ch cc b. cui ca mi dng, chng ta c th b sung cc tham s c bit cho tng
my ch X-Window (chng ta s thy tt c cc tham s c kh nng trong man X), nh su ca
mu m chng ta mun cho tng my, phn gii mn hnh... Theo cch ny, c th lm vic vi
cc phin lm vic m khc nhau ca X-Window, nh chng ta lm vi cc bng iu khin.
An ninh ca X-Window
Nu tp Xaccess gm mt dng vi k t *, th iu ny ch rng chng ta s cho php bt k my ch no
kt ni vi X-Window ca my ch . Bng vic s dng X-Window t xa m khng c bt k dng m ha
no cng c th to ra mt l hng an ninh, m n gii thch v sao rt ng khuyn co rng nhng ngi s
dng thng bo cho bn thn mnh mt cch ng n ph hp ti thi im ny, trc khi s dng n.

Thng thng, thit lp mc nh ca xdm khng cho php cc kt ni xa v nhng l do an ninh.

Nu chng ta mun kch hot nhng kt ni , th chng ta c th son sa tp Xaccess v, bng
vic s dng c php c ch nh, hy b sung cc my ch ti nhng g chng ta mun cung cp
cho dch v ny. Chng ta cng nn bnh lun trn dng DisplayManager.requestPort: 0 ca tp
xdm-config, m, theo mc nh, v hiu ha tt c cc kt ni n nhn c. Khi thc hin xong
nhng thay i , nu chng ta khi ng li daemon ca xdm, my trm c th c chun b ri
phc v X-Window cho bt k my ch no yu cu n.

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GNU/Linux c bn

i vi cc my trong chng ta ch mun ci t my ch XWindow, th chng ta phi ci t X-Window ch nh chng ta thy Xnest
l mt my ch Xtrong phn trc v s dng lnh X -query IP, trong IP s l ca Xnest
Window cho php chng ta
my trm . Theo ng cch y nh vy nh khi chng ta c hn m mt ci t khc ca Xmt my ch X-Window trong mt my cc b, nu chng ta c ci Window trong mt ca s.
t X-Window khc ri ang chy trn my , chng ta c th phi s
dng lnh X -query IP :1 cho ci t th hai, :2, cho ci t th ba, v c th tng t.

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GNU/Linux c bn

11. Hi tho v X-Window

11.1. Gii thiu
Trong hi tho ln 2, chng ta tho lun cc kha cnh c bn cho vic iu hnh v qun l cc
gi cho ng v chng ta hc cch thit lp cu hnh cho mt s thit b. D vy, do tnh phc
tp ca n, chng ta cha cp ti cu hnh ca card video, hoc, c l, vic ci t mi trng
ha X. V tnh phc tp ca cu trc v cu hnh ca n, chng ta quyt nh dnh ring mt
hi tho cho H thng X-Window. Trong hi tho ny, chng ta s hc cch ci t, thit lp cu
hnh v c nhn ha h thng ny. Nhng chng ta s khng c a ra mt s xem xt ton din ca
ton b h thng, v lm nh vy c l l khng c kh nng v nhiu l do khc nhau. Nhng g
chng ta s lm l cung cp mt s tri thc c bn sao cho mi ngi s c kh nng thit lp cu
hnh cho h thng ca ring h, ph thuc vo dng card video m h c v nhng u tin v
thch c nhn ca h. cui ca hi tho, chng ta s c kh nng ci t mt mi trng X v bit
cch tn dng sc mnh khng th tin ni ca n.
Hot ng
11.1 V tnh phc tp ca h thng X, l hu dng c cc ti liu sau c c tng v cc khi nim
c bn, trc khi lm vic trong h thng. B sung thm, nhng ti liu s a ra tri thc b sung m chng
ta s c kh nng a vo thc tin trong qu trnh tin hnh hi tho.
a) XWindow-Overview-HOWTO. y l mt ti liu n gin c th c tiu ha c nhng khi nim
c bn c lin quan ti h thng.
b) XWindow-User-HOWTO. y l mt ti liu vi nhng ni dung cao cp hn so vi ti liu trn, nhng
cng rt hu ch.

11.2. Ci t v thit lp cu hnh ca my ch X

Nh chng ta lu , H thng X-Window l mt h thng rt phc tp, n tch hp rt nhiu th
vin v ng dng, mt s trong s l c bn lm vic vi n, d hu ht ch phi c ci t
nu chng ta thc s cn ti chng, v s cn thit c bit ca chng ta. y l mt l do gii thch
v sao, trong Debian, h thng ny c phn tn trong nhiu gi khc nhau, m chng ta ch ci t
mt s gi trong s khi chng ta cn.

11.2.1. Cc chin lc khc nhau cho vic ci t cc gi

V thc t l c nhng s ph thuc mnh gia cc gi khc nhau, nn chng ta c th tn dng
c iu ny sao cho h thng qun l gi thc t ci t c tt c cc gi c tin tng l cn
thit cho mt ng dng mc cao lm vic, trong n s thy, mt cch r rng, tt c cc gi c
bn ca h thng. H qu l, chng ta c th s dng dselect hoc apt-get ci t mt trong
cc ng dng . Nhng y khng phi l mt chin lc tt, v n lin quan ti s mt kim sot
cc gi m chng ta ang ci t v n cng c th c ngha l mt s gi c bn b b qua, v
khng tham chiu no c thc hin i vi chng khi cc ph thuc c tnh ton, v bt k
l do g. V th, chng ti khuyn co xy dng h thng tng bc mt, sao cho chng ta bit c
nhng gi no ang c ci t trong tng giai on v hiu c v sao.

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GNU/Linux c bn

11.2.2. Ci t cc gi c bn
Chipset v thit b
Bc u tin l phi xc nh chipset ca card video v thit b h tr cho n. Hy chy lnh lspci
trong mt ca s dng lnh v tm kim cc t VGA compatible controller:. Thng tin m bnh
thng tun theo tn nhn din t nht i vi nhn hiu ca card video v c th l thit b m bn
s cn. V d,
$lspci 01:03.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc ES1000 (rev 02)

Ct u tin ch s lng cc PCI bus m card c kt ni ti nh dng <bus>:<slot>:<func>.

Bng vic chy
$lspci -n -s bb:ss.f

chng ta xc nh c cc s PCI bus i vi nh cung cp

card.

vendor

v m thit b

device ID

ca

V d
$lspci -n -s 01:03.0 01:03.0 0300: 1002:515e (rev 02)

Nh cung cp vendor v m thit b device ID c nh dng vvvv:dddd theo s h 16 hexadecimal.

Trong trng hp ny, nh cung cp vendor v m thit b device ID ca card l 1002:515e.
Vi thng tin ny, chng ta tm cc card video (http://www.calel.org/pcidevices/xorg-devicelist.html) cho thit b m chng ta cn s dng. Trong trng hp ny, thit b l radeon.
Chng ta cng cn bit tc qut ca mn hnh theo chiu dc v chiu ngang. S qut thng
c thy trong phn cc c t ca sch ch dn mn hnh. Nhng d liu l rt quan trng v
cc gi tr khng ng c th gy ra cho mn hnh dng lm vic ng n v thm ch c th gy
ra thit hi.
Ci t X.org
T trnh bin dch cc lnh, t ti khon gc root, chng ta g vo:
#apt-get install xorg

y l mt siu gi m, khi s dng h thng cc ph thuc, s ci t mt tp hp cc gi X11,

nh my ch X.Org, mt tp hp cc cng c v phng ch c bn.
Chng ta by gi s i qua s thit lp cu hnh tng bc mt ca gi xserver-xorg, trin khai vi
debconf. Nu chng ta lm th g sai, th chng ta c th hon li n bng t hp phm Ctrl+C
v thit lp cu hnh li cho n bng
#dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg

Thit b X
Chng ta s chn thit b ph hp nht cho card video t danh sch, tun theo vi cch m chng ta
xc nh chipset u. V d:
Chng ta sau s t ra mt ci tn, nh l tn mc nh, v d l card video chung Generic

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GNU/Linux c bn

Video Card.

Sau chng ta xc nh card trong PCI bus, v d l PCI:1:0:0.

N hu ht lun c d tm ra mt cch t ng. Chng ta s li mt lng b nh trng sao
cho my ch t ng d tm ra n c. Chng ta s chn khng s dng thit b khung b nh tm
(framebuffer) ca nhn.
Bn phm
Chng ta s thit lp n sao cho bn phm khng t ng c d tm ra. Chng ta chn ngn ng
mc nh ca bn phm (mc nh l M us, es dnh cho Ty Ban Nha). Chng ta chn cc qui nh
bn phm xorg (mc nh). Chng ta chn dng bn phm (mc nh l pc104). Cc la chn khc l
pc101, pc102, pc105. Hai la chn cui l cho cc bn phm chu u. Chng ta phng n v
cc la chn bn phm (variant and options of the keyboard) l trng.
Chut
Chng ta chn thit b chut, v d, /dev/input/mice.
Nu chut c kt ni ti mt cng giao tip ni tip, th /dev/ttyS0 tng ng vi cng COM1,
/dev/ttyS1 ti cng COM2 Ci /dev/psaux l dnh cho chut dng PS/2 v /dev/input/mice
l dnh cho chut dng USB.
Chng ta chn giao thc ca chut, v d, ImPS/2.
Chng ta chn la chn cho vic m phng chut 3 nm.
Cc module
Chng ta chn cc module mc nh
ng dn tp
Chng ta chn cu hnh mc nh ca phn cc tp "Files".
Mn hnh
Chng ta chn d tm mn hnh mt cch t ng. Chng ta sau s t ra mt ci tn, nh theo
mc nh, v d mn hnh chung Generic Monitor.
Bng vic s dng thanh spacebar, chng ta chn cc phn gii m card video v mn hnh h
tr, thng l 1280x1024 hoc 1024x768. Chng ta chn ch cao cp cho vic cu hnh mn
hnh. Chng ta vo tc qut ngang v sau tc qut dc. Nhng gi tr hoc dy thng
c thy trong phn cc c t k thut ca sch ch dn mn hnh. Nu chng ta khng c thng
tin ny, th tt nht l hy vo di cao hn, nh 28-100 cho tc qut ngang v 40-100 cho tc
qut dc. Chng ta chn su mu, thng l 24 bit.
Chy cc script
Sau khi gii nn cho cc gi, cc script cu hnh ca vi trong s chng s chy mt cch t ng. Lun c kh
nng ngt s thc thi ca cc script bng vic nhn t hp phm Ctrl+C, v sau khi ng li tin trnh,
bng vic chy lnh trc .

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GNU/Linux c bn

11.3. Thit lp cu hnh cho X

Tp /etc/X11/xorg.conf c cha cu hnh ca X.Org v c chia thnh cc phn sau:
Files

Path

of

the

Module

files

Dynamic

modules

InputDevice

Description

of

the

peripheral devices Device # Description of the video devices Monitor # Description of the
Monitor Screen # Configuration of the ServerLayout screen # Global DRI scheme # Configuration
specific to DRI

Mi phn bt u vi lnh Section theo sau l tn ca phn trong du ngoc kp v kt thc vi

EndSection. C cc lnh l c th cho tng phn. Chng ta s x l tng bc mt, khng nht
thit theo trt t ca tp, m t cc phn v gii thch ngha ca tng lnh, sao cho chng ta sau
c th sa i cu hnh bng vic s dng mt trnh son tho vn bn (v d nh nano) vi nhng
tham s ph hp cho phn cng .
tin hnh nhng thay i cho /etc/X11/xorg.conf c hiu qu. chng ta phi khi ng li
trnh qun l hin th bng vic s dng
#/etc/init.d/gdm restart

11.3.1. Phn Thit b (Device)

Phn ny xc nh v thit lp cu hnh cho thit b card video.
Khon u vo ca tn nhn din n gin l tn xc nh tng phn.
Section "Device" Identifier "Generic Video Card" Driver "sis" BusID "PCI:1:0:0" EndSection

Khon trnh iu khin Driver ch nh thit b. Trong v d ny, thit b sis h tr nhiu dng card
video bng chipset SiS. Cc thit b ph bin khc l: cirrus, ati, r128 (ATI Rage 128), radeon (ATI
Radeon), s3virge, savage, trident, tseng. Chng ta c th s dng phng php c m t u
xc nh dng thit b no chng ta ang s dng.
Khon BusID xc nh card video trong PCI bus, m chng ta c th xc nh bng lspci.

11.3.2. Phn Mn hnh (Monitor)

Phn ny xc nh mn hnh.
Section "Monitor" Identifier "Generic Monitor" Option "DPMS" HorizSync 28-100 VertRefresh
40-100 EndSection

Khon tn nhn din l tng t nh phn thit b "Device". C th c cc phn mn hnh

"Monitor" khc nhau trong tp, mi phn vi mt tn nhn din khc nhau. iu ny l thun tin
nu, v d, chng ta c cc mn hnh khc nhau, nh mt ci nh v mt cch ni lm vic.
Theo cch ny, chng ta c th d dng xc nh c mt cu hnh khi my tnh nh v ci khc
khi ni lm vic.
Khon HorizSync ch nh tc qut ngang ca mn hnh theo n v kHz. N c th l tc c
nh [31.5], nhiu tc c nh [31.5,35.2], mt di [30-64], hoc nhiu di [15-25,30-64].
Khon VertRefresh ch nh tc qut dc theo n v Hz v cc gi tr c nh dng y ht nh

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

ca HorizSync.

11.3.3. Phn Mn hnh (Screen)

Phn ny xc nh mn hnh, kt hp cu hnh ca thit b v mn hnh.
Section "Screen" Identifier "Default Screan" Device "Generic Video Card" Monitor
"Generic Monitor" DefaultDepth 24 Subsection "Display" Depth 1 Modes "1024x768"
"800x600" "640x480" EndSubsection Subsection "Display" Depth 4 Modes "1024x768"
"800x600" "640x480" EndSubsection Subsection "Display" Depth 8 Modes "1024x768"
"800x600" "640x480" EndSubsection Subsection "Display" Depth 15 Modes "1024x768"
"800x600" "640x480" EndSubsection Subsection "Display" Depth 16 Modes "1024x768"
"800x600" EndSubsection Subsection "Display" Depth 24 Modes "1024x768" EndSubsection
EndSection

Chng ta s lu rng cc khon thit b Device v mn hnh Monitor c gi tr y ht nh khon

tn nhn din Identifier trong cc phn thit b "Device" v mn hnh "Monitor". iu ny c
ngha l cu hnh ca cc phn khc nhau c lin kt vi nhau.
Khon su mc nh DefaultDepth ch nh su mu mc nh, trong v d ny l 24 bit. C
th c nhng phn con khc nhau ca s hin th "Display". Khon su Depth ch nh su
mu ca phn con . Cc gi tr c kh nng l 8 (256 mu), 16 (64K mu) v 24 bit. iu ny c
ngha l su mc nh Default-Depth s ch nh phn con mc nh ca hin th "Display".
Khon ch Modes ch nh cc phn gii. Mt phn gii ["640x480"] hoc danh sch cc
phn gii ["1600x1200" "1280x960" "1152x864" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480"], c th
c ch nh. Thng thng, ci u tin trong danh sch c s dng, nu n c h tr; nu
khng, th l ci tip sau, v c nh th.
Thng thng, su mu cng ln bao nhiu, th phn gii cc i cng b by nhiu s sn
sng. Chng ta c th gim su mu nu hnh nh trn mn hnh l ti i vi mt phn gii
nht nh, hoc chng ta c th duy tr su bng cch gim phn gii .

11.3.4. Phn thit b u vo (InputDevice)

Phn ny thit lp cu hnh cho cc thit b ngoi vi nh bn phm, chut, chut v (trackpad), mn
hnh cm bin... Cc thit b u vo ph bin nht l cc bn phm v chut; r rng mi th l
tch bch nhau.
Cu hnh cho bn phm:
Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Generic Keyboard" Driver "kbd" Option "CoreKeyboard"
Option "XkbRules" "xorg" Option "XkbModel" "pc105" Option "XkbLayout" "es" EndSection

Tt c cc bn phm c mt thit b chung gi l kbd. Khon la chn bn phm ct li Option

"CoreKeyboard" ch ra rng bn phm c phn xc nh l bn phm chnh. Khon la chn
Option "XkbModel" ch nh dng bn phm. Cc gi tr ph bin nht l "pc101", "pc102",
"pc104", "pc105" hoc "microsoft" cho bn phm gc ca Microsoft. Khon la chn Option

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GNU/Linux c bn

xc nh ngn ng bn phm:
phm ting Anh.
"XkbLayout"

"es"

cho bn phm ting Ty Ban Nha v

"us"

cho bn

Cu hnh cho chut:

Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Configured Mouse" Driver "mouse" Option "CorePointer"
Option "Device" "/dev/input/mice" Option "Protocol" "ImPS/2" Option "Emulate3Buttons"
"true" Option "Buttons" "5" Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5" EndSection

Thit b chut ph bin s h tr 4 dng chut: ni tip, Bus, PS/2 v USB. Trong v d u, chng
ta thit lp cu hnh cho mt chut USB thng minh - USB IntelliMouse (vi bnh xe).
Khon la chn con tr ct li
l chut chnh.

Option "CorePointer"

xc nh rng chut c phn xc nh

Khon la chn thit b Option "Device" ch nh n v thit b chut. Mt s v d l

/dev/ttyS0 (ni tip), /dev/psaux (PS/2) v /dev/input/mice(USB). Thng thng, s c mt
lin kt biu tng /dev/mouse ch ti thit b ny.
Khon la chn giao thc Option

"Protocol"

xc nh dng chut. Cc giao thc khc l:

"MouseMan" "Mousesystems" "IntelliMouse" "ExplorerPS/2" "ThinkingMouse" "ThinkingMousePS/2"

"NetScrollPS/2" "NetMousePS/2" "GlidePoint" "GlidePointPS/2" "MouseManPlusPS/2"

Cc chut ni tip c vi 2 hoc 3 nm thng c giao thc "Microsoft" hoc "MouseMan" h

tr. Cc chut ni tip vi mt bnh xe c giao thc "IntelliMouse" h tr v cc chut PS/2
c "ImPS/2" h tr. Giao thc t ng "auto" i khi h tr nu phn cng c kh nng t ng
d tm ra chut.
Khon la chn cc nm m phng Option "Emulate3Buttons" s m phng nm gia nu
chng ta nhn c 2 nm tri v phi cng mt lc. Chng ta cng c th s dng h thng ny trong
cc chut vi cc nm th 3.

11.3.5. Phn trnh by my ch (ServerLayout)

Phn ny c lin quan ti mn hnh vi cc thit b ngoi vi.
Section "ServerLayout" Identifier "Default Layout" Screen "Default Screen" InputDevice
"Generic Keyboard" InputDevice "Configured Mouse" EndSection

Chng ta nn c bit lu cch m phn ny kt hp mi th bng vic s dng cc tn nhn din

ca tng phn c xc nh vi Identifier.

11.3.6. Phn DRI

Mt s card hin i c nhng g c gi l h tng hon li trc tip - DRI (Direct Rendering
Infrastructure). s dng iu ny, bn phi ti ln cc module "glx" v "dri" trong phn cc
module "Modules" section.
Phn DRI, mc nh, l

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GNU/Linux c bn

Section "DRI" Mode 0666 EndSection

D cc card khng h tr DRI c th lm cho X b treo.

11.3.7. Phn cc tp (Files)

Phn ny xc nh ng dn tp cn thit cho X. c bit, n xc nh ng dn v cc phng
ch trong "FontPath" entries.

11.3.8. Khi ng my ch
ti lc kim tra xem liu tp cu hnh my ch c ng hay khng v, h qu l, liu my ch c
khi ng c nh mong mun hay khng. lm iu ny, tt c iu chng ta phi lm l chy
lnh startx.
Nu mi th lm vic ng, th sau mt lc, mt khi trn xm vi mt ch thp gia s xut
hin trn mn hnh ca bn. iu ny i din cho mt bc ln v pha trc, khi vic thit lp cu
hnh cho my ch khi ng l iu kh khn nht i vi mi trng X. By gi ch cn l cu
hi v thi gian theo yu cu kt thc vic trao cho mi trng ny s trnh by m chng ta
mun n c. Nu chng ta di chut, th ch thp s dch chuyn v chng ta c th khai thc mt s
kh nng nhiu hn trong mi trng ha s b ny bng vic nhn cc nm chut gia v tri.
thot khi mn hnh ny v tip tc thit lp cu hnh cho h thng, chng ta phi nhn nm
chut tri, nhn vo Yes, reallyquit ca la chn thot Exit, hoc n gin nhn t hp phm
Ctrl+Alt+Backspace cng mt lc.
Nu, mt khc, chng ta tr v vi bng iu khin s sau mt lt, th iu ny c ngha rng my
ch khng c kh nng khi ng ng n. Chng ta by gi s nghin cu tp lu k
(/var/log/Xorg.0.log) mt cch chi tit v c d tm ra cc ngun gy li c kh nng. Ph bin
nht thng l: la chn ti v trnh iu khin s c ti ln (nu chng ta li tin trnh la
chn cho script, th chng ta phi kim tra trang c lu trn m bo rng trnh iu khin
m script chn l ng), trong lnh UseFBDev th la chn ng true c chn, trong khi n
s l sai false, cc phn gii hoc tc qut l cao hn so vi c cc card ang c s
dng mong i...
Ti c im ny ri, chng ta c th s dng lnh sau y trnh vo ch ha mi ln
chng ta khi ng my tnh.
brau:~# rm /etc/rc2.d/S99xdm

iu ny s hu dng, trong khi chng ta cn cha thit lp cu hnh cho mi trng ny xong
hon ton. Mt khi chng ta kt thc, mi vic s ph thuc vo tng ngi s dng c nhn liu
c hay khng vic h khi ng my tnh trong ch ha. lm iu ny, tt c iu chng ta
phi lm l to ra lin kt biu tng m chng ta xa mt ln, bng vic s dng lnh trc :
brau:~# cd /etc/rc2.d brau:/etc/rc2.d# ln -s ../init.d/xdm S99xdm

11.3.9. Tp lu k
D tin trnh khi ng my ch thnh cng, n s khng lm chng ta dng vic phn tch cc
ni dung tp lu k chnh ca h thng X, /var/log/Xorg.0.log, khi m iu ny s gip chng ta

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GNU/Linux c bn

gii quyt bt k li nh no cn cha lm t on tin trnh khi ng ca my ch, nhng c th

lm gim hiu nng ca n. Mt s v d in hnh ca chng l: xa dng ca tp cu hnh tham
chiu ti cc phng ch Cyrillic, nu chng ta s khng bao gi s dng chng, khi chng ta thm
ch khng ci t chng; xa mi th tham chiu ti chut chung (Generic Mouse) khi chnh tp
, khi lm cho n khng tng thch vi chut m chng ta thit lp cu hnh...

11.4. Cc trnh qun l ca s

Cc trnh qun l ca s l cc chng trnh my trm (trong thc t, chng c gi l cc siu
my trm (metaclients), c trch nhim qun l cc ca s khc nhau chy trong mi trng ha
v s trnh by ca chng, cng nh vic khi to cc my trm khc (cc ng dng). Ti giai on
ny, chng ta c mt trnh qun l ca s c ci t, twm, khi m mt ci t hon chnh mt
h thng X i hi t nht mt trnh qun l ca s, thm ch nu n khng phi l mt phn ca
my ch , m chy trn . Nh chng ta thy, twm l rt s khai, c ngha l n c th l
mi quan tm ca chng ta ci t mt trong nhng th phc tp hn, nh WindowMaker,
BlackBox, qvwm... Chng ta s ci t mt s trong s v s th chng. Mc ch cui cng,
tun th vi trit l ca GNU, l i vi mi ngi s dng kt thc bng vic s dng phn
mm m h mun. Mt cch c hiu qu, iu ny c ngha l, mt khi cc sinh vin hc c
v cc trnh qun l ca s nht nh no , th t h s c kh nng chn ci no h mun s
dng. R rng, c kh nng c nhiu hn mt trnh qun l ca s c ci t, d ch mt c
th chy trong tng phin lm vic. (Tuy nhin, chng ta c th, nh mt v d v tnh mm do ca
h thng X, c 2 trnh qun l ca s cng chy trn cng mt my tnh, mi ci trong mt ca s
dng lnh khc nhau).
Trc ht, chng ta s ci t, nh mt v d, qvwm. Vy l, nh chng ta s thy khi chng ta khi
ng n, mt trnh qun l ca s m phng mt mi trng chng ta c kh nng quen thuc.
lm iu ny, tt c iu chng ta phi lm l chy lnh:
brau:~# apt-get install qvwm

Ti thi im ny, chng ta s c 2 trnh qun l ca s c ci t: twm v qvwm. chy mt

trong 2 trnh qun l , tt c iu chng ta phi lm l ch ra ng dn hon chnh v tr ca trnh
qun l m chng ta mun s dng, sau lnh startx (chng ta nn nh rng lnh whereis c th rt
hu dng nu chng ta cn nh v tp ). V th, chy trnh qun l ca s m chng ta mun
ci t, tt c iu chng ta phi chy l:
brau:~# startx /usr/bin/X11/qvwm

s dng twm, chng ta phi ch nh ng dn y , nh sau:

brau:~# startx /usr/bin/X11/twm

Khi phi ch nh trnh qun l ca s no chng ta mun s dng, mt khi chng ta quyt nh
c mt trnh c th, c th l kh vt v. ch nh trnh qun l ca s no s c s dng
nu sau lnh startx, khng trnh c th no c ch nh, th chng ta s to tp .xsession trong
th mc gc root ca ngi s dng vi cc ni dung sau, trong trng hp chng ta cn trnh qun
l ca s mc nh s l twm, v d:
#/.xsession exec twm

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Nu chng ta mun qvwm s l trnh qun l ca s mc nh, th chng ta c th n gin thay i

twm thnh qvwm. Vic chy cc tin trnh khc nhau c lin quan trong khi khi ng mi trng
ha v cc tp cu hnh m s c c trong tin trnh c xc nh mt cch chc chn. Mt
cch c hiu qu, nu chng ta to ra tp trc , th nhng g chng ta lm c l sa mt
trong cc tp mi nht (cc tp trong th mc gc root ca ngi s dng) m c c trc khi
vo c mi trng ha. Tp ny, v th, cho php chng ta sa i mt s kha cnh c xc
nh mt cch mc nh trong h thng v c xc nh trong cc tp trong /etc/X11 v cc th
mc con ca chng. kt thc phn ny, chng ta s ci t mt trnh qun l ca s c s
dng rt rng ri trong th gii GNU/Linux v ni ting v tnh linh hot v thc t l n tiu tn
rt t ti nguyn: WindowMaker:
brau:~# apt-get install wmaker

Chng ta ci t ri 3 trnh qun l ca s, v chng ta chc chn s ci t nhiu hn na.

Ngoi phng php c m t trn cho vic thit lp trc ci no chng ta mun chy mt cch
mc nh, chng ta cng c th s dng thc n ca lnh update-alternatives thit lp n:
brau:~# update-alternatives x-window-manager

c thm
Chng ta c th thc gic cc sinh vin tr nn quen hn mt cht vi trnh qun l ca s v thm website
ca n c c nhiu thng tin hn ti: http://www.windowmaker.org.

11.5. Trnh qun l phin X

Cc trnh qun l phin l nhng chng trnh c th chy trong mt phin ha v cho php
chng ta thit lp v sa i cc tham s ca n. xms l trnh qun l phin mc nh khi ci t m
chng ta lm t my ch ha. Chng ta c th khi to n t mt my u cui X ( khi to
mt khon X - xterm, chng ta s nhn nm chut gia v chn Programs/Xshells/Xterm), bng
vic s dng lnh xms. khi to xong xms bng vic s dng Checkpoint, chng ta c th lu
cu hnh ca phin hin hnh (v c bn tham chiu ti cc ng dng m chng ta ang chy), qun
l cc tin trnh ang chy bng vic s dng Danh sch cc my trm - Client List, kim tra lu k
ca phin hoc ng phin trong khi lu gi cu hnh hin hnh. Ngoi xsm, c nhng trnh qun l
phin khc. Chng c xu hng tr thnh mt phn khc ca cc trnh qun l mi trng ha
my bn, v mc tch hp l tht cao nn vic nhn thc c cc hnh ng ca chng c
th thc s kh khn. Mt v d in hnh v iu ny l cu hi chng ta c hi v vic liu
chng ta c mun lu phin khi chng ta ng KDE hay khng.

11.6. Trnh qun l hin th X

Khi chng ta kt thc ci t Xserver, chng ta c gi xa lin kt biu tng
/etc/rc2.d/S99xdm trnh, khi khi ng li h thng vo c mc chy 2 c xdm, n l
vit tt ca trnh qun l hin th X, chy mt ln na. y l trnh qun l hin th mc nh m h
thng X-Window ci t. Cc trnh qun l hin th l cc chng trnh c trch nhim qun l
nhng ngi s dng no c th vo c mi trng ha v t u v bng cch no. khi
to n, chng ta s x l nh chng ta c th vi bt k daemon no khc:
brau:?# /etc/init.d/xdm start

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dng n, chng ta cng c th s dng th tc y ht nh chng ta nh tun th vi bt k

daemon no khc, vi ngoi l l chng ta c th phi nhn t hp phm Ctrl+Atl+F1, ra khi
mi trng ha v s dng tty1, v d th, thay v s dng t hp c s dng thay i ttys
trong cc mi trng ch s.
brau:?# /etc/init.d/xdm stop

Nh chng ta thy, trnh qun l hin th yu cu chng ta ng nhp v mt khu, chng l y ht

nh nhng th chng ta s dng truy cp h thng vi ttys, tr phi chng ta p buc mt s
dng hn ch. Sau khi chng ta xc thc ti khon ca chng ta, th chng ta vo ch ha
theo ht cch thc chng ta lm bng vic s dng lnh startx. S khc bit l, khi chng ta kt
thc phin ha, th my ch s khng dng, m tip tc chy xdm.
Mt trong nhng s khng thun tin ca xdm l n khng cho php chng ta chn trnh qun l ca
s no chng ta mun lm vic vi. Nhng c nhng trnh qun l hin th khc, nh wdm (ca
WindowMaker), gmd (ca d n GNOME) hoc kdm (ca d n KDE), m cho php iu ny.
Chng ta c th ci t wdm, thy s trnh by ca n v bit c mt trnh hin th khc:
brau:?# apt-get install wdm

Khi script sau ci t chy, chng ta s c hi trnh qun l hin th no chng ta mun s dng,
xdm, m chng ta ci t ri, hay wdm. Chng ta s chn ci sau to ra lin kt theo yu cu
khi to trnh qun l hin th wdm trong qu trnh khi ng h thng (Nu tp /etc/rc2.d/S99xdm
tn ti, th tt hn hy xa n trnh cc thng ip cnh bo khi h thng khi ng). Nu chng
ta khng mun bt k trnh qun l hin th no khi ng mt cch t ng khi chng ta khi ng
h thng, th tt c iu chng ta phi lm l xa cc lin kt c yu cu, ni cch khc, tp
/etc/rc2.d/wdm.
Mt khi mt phin X bt u t trnh qun l hin th, ni cch khc, mt khi chng ta khi
to trnh to ca s tng ng, th c th s th v chy lnh pstree xem cc ph thuc v cc
mi quan h gia cc tin trnh khc nhau m ang chy ti thi im , cng vi thng tin m
chng ta c c t dng ps aux.

11.7. Cc trnh qun l mi trng ha my bn

S xut hin ca cc b cng c khc nhau, cng vi s pht trin ca cc d n khc nhau m
pht trin hoc s dng cc th vin cho giao din ha, to ra cc d n c mc tiu thng
nht tt c cc hot ng . Ti thi im ny, mt khi nim mi xut hin trong mi trng
X: trnh qun l mi trng ha my bn. Cc trnh qun l bn lm vic l cc d n c
thit k a ra nhng nn tng cho s thng nht v tiu chun ha trnh by v cc chnh sch
trong cc ng dng lp trnh v pht trin. Mt trong nhng th u tin xut hin tng l trnh
Qun l Bn lm vic Chung - CDE (Common Desktop Manager), d 2 d n quan trng nht hin
ang tn ti trong lnh vc ny l: GNOME v KDE, m chng ta s cp ti mt cch ring r
trong cc phn ring bit, v mc trin khai v pht trin cao ca chng. Tuy nhin, trc
chng ta c th gi mt s trnh qun l mi trng ha my bn khc nh: GNUStep, ROX,
GTK+Xfce or UDE.

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11.7.1. GNOME
GNOME l mt d n, l mt phn ca GNU, n c c trng bi thc t l n hon ton khng
cn mt trnh qun l ca s c th no, d c khuyn co s dng mt trnh qun l m
bo rng n lm vic ng n (mt trnh qun l ca s tun th GNOME) nh: IceWM hoc
Sawfish. D vy, m bo nhng u tin v s t do ca ngi s dng, bng kim sot (control
panel) ca GNOME lun c mt b chn trnh qun l ca s cho php chng ta chn trnh qun l
ca s no chng ta mun s dng. GNOME da vo b cng c Gtk, cc th vin thc t c
pht trin trong d n, c bit nh l cc th vin gnome-libs c th.
Ging nh tt c cc trnh qun l mi trng ha my bn, GNOME c bng iu khin
ring ca n, cho vic qun l cc tp ca Nautilus v bng kim sot ca n, GNOME Control
Panel. trin khai mt ci t c bn ca GNOME, chng ta s ci t gi sau cng vi cc ph
thuc ca n:
brau:~# apt-get install gnome-session

Nh chng ta lu , d GNOME khng i hi nhng ngi s dng phi s dng bt k trnh

qun l ca s c th no, th c khuyn co rng mt trnh c s dng nn l mt trnh qun
l ca s tun th GNOME. Chng ta by gi s ci t Sawfish, n tng c pht trin ch lm
tha mn yu cu ny. Chng ta s ci t gi v tt c cc ph thuc ca n.
brau:~# apt-get install sawfish-gnome

H qu l, by gi chng ta c mt trnh to ca s khc c ci t. Chng ta s dng trnh qun

l hin th v khi to li n sao cho trnh to ca s mi ny c tch hp vo trong n (GNOME
cng c trnh qun l hin th ca ring n, gdm, m chng ta c th ci t nu chng ta mun).
Chng ta by gi c 2 la chn cho vic t c mc ch ca chng ta, l: chy GNOME. La
chn u l khi to Sawfish, t trnh qun l hin th hoc bng vic s dng startx v, mt
khi trong chng trnh, khi to gnome-session t mt my u cui X. La chn th 2 gm vic
trin khai hot ng y ht nhng theo cch khc; ni cch khc, khi to GNOME vi cng cc th
tc nh vi Sawfish, v sau khi to sawfish t mt my u cui X. Chng ti khuyn co x
l nh sau nu chng ta mun Sawfish s chy ln sau khi chng ta khi ng GNOME (trnh qun
l phin ca bn thn GNOME s c trch nhim trin khai v ghi lu k nhng thay i no m
cn thit cho iu ny xy ra).
Mt khi bn thn chng ta lm quen c vi GNOME, th nhng g chng ta c th lm l ci
t cc gi y ht m c th l hu dng, c bit l gnome-help v gnome-terminal; ci u cho
chng ta mt giao din ni m chng ta c th c c cc sch ch dn (mans), cc tp vn bn
trong mt mi trng ha, cn ci th 2 ci t xterm ca ring GNOME.

11.7.2. KDE
Khng ging nh GNOME, KDE cn ti mt trnh qun l ca s, l kwm, da vo b cng c Qt v
cc th vin thc t kdelibs. N cng c bng khi to (launcher panel) ca ring n: kpanel, trnh
qun l tp ca ring n: Konqueror v tin ch cu hnh ca ring n: Control Panel. R rng,
KDE c th c ci t trong cng h thng y ht m trong chng ta ci t GNOME v
thm ch c cc ng dng thuc v mt trnh qun l hin th ( kdm) cng vi rt nhiu ng dng.
Mt ln na, chng ti khuyn co cc c gi ving thm cc website tng ng hc v cc kh

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nng ca chng: http://www.kde.org. Cng vy, chng ta c th chy dng sau y thy cch m
KDE tch hp trong Debian:
brau:~# apt-cache search kde

Cc gi KDE c bn l trong gi kdebase. V th, y s l ci u tin m chng ta ci t:

brau:~# apt-get install kdebase

Mt ln na, chng ta phi khi ng li trnh qun l ca s ca chng ta truy cp c vo

trnh qun l mi trng ha my bn va c ci t xong. Mt khi chng ta lm xong
iu ny, th chng ta c th x l ci t trnh qun l tp, gi c gi l Konqueror. Bng vic
s dng gi kde-i18n-es, chng ta c th ci t cc tp c yu cu cho KDE lm vic trong
ting Ty Ban Nha.
Ti thi im ny, mi ngi s dng s c kh nng ci t cc gi khc nhau ca d n m h
mun. Nh chng ta thy, thit lp trc trnh to ca s mc nh, chng ta s s dng thc
n ca lnh update-alternatives chn trnh qun l phin:
brau:~# update-alternatives x-session-manager

11.8. C nhn ha mt s kha cnh

Thit k ca mi trng ha X l nh vo mc tiu y tham vng ca vic c c hiu nng
tt nht c th t phn cng c sn, bng vic s dng cc ti nguyn t nht c th, trong khi cung
cp c tnh mm do nht c th. Cu trc ca my trm/ my ch phc v trong h thng ny
da vo lm cho c kh nng t c nhng mc tiu , v nhng kh khn c th m nhng
ngi s dng c kinh nghim s vt qua s bin mt nhanh chng vi mt cht thc t, cho php
nhiu u im m thit k ny a ra c n r. Mc ch ca phn ny ch l cung cp mt
tng thong qua v sc mnh ca h thng ny, n hon ton l bng chng khi lm vic trong
mt mng, d n bng cch no b ph bng khi lm vic ttrong mt h thng ng ring r mt
mnh, nh h thng m kha hc ny da vo. Trong mi trng hp, chng ta s tho lun mt s
khi nim c th l hu dng khi lm vic trong mt mng.

11.8.1. C nhn ha cc kha cnh bn a

Thng thng, cc tp cu hnh nm trong th mc /etc/X11/ hoc trong mt trong nhng th mc
con ca n. Mi ngi s dng c th c nhn ha v xc nh li cc tham s cu hnh v b sung
thm nhng tham s mi bng vic to ra hoc son sa cc tp trong th mc gc home ca h c
cng tn nh nhng th ca mt cu hnh chung, nhng vi mt du chm . ng trc. S c
kh nng xc nh li hoc thit lp tt c cc tham s m khng i hi cc quyn ca siu ngi
s dng (superuser), khi cc tp ca home s c x l sau cc tp cu hnh chung, v cc tham s
s lun ly cc gi tr mi nht c ch nh cho chng.
Xsession
l mt script chy khi mt ngi s dng khi to mt phin. Script ny l mt
script iu hnh ton b tin trnh khi to mt phin cho ti khi chng ta c th bt u lm vic
c, v cng c trch nhim qun l cc thng ip li c th ny sinh trong tin trnh ny, n
c lu k li trong $HOME/.xsession-errors.
/etc/X11/Xsession

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Trong $HOME/.xsession, chng ta c th c nhn ha tin trnh khi to cho mt ngi s dng c
bit. V th, nu chng ta mun trnh qun l ca s s l mt hp en blackbox, v chng ta mun
bbkeys s khi to t ng phn nn khi chng ta bt u phin, th iu ny s bao gm cc dng
sau y:
bbkeys blackbox

Xresources
Trong tp $HOME/.Xresources, chng ta c th c nhn ha s hin th ca cc ng dng khc nhau.
C php l application*parameter: value. V th, nu chng ta mun o ngc cc mu ca
ng dng xterm, th chng ta s b sung dng sau y vo tp :
Xterm*reverseVideo: true

Lnh xrdb c trch nhim qun l c s d liu ca Xresources. Bng vic s dng xrdb -query,
chng ta c th hc c v tt c cc thuc tnh c thit lp v gi tr ca chng, v, bng vic
s dng tham s -display, chng ta s c c mt danh sch tt c cc tham s m lnh chp
nhn. Nu chng ta vo v tr ca mt tp nh l mt tham s, th iu ny s c tt c cc nh
ngha tham s t y.
Xmodmap
My ch ha s dng bng m k t chuyn i cc tn hiu t
bn phm (c lp vi my ch) sang cc k hiu h thng (ph thuc
my ch). Bng chuyn i c s dng s c chn trong qu trnh
thit lp cu hnh bn phm. Mt v d v cch m n c th c s
dng nh sau:

Ch nh cc k hiu
Nhng lnh c s
dng t lu v s u t ca
nhng ch nh k hiu trong
cc bng chuyn i; tuy
nhin, by gi vn ny
c gii quyt.

brau:~# xmosmap -e "keycode 127 = Delete" brau:~# xmosmap -e "keycode 22 = BackSpace"

Cc tham s -pk, xmodmap s tr v tt c cc ni dung ca bng chuyn i ang c s dng.

11.8.2. C nhn ha cc kha cnh ca mng

Cc kha cnh c tho lun y cng l th v cho mt h thng ng ring mt mnh, v, ging
nh ton b h iu hnh, h thng X lun s dng mt thit k hng mng.
$DISPLAY
Bin $DISPLAY c th c s dng ni cho my trm l my ch no n nn giao tip vi. C
php ca n l nh sau: hostname:display number.screen number. V th, nu chng ta xc
nh my u cui ha khc cho h thng X, th b sung thm dng sau y vo
/etc/X11/xdm/Xservers:
:1 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X vt8

chng ta c th khi to mt ng dng ha t mt xterm ca my u cui ha ny ti my

u cui ha khc bng vic xc nh bin ph hp. V nhng l do , nu chng ta mun khi
to xeyes t my u cui ha u tin, bng vic s dng xterm, v hin th n trong my
u cui ha th 2, th chng ta c th x l nh sau:

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brau:~$ set DISPLAY :0.1; export DISPLAY brau:~$ xeyes

Nu chng ta vo mt phin ha, m mt xterm, thay i ngi s dng ang s dng lnh su
v c gng khi to mt ng dng ha, th chng ta s nhn c mt thng ip li ni rng
mt kt ni c th c thit lp vi my ch. Mt chin lc trnh vn ny l s dng tham
s -p xut ton b tp hp cc bin s mi trng, v th trnh c vic t chi ca my ch
i vi yu cu kt ni ca chng ta. Thc tin ny c th rt hu dng cho vic khi to cc
chng trnh thit lp cu hnh i hi cc quyn ca gc root, khi m iu ny s cho php chng
ta trnh phi vo mi trng ha nh mt ngi s dng gc root (mt thc t khng tht c
khuyn co v rng, d c php mt cch mc nh, th n thng b hn ch bng tay).
xhost v xauth
Lnh xhost lm cho c kh nng thit lp nhng my tnh no c th truy cp c my ch ha
t xa, ni cch khc, my tnh trm no c th khi to c mt ng dng c th c hin th
trong my ch. C php ca n nh sau: xhost +hostname. Nu chng ta khng ch nh mt tn
my ch (hostname), th bt k my no cng s c kh nng khi to cc ng dng trn my ch.
Mc nh, khng kt ni no c php t bt k my t xa no. Lnh xauth c th c s dng
xc nh nhng ngi s dng no c th khi to cc ng dng trong my ch ha. H qu
l, vic s dng 2 lnh cng nhau cho php chng ta thit lp chnh sch an ninh trong vic truy
cp my ch X, theo mt cch thc kh hp l. xhost+ cho cc h thng ng ring mt mnh.

11.9. Thit lp cu hnh cho cc my in

Vic thit lp cu hnh cho cc my in c th d dng hn t mi trng ha. C rt nhiu ng
dng c th c s dng thit lp cu hnh cho h thng in n bm sinh v nhng ng dng
khc thay th cho h thng ny, cng thng c s dng trong cu trc my trm - my ch phc
v. ci t h thng in n chung ca Linux CUPS (Common Linux Printing System), chng ta
s phi ci t gi my ch in, cupsys; v c khuyn co phi ci t, cng vi gi ny, gi my
trm in, cupsys-client. Chng ta cng ci t gi gi l cupsysbsd sao cho chng ta c c cc
lnh thng thy trong h thng in n BSD. V d, chng ta c th ci t h thng in n bng vic
s dng lnh:
# apt-get install cupsys cupsys-client cupsys-bsd printconf \ foomatic-filters-ppds

Gi cui cng gm cc nh ngha my in Postscript - PPDs (Postscript Printer Definitions) ca

Adobe, n c CUPS s dng xc nh cc my in.
Trong GNOME chng ta c th i ti H thng/Qun tr/My in
(System/Administration/Printers). Chng ta nhy p vo My in Mi (New Printer), vo mt
khu ca gc root v i theo cc bc xc nh my in, ph thuc vo vic liu my in l cc
b hay mng. Bc th 2 gm vic tm ra tn cc nh sn xut v mu ca my in. Mt khi chng
ta xc nh c my in, chng ta s nhn vo n bng vic x dng nm chut phi v i ti
Cc thuc tnh (Properties). Sau chng ta nhn vo la chn Tr thnh qun tr vin (Become the
administrator) v sa cu hnh nu cn thit.
Tun t sau y cc hnh nh ch ra tin trnh cho vic ci t mt my in bng vic s dng h tr
ca gnome-cups:

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Hnh 11.1

Hnh 11.2

Hnh 11.3

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Mt khi chng ta ci t xong my in, mt ca s s xut hin; ca s ny tng ng vi cng

c gnome-cups:

Hnh 11.4
Nu my in s dng h thng HP JetDirect, th tt hn hy ci t gi hplip.
# apt-get install hplip

v s dng cng c hp-setup xc nh my in.

Cch khc thit lp cu hnh cho mt my in bng vic s dng CUPS l thng qua website ca
dch v CUPS. Tt c iu chng ta phi lm l m trnh duyt ca chng ta v vo URL:
http://localhost:630, n l cng m my ch ca chng ta ang nghe.
Cc hnh mn hnh sau y ch s xut hin ca tin ch qun tr ny:

Hnh 11.5

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Hnh 11.6

11.10. OpenOffice
Trong phn ny, d ch l khng nm trong phm vi ca cc mc tiu chnh ca kha hc ny,
chng ta s trnh by mt b phn mm vn phng, n c th cc k hu dng cho nhng ngi
trong chng ta m quen lm vic vi phn mm dng ny. OpenOffice l mt d n c ngun gc t
StarOffice, ca Sun MicroSystems. Chng ta phi ch ra rng d n ny l a nn tng v rng n
c th v th c trin khai trong cc h iu hnh khc khng phi l dng Unix.
ci t b phn mm ny, chng ta c th s dng lnh sau y (tt c trn mt dng):
brau:~# apt-get install openoffice.org openoffice.org-base openoffice.org-calc
openoffice.org-common openoffice.org-core openoffice.org-draw openoffice.org- evolution
openoffice.org-gnome openoffice.org-gtk openoffice.org-help-en openoffice.org-help-es
openoffice.org-impress openoffice.org-java-common openoffice.org-l10n-es
openoffice.org-math openoffice.org-writer

Tt c iu chng ta phi lm trong qu trnh ci t (n s c trin khai trong mt mi trng

ha) l nh rng chng ta phi ci t n cho mng. Theo cch ny, n s ch l cn thit cho th
mc gc home ca tng ngi s dng c mt th mc nh, trong cc cu hnh c c nhn
ha ca h c lu gi.
Mt khi chng ta ci t chng trnh ny ln u, th mi ngi s dng phi chy chng trnh
sau y to ra th mc ca ring mnh:
/usr/lib/openoffice/program/setup

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Mt khi chng ta thc hin xong iu ny v chng ta tr li mt t cu hi, th lnh

openoffice s m b phn mm vn phng .
Hin ti phin bn OpenOffice trong Debian Etch l 2.0.4.

11.11. Kt lun
Vi hi tho ny, chng ta i ti kt thc t liu dy hc ca module 2 cho cc Gio vin. Trong
hi tho ny, chng ta hc c cch ci t mi trng ha trong h thng, m, nh chng ta
thy khi ny, khng phi l phn c bn bn trong h iu hnh. Nhng bng chng l n rt hu
dng trong nhiu trng hp v nhiu ngi ni rng h iu hnh m chng ta nghin cu trong
module ny c th l mt la chn thay th nghim tc cho cc h thng khc. V tt c nhng l do
, chng ti, cc tc gi, mun by t s thuyt phc hon ton ca chng ti rng GNU/Linux l
mt h iu hnh khc thng, khng ch v giao din ha ca n, m c l l nhng g hu ht
li cui s ch ca chng ti khi chng ti ln u tin xem xt h thng ny, l do nhiu khng
th m c cc yu t khc, i vi chng th chng ti c th nhn mnh ti trit l ng sau h
thng ny, tin cy ca n, kh nng p dng, sc mnh, cc mc an ninh tim tng ca n...
Chng ti b thuyt phc rng h iu hnh ny l mt s u t cho tng lai, t chng ti ch
c th mong i nhng pht trin tch cc, d n c chng minh rng y l mt i th cnh
tranh nghim tc trong th gii cc h iu hnh. Chng ti hy vng rng chng ti cung cp
c tri thc v truyn i c lng nhit thnh cn thit cho cc c gi bt u con ng
ca ring h trong th gii GNU/Linux, cng nh bit c cch m ra cc cnh ca ti mt
cng ng trong mi ngi u c cho n v tn trng.

Trang 190/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Cc ph lc
PID_00148394

Trang 191/232

GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Bn quyn 2010, FUOC. Quyn c trao sao chp, phn phi v/hoc sa i ti liu ny theo nhng iu khon ca Giy php Ti liu T
do GNU, phin bn 1.2 hoc bt k phin bn no sau ny c Qu Phn mm T do xut bn; vi cc phn khng bt bin, khng cc vn bn ba
trc, v khng cc vn bn ba sau. Mt bn sao giy php ny c a vo trong phn c u Giy php Ti liu T do GNU.

Copyright 2010, FUOC. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no BackCover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Ph lc A. Cc bng lnh
A.1. H thng tp
C PHP CA LNH

KT QU V CC THAM S HU DNG

ls [mu]
ls [pattern]

Cc danh sch cc ni dung ca mt th mc nht nh

-a hin th tt c cc ni dung, bao gm c nhng ni dung bt u bng .
-l hin th ton b thng tin c lin quan ti cc ni dung
-h i sau -l hin th kch c cc tp trong cc n v KB, MB, GB
-S sp xp cc danh sch theo kch c
-w hin th danh sch theo cc ct
-R hin th danh sch theo kiu qui, i qua tt c cc th mc con
-- mu t mu vn bn ca danh sch theo dng tp

cd [ng dn]
cd [path]

Thay i ti th mc c ch nh. Mt cch mc nh, n thay i ti th mc

gc home ca ngi s dng.

pwd

Hin th ng dn y ti th mc hin hnh.

find [cc tham s] [ng dn]

find [parameters] [path]

Tm kim mt tp hoc th mc c ch nh.

-iname pattern tm kim qui mu t th mc hin hnh
-ilname pattern tng t nh -iname & khng phn bit ch hoa ch thng
-maxdepth numLevels tm kim xung mc su c ch nh.
-uid UID p vo vic trng khp UID
-gid GID p vo vic trng khp GID

Ln ng dn [Tn-lin-kt-mi] To mt lin kt ti mt tp hoc th mc. Nu y khng phi l mt lin kt biu

ln path [New Linkname]
tng, th mt bn sao chnh xc s c to ra v c sa i cho bt k vic cp
nht no (lin kt cng).
-s to mt lin kt biu tng

Hnh A.1
A.2. Chc nng tr gip h thng
C PHP CA LNH

KT QU V CC THAM S HU DNG

man [s_phn] lnh

Hin th cc ni dung ch dn ca cc lnh theo tng trang mt
man [section_number] command
info command

Mt ngun tr gip khc, i khi n b sung cho cc ni dung ch dn lnh v i

khi khc n l nhng ti liu duy nht c duy tr.

t kha thch hp
apropos keyword

Tm tt c cc lnh c cha t kha theo m t ca sch ch dn c xy dng sn.

Hnh A.2

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

A.3. Cc quyn ca tp
C PHP CA LNH

KT QU V CC THAM S HU DNG

chmod ch- tp
chmod mode file

Thit lp cc quyn cho tp v/hoc th mc

-R thay i c thc hin theo qui, ngha l tc ng ti tt c cc tp v
th mc bn trong th mc c ch nh

chown ch s hu [.nhm] tp
chown owner [.group] file

Thit lp ngi ch s hu v nhm ca tp v/hoc th mc (nu c ch nh)

-R lnh c chy mt cch qui

chgrp nhm tp
chgrp group file

Thit lp nhm m cc tp hoc cc th mc thuc v nhm

-R lnh c chy mt cch qui

umask mode

Thit lp cc quyn cho tt c cc tp c to ra t thi im lnh c chy.

Hnh A.3
A.4. Sao chp v xa cc tp
C PHP CA LNH

KT QU V CC THAM S HU DNG

rm tn-(cc)-tp
rm filename(s)

Xa cc tp v/hoc th mc c ch nh
-f loi b cc thng ip khng nh
-R loi b mt cch qui cc tp trong th mc c ch nh
-i nhc rm nhc ngi s dng khng nh trc khi xa mi tp v th mc

rmdir directory

Xa cc th mc rng

cp ngun ch
cp source target

Sao chp cc tp t im ngun ti im ch c ch nh

-f khng nhc khng nh
-i nhc khng nh trc khi sao chp mi tp
-l to cc lin kt thay v vic sao chp cc tp thc s
-R hnh ng qui vic sao chp ton b cc ni dung ca cc th mc con
-s to cc lin kt biu tng thay v vic sao chp cc tp thc s

mv ngun ch
mv source target

Di chuyn cc tp t im ngun c th nh ti im ch c ch nh
-f khng nhc khng nh
-i nhc khng nh trc khi di chuyn tng tp

Hnh A.4
A.5. Tt hoc khi ng li
C PHP CA LNH

KT QU V CC THAM S HU DNG

logout

Thot khi trnh bin dch shell v quay v ng nhp

halt

Khi ng tin trnh dng h thng (my tnh khng bao gi nn b tt in trc
khi ch Power Down (Tt in) xut hin.

reboot

Khi ng li h thng, l khi ng s dng h thng v thit lp li my tnh

Hnh A.5

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

A.6. Cc hot ng vi cc tp
C PHP CA LNH

KT QU V CC THAM S HU DNG

cat [file]

Hin th cc ni dung ca tp hoc ghi li s g bn phm khi khng c tp no

c ch nh
-n s cc dng c hin th

less file

Hin th cc ni dung tp theo tng trang. Cc la chn c lit k bn di

KHNG phi l cc tham s lnh m l cc phm truy cp trc tip hoc nhanh
/pattern tm kim mt mu (pattern) c ch nh bn trong trang, s dng
cc phm n v N i ti ch sau hoc trc mt cch tng ng.
END i ti cui tp
HOME i ti u tp
PAGE DOWN i sang trang tip sau
PAGE UP i ti trang trc
ENTER i ti dng tip sau
SPACE i ti trang tip sau

more file

Hin th cc ni dung ca tp tng t nh lnh less vi mt s hn ch (n khng

a ra la chn i ngc li, v d th).

grep [pattern] file

Tm cc dng khp vi mu ri hin th chng

-b hin th s byte ca tng dng c tm thy
-c khng hin th cc dng, nhng m chng v tr v con s
-e pattern hu dng khi mu pattern bt u vi k t -
-i tm kim khng phn bit ch hoa ch thng
-n hin th s lng dng
-v nghch o cc kt qu tm kim

cut file

Hin th cc trng ca tp
-d character thit lp k t gii hn trng
-f field number thit lp trng hin th
-b listBytes ca trng c chn, khi ch cc byte c ch nh tch bch
nhau bng du phy s c hin th

wc file

Hin th cc trng ca tp
-c hin th ch cc byte
-l hin th ch cc dng
-l hin th ch s cc t

diff file1 file2

Hin th nhng khc bit gia tp 1 v tp 2

-B b qua cc dng trng
-i khng phn bit ch hoa ch thng
-w b qua cc k t trng

Hnh A.6

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

A.7. Nn tp v cc bn sao chp c an ninh

C PHP CA LNH

KT QU V CC THAM S HU DNG

tar option(s) archive_name

file_name(s)

Ni nhiu tp v th mc vo trong mt tp tarball duy nht (vi phn m rng .tar)

-cf to mt tp tarball t cc tp c ch nh trong th mc hin hnh
-cvf ni di la chn bng cc kt qu y ht nh tham s trn hin th
danh sch cc tp c a vo trong lu tr
-cvzf y ht nh trn nhng kt qu l mt lu tr c nn bng gzip
-x trch xut cc ni dung t mt tp tarball
-xvzf trch xut v gii nn lu tr ng thi hin th cc kt qu ca tin trnh
(cc tp b nn s c ni thm bng cc phn m rng tp .tar.gz) hoc .tgz

cpio

Sao lu

gzip file

Nn tp v ni thm phn m rng .gz vo tn tp

-d gii nn tp

gunzip file

Gii nn tp

zip archive_name source_file(s)

Nn tt c cc tp ngun vo trong mt lu tr .zip

-e m ha lu tr bng mt mt khu c a vo trong ca s dng lnh
tr li cho mt li nhc

unzip archive_name

Gin nn lu tr .zip

Hnh A.7
A.8. Cc hot ng ca a
C PHP CA LNH

KT QU V CC THAM S HU DNG

df

Hin th khng gian tng, c s dng v t do ca cc phn vng c kch hot

-h hin th d liu theo n v byte, KB, MB, GB
-m hin th d liu theo n v MB

du [file]

Hin th cc khi m tp chim gi

-block size=SIZE thit lp kch c khi block mong mun
-h hin th d liu theo n v byte, KB, MB, GB

mkfs

To mt h thng tp mi. Vic c v hiu sch ch dn ca lnh c khuyn

co, a ra bn cht t nhin ca lnh .

dumpe2fs device

Hin th thng tin h thng tp ca thit b

sync

ng b b nh tm cache v cc tp ca a cng

badblocks device

Tm kim cc khi b hng trong thit b

-s hin th tin trnh qut bng vic ghi ra s lng cc khi block khi chng
c kim tra.

Hnh A.8

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

A.9. Ngi s dng v nhm

C PHP CA LNH

KT QU V CC THAM S HU DNG

whoami

Hin th tn ngi s dng cn hiu lc ca ngi s dng hin hnh

groups

Hin th cc nhm m ngi s dng l thnh vin

who

Hin th mt danh sch tt c nhng ngi s dng hin ang ng nhp vo

-T ni liu s nhn cc thng ip c c php cho tng ngi s dng

w [user_name]

Hin th thng tin c m rng v nhng ngi s dng hin hnh trong h thng.
Mc nh, n hin th thng tin v tt c nhng ngi s dng hin ng nhp

write user_name [console]

c s dng gi i mt thng ip ti ngi s dng c ch nh. xc

nh bng iu khin (console), cc lnh who hoc w c th c s dng.

talk user_name [console]

M mt phin chat vi ngi s dng c ch nh nu anh hay ch ta chp nhn

mesg [y-n]

Khi c s dng khng c cc tham s, n hin th liu s nhn thng ip c

hot ng hay khng. Tham s y tr v s nhn l c, n l khng.

adduser [user_name]

To mt ngi s dng mi trong h thng

userdel user_name

Xa ngi s dng c ch nh khi h thng

addgrou [group_name]

To mt nhm mi

groupdel group_name

Xa nhm c ch nh khi h thng

Hnh A.9
A.10. Qun l cc tin trnh
C PHP CA LNH

KT QU V CC THAM S HU DNG

ps

Hin th mt nh chp cc tin trnh hin hnh

-A hin th tt c cc tin trnh hin ang chy trong h thng (tng t nh e)
-H hin th tn ti trt t cc tin trnh
-I hin th thng tin chi tit v cc tin trnh

top

Hin th cc tin trnh ang chy mt cch tng tc.

kill PID(s)

Gi mt tn hiu kt thc tin trnh

-9 m bo s thc thi ca tn hiu kt thc

killall program_name(s)

Kt thc tt c cc tin trnh c lin quan ti chng trnh m cc tn ca n c

a ra nh l cc i s.

nice [command]

Khi khng lnh no c ch nh, th n hin th mc u tin mc nh.

Khi lnh v u tin mong mun c ch nh, n chnh lnh theo u tin c ch
nh .
-n new_level chy lnh vi u tin c ch nh

renice priority PID

Thay i u tin ca PID c ch nh

at time

t lch cho cng vic s c chy mt ln ti thi im c ch nh.

-f command ch nh lnh s c chy.

atq

Lit k tt c cc cng vic c t lch trong khi ch i c chy.

atrm process_number

Loi b mt tin trnh khi hng i. S tin trnh l s c tr v bng lnh atq

batch

Chy cc lnh hoc tin trnh khi mc ti ca h thng l thp

-f command ch nh lnh c chy

Hnh A.10

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Ph lc B. Trnh son tho vi

B.1. Gii thiu
Bit cch s dng mt trnh son tho vn bn l c bn cho nhng
ngi s dng mun son tho hoc sa i cc tp h thng. D c Vim
hng trm trnh son tho khc nhau, th trnh son tho vi lun l trnh Trong GNU/Linux, s dng
vim (Vi IMproved) ph bin
son tho mc nh trong cc h thng nh UNIX. D trnh son tho hn, n l 99.9% tng thch
vi c th ban u trng ging mt trnh son tho rt n gin, th khi vi vi nhng b sung thm
chng ta quen vi cc lnh ca n, chng ta s thy rng n c rt mt t chc nng na.
nhiu tin ch lm cho n cc k d dng iu khin cc tp. D c
nhng trnh son tho khc hu dng hn cho cc nhim v i hi s chu kh di lu (nh vic
lp trnh), th hu ht cc qun tr vin h thng u s dng trnh son tho vi cho nhiu tc v
qun tr. Thc t y l mt trnh son tho (c ngha l n c th c s dng trong bng iu
khin h thng) v thc t l n sn sng cho tt c cc h thng lm cho trnh son tho vi tr
thnh trnh son tho l tng trong cc mi trng UNIX. gi vi, chng ta c th s dng bt
k phng php no c ch ra trong bng di y:
vi file

Sa tp trong ch ton mn hnh

vi-r file

Phc hi li phin bn tp c lu gi ln mi nht (cho cc trng hp trnh

son tho tn ti khng ng v mt tp hon i cn c li).

vi + file

Son tho tp v t con tr vo dng cui cng

vi + line_number file

Son tho tp v t con tr vo dng c ch nh

vi file-1 file_N

Son tho tt c cc tp c ch nh. lu mt tp ng lc th chng ta nn g

:n vo dng lnh. Nu chng ta g :n: th nhng sa i s khng c lu.

vi+/string file

Son tho tp v t con tr vo ch u tin c chui

Hnh B.1
B.2. Cc ch ca trnh son tho vi
Trnh son tho vi c th c s dng theo 2 cch: ch thng thng v ch chn. Trong ch
thng thng, mi iu chng ta vit s c trnh son tho bin dch trin khai cc hnh
ng c th, trong khi ch chn c s dng sa i cc ni dung ca tp. Khi chng ta m
vi, ch mc nh l ch thng thng. thay i sang ch chn, chng ta c th s dng
bt k phm no trong bng sau y:
a

Ni thm vn bn vo sau v tr hin hnh ca con tr

Chn vn bn vo trc v tr hin hnh c chn ca con tr

Ni thm vn bn vo cui ca dng hin hnh

Chn vn bn vo u ca dng hin hnh

Chuyn sang ch thay th thay th cc k t

B sung mt dng mi vo bn di dng hin hnh v chuyn sang ch chn

B sung mt dng mi vo bn trn dng hin hnh v chuyn sang ch chn

Hnh B.2
Chng ta c th s dng phm Esc tr v ch thng thng. Trong ch chn, th duy nht
chng ta c th lm l vit vn bn, xa n hoc dch chuyn quanh vn bn bng vic s dng cc

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

phm PgDn v PgUp. Chng ta c th trin khai tt c cc dng hot ng trong ch thng
thng. Bng sau y ch ra mt s hot ng ph bin nht.
DCH CHUYN I VI TP
j

Dng tip theo

Dng trc

K t tip theo

K t trc

[[

u tp

]]

Cui tp

nG

i ti dng n

i ti cui tp

ENTER

Dng tip theo

CTRL+F

Mn hnh tip theo

CTRL+B

Mn hnh trc

CTRL+D

Na mn hnh tip theo

CTRL+U

Na mn hnh trc

Hnh B.3
LM VIC VI TP
w

Lu tp

:w file_name Lu tp vi tn tp c ch nh
:wq

Lu tp v thot ra khi trnh son tho

:x

Lu tp v thot ra khi trnh son tho

zz

Lu tp v thot ra khi trnh son tho

:q

Thot ra nu tp cn cha c sa i

:q!

Thot ra khi trnh son tho m khng lu li nhng thay i

:e file

Son tho tp c ch nh nu khng c nhng thay i trong tp hin hnh

:e! file

Son tho tp c ch nh m khng lu bt k thay i no trong tp hin hnh

:r file

Ni thm tp c ch nh vo dng hin hnh

:Nr file

Ni thm tp c ch nh vo dng N

:sh

Chy mt shell m khng thot khi trnh son tho, thot khi shell th phi
g vo exit

:N, Mw!

Lu t dng N ti dng M v b qua phn cn li

:N, M>>file

Ni thm vn bn t dng N ti dng M vo tp c ch nh

:=

Hin th dng hin hnh

CTRL+G

Hin th tnh trng tp

Hnh B.4

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn
SAO CHP, XA, CT, TM KIM V THAY TH

yy

Sao chp dng hin hnh

Nyy

Sao chp N dng t v tr ca con tr

Dn cc dng c sao chp vo bn di dng hin hnh

Dn cc dng c sao chp vo bn trn dng hin hnh

Xa k t bn di con tr

dw

Xa t bn di con tr

dd

Xa dng hin hnh

Xa cc k t t v tr con tr cho ti cui dng

/string

Tm kim tin ln chui t v tr hin hnh. tip tc tm kim,

n v N c th c s dng tm kim li hoc tin mt cch
tng ng.

?string

Tm kim li i vi chui t v tr hin hnh

:set ic

Tm kim, b qua ch hoa ch thng

:set noic

Tm kim c phn bit ch hoa ch thng

:g/HELLO/s/GOODBYE Thay th tt c cc ch c HELLO bng GOODBYE.

Hnh B.5
Chng ta s thy cc lnh chng ta vit, chng s chy khi chng ta nhn phm Enter, trong dng
bn di ca trnh son tho. B sung thm, hu ht cc lnh c th c lp i lp li: tt c
iu chng ta phi lm l vit s ln chng ta mun chng chy trc lnh . V d, dd s xa
dng hin hnh; Nu chng ta s dng 3dd thay v dng hin hnh, th 3 dng sau c th s b
xa.

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Ph lc C. Qui trnh ci t Fedora 7

C.1. Gii thiu
Mc tiu ca ph lc ny l cung cp mt tng chung v cc bc c bn phi c thc hin
ci t Fedora 7. Chng ta gi thit rng cc c gi c tri thc c bn thng qua module ny v
rng h quen vi vic ci t Debian Etch. Tri thc v l thuyt m mt ngi phi c ci t d
l bt k h thng no l y ht nhau trn thc t; V vy, ph lc ny ch tp trung vo vic t tri
thc v l thuyt vo thc tin v chng ta s ch nhn mnh ti nhng khc bit gia 2 tin trnh
ci t .
C.2. Bt u ci t
V pht tn ny rt mi, ch phin bn ci t ting Anh l c sn lc ny, n gii thch v sao cc
nh chp mn hnh u l ting Anh, nhng tin trnh ci t l y ht trong bt k ngn ng no.
iu u tin chng ta phi lm l ti nh DVD ISO v v khi ng my tnh, ni cho n khi
ng t DVD. Chng ta phi s dng du nhc khi ng ch ra rng chng ta mun trin khai
mt ci t hoc cp nht mt h thng ang tn ti.

Hnh C.1
Chng ta sau s nhn vo ng ngn ng v nhn Tip (Next):

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh C.2
Chng ta sau s thit lp trnh by bn phm:

Hnh C.3

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

C.3. Phn vng a cng

H thng ci t sau s xut vic phn vng a cng mt cch mc nh. Nh mt s la
chn, chng ta c th chn s dng Disk Druid t trin khai hot ng ny. La chn ny l
c khuyn co, v chng trnh l d s dng v n s gip chng ta cu trc cho phn vng ph
hp vi cc nhu cu ca chng ta. Nu chng ta c mt phn vng hon i ri, thm ch nu n l
t mt h thng khc, th chng ta s khng phi to ra mt phn vng hon i mi cho ci t
ny, khi m chng ta c th s dng phn vng hon i ang tn ti, v ch nhng thng tin tm
thi c lu gi trong cc phn vng hon i.
Chng ta sau s thy mt mn hnh vi trnh by c xut cho phn vng nh sau:

Hnh C.4
C.4. Cu hnh mng

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh C.5
C.5. Chn vng thi gian
Mt bn sau s xut hin, trn chng ta c th ch nh v tr a l bng chut.

Hnh C.6

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Chng ta sau s c hi thit lp mt khu cho ngi s dng gc root:

Hnh C.7
C.6. Chn phn mm chng ta mun ci t
Chng ta phi chn cc h ng dng m chng ta mun ci t v, trong s , nhng ng dng
no chng ta mun ci t vo trong h thng ca chng ta. Mt ln na, chng ta c th thc gic
nhng ngi s dng kim ch vic ci t v s cc ng dng, v chng r rng s c tc ng tiu
cc ln hiu nng ca h thng; chng ta ch nn ci t phn cn li ca cc ng dng, khi nhu cu
ny sinh. c khuyn co phn h thng ha nu n s c s dng.

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh C.8

Hnh C.9
Mt khi tin trnh la chn kt thc, chng ta s tin hnh ci t ton b h thng: nh dng cc
phn vng, thit lp cu hnh cho cc thit b v ci t cc gi bng vic s dng thng tin c
cung cp. Nu chng ta khng c ch trn a cng ci t tt c cc ng dng, th chng ta
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GNU/Linux c bn

s c ch dn quay ngc v mn hnh cu hnh ni m chng ta hoc s b chn mt s ng

dng hoc s phn b nhiu khng gian trng hn cho phn vng ph hp (iu ny thng nm
trong th mc /home, n l ni hu ht cc d liu cho vic ti phn vng cho a c t v
chng ta s phi khi ng li tin trnh ci t).

Hnh C.10

Hnh C.11

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GNU/Linux c bn

C.7. Ci t trnh ti khi ng (bootloader)

Khi m tin trnh truyn d liu kt thc, tin trnh tin ci t s t ng chy v trnh ti khi
ng s c ci t, nu c th c, v mt khi nhng tin trnh t ng c din ra, th
chng ta s c hi liu chng ta c mun to ra mt a khi ng hay khng, n sau s c
s dng khi ng bt k s ci t mi no, liu chng ta cn cha ci t trnh ti khi ng
hoc chng ta cn cha thit lp cu hnh cho n d n c ci t ng ri hay khng.

Hnh C.12

Hnh C.13

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GNU/Linux c bn

C.8. Khi ng h thng ln u tin

Hnh C.14
Trc khi khi ng y ln u tin, chng ta s phi s dng mt tc nhn thit lp thit lp
cu hnh cho cc yu t nh: tng la, SELinux (mt tnh nng an ninh ca Fedora), ngy thng,
card m thanh v ti khon ngi s dng h thng mi:

Hnh C.15

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh C.16
Sau khi khi ng li my tnh, chng ta s c hi vo tn v mt khu ca ngi s dng,
trc khi chng ta c th vo c h thng:

Hnh C.17

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GNUFDL PID_00148369

GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh C.18
Chng ti khuyn co c website ca d n Fedora hc cch h thng gi lm vic v sao cho
bn c th kim tra c tt c ti liu c sn.

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GNU/Linux c bn

Ph lc D. Cc cng c qun tr
D.1. Gii thiu
Khi qun tr mt h thng GNU/Linux, cn thit phi quen vi mt di ln cc chng trnh v ng
dng khc nhau. D tuyt i c bn c tt c cc ti liu c lin quan ti bt k ng dng no
chng ta mun ci t trc khi ci t n, th trong mt s trng hp, nhng cu hnh c th
rt, rt phc tp. V l do , cc cng c qun tr nht nh v ang xut hin trong nhng nm
qua, chng trc gic v thn thin hn vi ngi s dng v cho php chng ta iu hnh c
nhiu ng dng v dch v theo mt cch thc d dng hn.
Thng thng, nhng cng c qun tr ton cu kt hp c ch cho vic thit lp cu hnh v
qun l cc kha cnh c bn ca cc tp h thng v cu hnh i vi cc ng dng m chng ta s
dng. D th v bit rng cc cng c ang tn ti, th chng ta cng khng nn da vo
chng khi thit lp ton b cu hnh ca mt my ch, v nhiu l do. Trc ht, chng ta cn nh
rng cc chng trnh khng phi lc no cng lun tnh ti tt c cc kh nng c sn i vi
cc my ch . iu ny c th c ngha rng chng ta c th b st mt s la chn l quan trng
i vi cc nhu cu ca chng ta m khng c thit lp cu hnh mt cch ng n ph hp,
rng chng ta c th khng tnh ti mt s h thng an ninh Th 2 l, chng ta khng nn qun
rng, d mi trng cu hnh c th thn thin hn v, thng l, d dng hn s dng v qun
l, th chng ta nn nhn thc c v nhng g thc s ang xy ra khi chng ta kch hot cc la
chn ca cc chng trnh v dch v khc nhau m chng ta ang thit lp cu hnh. D mi
trng rt l trc quan, th iu ny khng c ngha l chng ta khng nn bit tng la chn
chnh xc c ngha g. Nu chng ta khng c c tri thc rng ln v dch v m chng ta ang
qun l, th rt d to ra li v s lm cho h thng lm vic khng ng, cc ch b tn thng v
an ninh... Cui cng, mt l do khc cho vic khng s dng cc ng dng l h thng c th
hng hoc c cc li mt s ch, c ngha rng chng ta khng th s dng chng; chng ta cng
c th phi qun tr mt h thng n gin khng c cc ng dng . Nu chng ta khng bit mt
s chi tit v cc tp cu hnh ca cc ng dng m chng ta s dng, th chng ta s khng c
cch g lm vic vi bt k vn nh no ny sinh.
An ninh ca cc cng c qun tr
Khi chng ta ci t mt s cng c qun tr chung, iu quan trng phi gii hn vic s dng n v m bo
rng n ch c th c ti khon ngi s dng gc root ca h thng truy cp c; nu khng, bt k ngi
s dng no khc cng c th sa i mt s kha cnh ca h thng. Hn na, chng ta cng nn rt cnh gic
vi bt k ch b tn thng v an ninh no c kh nng xut hin trong chng, v chng phi qun l cc
chng trnh c ci t trong h thng, hu ht cc cng c c th chy c vi cc quyn ca ngi s
dng gc root, vi cc mi nguy him m vic ny c lin quan.

V tt c cc l do , cc cng c nn c s dng rt cn trng v t nhng ngi bit chnh xc

nhng g chng ang sa i. Trong mt s trng hp, chng c th rt hu dng i vi chng ta
xem cch m mt s dng cu hnh phc tp s c trin khai hoc d tm ra bt k li no
chng ta to ra. Chng ta nn s dng chng nh nhng cng c b sung, h tr cho cc tc v
qun tr ca chng ta, nhng khng bao gi ch da vo mi chng.
Tt c cc pht tn GNU/Linux thng kt hp cc cng c qun tr t ng ca chng. Tnh nng
ny r rng khc bit i vi cc pht tn GNU/Linux khc nhau. Trong SuSE, v d, c mt ng
dng gi l Yast2, n cho php chng ta trin khai hu ht bt k hot ng no m thit lp cu
hnh cho h thng; RedHat kt hp rt nhiu chng trnh khc nhau cho vic thit lp cu hnh cho
mng, cc daemon, cc my ch ng dng...; khi ci t mt gi trong Debian, chng ta c kh

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GNU/Linux c bn

nng khi ng mt cu hnh da vo cc cu tr li m chng ta a ra qua mt lot cc mn hnh

hi thoi khc nhau; mt s ng dng c cc script ca ring chng, lm cho c kh nng c c
cc cu hnh tiu chun nhanh hn... D vy, nu chng ta bit nhng ng dng thc s ang
lm g v cc tp no c cha cc cu hnh ca chng, th s d dng hn nhiu gii quyt c
bt k vn g ny sinh vi h thng. Ngoi cc cng c ra, cng c no l c nht v nh i
vi pht tn m chng ta ang s dng, c nhng cng c khc m chng ta c th ci t trong hu
ht cc pht tn ang tn ti. D c hng t cc cng c v mi ngi qun tr vin phi chn mt
cng c m h a thch nht hoc ph hp nht cho cc nhu cu ca h, th chng ta cng s tho
lun v mt s trong s cc cng c ph bin v linh hot nht trong ph lc ny, linuxconf v
webmin.
D.2. Linuxconf
ng dng qun tr chung linuxconf da vo mt mi trng thc n vn bn m chng ta c th
s dng t bt k bng iu khin no trong h thng. Hnh sau y ch ra thc n chnh :

Hnh D.1

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GNU/Linux c bn

Nh trn hnh ch ra, linuxconf chia cc hot ng ca n thnh cc phn sau:

Cu hnh (Config): y l phn chnh trong linuxconf, ni m chng ta c th thit lp cu

hnh cho hu ht cc kha cnh h thng, nh mng, nhng ngi s dng, cc thit b ngoi
vi c ci t... Cc hnh sau y ch cch m cu hnh mng v cc mn hnh hi thoi ca
ngi s dng lm vic:

Hnh D.2

Kim sot (Control): phn ny c s dng trin khai cc hnh ng c th trong h

thng, nh kch hot hoc gii hot cc n v, thay i ngy gi ca h thng, c nhn ha
cc thc n... Hnh sau y ch ra mt s hnh ng c th c thc hin c trong thc
n kim sot:

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh D.3

Tnh trng (Status): nu chng ta mun xem xt cc lu k hoc tnh trng ca bt k kha
cnh no ca h thng, th chng ta c th s dng cc thc n trong phn ny. Nhiu lnh
c bn ca h thng cho vic xem xt tnh trng ca a, lng b nh c s dng s
c s dng trong chng.

Cc tc v (Tasks): cc hi thoi cu hnh khc khi ng ng cch mt modem,

mng...

Cch khc s dng chng trnh ny l nh mt trnh duyt web. Mc nh, truy cp mng l
khng sn sng cho trnh duyt v v th, trc khi s dng n chng ta s phi kch hot n bng
vic s dng thc n Networking, Linuxconf network access v kch hot la chn truy cp
mng Enable network access option. Nu chng ta m trnh duyt v i ti
http://localhost:98/ th chng ta c cc la chn thc n v cc mn hnh hi thoi y ht ca
linuxconf nh dng html. Mc nh, chng ta s ch c s truy cp ti dch v ny t cng mt
my y ht, d c khuyn co ch kch hot n khi chng ta mun s dng n.
Cui cng, mt d n khc c lin quan ti linuxconf l gnome-linuxconf, n c cc chc nng y
ht nh c m t trn, nhng c th c s dng trong cc h thng X.
Hnh sau y ch n ging th no:

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh D.4
D.3. Webmin
Nh ci tn ch ra, webmin l mt cng c trin khai mt cu hnh bng vic s dng Internet. N
c thit k tt v hu ht cc phng php cu hnh c ngh ra mt cch cn thn. Khi c s
dng ng, th n c th l mt cng c rt hu dng. Mc nh, khi n c ci t th n s m
cng 10000 (https://localhost:10000) sao cho chng ta s c kh nng truy cp n bng vic s
dng bt k trnh duyt no m chng ta mun. Trc khi chng ta c th bt u s dng cng c
, chng ta s c hi v mt khu ca ngi qun tr h thng, d n cng c mt h thng rt
hu dng cho vic qun tr ngi s dng thc t m vi n chng ta c th ch nh cc hnh ng
c th c tng ngi s dng thc hin. La chn ny l rt th v v n cho php chng ta thit
lp cu hnh cho nhiu hn mt ti khon ca ngi qun tr h thng, to ra cc ti khon c
chuyn bit ha ph hp vi cc tc v m mi ngi s dng cn thc hin.
Chng ta by gi s a ra mt lot cc nh mn hnh ca cc phn khc nhau, cung cp mt
tng v ng dng s trng ging ci g:

Qun tr ngi s dng h thng:

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GNU/Linux c bn

Hnh D.5

Thit lp cu hnh cho tin trnh khi ng h thng:

Hnh D.6

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GNU/Linux c bn

Thng tin trn a:

Hnh D.7

Trnh duyt tp:

Hnh D.8

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GNU/Linux c bn

Giy php Ti liu T do GNU

Giy php Ti liu T do GNU
Phin bn 1.2, thng 11/2002
Bn quyn 2000, 2001, 2002 Qu Phn mm T do, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111-1307 USA
Mi ngi c php sao chp v phn phi cc bn sao ging y nguyn bn gc ca ti liu giy
php ny, nhng vic thay i giy php l khng c php.
0. LI NI U
Mc ch ca Giy php ny l lm ra mt sch ch dn, sch, hoc ti liu v chc nng v hu
dng khc t do theo ngha ca s t do: m bo cho mi ngi s t do c hiu qu sao
chp v phn phi n, c hoc khng c vic sa i n, hoc mt cch thng mi hoc khng
thng mi. Th 2, Giy php ny gi li cho tc gi v ngi xut bn mt con ng c c
s tin cy cho cng vic ca h, trong khi khng c coi l c trch nhim cho nhng sa i
c thc hin bi nhng ngi khc.
Giy php ny l mt dng copyleft, m n c ngha l nhng cng vic dn xut ca ti liu ny
phi bn thn chng l t do theo cng ngha ny. Nhng b tr cho Giy php Cng cng Chung
GNU (GNU GPL), m l mt giy php copyleft c thit k cho PMTD. Chng ti thit k
Giy php ny s dng n cho nhng sch ch dn cho PMTD, v PMTD cn ti liu t do: mt
chng trnh t do phi i vi cc sch ch dn cung cp cng nhng quyn t do y ht m phn
mm c. Nhng Giy php ny khng b hn ch i vi cc sch ch dn phn mm; n c th
c s dng cho bt k cng vic vn bn no, bt chp vn v ch hoc bt chp n c
xut bn nh mt sch c in. Chng ti khuyn co Giy php ny mt cch thc t cho cc cng
vic m mc ch ca chng l ch dn hoc tham chiu.
1. TNH C TH P DNG C V NHNG NH NGHA
Giy php ny p dng cho bt k sch ch dn hoc cng vic no khc, trong bt k vt trung gian
no, m cha mt lu c t bi ngi gia bn quyn ni n c th c phn phi theo
nhng iu khon ca Giy php ny. Mt lu nh vy trao mt giy php ton cu, min ph bn
quyn, khng hn ch v thi gian, s dng cng vic theo nhng iu kin c nu y.
Ti liu, bn di, tham chiu ti bt k sch hng dn hoc cng vic no nh vy. Bt k
thnh vin no ca cng chng l mt ngi nhn c giy php, v c gi nh l Bn'. Bn
chp nhn giy php nu bn sao chp, sa i hoc phn phi cng vic theo mt cch i hi
quyn theo lut bn quyn.
Mt Phin bn c sa i ca mt Ti liu c ngha l bt k cng vic no cha Ti liu hoc
mt phn ca n, hoc c sao chp y nguyn, hoc vi nhng sa i v/hoc c dch sang
ngn ng khc.
Mt Phn Hai l mt ph lc c t tn hoc mt phn vn trc ca Ti liu m n hon
ton lm vic vi mi quan h ca nhng ngi xut bn hoc cc tc gi ca Ti liu i vi ton
b mc ch ca Ti liu (hoc cc vn c lin quan) v khng cha ng g c th ri trc tip
vo bn trong mc ch ton b . (V th, nu Ti liu l mt phn ca mt cun sch v ton

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GNU/Linux c bn

hc, th mt Phn Hai c th khng gii thch g v ton hc). Mi quan h c th l mt vn kt

ni lch s vi mc ch hoc vi nhng vn c lin quan, hoc quan im v php l, thng
mi, trit hc, o c hoc chnh tr v chng.
Nhng Phn Khng i l nhng Phn hai nht nh no m nhng u ca n c ch
nh, nh l nhng g ca cc Phn Khng i, trong lu m ni rng Ti liu c tung ra theo
Giy php ny. Nu mt phn khng hp vi nh ngha trn ca Phn Hai th n khng c
php c ch nh nh Phn Khng i. Ti liu c th khng cha cc Phn Khng i no. Nu
Ti liu khng xc nh bt k cc Phn Khng i no th n l khng c.
Vn bn Ba l nhng on vn bn ngn nht nh no m chng c lit k, nh Vn bn
Ba Trc hoc Vn bn Ba Sau, trong mt lu m n ni rng Ti liu c tung ra theo Giy
php ny. Mt Vn bn Ba Trc c th nhiu nht 5 t, v mt Vn bn Ba Sau c th nhiu nht
25 t.
Mt bn sao Minh bch ca Ti liu c ngha l mt bn sao m my c th c c, c i
din trong mt nh dng m c t ca n l sn sng cho cng chng ni chung, m n ph hp
cho vic r sot li ti liu mt cch trung thc vi nhng trnh son tho vn bn thng thng
hoc (i vi cc nh c cu to t cc im pixel) cc chng trnh ha thng thng hoc
(i vi cc bn v) mt s trnh v sn c mt cch rng ri, v n ph hp cho u vo ti cc
trnh nh dng vn bn hoc cho vic dch t ng i vi mt lot cc nh dng ph hp cho u
vo ti cc trnh nh dng vn bn. Mt bn sao c lm trong mt nh dng tp Minh bch khc
m s nh du ca n, hoc khng c vic nh du, c sp xp cn tr hoc lm nn lng
i vi s sa i tip theo bi nhng ngi c khng l Minh bch. Mt nh dng nh l khng
Minh bch nu s dng c cho bt k s lng c thc no ca vn bn. Mt bn sao l
khng Minh bch c gi l T m.
Nhng v d v nhng nh dng ph hp cho cc bn sao Minh bch bao gm cc m ASCII m
khng c nh du, nh dng u vo ca Texinfo, nh dng u vo ca LaTeX, SGML hoc
XML c s dng mt DTD sn sng mt cch cng khai, v n gin tun th chun HTML,
PostScript hoc PDF c thit k cho s sa i ca con ngi. Nhng v d v cc nh dng nh
minh bch bao gm PNG, XCF v JPG. Nhng nh dng T m bao gm cc nh dng s hu
c quyn m c th c c v son tho c ch bi cc trnh son tho vn bn s hu c
quyn, SGML hoc hoc XML m i vi chng DTD v/hoc cc cng c x l s thng khng
sn sng, v HTML c to ra bi my, PostScript hoc PDF c to ra bi mt s trnh son
tho vn bn ch cho nhng mc ch ca u ra.
Trang Tiu c ngha l, i vi mt cun sch c in, bn thn trang tiu , cng vi cc
trang tip sau l cn thit gi, mt cch hp php, t liu m Giy php ny i hi phi xut
hin trn trang tiu . i vi nhng cng vic cc nh dng m khng c bt k trang tiu
no nh vy, th Trang Tiu c ngha l vn bn gn s xut hin ni bt nht ca tiu cng
vic, ng trc c bt u ca phn thn ca vn bn.
Mt phn Tiu XYZ c ngha l mt n v ph c t tn ca Ti liu m tiu ca n
hoc l chnh xc l XYZ hoc c cha XYZ trong ngoc kp i theo vn bn m dch XYZ sang
ngn ng khc. ( y XYZ ng cho mt tn phn c bit c nhc ti bn di, nh l S
tha nhn, Nhng cng hin, Nhng xc nhn, hoc Lch s). Gi li Tiu ca mt
phn nh vy khi bn sa i Ti liu c ngha l n vn cn l mt phn Tiu XYZ theo nh
ngha ny.
Ti liu c th a vo nhng Khc t m bo bn cnh lu m ni rng Giy php ny p

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GNU/Linux c bn

dng cho Ti liu. Nhng Khc t m bo ny c cho l s c a vo bng tham chiu

trong Giy php ny, nhng ch v vic khc t nhng m bo: bt k ng no khc m nhng
Khc t m bo ny c th c c trnh v khng c tc ng no i vi ngha ca Giy
php ny.
2. VIC SAO CHP Y NGUYN
Bn c th sao chp v phn phi Ti liu trong bt k vt trung gian no, hoc mt cch thng
mi hoc khng thng mi, min l Giy php ny, nhng lu v bn quyn, v lu ca giy
php ni Giy php ny p dng cho Ti liu c ti sn xut trong tt c cc bn sao, v rng bn
b sung nhng iu kin khng khc hn bt k nhng th g ca Giy php ny. Bn c th khng
s dng nhng phng tin k thut cn tr hoc kim sot vic c hoc sao chp tip tc ca
cc bn sao m bn lm hoc phn phi. Tuy nhin, bn c th chp nhn s n b trong s trao
i cho nhng bn sao. Nu bn phn phi mt s lng ln cc bn sao th bn cng phi tun
theo nhng iu kin trong phn 3. Bn cng c th cho vay cc bn sao, theo cng y ht cc iu
kin c nu trn, v bn c th hin th cc bn sao mt cch cng khai.
3. VIC SAO CHP THEO S LNG
Nu bn xut bn cc bn sao in c (hoc cc bn sao trong cc vt cha m thng in cc
ba) ca Ti liu, s lng hn 100, v lu ca giy php ca Ti liu i hi cc Vn bn Ba, th
bn phi bao quanh cc bn sao trong cc ba m n cha, r rng v hp php, tt c cc Vn bn
Ba. Cc Vn bn Ba Trc ba trc, v cc Vn bn Ba Sau ba sau. C 2 ba cng phi phi
xc nh r rng v hp php bn nh ngi xut bn ca cc bn sao ny. Ba trc phi th hin
ton b tiu vi tt c cc t ca tiu mt cch ni bt v d nhn mt cch nh nhau. Bn c
th b sung t liu khc trn cc ba. Vic sao chp vi nhng thay i c gii hn i vi cc ba,
cng vi vic chng gi li tiu ca Ti liu v lm tha mn nhng iu kin ny, c th c
i x nh vic sao chp y nguyn theo nhng lu khc. Nu cc vn bn c yu cu cho
nhng trang ba l qu to khng r rng, th bn phi t nhng vn bn u c lit k (cng r
rng bao nhiu cng tt c th) ln ba thc t, v tip tc phn cn li trn nhng trang tip sau.
Nu bn xut bn hoc phn phi cc bn sao T m ca Ti liu s lng ln hn 100, th bn phi
hoc a vo mt bn sao Minh bch m my c c cng vi tng bn sao T m, hoc ni
trong hoc vi mi bn sao T m mt v tr mng my tnh m t mi ngi s dng mng
thng thng truy cp c ti ti v bng vic s dng cc giao thc mng tiu chun cng
cng cho mt bn sao Minh bch y ca Ti liu, t do ca t liu c b sung. Nu bn s
dng la chn sau, th bn phi tin hnh cc bc thn trng hp l, khi bn bt u s phn phi
cc bn sao T m theo s lng, m bo rng bn sao Minh bch ny s vn gi truy cp c
nh th ti v tr c ni cho ti khi t nht 1 nm sau ln cui cng bn phn phi mt bn sao
T m (trc tip hoc thng qua cc i l hoc nhng nh bn l ca bn) i vi xut bn phm
cho cng chng.
c yu cu, nhng khng i hi, rng bn lin h ti cc tc gi ca Ti liu trc khi vic phn
phi bt k s lng ln no cc bn sao, cho h mt c hi cung cp cho bn vi mt phin bn
cp nht ca Ti liu.

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GNU/Linux c bn

4. NHNG SA I
Bn c th sao chp v phn phi mt Phin bn c Sa i ca Ti liu theo nhng iu kin
ca cc phn 2 v 3 trn, min l bn tung ra Phin bn c Sa i chnh xc theo Giy php
ny, vi vic Phin bn c Sa i ny lm trn vai tr ca Ti liu, v th vic cp php phn
phi v sa i ca Phin bn c Sa i cho bt k ai c mt bn sao ca n. Hn na, bn phi
lm nhng th ny trong Phin bn c Sa i:

A. S dng trong Trang Tiu (v trn cc ba, nu c) mt tiu phn bit c vi

nhng th ca Ti liu, v vi nhng th ca cc phin bn trc (m nn, nu c, c
lit k trong phn Lch s ca Ti liu). Bn c th s dng cng y ht tiu nh mt
phin bn trc nu ngi xut bn ban u ca phin bn trao quyn.

B. Lit k trn Trang Tiu , nh cc tc gi, mt hoc nhiu ngi hoc cc thc th c
trch nhim v quyn tc gi ca nhng sa i trong Phin bn c Sa i, cng vi t
nht 5 tc gi chnh ca Ti liu (tt c i vi cc tc gi chnh, nu n l nh hn 5), tr
phi h a ra cho bn t yu cu ny.

C. Tuyn b trn trang Tiu tn ca nh xut bn ca Phin bn c Sa i, nh l

ngi xut bn.

D. Gi li tt c cc lu v bn quyn ca Ti liu.

E. B sung mt lu ph hp v bn quyn cho nhng sa i ca bn ngay cnh nhng

lu v bn quyn khc.

F. a vo, ngay lp tc sau nhng lu v bn quyn, mt lu v giy php trao quyn

cng khai s dng Phin bn c Sa i theo nhng iu khon ca Giy php ny,
dng c ch ra trong Ph lc bn di.

G. Gi li trong lu giy php nhng danh sch y ca nhng Phn Khng i v

nhng Vn bn Ba c yu cu a ra trong lu giy php ca Ti liu.

H. a vo mt bn sao cha b sa ca Giy php ny.

I. Gi li phn Ta Lch s, Gi li Tiu ca n, v b sung cho n mt khon ni t

nht tiu , nm, cc tc gi mi, v ngi xut bn ca Phin bn c Sa i nh c
a ra trn Trang Tiu . Nu khng c phn Tiu Lch s trong Ti liu, hy to ra
mt phn ni tiu , nm, cc tc gi, v nh xut bn ca Ti liu nh c a ra trn
Trang Tiu , ri b sung mt khon m t Phin bn c Sa i nh c nu trong cu
trc.

J. Gi li v tr ca mng, nu c, a ra trong Ti liu cho vic truy cp cng khai ti mt

bn sao Minh bch ca Ti liu, v cng nh vy cc v tr ca mng c a ra trong Ti
liu cho cc phin bn trc m n c da vo. Nhng ch ny c th c t trong
phn Lch s. Bn c th b qua mt v tr mng cho mt cng vic m c xut bn
t nht 4 nm trc bn thn Ti liu ny, hoc nu ngi xut bn gc ca phin bn m n
tham chiu ti cho php.

K. i vi bt k phn no c Tiu Nhng Tha nhn hoc Nhng Cng hin, hy

Gi Tiu ca phn ny, v hy gi trong phn ny tt c bn cht v ging iu ca
nhng tha nhn ca mi nh ng gp v/hoc nhng cng hin c a ra y.

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L. Gi li tt c cc Phn Khng i ca Ti liu, cn cha b sa trong vn bn ca chng

v trong cc tiu ca chng. Cc s phn hoc tng ng khng c coi l mt phn
ca cc tiu cc phn.

M. Hy xa i bt k phn c Tiu nhng Xc nhn no. Mt phn nh vy c th

khng c a vo trong Phin bn c sa i.

N. Khng t li u cho bt k phn ang tn ti no c Tiu nhng Xc nhn

hoc mu thun theo tiu vi bt k Phn Khng i no.

O. Gi li bt k nhng Khc t m bo no.

Nu Phin bn c Sa i a vo cc phn ca cc vn trc hoc cc ph lc mi m chng

c coi l cc Phn Hai v khng cha t liu c sao chp t Ti liu, th bn c th ty theo
la chn ca bn ch nh mt s hoc tt c nhng phn ny nh l khng thay i. lm iu
ny, hy b sung cc tiu ca chng vo danh sch ca cc Phn Khng i trong lu v giy
php ca Phin bn c Sa i. Nhng tiu ny phi phn bit c vi bt k tiu no ca
cc phn khc.
Bn c th b sung mt phn c Tiu Nhng Xc nhn, min l n khng cha g c ngoi
nhng xc nhn ca Phin bn c Sa i ca bn bi mt lot cc bn - v d vy, nhng tuyn
b ca cc bn r sot li hoc vn bn c ph chun bi mt t chc nh nh ngha c cn
c ca mt chun.
Bn c th b sung mt on ti 5 t nh mt Vn bn Ba Trc, v mt on ti 25 t nh mt
Vn bn Ba Sau, vo cui ca danh sch ca cc Vn bn Ba trong Phin bn c Sa i. Ch
mt on ca Vn bn Ba Trc v mt on ca Vn bn Ba Sau c th c b sung ca (hoc
qua nhng dn xp c thc hin bi) bt k mt thc th no. Nu Ti liu a vo mt vn
bn ba cho cng ba , c b sung trc bi bn hoc bi s dn xp c thc hin bi
cng thc th m bn thay mt hnh ng, th bn c th khng b sung thm vn bn khc na;
nhng bn c th thay th vn bn c, theo quyn dt khot t ngi xut bn trc m b sung
vn bn c .
(Nhng) tc gi v (nhng) ngi xut bn ca Ti liu bng Giy php ny khng trao quyn s
dng cc tn ca h cho thin h bit v hoc i hoc ng xc nhn v bt k Phin bn c
Sa i no.
5. VIC PHI HP CC TI LIU
Bn c th phi hp Ti liu ny vi cc ti liu khc c tung ra theo Giy php ny, theo nhng
iu khon c xc nh trong phn 4 trn cho nhng phin bn c sa i, min l bn a
vo s phi hp ny cho tt c cc Phn Khng i ca tt c cc ti liu gc ban u, cha b sa
i, v lit k chng tt c nh cc Phn Khng sa ca cng vic phi hp ca bn trong lu
giy php ca n, v rng bn gi li tt c nhng Khc t m bo ca h.
Cng vic phi hp ch cn cha mt bn sao ca Giy php ny, v nhiu Phn Khng i y ht c
th c thay th bng mt bn sao duy nht. Nu c nhiu Phn Khng i vi cng tn m khc
ni dung, hy to ra tiu duy nht cho tng phn nh vy bng vic b sung cui ca n, trong
cc du ngoc n, tn ca tc gi hoc nh xut bn gc ca phn nu bit, hoc mt s duy
nht. Hy thc hin s chnh y ht cho cc tiu ca cc phn trong danh sch ca cc Phn

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Khng i trong lu giy php ca cng vic phi hp.

Trong s phi hp, bn phi phi hp bt k phn no c Tiu Lch s trong cc ti liu gc
khc nhau, to nn mt phn c Tiu Lch s; cng nh vy hy phi hp bt k phn no c
Tiu Nhng Tha nhn, v bt k phn no c Tiu Nhng Cng hin. Bn phi xa tt
c cc phn c Tiu nhng Xc nhn.
6. CC B SU TP CA CC TI LIU
Bn c th to ra mt b su tp cu to t Ti liu v cc ti liu khc c tung ra theo Giy php
ny, v thay th cc bn sao ring r ca Giy php ny trong mt lot ti liu bng mt bn sao duy
nht m n c a vo trong b su tp, min l bn tun theo cc qui nh ca Giy php ny v
vic sao chp y nguyn ca mi ti liu vi ton b s tn trng.
Bn c th trch dn mt ti liu duy nht t mt b su tp nh vy, v phn phi n mt cch c
lp theo Giy php ny, min l bn chn vo mt bn sao ca Giy php ny vo trong ti liu trch
xut , v tun theo Giy php ny vi tt c s tn trng v vic sao chp y nguyn ca ti liu
.
7. S TP HP BN TRONG CC CNG VIC C LP
Mt s bin tp ca Ti liu hoc nhng dn xut ca n vi nhng ti liu hoc cng vic ring r
v c lp khc, trong hoc trn mt s lng ca mt lu tr hoc vt cha phn phi, c gi l
mt s tp hp nu bn quyn to ra t s bin tp ny khng c s dng gii hn cc
quyn php l ca nhng ngi s dng s bin dch vt ra ngoi nhng g cc cng vic ring
r cho php. Khi Ti liu l s tp hp m bn thn chng khng phi l nhng cng vic dn
xut ca Ti liu.
Nu yu cu Vn bn Ba c th c thay th ca phn 3 l p dng c cho cc bn sao ny ca
Ti liu, th sau nu Ti liu l t hn mt na ca ton b s tp hp, th cc Vn bn Ba ca
Ti liu c th c thay th trn cc t ba m chng gp Ti liu ny bn trong s tp hp, hoc
tng ng bng in t ca cc t ba nu Ti liu dng in t. Nu khng chng phi xut
hin trong cc t ba c in m chng gp ton b s tp hp ny.
8. BN DCH
Bn dch c coi l mt dng sa i, nn bn c th phn phi cc bn dch ca Ti liu theo
nhng iu khon ca phn 4. Vic thay th cc Phn Khng sa bng nhng bn dch yu cu
quyn c bit t nhng ngi gi bn quyn ca chng, nhng bn c th a nhng bn dch ca
mt s hot tt c cc Phn Khng sa b sung vo cho cc phin bn gc ca cc Phn Khng sa
. Bn c th a vo mt bn dch ca Giy php ny, v tt c nhng lu v giy php trong
Ti liu, v bt k nhng Khc t m bo no, min l bn cng a vo phin bn gc ting
Anh ca Giy php v cc phin bn gc ca nhng lu v nhng khc t. Trong trng hp
ca mt s khng ging nhau gia bn dch v phin bn gc ca Giy php ny hoc mt lu
hoc s khc t, th phin bn gc s thng th.
Nu mt phn trong ti liu c Tiu Nhng Tha nhn, Nhng Cng hin, hoc Lch s,
th yu cu (phn 4) phi Gi li Tiu ca n (phn 1) s thng yu cu vic thay i tiu c

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thc ny.
9. KT THC
Bn c th khng sao chp, sa i, cp giy php ph, hoc phn phi Ti liu ny tr phi nh
c cung cp mt cch chnh xc theo Giy php ny. Bt k d nh no khc sao chp, sa
i, cp php ph hoc phn phi Ti liu ny s khng c hiu lc, v s t ng kt thc cc
quyn ca bn theo Giy php ny. Tuy nhin, cc bn m nhn c cc bn sao, hoc cc
quyn, t bn theo Giy php ny s khng b kt thc cc giy php ca h min l nhng bn nh
vy gi nguyn s tun th y .
10. NHNG R SOT LI TRONG TNG LAI CA GIY PHP NY
FSF c th xut bn cc phin bn mi, c r sot li ca Giy php Ti liu T do GNU theo
thi gian. Nhng phin bn mi nh vy s l tng t theo tinh thn i vi phin bn hin hnh,
nhng c th khc v chi tit gii quyt nhng vn hoc nhng mi quan tm mi. Xem
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Mi phin bn ca Giy php ny c a ra vi mt s phin bn khc bit. Nu Ti liu ny ch
nh rng mt phin bn c nh s c bit no ca Giy php ny hoc bt k phin bn
no sau p dng cho n, th bn c la chn tun theo nhng iu khon v iu kin hoc ca
phin bn c ch nh hoc ca bt k phin bn no sau ny m c xut bn (ch khng
phi mt bn phc tho) bi FSF. Nu Ti liu ny khng ch nh mt s phin bn ca Giy php
ny, bn c th chn bt k phin bn no t trc ti nay c xut bn (khng phi mt bn phc
tho) bi FSF.
Lm th no s dng Giy php ny cho cc ti liu ca bn
s dng Giy php ny trong mt ti liu m bn vit, bao gm mt bn sao ca Giy php
ny trong ti liu v t bn quyn sau v nhng lu ca giy php ch sang trang tiu :
Bn quyn NM TN CA BN. Quyn c trao sao chp, phn phi v/hoc sa i ti
liu ny theo nhng iu khon ca Giy php Ti liu T do GNU, Phin bn 1.2 hoc bt k
phin bn no sau ny c xut bn bi Qu Phn mm T do; khng c cc Phn Khng sa,
khng cc Vn bn Ba Trc, v khng cc Vn bn Ba Sau. Mt bn sao ca giy php ny c
a vo trong phn c tiu Giy php Ti liu T do GNU.
Nu bn c cc Phn Khng sa, cc Vn bn Ba Trc v cc Vn bn Ba Sau, hy thay th bng
cc dng Vn bn vi iu ny:
vi cc Phn Khng sa ang c LIT K CC TIU CA CHNG, vi cc Vn bn Ba
Trc ang c LIT K, v vi cc Vn bn Ba Sau ang c LIT K.
Nu bn c cc Phn Khng sa m khng c cc Vn bn Ba, hoc mt s s kt hp khc ca 3
th ny, th hy st nhp chng theo 2 gii php thay th ph hp vi hon cnh.
Nu ti liu ca bn cha cc v d khng bnh thng v m chng trnh, th chng ti khuyn
co a ra nhng v d ny song song theo la chn ca bn i vi giy php PMTD, nh Giy
php Cng cng Chung GNU, cho php s dng chng trong PMTD.
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GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE

GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,
MA 02110-1301 USA. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license
document, but changing it is not allowed.
0.PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document
"free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License
preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered
responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must
themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a
copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free
software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same
freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used
for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1.APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by
the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the
conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or
distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it,
either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals
exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's
overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall
subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the
subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those
of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as
Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify

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any Invariant Sections then there are none.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front Cover Texts or BackCover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover
Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format
whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint
programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text
formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy
that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo
input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standardconforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats
that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or
PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are
needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most
prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely
XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here
XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you
modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License
applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty
Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2.VERBATIMCOPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or
noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying
this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or
control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may
accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you
must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display
copies.

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3.COPYINGINQUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the
Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you
must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover
Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title
with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers
in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects. If the
required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed
(as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must
either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or
with each Opaque copy a computernetwork location from which the general network-using public
has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the
Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent
steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent
copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before
redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
version of the Document.
4.MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2
and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of
the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the
Modified Version:

A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document,
and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History
section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original
publisher of that version gives permission.

B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for
authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
unless they release you from this requirement.

C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the
publisher.

D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other
copyright notices.

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F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public
permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown
in the Addendum below.

G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts
given in the Document's license notice.

H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at
least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title
Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title,
year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item
describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.

J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a
Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the
Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History"
section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years
before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives
permission.

K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the
section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their
titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the
Modified Version.

N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title

with any Invariant Section.

O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary
Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections
in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of
your Modified Version by various parties - for example, statements of peer review or that the text
has been approved by an organisation as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words
as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same
cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf
of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the

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previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their
names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5.COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms
defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant
Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty
Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant
Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same
name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique
number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license
notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original
documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
Entitled "Endorsements."
6.COLLECTIONSOFDOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this
License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single
copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this
License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7.AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or
works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's
users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate,
this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative
works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the
Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if
the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the
whole aggregate.
8.TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document

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under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant
Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty
Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation
and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the
requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.
9.TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for
under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have
received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so
long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10.FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation
License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that
a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version
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specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a
draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

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