( (manifold theory))

R3 (manifold) . ( S R3 , R3
, , , R2 S
.) , .
Rm Euclid (m ) , x (= x) Rm (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ) (xi

R) . x . , Rm .
()

M U Rm U

: U U

( Rm ),

= (1 , 2 , . . . , m ),

i : U R

, (U, ) ( U ) m (coordinate neighbourhood) , U

(local coordinate system) (local) chart() . , M p U M ,

(p) = x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ) U Rm

((x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ) ((x1 (p), x2 (p), . . . , xm (p)) )

p (U, ) (local coordinate) . ( 1 ) () ,

i : U R (xi = i (p)) , i .
(U, ) U
, .

V U (V U )

|V : V (V ) =: V (V, |V ) , : U U R (U, : U U )
. , |V .
m

() M m (n-dimensional topological manifold) C 0 - (C 0 -

manifold) , (1),(2) :
(1) M p M p (, p ) (U, ) (U p ),
(2) M Hausdor . (, Hausdor .)
(1) : M

{(U , )}A , M =
U , : U U Rm
A

open

. S := {(U , )}A atlas () .

m M M m .
M p M (U , ) V ( U =(U ), (p) V ) Rm (m
) , Rm , p (V, : V Rm )
. , Euclid () (locally euclidean) .
1 Euclid M = Rn M , Rn , (M, 1Rn : M Rn )

() n . Rn .
( 1 () (global chart)
.) Rn U (U, 1U ) .
2 S R3 : p : U U S R3 , ( U R2 , p

S U ) {(U , p )} , S p p1
=:
. {(U , )} .
3 () M N , {(U N, |U N )}A M
. N M (open submanifold) .
4 () (product manifold) M m , N n m , n , S := {(U , )}A ,

S := {(V , )}B M, N . , M N , SS :=

{(U V , )}(,)AB , : U V U V Rm Rn = Rm+n , ( )(p, q) = ( (p), (q)))

m+n . ()
: Rn Hausdor , Hausdor X , 2 Hausdor X, Y

Hausdor . () , 1-4 Hausdor .

M Hausdor .
, M , , .
, 2 ( paracompact) .

 {(U , )}A , A , U := U U = U U =: U . ()

U = , U
:= (U ) ( U ),

U
:= (U ) ( U ) Rm

U
U = U U

U :

1
(U , ) (U , ) . F :

F := 1
: U U .

( F := ( |(U U ) )(1
| (U U ) ).)

p U , x = (p) U
U Rm x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ),
y = (y1 , y2 , . . . , ym ) ,

y = (p) U
U Rm

F (x) = 1
(x) = (p) = y
1
m

F F
, . . . , F
: U
R
1
m
y = F (x) = (F
(x), . . . , F
(x)),

i
i
yi = F
(x) = F
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ),

y = y(x) = (y1 (x), y2 (x), . . . , ym (x)),

,

U
, U

r = 1, 2, . . . R

yi (x) = yi (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm )

.
U , V ,

F : U R C r r () , r () .
F = (F 1 , F 2 , . . . , F m ) : U V C r F i : U R C r .
F C r = 1, 2, . . . F C r . , C 0 = .

r = 1, 2, . . . , , F : U V
C r (dieomorphism of class C r ) F F F 1 C r .
() C F : U R (real analytic) C U x0 Taylor x0
( ). F C C . C .
( (complex analytic, holomorphic) .)
, r = 1, 2, , (, ) . ( (C ) C C r C 1 )
, , , (= /), , , , , n ,
, , C (C ) ().

, , = 0,
x x > 0 .
5 (1) (a, b) (c, d) C (C ) .

(2) (1, 1) R y = tan 2 x C (C ) .

(3) n B n := {x Rn | |x|2 < 1} Rn F : B n Rn , y = F (x) := x/ 1|x|2 C (C )

. ( |x| = x := x21 +x22 + +x2n ()) ()

(4) U Rn , F : U Rn C r (r 1) .
(i) a U Jacobi JFa ( rank JFa = n det JFa = 0) , a V , F (V )
F (a) , F |V :V F (V ) C r . ( (local dieo.) .)
(ii) F : U Rn C r , U a Jacobi JFa F (U ) Rn
F U F (U ) C r .

() F : R R, y = F (x) := x3 C , y = 0 F .
(C r ) M S := {(U , )}A ,
r
(3) U U = , A , F := 1
C ,
, M = (M, S) C r , C r (dierentiable manifold of class
C r ), C r (C r -manifold), . ,

M , M = (M, S) C r :

(1) S := {(U , )}A (M = A , : U U Rm ) ,

open

(2) M Hausdor ,
r
(3) U U = , A , F := 1
C .
, S := {(U , )}A C r (C r -atlas) , S M C r .
1 1
1
F , F C r , F = 1
= F
,
= ( )

C r .

() C (smooth manifold) .
() m = 0 R0 := {0} . , M 0 M . ()
() Rm S () f : S Rm C r f S U C r
f : U Rm f = f|S ( f U C r f )
. S = {p} f p C r .
1 (Rm , 1Rm ), (U, 1U )) C (C ) , 2 () C ,
3: M C r , N M N C r . ()
4: M, N C r M N C r . n torus T n := S 1 S 1 C (C ) .
1 M (n; R) := n

(, ((xij )) = (x11 , . . . , x1n , x21 , . . . , x2n , . . .) ) M (n; R) Rn C .

2
Cn , M (n; C) R2n . R2n C .
GL(n, R) (GL(n, C)) := n () M (n; R) (M (n; C)) C .
2

(S n )
M 2 C r S := {(U , )}A , T := {(V , }B ,
1
r
S T M C r , , 1
, , C (

U V =) , S T , C r (C r ) , . (
. ()) , S [S]r S C r (C r , C r structure) .

S M (U, ) S{(U, )} C r (U, ) (M, S) C r

(C r -chart) . (U , ) S V U (V, |V : V V ) C r

=
F : V V Rn (V, F |V : V V ) (M, S) C r .() ,
p M p C r (V, : V V ) (p) = 0 V Rn (
) . () (:)
M C r S C r S S
, M C r () , S . (: .)
S S C r , S S , . (S C r .)

, M C r S S .
r < s C s S C r . , C r S C r [S]r
C s S ?, ? .
(M, S) C r (r 1) , M ( paracompact
) , S C r [S]r C S , C , ,
C S ([S ]r = [S]r ) [S ] = [S ] . (Whitney(1936) .) ,
C r C C . , C
, C smooth structure () .
() M , , .
() . .
, M C r M = (M, S) (r 1) , M
( M paracompact ) .