, aj 0 (j = 1, 2, , n)

An :=

a1 + a2 + + an
1
, Gn := (a1 a2 an ) n .
n


Theorem

An Gn (n N)
a1 = a2 = = an

An > 0 .

Proof.1 (G.polya 1907)

x R , ex 1 + x . ( x = 0 )
;
(
) (
)
(
)
a1
a2
an
1 +
1 + +
1 =0
An
An
An
(
) (
)
(
)
a1
a2
an
0
, 1 = e = exp(
1 +
1 + +
1 )
An)
( An )
( An )
(
a2
an
a1
1 ) exp(
1 ) exp(
1 )
= exp(
An
An
An
(
)
(
)
(
)
a1
a2
an
(1 +
1 )(1 +
1 ) (1 +
1 )
An
An
An
a1 a2
an
=

An An
An
(Gn )n
(Gn )n

(An )n
(An )n
a1
a2
an

1=
1 = =
1
An
An
An
a1 = a2 = = an
=

An Gn

Q.E.D.

Proof.2
xa
a, x > 0 , log x log a +
. ( x = a )
a
aj An
j = 1, 2. , n , log aj log An +
.
An
j = 1, 2. , n ,

log a1 + log a2 + + an n log An +

(a1 + a2 + + an ) nAn
An

log(Gn )n = log a1 a2 an n log An

Gn An

a1 = a2 = = an = An

Q.E.D.

Proof.3 (E.Jacobsthal 1951)

a1 + a2 + + an1 + x
1
f (x) :=
(a1 a2 an1 x) n (x 0) .
n
, f (an ) = An Gn .
, f (an ) 0 .
(
)
1
d
1
1
1
f (x) = (a1 a2 an1 ) n x n 1

dx
n
n
{
}
1
1
1
1
= x n 1 x1 n (a1 a2 an1 ) n
n
, ;
x
d
f
dx
f

Gn1

f (x) f (Gn1 )

(x 0)

n1
(An1 Gn1 ) .
n
n1
(An1 Gn1 ) (x 0)
, f (x)
n
n(An Gn ) = n f (an ) (n 1)(An1 Gn1 )

, f (Gn1 ) =

n(An Gn ) (n 1)(An1 Gn1 )

(n 2)(An2 Gn2 )

2(A2 G2 )
1(A1 G1 ) = a1 a1 = 0
(an = Gn1 ) (an1 = Gn2 ) (a3 = G2 ) (a2 = a1 )
a1 = a2 = = an
Q.E.D.


Corollary


n(An Gn ) (n 1)(An1 Gn1 ) (n 2)(An2 Gn2 ) 2(A2 G2 ) 0


Definition

I R , : I R .
def
I x, y I, p, q > 0 (p + q = 1) ,
(px + qy) p(x) + q(y) .


Property




I R , : I R I ;
.
0 .



Lemma

I R , : I R I 2 ,
d2
I
0
dx2



Theorem Jensens

I R , a1 , a2 , , an I, 1 , 2 , , n 0 (1 + 2 + + n = 1),
: I
R I
, ;
n
n

j aj
j (aj )

j=1

j=1

Example
I = R = (0, +), (x) := log x (x I) .
( 2 )
d
1

(x) = 2 > 0 (x I) , I .
2
dx
x
1
1 = 2 = = n = , Jensens ,
n
n
a1 + a2 + + an
1
log aj .
log

n
n j=1
, log An log Gn

An Gn

, .

References
[1] 2014 I 12/24
[2] Wikipedia
[3] () (), ()
[4] ()
[5] () ()